外文文献汽车零部件出口 中文
汽车制造工艺的发展外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
( 4 )计算机模拟冲压成形及虚拟试模技术:(5)模具制造技术,模块式冲压的突出优点在于能把冲压加工系统的柔性与高效生产有机的结合在一起。
柔性的含义较广, 如冲压件的几何形状的多种要求, 只要通过自由编程就可获得, 体现了加工形状的柔性。
又如既适用大批量单品种冲压件的生产, 更对小批量多品种加工发挥也表性。
概括而言,模块式冲压的持点是:(1)在冲压成形过程中可快速更換组合模具以提高生产效率,(2)由于具有带材的供带和矫带装置, 可省却另设上料下料工序,(3 )实现了大工件的不停机加工;(4)既能独立又能成系列的控制组合冲模动作, 能连续进行冲压加工;( 5)冲模具有可编和的柔性特点。
一种模块式冲压加工系统由一台带有控制功能模块式冷冲压的压力机、卷材带材送进装轩、带材矫正机及可编程进给装置等构成。
这种冲压系统在运行时可进行冲模横向位移、带材进给定位、冲模重复运行及自动调整下工步的冲模调整等多项功能。
由于在冲压过程中进行可编程冲压, 使这种模块式冲压系统能柔性地适应生产需求,能在相同带材上进行曲不同工件及批次的混合生产,实现不停机的串接式加工,还同时在工件西面冲压加工,极大地提高了工作效率,有资料表明, 模块式冲压成形使加工费用能下降至40%-50%。
当前模块式冲压装置的集成度是很高的, 在宽度为300MM 尺寸范围内可安排达35个模具, 通过冲模上端的顶板可对冲模进行独立式系列控制, 即形成冲模的集成控制。
整个系统的编程可在windows用户界面和菜単下实现,编程涉及模具沿者横向定位納的何服驱动定位,带材的检验矫正及纵向进给定位, 冲模的质量跟踪检验, 冲模的调整及状况监控等多功能。
当冲模重新配置成更換时,这些变化则会被参数并被控制系统所贮存, 以务下次査询和调用。
冲模数据包括有冲头及其组合标记, 冲头组合在模具中的 X、Y坐标位置及模具轴编号等信息。
l毫米冲压是指汽车车身冲压件的精度控制在0-1. OMM 的范围内,与过去制造业通行的误差2MM 相比, 是个非常大的提高。
汽车营销类外文文献翻译、英文翻译——汽车行业渠道的转变
汽车营销类外文文献翻译、英文翻译——汽车行业渠道的转变汽车营销类外文文献翻译、英文翻译——汽车行业渠道的转变原文Changing Channels In The Automotive Industry: The Future of Automotive Marketing and DistributionWho will be the winners and losers in the revolution that isradically reshaping the marketing, distribution and selling of automobiles? Will the vehicle manufacturers and their franchised-dealer networks be able to overcome years of inertia and complacency to pioneer and execute new concepts that will strengthen and extend the value of their brands? Or will nimbler, more imaginative retailers or software companies get there first?The transformation of the business of selling cars and trucks is happening before our eyes at an incredible pace -- promising to change forever an industry that has long been noted for its high costs, poor service and extremely unpleasant selling process. Auto manufacturers have competed fiercely among themselves to drive out cost and meet consumer needs for cheaper and better cars and trucks. Now the survivors face new threats from outside the industry that might thwart their renewed interest in building strong, lasting relationships with their customers.Entrepreneurs have dissected the cost-value equation and come upwith new retail concepts. Their stories have been persuasive enough to attract hundreds of millions of dollars in public equity investment and persuade dozens of fiercely independent car dealers to sell out.Internet technology has lowered entry barriers for other entrepreneurs with new ideas about helping customers find, evaluate and buy new vehicles. These patterns are consistent with revolutions in other consumer durables markets that effectively transferred market power from manufacturers to retailers.Consumers are the only clear winners in this battle. While we arenot sure which vehicle manufacturers will survive, we are confident that winning will require a better understanding of the life-cycle value equations of both cars and buyers, and the development of innovative strategies to capture that value.FORCES OF CHANGEFrom the days of Henry Ford's production line, the automobile industry has been based on a "supply-push" philosophy -- a strong bias toward "filling the factories" to cover high fixed costs.Dealer networks were created as logical extensions of the "supply-push" model. The networks were designed to hold inventory, leverage private capital without threatening the manufacturers' control and service and support what was then a less reliable and moremaintenance-intensive product. Those networks generally were built around entrepreneurs focused on a defined geographic area, selling one or at most two brands.Despite its longevity, the traditional dealer channel leaves many people unhappy. High customer acquisition costs motivate dealers to convert store traffic to sales using aggressive tactics that extract differential margins based on customers' willingness to pay. Frequent well-publicized rebates have taught buyers to mistrust sticker prices and negotiate from cost up, rather than sticker down. As a result, dealers often find themselves competing not against another brand, but against a same-make dealer across town. This acute competition has almost bid away dealer profit on the sale of new passenger cars in the United States with some profits still available on sales of trucks, sport utility vehicles and luxury cars .Shrinking dealer margins do not translate into happy customers: Most customers approximately four out of five dislike the purchase process, and many still come away feeling cheated and mistreated. This strong antipathy is largely responsible for the rapid growth of Internet-based services that offer alternative means of gathering information on cars, soliciting price quotes and, in some cases, conducting transactions.SURFING THE NET FOR PROFITSObviously the Internet is a major enabler of change in autodistribution. Many of the most important auto industry innovators todayare developing Web-based services, leading some to predict that the mostimportant automotive company of the next century will be a software-。
敦煌网分享汽车零部件外贸英语：各个零部件中英文对照
敦煌网分享汽车零部件外贸英语：各个零部件中英文对照汽车各个零部件中英文对照汽车各个零部件中英文对照Wheeling System车轮系统 Wheeling System车轮系统轮毂 Wheel HubWheel Hub轮毂Tire轮胎 Tire轮胎轮胎汽门嘴 Tire ValveTire Valve轮胎汽门嘴Wheel Disk轮圈 Wheel Disk轮圈Wheel Cover轮圈盖轮圈盖 Wheel Cover) Inner Tire (Flap)含内衬) Inner Tire (Flap)内胎((含内衬内胎车轮系统 Wheeling SystemWheeling System车轮系统Electrical Parts电装品 Electrical Parts电装品Battery电瓶电瓶 Battery中央门控 Central Door LockCentral Door Lock中央门控Distributor分电盘 Distributor分电盘Spark Plug火星塞 Spark Plug火星塞汽车用电子钟 Digital ClockDigital Clock汽车用电子钟Car Audio汽车音响 Car Audio汽车音响Car Burglar Alarm防盗器防盗器 Car Burglar Alarm雨刷及雨刷连杆 Wiper / LinkageWiper / Linkage雨刷及雨刷连杆Fuse Seat保险丝座 Fuse Seat保险丝座Fuse保险丝保险丝 Fuse洗涤壶 Windshield WasherWindshield Washer洗涤壶Wire Harness配线配线 Wire Harness马达类马达类 Motor Motor高压线组高压线组 Ignition Cable Ignition Cable喇叭喇叭 Horn Horn发电机发电机((零件零件) Alternator (Components) ) Alternator (Components)开关类开关类 Switch Switch蜂鸣器蜂鸣器 Buzzer Buzzer预热塞预热塞 Glow Plug Glow Plug仪表仪表 Combination Meter Combination Meter灯泡灯泡 Bulb Bulb灯类灯类 Lamp Lamp点火线圈点火线圈 Ignition Coil Ignition Coil继电器继电器 Relay Relay倒车雷达倒车雷达 Reverse Sensor Reverse Sensor电池充电器电池充电器 Battery Charger Battery Charger闪光器闪光器 Flasher Flasher省电器省电器 Energy Saving Unit Energy Saving Unit端子端子 Terminal Terminal电动座椅装置电动座椅装置 Power Seat Unit Power Seat Unit马达零件马达零件 Motor Components Motor Components电装品电装品 Electrical Parts Electrical Parts汽车用光盘汽车用光盘 Car CD Car CD汽车用液晶显示器汽车用液晶显示器 Car LCD Car LCD调整器调整器 Regulator Regulator整流器整流器 Rectifier Rectifier电子点火器Ignition Module电子点火器 Ignition ModuleRear View Display倒车显示器倒车显示器 Rear View Display定速器 Cruise ControllerCruise Controller定速器HID Ballast Complete Set for Headlights HID车灯安定器组合车灯安定器组合 HID Ballast Complete Set for Headlights LED 灯 LED LampLighting Controller车灯控制器 Lighting Controller车灯控制器Ignition Coil Module点火线圈模块 Ignition Coil Module点火线圈模块外装品 Exterior PartsExterior Parts外装品Radiator Grille水箱饰罩 Radiator Grille水箱饰罩Antenna天线 Antenna天线车身护条 Side ProtectorSide Protector车身护条Bumper Pad防撞护垫 Bumper Pad防撞护垫Door Mirror后视镜后视镜 Door Mirror装饰贴纸、标志 Ornament MarkOrnament Mark装饰贴纸、标志Fender Trim轮弧 Fender Trim轮弧Mud Guard挡泥板 Mud Guard挡泥板扰流板 SpoilerSpoiler扰流板Guard Assy (Front)前防撞杆 Guard Assy (Front)前防撞杆Grard Assy (Rear)后防撞杆后防撞杆 Grard Assy (Rear)外装品 Exterior PartsExterior Parts外装品Interior Parts内装品 Interior Parts内装品Instrument Panel仪表板仪表板 Instrument Panel中央置物箱 ConsoleConsole中央置物箱Grommet Plug孔塞孔塞 Grommet Plug地毯地毯 Floor Mat Floor Mat安全带安全带 Seat Belt Seat Belt车门扶手车门扶手 Door Armrest Door Armrest车门把手车门把手 Door Handle Door Handle车门锁车门锁 Door Lock Door Lock车顶内衬车顶内衬 Roof Lining Roof Lining车窗升降摇柄车窗升降摇柄 Window Lifter Handle Window Lifter Handle车窗升降机车窗升降机 Window Lifter Window Lifter防水衬条防水衬条 Weatherstrip Weatherstrip油量表油量表 Fuel Gauge Fuel Gauge门饰板门饰板 Door Trim Door Trim室内镜室内镜 Room Mirror Room Mirror音响喇叭盖音响喇叭盖 Speaker Cover Speaker Cover(电动电动))座椅座椅 (Electric) Seat (Electric) Seat顶蓬顶蓬 Headlining Headlining烟灰缸烟灰缸 Ashtray Ashtray各类隔音垫各类隔音垫 All Kinds of Silencer All Kinds of Silencer饰板饰板//饰条饰条 Garnish / Trim Garnish / Trim仪表饰板仪表饰板 Instrument Panel Garnish Instrument Panel Garnish遮阳板遮阳板 Sunvisor Sunvisor压条压条 Moulding Moulding点烟器点烟器 Cigar Lighter Cigar Lighter备胎板备胎板 Trim for Spare Tire Trim for Spare Tire天窗天窗 Sun Roof Sun Roof后置物板后置物板 Rear Parcel Shelf Rear Parcel Shelf后舱室饰板后舱室饰板 Rear Trunk Trim Rear Trunk Trim内装品内装品 Interior Parts Interior Parts仪表板支架仪表板支架 Instrumental Panel Mounting Instrumental Panel Mounting随车工具随车工具 Tools Tools千斤顶千斤顶 Jack Jack尼龙绳、特多龙绳尼龙绳、特多龙绳 Nylon Rope Nylon Rope生产、检测及涂装设备生产、检测及涂装设备 Production,Test & Painting Equipment Production,Test & Painting Equipment 各类孔盖各类孔盖 Cap Cap 、Cover扣具扣具 Cargo Lash Cargo Lash夹片、管束夹片、管束 Clamp, Clip Clamp, Clip油土与基准模型油土与基准模型 Clay Model and Master Model Clay Model and Master Model油封油封 Oil Seal Oil Seal门铰链门铰链 Door Hinge Door Hinge故障标志故障标志 Reflector Reflector玻璃类玻璃类 Glass Glass修理业修理业 Repairing & Maintenance Repairing & Maintenance粉末冶金粉末冶金 Powder Metallurgy Powder Metallurgy轴承轴承 Bearing Bearing塑料件塑料件 Plastic Parts Plastic Parts隔热材隔热材 Heat Insulator Heat Insulator电子件电子件 Electrical Parts Electrical Parts垫片类垫片类 Seal Seal 、Gasket Gasket、、Washer Washer、、Packing碳刷碳刷 Carbon Brush Carbon Brush管类管类 Pipe, Hose, Tube Pipe, Hose, Tube铜套类铜套类 Bushing Bushing弹簧弹簧 Spring Spring模、夹、治、检具模、夹、治、检具 Die, Fixture, Jig, Checking Gauge Die, Fixture, Jig, Checking Gauge 橡胶件橡胶件 Rubber Parts Rubber Parts帮浦类帮浦类 Pump Pump螺帽螺帽//螺栓螺栓//螺丝螺丝 Nut/Bolt/Screw Nut/Bolt/Screw锻造件锻造件((加工加工) Forging Parts (Processing) ) Forging Parts (Processing)滤清器类滤清器类 Filter Filter锁 Lock镜类镜类 Mirror Mirror铸造件铸造件((加工加工) Casting Parts (Processing) ) Casting Parts (Processing)引擎盖铰链引擎盖铰链 Hinge of Engine Hood Hinge of Engine Hood行李箱铰链行李箱铰链 Hinge of Trunk Lid Hinge of Trunk Lid保险杆支撑保险杆支撑 Mount of Bumper Mount of BumperCAD/CAM 车身设计车身设计 CAD/CAM Car Body Design CAD/CAM Car Body Design汽车清洁保养用品汽车清洁保养用品 Cosmetics for Automobile Cosmetics for Automobile涂料涂料 Paints Paints合成木材合成木材 Synthetic Wood Synthetic Wood电磁阀电磁阀 Solenoid Valve Solenoid Valve热水阀热水阀 Heater Valve Heater Valve冷煤电磁阀冷煤电磁阀 Refrigerate Solenoid valve Refrigerate Solenoid valve玻璃滑槽玻璃滑槽 Glass Run Glass Run双面胶带双面胶带 Acrylic Foam Tape Acrylic Foam Tape触媒转换器缓冲绵触媒转换器缓冲绵 Catalytic Converter Mate Catalytic Converter Mate 黑烟过滤器黑烟过滤器 Diesel Particle Filter Diesel Particle Filter车用灭火器车用灭火器 Extinguisher Extinguisher零组件用材料零组件用材料 Components Materials Components Materials汽车用行动电话汽车用行动电话 Car Hand-free Mobile Phone Car Hand-free Mobile Phone 汽车保全系统汽车保全系统 Car Security System Car Security System汽车导航系统汽车导航系统 Car Navigation System Car Navigation System人造革人造革 Artificial Leather Artificial Leather铭板铭板 Nameplate Nameplate汽车用计算机汽车用计算机 Car Computer Car Computer无线电胎压侦测仪无线电胎压侦测仪 Wireless Tire Monitor Wireless Tire Monitor 汽车内装用牛皮汽车内装用牛皮 Leather for Car Interior Leather for Car Interior 打蜡机打蜡机 Buffer (Car Polisher) Buffer (Car Polisher)金属表面处理金属表面处理((材料材料) Metal Surface Treatment (Material) ) Metal Surface Treatment (Material) 插接件插接件 Connector Clip Connector Clip胎压不足警示器胎压不足警示器 Tire Low Pressure Indicator Tire Low Pressure Indicator 温度感应器温度感应器 Water Temperature Sensor Water Temperature Sensor 油压感应器油压感应器 Oil Pressure Sensor Oil Pressure Sensor机油机油 Engine Oil Engine Oil自动变速箱油自动变速箱油 Automatic Transmission Oil Automatic Transmission Oil 油品添加剂油品添加剂 Oil Additive Oil Additive热处理热处理 Heat Treatment Heat Treatment自行车类自行车类 Bicycle Bicycle整车整车 Finished Bicycle Finished Bicycle一般自行车一般自行车 Regular Bicycle Regular Bicycle三轮车三轮车 Tricycle Tricycle协力车协力车 Tandem Bicycle Tandem Bicycle城市车城市车 ATB ATB孩童车孩童车 Junveniles Bicycle Junveniles Bicycle室内运动车室内运动车((健身车健身车) Exerciser ) Exerciser单轮车单轮车 Unicycle Unicycle无链式自行车无链式自行车 Chainless Bicycle Chainless Bicycle登山车登山车 Mountain Bicycle Mountain Bicycle越野车越野车 Trekking Bicycle Trekking Bicycle跑车跑车((自由车自由车) Racing Bicycle ) Racing Bicycle电动自行车电动自行车 Electrical Bicycle Electrical Bicycle折叠式自行车折叠式自行车 Folding Bicycle Folding Bicycle海滩车海滩车 Beach Bicycle Beach Bicycle(电动电动))滑板车滑板车 (Electric) Kick Board Scooter (Electric) Kick Board Scooter 其它特种自行车其它特种自行车 Other Special-purpose Bicycles Other Special-purpose Bicycles 避震脚踏车避震脚踏车 Suspension Bicycle Suspension Bicycle传动件传动件 Transmission Transmission曲柄组曲柄组 Chainwheel & Crank Chainwheel & Crank飞轮飞轮 Flywheel Flywheel链条链条 Chain Chain变速杆变速杆 Shift Lever Shift Lever变速器变速器 Derailleur Derailleur电动自行车马达电动自行车马达 Electric Bicycle Motor Electric Bicycle Motor电动自行车控制器电动自行车控制器 Electric Bicycle Driver Electric Bicycle Driver 齿轮箱齿轮箱 Gear Box Gear Box车轮及剎车车轮及剎车 Wheel and Brake Wheel and Brake轮胎轮胎 Tire Tire夹式剎车器夹式剎车器 Caliper Brake Caliper Brake快拆快拆 Quick Release Quick Release花鼓花鼓 Hub & Free Hub Hub & Free Hub液压式剎车器液压式剎车器 Hydraulic Brake Hydraulic Brake脚剎车器脚剎车器 Coaster Brake Coaster Brake碟式剎车器碟式剎车器 Disk Brake Disk Brake轮圈轮圈 Rim Rim辐条辐条//辐帽辐帽 Spoke/Nipple Spoke/Nipple悬臂式剎车器悬臂式剎车器 Cantilever Brake Cantilever Brake控制拉线控制拉线 Control Cable Control Cable剎车来令片剎车来令片 Brake Lining Shoe Brake Lining Shoe配件配件 Accessories Accessories铃 Bell反光片反光片 Reflector Reflector水壶架水壶架 Bottle Cage Bottle Cage打气筒打气筒 Floor Pump Floor Pump商标贴纸商标贴纸 Sticker Sticker货架货架 Luggage Carrier Luggage Carrier速度表速度表 Speed Meter Speed Meter 中文产品名称中文产品名称 英文產品名稱英文產品名稱英文產品名稱汽车类汽车类 Automobile Automobile整车整车 Finished Automobile Finished Automobile 轿车轿车 Passenger Car Passenger Car休旅车休旅车 Recreational Vehicle (RV) Recreational Vehicle (RV) 小型商用车小型商用车(3.5(3.5吨以下吨以下) Light Duty Commercial Car (Less Than 3.5 Tons) ) Light Duty Commercial Car (Less Than 3.5 Tons) 大型商用车大型商用车(3.5(3.5吨以上吨以上) Heavy Duty Commercial Car (More Than 3.5 Tons) ) Heavy Duty Commercial Car (More Than 3.5 Tons) 散装车散装车 Bulk Truck Bulk Truck搅拌车搅拌车 Mixer Truck Mixer Truck环境卫生车环境卫生车 Garbage Truck Garbage Truck 液罐车液罐车 Refueling Truck Refueling Truck倾卸车倾卸车 Dumper Truck Dumper Truck曳引车曳引车 Tractor Truck Tractor Truck消防车消防车 Fire Fighting Truck Fire Fighting Truck 堆高机堆高机 Forklift Forklift拖板车拖板车 Pallet Truck Pallet Truck运钞车运钞车 Armor Cash Carrier Armor Cash Carrier 冷气客车冷气客车 Air-Conditioned Car Air-Conditioned Car 冷冻车冷冻车 Freezer Car Freezer Car拖车拖车 Trailer Trailer车体打造车体打造((改装改装) Car Body Building (Refitting) ) Car Body Building (Refitting) 瓦斯车瓦斯车 LPG Car LPG Car底盘车底盘车 Chasis Truck Chasis Truck引擎引擎 Engine Engine引擎波司引擎波司 Engine Bush Engine Bush引擎修理包引擎修理包 Engine Gasket Kits Engine Gasket Kits引擎零件引擎零件 Engine Parts Engine Parts凸轮轴凸轮轴 Camshaft Camshaft凸轮轴链轮凸轮轴链轮 Sprocket Camshaft Sprocket Camshaft皮带张力器皮带张力器 Tensioner Tensioner曲轴曲轴 Crankshaft Crankshaft曲轴皮带盘曲轴皮带盘 Crankshaft Pulley Crankshaft Pulley曲轴轴承片曲轴轴承片 Crankshaft Bearing Crankshaft Bearing汽门汽门 Valve Valve汽门座汽门座 Valve Seat Valve Seat汽门摇臂汽门摇臂 Valve Arm Valve Arm汽门摇臂盖汽门摇臂盖 Rocker Cover Rocker Cover汽门弹簧汽门弹簧 Valve Spring Valve Spring汽门导管汽门导管 Valve Guide Valve Guide汽缸头汽缸头((盖) Cylinder Head汽缸衬套汽缸衬套 Cylinder Liner Cylinder Liner汽缸体汽缸体 Cylinder Block Cylinder Block波司垫片波司垫片 Washer Washer活塞活塞 Piston Piston活塞肖活塞肖 Piston Pin Piston Pin活塞环活塞环 Piston Ring Piston Ring活塞衬套活塞衬套 Piston Liner Piston Liner飞轮飞轮 Flywheel Flywheel飞轮环齿轮飞轮环齿轮 Ring Gear of Flywheel Ring Gear of Flywheel时规炼条时规炼条//皮带皮带 Timing Chain/Belt Timing Chain/Belt连杆连杆 Connecting Rod Connecting Rod连杆轴承片连杆轴承片 Connecting Rod Bearing Connecting Rod Bearing摇臂轴摇臂轴 Rocker Arm Shaft Rocker Arm Shaft汽门锁汽门锁 Valve Cotter Valve Cotter止推垫片止推垫片 Thrust Washer Thrust Washer共鸣箱共鸣箱 Resonator Resonator喷油嘴喷油嘴 Injection Nozzle Injection Nozzle燃料系统燃料系统 Fueling System Fueling System油箱油箱 Fuel Tank Fuel Tank油箱浮筒油箱浮筒 Gauge Fuel Tank Gauge Fuel Tank空气滤清器空气滤清器 Air Cleaner Air Cleaner空气滤清器盖空气滤清器盖 Air Cleaner Cover Air Cleaner Cover空气滤清器导管空气滤清器导管 Air Intake Tube Air Intake Tube空气滤蕊空气滤蕊 Air Cleaner Element Air Cleaner Element消音器消音器 Exhaust Muffler Exhaust Muffler排气歧管排气歧管 Exhaust Manifold Exhaust Manifold排气管排气管 Exhaust Pipe Exhaust Pipe进气歧管进气歧管 Intake Manifold Intake Manifold节流阀节流阀 Throttle Valve Throttle Valve燃油管燃油管 Fuel Pipe Fuel Pipe燃油帮浦燃油帮浦 Fuel Pump Fuel Pump燃油滤清器燃油滤清器 Fuel Filter Fuel Filter触媒转化器触媒转化器 Catalytic Converter Catalytic Converter柴油车黑烟净化器柴油车黑烟净化器 Diesel Particulate Filter Diesel Particulate Filter时规炼条时规炼条//皮带外盖皮带外盖 Timing Chain/Belt Cover Timing Chain/Belt Cover燃料系统燃料系统 Fueling System Fueling System废气回收管废气回收管 EGR Tube EGR Tube冷却系统冷却系统 Cooling System Cooling System水箱水箱 Radiator Radiator水管水管 Water Hose Water Hose水箱水管水箱水管 Radiator Hose Radiator Hose水帮浦水帮浦 Water Pump Water Pump水箱风扇水箱风扇 Radiator Fan Radiator Fan风扇风扇 Fan Fan副水箱副水箱 Auxiliary Radiator Auxiliary Radiator节温器节温器 Thermostat Thermostat调节器调节器 Regulator Regulator水箱支架水箱支架 Radiator Mounting Radiator Mounting冷却系统冷却系统 Cooling System Cooling SystemA/C 风扇风扇 A/C Fan A/C Fan润滑系统润滑系统 Lubrication System Lubrication System油底壳油底壳 Oil Pan Oil Pan自排车用滤油器自排车用滤油器 Oil Filter for Automatic Transmission Oil Filter for Automatic Transmission机油尺机油尺 Oil Level Gauge Oil Level Gauge机油帮浦机油帮浦 Oil Pump Oil Pump机油滤清器机油滤清器 Oil Filter Oil Filter机油滤网机油滤网 Oil Strainer Oil Strainer润滑系统润滑系统 Lubrication System Lubrication System机油尺导管机油尺导管 Oil Level Gauge Tube Oil Level Gauge Tube空调系统空调系统 Air-conditioning System Air-conditioning System冷气总成冷气总成 A/C Assembly A/C Assembly冷气配管冷气配管 A/C Hose A/C Hose冷气导风管冷气导风管 A/C Duct A/C Duct冷气压缩机冷气压缩机 A/C Compressor A/C Compressor冷凝器冷凝器 A/C Condenser A/C Condenser暖气总成暖气总成 Heater Assembly Heater Assembly鼓风机鼓风机 Blower Assembly Blower Assembly蒸发器蒸发器 Evaporator Evaporator冷媒管冷媒管 A/C Pipe A/C Pipe储液瓶储液瓶 A/C Receiver A/C Receiver空调相关零件空调相关零件 A/C Related Components A/C Related Components空气清净机空气清净机 Air Purifier Air Purifier空调滤网空调滤网 A/C Filter A/C Filter空调系统空调系统 Air-conditioning System Air-conditioning System提速器提速器 Actuator Actuator车身钣金件车身钣金件 Body & Stamping Parts Body & Stamping Parts引擎支撑引擎支撑 Engine Mounting Engine Mounting引擎盖引擎盖 Engine Hood Engine Hood车身车身 Car Body Car Body车门车门 Door Panel Door Panel车顶板车顶板 Roof Roof底盘及其另件底盘及其另件 Chassis and Related Parts Chassis and Related Parts底盘车架底盘车架 Frame Frame门框门框 Sash Sash保险杆保险杆 Bumper Bumper钣金件钣金件 Stamping Parts Stamping Parts叶子板叶子板 Fender Fender横梁横梁 Cross Member Cross Member行李箱盖行李箱盖 Trunk Lid Trunk Lid车柱车柱 Pillar Pillar车身钣金件车身钣金件 Body & Stamping Parts Body & Stamping Parts支架支架 Bracket Bracket补强板补强板 Reinforcement Plate Reinforcement Plate底盘系统底盘系统 Chassis System Chassis System下臂下臂 Lower Arm Lower Arm上臂上臂 Upper Arm Upper Arm手剎车拉柄手剎车拉柄 Parking Brake Lever Parking Brake Lever支柱总成支柱总成 Strut Assembly Strut Assembly方向盘方向盘 Steering Wheel Steering Wheel比例阀比例阀 Proportional Valve Proportional Valve主轴、副轴主轴、副轴 Mainshaft / Countershaft Mainshaft / Countershaft平衡杆平衡杆 Stabilizer Bar Stabilizer Bar扭力杆扭力杆 Torsion Bar Torsion Bar剎车分泵剎车分泵 Brake Cylinder Brake Cylinder剎车来令片剎车来令片 Brake Lining Shoe Brake Lining Shoe剎车油管剎车油管((软) Brake Hose剎车油管剎车油管((硬) Brake Tube剎车真空倍力器剎车真空倍力器 Brake Vacuum Booster Brake Vacuum Booster剎车总泵剎车总泵 Brake Master Cylinder Brake Master Cylinder后轴总成后轴总成 Rear Axle Assembly Rear Axle Assembly动力方向系统动力方向系统 Power Steering System Power Steering System动力转向油管动力转向油管 Power Steering Hose Power Steering Hose动力转向帮浦动力转向帮浦 Power Steering Pump Power Steering Pump控制拉线控制拉线 Control Cable Control Cable排档杆排档杆 Shift Lever Shift Lever排档头排档头 Knob Knob球形接头球形接头 Ball Joint Ball Joint等速接头等速接头 C.V. Joint C.V. Joint传动轴传动轴 Propeller Shaft Propeller Shaft叶片弹簧叶片弹簧 Leaf Spring Leaf Spring鼓、碟式剎车器鼓、碟式剎车器 Drum / Disc Brake Assembly Drum / Disc Brake Assembly鼓式剎车盘鼓式剎车盘 Brake Drum Brake Drum碟式剎车盘碟式剎车盘 Brake Disc Brake Disc辅助气囊辅助气囊 Air Bag Air Bag踏板踏板 Pedal Pedal齿轮齿轮 Gear Gear横拉杆接头横拉杆接头 Tie-Rod End Tie-Rod End螺旋弹簧螺旋弹簧 Coil Spring Coil Spring避震器避震器 Shock Absorber Shock Absorber转向连杆转向连杆 Steering Linkage Steering Linkage转向节臂转向节臂 Knuckle Knuckle转向齿轮箱转向齿轮箱 Steering Gear Box Steering Gear Box转向机柱转向机柱 Steering Column Steering Column转向总成转向总成 Steering Assembly Steering Assembly离合器分泵离合器分泵 Clutch Cylinder Clutch Cylinder离合器片离合器片 Clutch Disc Clutch Disc离合器外壳离合器外壳 Clutch Case Clutch Case离合器总成离合器总成 Clutch Assembly Clutch Assembly离合器总泵离合器总泵 Clutch Master Cylinder Clutch Master Cylinder离合器释放轴承离合器释放轴承 Clutch Release Bearing Clutch Release Bearing变速箱变速箱 Transmission Box Transmission Box变速箱外壳变速箱外壳 Transmission Case Transmission Case曳力杆曳力杆 Trailing Arm Trailing Arm避震器前后活塞杆避震器前后活塞杆 Piston Rod of Front and Rear Shock Absorber Piston Rod of Front and Rear Shock Absorber 底盘系统底盘系统 Chassis System Chassis System自排变速箱修理包自排变速箱修理包 Automatic Transmission Gasket Kits Automatic Transmission Gasket Kits齿条齿条 Gear Rack Gear Rack剎车真空管剎车真空管 Brake Boost Vacuum Tube Brake Boost Vacuum Tubefirst gear 一档一档一档second gear 二档二档二档reverse 倒车档倒车档two-stroke engine 二冲程发动机二冲程发动机二冲程发动机diesel 柴油机柴油机limousine 豪华轿车豪华轿车drophead 活动车篷汽车活动车篷汽车 ( (美作美作美作:convertible) :convertible) racing car 赛车赛车赛车 saloon 轿车轿车 ( (美作美作美作:sedan) :sedan) roadster 敞蓬车敞蓬车wecker, beat-up car, jalopy 老爷车老爷车notchback 客货两用车客货两用车four-wheel drive 四轮驱动四轮驱动四轮驱动 front-wheel drive 前轮驱动前轮驱动前轮驱动 trailer 拖车拖车station wagon 小旅行车小旅行车小旅行车 truck 卡车卡车compact car 小型汽车小型汽车小型汽车 light-van 小型货车小型货车garbage truck 垃圾车垃圾车垃圾车 automobile carrier 货运卡车货运卡车货运卡车 fire engine 消防车消防车消防车 tractor 牵引车牵引车ambulance 救护车救护车taxi 出租车出租车, , 计程车计程车trailer truck 拖车拖车拖车 sports car 跑车跑车跑车 formula car 方程式赛车方程式赛车方程式赛车, , 方程式汽车方程式汽车mail car 邮车邮车邮车jeep 吉普车吉普车bloodmobile 血浆车血浆车bumper car 碰撞用汽车碰撞用汽车碰撞用汽车camper 露营车露营车police car 警车警车警车wrecker 清障车清障车ambulance 急救车急救车front wheel 前轮前轮前轮rear wheel 后轮后轮后轮tread 轮距轮距chassis 底盘底盘bodywork, body 车身车身车身rear window 后窗玻璃后窗玻璃后窗玻璃windscreen 挡风玻璃挡风玻璃 ( (美作美作美作:windshield) :windshield)windscreen wiper 风档刮水器风档刮水器风档刮水器,,风档雨雪刷风档雨雪刷 ( (美作美作美作:windshield wiper) :windshield wiper) fender, wing, mudguard 挡泥板挡泥板radiator grille 水箱水箱水箱wing mirror 后视镜后视镜后视镜bonnet 发动机盖发动机盖 ( (美作美作美作:hood) :hood)boot 行李箱行李箱 ( (美作美作美作:trunk) :trunk)roof rack, luggage rack 行李架行李架license plate, number plate 车号牌车号牌wing 前翼子板前翼子板hubcap 轮毂罩轮毂罩bumper 保险杠保险杠front blinker 前信号灯前信号灯前信号灯 taillight, tail lamp 尾灯尾灯backup light, reversing light 倒车灯倒车灯stoplight, stop lamp 刹车灯刹车灯rear blinker 转弯指示灯转弯指示灯转弯指示灯 trunk, boot 行李箱行李箱行李箱 bumper 保险杠保险杠tailpipe 排气管排气管back seat, rear seat 后座后座driver's seat, driving seat 驾驶席驾驶席passenger seat 旅客席旅客席旅客席 steering wheel, wheel 方向盘方向盘rear-view mirror, driving mirror 后视镜后视镜 horn, hooter 喇叭喇叭喇叭 choke 熄火装置熄火装置gear stick, gear change 变速杆变速杆 ( (美作美作美作:gearshift) :gearshift) gearbox 变速箱变速箱starter, self-starter 起动器起动器起动器,,起动钮起动钮brake pedal 刹车踏板刹车踏板刹车踏板 clutch pedal 离合器踏板离合器踏板离合器踏板 hand brake 手制动器手制动器手制动器 foot brake 脚制动器脚制动器脚制动器 dashboard 仪表板仪表板milometer 里程表里程表speedometer, clock 速度表速度表速度表 transmission 传动传动piston 活塞活塞radiator 散热器散热器fan belt 风扇皮带风扇皮带风扇皮带 shaft 传动轴传动轴inner tube 内胎内胎内胎 drain tap 排气阀门排气阀门排气阀门 silencer 消音器消音器 ( (美作美作美作:muffler) :muffler) tank 油箱油箱overflow 溢流孔溢流孔valve 阀门阀门exhaust pipe 排气管排气管排气管 spare wheel 备胎备胎备胎,,备用轮胎备用轮胎carburettor 汽化器汽化器 ( (美化美化美化:carburetor) :carburetor) electrical system, wiring 电气系统电气系统lights 灯光灯光headlight 大灯大灯,,头灯头灯dipped headlight 近光灯近光灯近光灯 rear lights 尾灯尾灯尾灯 sidelights, parking lights 位置灯位置灯,,边灯边灯direction indicator 方向标方向标方向标,,转向标转向标indicator, blinker 方向指示灯方向指示灯方向指示灯sparking plug 火花塞火花塞火花塞 ( (美作美作美作:spark plug) :spark plug)(spare) battery (备用备用))蓄电池蓄电池insulating tape 绝缘胶带绝缘胶带绝缘胶带jack 千斤顶千斤顶can, jerrican 油桶油桶油桶fuel 燃油燃油petrol 汽油汽油 ( (美作美作美作:gas) :gas)oil 油料油料lubrication, oiling 润滑油润滑油润滑油antifreeze 防冻液防冻液cooling water 冷却水冷却水冷却水antiskid 防滑装置防滑装置tyre chain 防滑链防滑链防滑链 ( (美作美作美作:tire chain) :tire chain)toolbox, tool kit 工具箱工具箱crank 摇把摇把breakdown lorry, breakdown van 救援车辆救援车辆 ( (美作美作美作:tow car,tow truck) :tow car,tow truck) spare parts, spares 备件备件dipstick 油尺油尺oil change 换油换油换油to vulcanize 硫化硫化硫化to inflate 充气充气充气tyre pressure 轮胎气压轮胎气压轮胎气压 ( (美作美作美作:tire pressure) :tire pressure)to fill the tank 加油加油petrol pump 加油泵加油泵加油泵 ( (美作美作美作:gasoline pump) :gasoline pump)pump, air pump 气泵气泵to adjust 整修整修整修 to charge a battery, to recharge a battery 给蓄电池充电给蓄电池充电to decoke 脱硫脱硫脱硫 ( (美作美作美作:to decarbonize) :to decarbonize)breakdown 故障故障mechanical failure 机械故障机械故障机械故障repair shop 维修车间维修车间维修车间to seize up 运转不畅运转不畅accident 事故事故puncture, blowout 碰撞碰撞碰撞patch 修补修补to skid 打滑打滑打滑to knock 发出撞击声发出撞击声发出撞击声to tow, to take in tow 拖,拖曳拖曳driving licence 驾驶执照驾驶执照驾驶执照 ( (美作美作美作:driver's license) :driver's license)highway code 交通法规交通法规交通法规traffic sign, road sign 交通标志交通标志to accelerate 加速加速加速to brake 制动制动制动,,刹车刹车to engage the clutch 接上离合器接上离合器to declutch 分开离合器分开离合器分开离合器to stall 发动机停转发动机停转发动机停转to change gear 变速变速to start up 起动起动to put one's foot down 加速加速,,踏下加速踏板踏下加速踏板 ( (美作美作美作:to step on the gas) :to step on the gas) to overtake 向前行驶向前行驶向前行驶 to decelerate 减速减速减速 top speed 最高速度最高速度最高速度 speed limit 速度限制速度限制速度限制 to park 停车停车停车 car park 停车场停车场停车场 ( (美作美作美作:parking lot) :parking lot) to switch off the motor 熄火熄火motorway 高速公路高速公路 ( (美作美作美作:freeway,superhighway) :freeway,superhighway) toll road 收费公路收费公路收费公路 ( (美作美作美作:turnpike) :turnpike) traffic jam 路障路障路障 Benz, Mercedes-Benz 奔驰奔驰奔驰 Cadillac 卡迪拉克卡迪拉克Chrysler 克莱斯勒克莱斯勒Chevroler 雪佛莱雪佛莱Citroen 雪铁龙雪铁龙Ford 福特福特Honda 本田本田Mazda 马自达马自达Mustang 野马野马Porsche 保时捷保时捷Renault 雷诺雷诺Rolls-Royce 罗尔斯罗伊斯罗尔斯罗伊斯Santana 桑塔纳桑塔纳Toyota 丰田丰田Volvo 沃尔沃沃尔沃, , 富豪富豪Volkswagen 大众大众traffic 交通交通rush hour 高峰时间高峰时间高峰时间 traffic jam 交通堵塞交通堵塞交通堵塞 traffic police 交通警交通警交通警 traffic policeman 交通警察交通警察交通警察 road user 道路使用者道路使用者道路使用者 highway code 交通法规交通法规交通法规 pedestrian 行人行人private car 私人汽车私人汽车私人汽车 utility car 公共车辆公共车辆公共车辆 commercial vehicle 商用车商用车商用车 lorry 卡车卡车 ( (美作美作美作:truck) :truck) A road, arterial road 国有公路国有公路,,一级公路一级公路 ( (美作美作美作:arterial highway) :arterial highway) B road, secondary road 二级公路二级公路slip road 高速公路会交点高速公路会交点高速公路会交点 fork 岔道岔道crossroads, intersection, junction, cloverleaf junction 立交桥立交桥 side of the road, side of the verge, hard shoulder 隔离墩隔离墩 one-way street 单行线单行线单行线 no entry 禁止通行禁止通行禁止通行 no parking 禁止停车禁止停车禁止停车roundabout 街心转盘街心转盘traffic island refuge 交通安全岛交通安全岛car park 停车场停车场停车场 ( (美作美作美作:parking lot) :parking lot) traffic, vehicular traffic 交通交通subway 行人地下通道行人地下通道underpass 汽车地下通道汽车地下通道level crossing 平交路口平交路口平交路口 manned level crossing 有警察的平交路口有警察的平交路口unmannedlevel crossing 无警察的平交路口无警察的平交路口无警察的平交路口 pedestrian crossing 行人交叉路行人交叉路行人交叉路 pothole, hole 坑洼坑洼坑洼 gravel 砂砾砂砾right-hand bend 右转弯右转弯右转弯 left-hand bend 左转弯左转弯左转弯 blind bend 急弯急弯急弯 Z bend, double bend Z 形转弯形转弯dangerous bend, hairpin bend 险弯险弯road narrows 路面狭窄路面狭窄路面狭窄 brow of a hill 斜坡斜坡road works 道路工程道路工程道路工程 diversion 支岔支岔slippery road surface 防滑路面防滑路面signals 信号信号((总称总称) )traffic signs, roadsigns 道路标志信号道路标志信号hand signals 手示信号手示信号手示信号 no right turn 禁止右转弯禁止右转弯no U-turns 禁止掉头禁止掉头禁止掉头 traffic lights 红绿灯红绿灯红绿灯,,交通指挥灯交通指挥灯red light 红色圆形标志牌红色圆形标志牌红色圆形标志牌 flashing amber 闪光指示器闪光指示器闪光指示器 stop 停车停车right of way 可通行可通行to give way 让路让路,,让行让行horn 喇叭喇叭lights 灯光灯光headlights 大灯大灯headlights on full beam 远光灯远光灯dipped headlights 会车灯会车灯会车灯,,近光灯近光灯to dip one's headlights 关闭远光灯开启近光灯关闭远光灯开启近光灯 sidelights 位置灯位置灯,,边灯边灯direction indicator, indicator 方向指示器方向指示器 safety belt, seat belt 保险带保险带to lose control of one's vehicle 车辆失控车辆失控 to skid 打滑打滑打滑 to turn over 翻车翻车to hit, to crash into, to run into 撞to crash, to collide 碰撞碰撞not to give way 不让路不让路。
汽车营销销售外文翻译文献
外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)英文原文The Competitive Dynamics in the Automotive Aftermarket: BrandedProducts and Private Label ProductsM SzymanowskiTHE BUSINESS CASEThroughout the automotive aftermarket industry, senior executives are facing the reality of private brands. Similar dynamics exist outside of the automotive aftermarket and are intensifying in other sectors, such as traditional consumer goods. Also known as ―private label‖ and referred to across many consumer-oriented industries as ―store brands,‖―co ntrol brands‖ or ―own brands,‖their rising prominence has led top executives to ask:• What issues and risks do U.S.-branded manufacturers face with respect to private brands?• How are market forces different today than in years past? How will this landscape evolve?• How can I better understand my operational blind spots in an increasingly competitive landscape?• What can my management team focus on to protect and grow my brands? Where do we start?•What are the similarities and differences between t he private brand trends in the automotive aftermarket and the consumer products sector?• What can be learned by automotive aftermarket executives from the private brand experiences in other sectors?Although answers to these questions are not simple and some market dynamics are not yet fully clear, the availability of private brands and other competitive trends are growing in the automotive aftermarket community, just as they are in many consumer product segments. One out of every three consumer products s old by one of the nation’s largest retailers is now private brand – up from one out of every five just a few years ago. With U.S. private brand sales in the grocery market surpassing well over $80 billion, for example, private brands can no longer be ignored by consumer product manufacturers. The U.S. market share of private brands in food, drug and mass merchant channels is more than 20 percent, according to industry data research firms. More than 80 percent of consumers shopping in big box, warehouse clubs and superstores frequently buy store brands and, depending on the specific product category, multiple store brands at a time. Retailers are focusing more resources on private branding to enhance margins, increase shelf velocity and expand store loyalty and traffic.Private branding in food, drug and mass merchant consumer products channels is not a new phenomenon, nor is it a new concept inthe automotive aftermarket. However, there are differences in the degree to which private brand penetration has occurred in traditional consumer goods industries compared with the automotive aftermarket. The factors giving rise to these differences include the nature and use of the products (e.g., immediate consumption vs. durable goods), the ability of the consumer to exercise preference at point of sale, technological or other barriers to entry for alternative manufacturers to produce private brands, the degree to which products are subject to regulatory controls, and the differences in the channels in which the products are distributed. Notwithstanding these distinctions, private branding will continue to impact the competitive landscape.Consumer behavior has gone through a dramatic evolution in the past five years, with the economic shifts and downturns, and with the exploding access to information and technology. The lines of consumer priorities are blurring and shifting, and regardless of brand or product mix, measurement and management of these shifts will be the key to strategic success and growth in a global marketplace.The U.S. automotive aftermarket is one of the single largest markets in the U.S. and is increasingly affected by private brand influences similar to other consumer product markets. However, total private brand penetration in the aftermarket is not as closely measured and monitored as in other consumer sectors. As brand and product strategies continue toevolve among aftermarket channel participants, more sophisticated measurements of private brand penetration rates are beginning to take root.ISSUES, OPPORTUNITIES AND RISKSThe degree of market consolidation among retailers is believed to be one of the influences at work in driving increased private brand market share penetration. Retail consolidation is also one of the contributing factors to increasing retailer pricing leverage, according to the AASA(Automotive Aftermarket Suppliers Association) Q4 2009 Aftermarket Supplier Barometer report, and ultimately can lead to supplier margin erosion. Retail consolidation can create economy-of-scale advantages for private brands, allowing brand development and deployment costs to be spread incrementally across higher product volumes, decreasing their relative per unit volume significance. Further, private brand penetration appears to vary across product categories. Those experiencing a higher degree of ―commoditization‖(little or no perceived differentiation across brands) have demonstrated higher private brand market share levels compared to product categories with low degrees of commoditization. Within the automotive aftermarket, product categories such as tires, accessories and maintenance parts are showing similar trends. One recent research report for brake component sales from Frost & Sullivan showsprivate brands had a 60 percent market share in 2009 and are expected to increase to 66 percent by 2015.Monitoring private brand market share penetration levels in each aftermarket product category where a branded manufacturer participates can help assess the current degree of commoditization. However, detailed and accurate data regarding private brand penetration levels within many aftermarket product categories are not readily available —unlike other consumables sectors, where scanner-level data from IRI and Nielsen offers good visibility.Private brand penetration varies by type of product category, geography, channel partners and consumer segment. Having more data and measurements regarding private brand penetration, consumer behavior and supply chain visibility will be essential moving forward, in order to respond to opportunities and risks and sustain a competitive advantage.Understanding customer and consumer segments: private brand preferencesDemographic and ethnographic segment patterns matter. More than 50 percent of 18-to-34-year-olds buy more than half of their consumer staples from private brands. Attitudinal segmentation — similar attitudes and values such as degree of importance placed on the dealer or repair professional, parts availability, do-it-yourself (DIY) considerations, pricesensitivity and convenience, shared across segments — can show varying degrees of influence on private brand choices. Understanding customer and consumer decisions across the entire value chain from manufacturer to ultimate consumer will enable better tailoring of brand positioning and more effective promotional programs.Knowing your customers, where they purchase and what drives their purchase decisions is paramount. In March 2010, Ernst & Y oung conducted a survey of more than 1,000 consumers and discovered: • 56 percent of consumers surveyed purchased vehicle parts and accessories in general automotive repair shops, parts and accessories stores, or chains;• 22 percent purchased them from new and used vehicle dealers;• 15 percent purchased them from big box, ware house clubs and superstores (nonautomotive);• 7 percent purchased them online; and• 20 percent also serviced their vehicle themselves (maintenance, repair, customization). Private brand market dynamics are impacting aftermarket channels through which the majority of products are sold. Developing a unique value proposition for each consumer and channel segment based on channel customer influences will be paramount in maintaining market share.Understanding consumer defection rates (velocity, magnitude andmotivations) from major brands to store brands within a product category can be an excellent gauge of brand relevancy in the eyes of a brand’s user base.The automotive aftermarket is experiencing low brand awareness in certain product categories. For select manufacturers, this implies that the risk of becoming a commodity and facing more margin and sales pressures is influenced by degree of brand loyalty across shoppers. Retailers with DIY or do-it-for-me (DIFM) shopper advocacy programs focusing on serving repair professionals can create brand loyalty among their consumers for store-branded products using their reputation as a technical services-oriented supplier of parts. Manufacturers also are trying to get closer to their primary and secondary consumers and raise brand awareness through techniques such as professional installer training programs and advertising campaigns. These special offers are designed to reinforce the message that longer-lasting, better-performing replacement products are today’s bes t quality and are a longer-term affordability option for consumers. According to recent Nielsen Co. data on consumer trends, a key piece of data to keep in mind when considering consumer behavior trends for 2010 is that, ―Value messaging must include differentiation beyond pricing for consumers.Retail engagement: keeping advocates and influencersRepair professional recommendations and influences on consumerchoice are important dimensions in the private brand or name brand success equation. According to a January 2010 Frost & Sullivan report, vehicle owners will adopt repair professional recommendations for batteries up to one-third of the time. The important question to ask is: What are the key influences the repair professionals look at when making brand decisions? It is important to recognize that all participants in the supply channel influence the repair professional’s choice. New and used vehicle dealers, accessory stores or auto parts chains, big box, warehouse clubs and superstores, online providers and search partners all play an increasingly important role in affecting consumer choices. Big box, warehouse clubs and superstores are concentrating on improving the shopper experience by offering a wider selection of private brand offerings in many consumer durables and non-durables.IMPLICA TIONS FOR AUTOMOTIVE AFTERMARKET LEADERS: UNDERSTANDING OPERA TIONAL BLIND SPOTSTypically, branded manufacturers and retailers focus only on price gaps and performance gaps, but that may be shortsighted in an increasi ngly multidimensional competitive game. Ernst & Y oung’s professionals believe there are at least six dimensions or strategic levers —both quantitative and qualitative —that manufacturers and retail channel players should identify to understand, measure and evaluate private brand competitive dynamics. These six dimensions are pricing,quality, promotion, distribution and merchandising, marketing and packaging perception and organization .Which of these six are the most relevant to the automotive aftermarket? In many consumer goods product categories, consumers often perceive the quality of private brands as being equal to name brands. But a recent report from The NPD Group, a leading market research company, suggests this isn’t always the case with consume rs of automotive aftermarket products. According to NPD, some automotive aftermarket consumers still perceive a quality difference between private brand and name brands. In the category of motor oil, NPD suggests that more than half of consumers surveyed believe motor oil name brands are of better quality than store brands, while nearly one-third see no real difference. What quality level is each consumer market segment willing to pay a premium for? Are independent repair professionals willing to risk their repair shop’s reputation on products that customers may perceive as lower quality?Manufacturers need to understand where their customers stand on quality vs. price, and must clearly differentiate those attributes that will best drive purchase choice behavior. Likewise, retailers should evaluate brand assortment to ensure they are meeting the requirements of both quality- and value-driven consumers. It is a fact that in some cases, repair shops may utilize original equipment parts over aftermarket or privatebrand parts. Retailers and warehouse distributors may utilize private brands to promote their reputation as more economical in the short run. The key question to ask is: Keeping safety, dependability and performance in mind, what is the true risk/benefit ratio perceived by consumer segments where each aftermarket product category sells and what levels of price portfolio are fair? Remember, it is the consumers who pay, and depending on whether it is a repair or maintenance issue, they wield more power today than ever.Safety, dependability and performance are of utmost importance to the vehicle owner/consumer when it comes to automotive aftermarket parts used for vehicle maintenance and repairs. As participants in the aftermarket distribution channel (including manufacturer, distributor, chain or independent retailer and repair professional) seek to respond to and influence consumer choice, build trust and maintain market share in vehicle repair and replacement, all players must understand how the products they offer meet these key consumer values and support their reputation in the market.AASA has launched an initiative called ―Know Y our Parts,‖designed to encourage all distribution channel participants to fully evaluate the increasing number of competing products in the marketplace across several dimensions of dependability, quality and performance. This campaign highlights the importance in understanding the extent to whichthere is transparency in the manufacturer’s commitment to provide support in the form of technical specifications, warranty, quality assurance, training and other services. It recognizes the important role that repair professionals, distributors and retailers play in influencing customer and consumer choice, particularly when the consumer is more dependent on the supply chain for information to support choice decisions among complex products.PROTECTING AND GROWING BRANDSBoth manufacturers and retailers are asking for clarity in how to understand and act upon private brand market dynamics. We suggest they begin by asking the following questions: 1). Learn the market: See reality in customer and consumer perspectivesa). What levels of awareness, consideration, purchase intent, usage and loyalty exist within the categories and brands where I compete?b). How is the market changing, and how will future consolidation create opportunities?c). Are we using digital and social media resources to gain specific insight into consumers?d). Should we establish strategic listening posts using social media as an ongoing program rather than a one-time effort? Where along the distribution channel should such measures be used?2). Know thyself: Look at what value your brands offer in eachproduct category and consumer and repair professional segmentsa). How can my management teams think differently rather than preserve the status quo?b). Should organizational practices or structure change in light of private brand dynamics?c). Which brands represent leading practices that should be replicated?d). What marketing and promotional levers can be pulled to preserve and grow brand loyalty and quality perceptions among all distribution channel consumers?3). Evaluate new competitiona). Where are my marketing activities over- or under-resourced as compared to competitors? Does this new reality offer cost-reduction or revenue opportunities?b). What is the potential to maximize revenues given the price elasticity of my products as compared to competitor and private brand offerings?c). How are competitors combating private brand threats, and what lessons can be learned?4). Build private brand defense and offense strategies and competenciesa). How can I build a private brand monitoring capability?b). Should I develop a private brand index or similar measure?Aftermarket companies need to develop holistic, reliable and multidimensional measures to better understand, evaluate and monitor private brand value gaps across the entire aftermarket distribution channel. These measures must go beyond pricing and include quality, innovation and other dimensions such as customer and consumer perceptions. Obtaining information todevelop such measures will likely mean using different approaches to gather consumer-level insights. This analysis focuses on three areas: 1) measuring and evaluating the true penetration of private brands within various product categories experiencing a high degree of commoditization, 2) identifying the root causes of this trend in quantitative and qualitative terms and 3) building viable and practical responses at brand and category levels.中文译文汽车售后市场的竞争动态:品牌产品和自主产品M Szymanowski业务案例在汽车零配件行业中,高管正面临私人品牌的现实。
汽车零部件名称英文译名规则及中英文对照表.
Q/SQR汽车零部件名称英文译名规则及中英文对照表(试行奇瑞汽车有限公司发布Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 前言应目前对外出口要求, 为了零部件名称在翻译时其格式统一以及翻译相对专业与准确, 制订本零部件名称英文译名的命名规则,并以 A11平台为事例进行了翻译,对于其他车型与 A11结构位置相同的零部件其名称以此标准进行统一规范, 新增零部件其英文名称以此规则进行统一翻译。
本标准在格式和内容的编排上均符合GB/T1.1-2000、 GB/T1.2-2002的规定。
本标准由奇瑞汽车有限公司国际公司、汽车工程研究院提出。
本标准由奇瑞汽车有限公司汽车工程研究院归口。
本标准起草单位:奇瑞汽车有限公司国际公司、汽车工程研究院。
本标准主要起草人:吴向东、刘自苗、刘慧军、辛军、祁国俊、袁永彬、侯建伟。
IQ/SQR.04.173— 2005 汽车零部件名称英文译名规则及中英文对照表(试行 1 适用范围本标准中的翻译规则适用于奇瑞公司零部件英文名称的翻译。
A11平台翻译事例中的零部件英文名称适用于其它车型与 A11平台结构位置相同的零部件。
2 规范性引用文件下列文件中的条款通过本标准的引用而成为本标准的条款。
凡是注日期的引用文件, 其随后所有的修改单 (不包括勘误的内容或修订版均不适用于本标准,然而, 鼓励根据本标准达成协议的各方研究是否可使用这些文件的最新版本。
凡是不注日期的引用文件,其最新版本适用于本标准。
无3 零部件的译名规则3.1零部件的译名格式[零部件的名称名词 ][空格 ][破折号 ][空格 ][ 零部件的描述 ][内 /外 ][前 /后 ][上 /下 ][左 /右 ]例如:左前门外板本体 PNL - FRT DOOR OTR LH3.24 A11平台中英文名称对照表1Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 2Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 3Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 4Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 5Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 6Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 7Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 8Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 9Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 10Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 11Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 12Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 13Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 14Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 15Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 16Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 17Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 18Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 19Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 20Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 21Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 22Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 23Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 24Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 25Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 26Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 27Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 28Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 29Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 30Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 31Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 32Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 33Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 34Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 35Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 36Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 37Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 38Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 39Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 40Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 41Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 42Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 43Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 44Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 45Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 46。
汽车零部件名称英文译名规则及中英文对照12
R134a制冷剂—Refreigent冷冻机油—Freeze oil堵件—PLUG螺母—Nut中部面板—middle part panel中锁体下部总成—Middle lock underpart assembly防盗器系统总成—ANTITHIEF SYSTEM防盗器主机—ANTITHIEF MODULE防盗指示灯—INDICATOR遥控器—RKE报警喇叭—SIREN防盗继电器—RELAY-ANTITHIEF防盗器控制线束总成—W/H ANTITHIEF防盗器门内线束总成—W/H ANTITHIEF DR防盗器指示灯线束总成—W/H INDICATOR收放机—Cassette RadioCD主机—CD Head UnitCD线束—CD Harness前扬声器—Front SpeakerCD碟机—CD Changer前门扬声器—Front Door Speaker后扬声器—Rear Speaker橡皮垫圈—Rubber Gasket收放机—Cassette RadioCD机总成—CD Assembly主机—Head Unit换片机—Changer电源信号线—Power Harness天线（不带放大器）—Atenna（Without amplifeier）天线（带放大器）—Atenna（With amplifeier）天线固定顶篷螺母—Atenna Roof Mounting Nut橡塑垫片—Rubber Gasket多楔带空调压缩机总成—Compressor assembly冷凝器-干燥储液瓶总成—Condensator-filter drier Pipeline assembly 冷凝器橡胶垫块—rubber pad冷凝器橡胶垫片—rubber pad冷凝器橡胶垫块—rubber pad冷凝器固定垫片—rubber pad冷凝器—Condensator Pipeline assembly冷凝器支架—Condensator bracket膨胀阀总成—expansion valve assembly膨胀阀本体—expansion valve body感应器—sensor固定连接板—Mounting bracket内六角螺栓—bolt蒸发器总成—HVAC assembly衬垫—Gasket螺母—Nut进风口外壳总成—air inlet damper assembly分发器壳体总成—Difuse cover assembly蒸发器壳体总成—evaporator box assembly蒸发器芯总成—evaporator core assembly散热器芯总成—heat core assembly排水管总成—drain pipe真空管—Rubber hose真空管接头—Rubber hose connector散热器进出口海绵—Heat inlet foam双头定位螺栓—bolt温控器开关总成—temp control switch进风风门—Air inlet damper混合风门—Air difuse damper除霜吹脚风门—Defrost air damper吹面风门—Face air damper蒸发器-压缩机管路总成—Evaporator-Compressor Pipeline assembly 加注口帽—filling portO型环—O SHAPE RING固定卡—Mounting clip制冷管固定支架—Mounting bracket单管夹子—Mounting bracket螺栓—bolt压缩机-冷凝器管路总成—Compressor-Condensator Pipeline assembly 加注口帽—filling port并紧螺母—nutO型环—O SHAPE RING管路压板—PAD制冷管张紧夹子—Mounting bracket干燥器-蒸发器管路总成—Desiccator-Evaporator Pipeline assembly 并紧螺母—nutO型环—O SHAPE RING管路压板—PAD制冷管固定夹子—Mounting bracketO型环—O SHAPE RING贮液干燥器总成—filter drier六角法兰面螺母—Nut空调电磁阀—Air condition solendid空调高低压开关总成—SWITCH A-A/C PRESSURE空调温度开关总成—Air Conditioner temp switch assembly空调真空系统总成—Air condition vacuum system真空罐总成—Vaccum tank assembly真空罐—Vaccum tank衬垫—Gasket密封条—Sealing pad螺母—nut真空管总成—Vacuum tubeT型接头—T shape connector橡胶软管—Rubber hose塑料管—Plastic hose橡胶软管—Rubber hose塑料管—Plastic hose单向阀—One way value橡胶软管—Rubber hose橡胶软管—Rubber hose橡胶软管—Rubber h空调控制面板总成—Air Conditioner control pannel assembly 空调开关总成—Air condition switch assembly风向控制拉线1（蓝）—Air direction control line风向控制拉线2（黑）—Air direction control line风向控制拉线3（黄）—Air direction control line空调控制面板装饰板—PANNEL COVER -A/C CONTROL后视镜开关—Power window switch开关堵盖—dummy反射片—Reflect patch。
汽车外文文献1
400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001 U.S.A. Tel: (724) 776-4841 Fax: (724) 776-5760 Web: 2006-01-0218A Hybrid Powertrain Provided with anEmulated Fuel Cell System and a Battery Pack: Experimental ResultsMarco Santoro, Manlio Pasquali and Gianfranco PagniENEA Research Center “Casaccia”Luca SoleroUniversity of Rome “ROMA TRE”Reprinted From: Applications of Fuel Cells in Vehicles 2006(SP-2006)2006 SAE World CongressDetroit, MichiganApril 3-6, 2006The Engineering Meetings Board has approved this paper for publication. It has successfully completed SAE's peer review process under the supervision of the session organizer. This process requires a minimum of three (3) reviews by industry experts.All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE.For permission and licensing requests contact:SAE Permissions400 Commonwealth DriveWarrendale, PA 15096-0001-USAEmail:permissions@Tel:724-772-4028Fax:724-776-3036For multiple print copies contact:SAE Customer ServiceT el:877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada)T el:724-776-4970 (outside USA)Fax:724-776-0790Email:CustomerService@ISSN 0148-7191Copyright © 2006 SAE InternationalPositions and opinions advanced in this paper are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of SAE. The author is solely responsible for the content of the paper. A process is available by which discussions will be printed with the paper if it is published in SAE Transactions.Persons wishing to submit papers to be considered for presentation or publication by SAE should send the manuscript or a 300 word abstract to Secretary, Engineering Meetings Board, SAE.Printed in USAABSTRACTThe increasing concern about polluting emissions of vehicles, the cost and the limited availability of petroleum are urging many researchers in the world to develop innovative and more energy-efficient traction powertrains. In order to improve the energy conversion efficiencies into the vehicle, auto manufacturers are looking at new energy-storage-system technologies and fuel converters with great interest. The University of Rome“ROMA TRE” and ENEA (the Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Environment) have jointly developed and tested a Fuel Cell Emulator, able to feed a vehicle powertrain just like an actual fuel cell should do. Aim of this work was to substitute the fuel cell with a much more reliable device and test different powertrain layouts and control strategies. This approach allows comparing different powertrains by simply resizing their components. INTRODUCTIONComprehensive studies (e.g. [1]) have compared several powertrain layouts and technologies to a reference conventional vehicle - provided with gasoline engine and automatic transmission - over many driving schedules. The cycles with low power demand (low speed or stop-and-go operations) appear to be the most suitable for hybrid operations. These results are logical considering the sources of savings for hybrid vehicles: regenerative braking, no engine idling, and better powertrain efficiency at low power demands.When considering the introduction of advanced vehicles, a complete well-to-wheel evaluation must be performed to determine the potential impact of a technology on carbon dioxide and Green House Gases (GHGs) emissions. A well-to-wheels (WTW) analysis of a vehicle/fuel system covers all stages of the fuel cycle, from energy feedstock recovery (well) to energy delivery at the vehicle’s wheels. A WTW analysis is also referred to as a fuel-cycle analysis. Considering fuel economies for the different vehicle’s configurations on the U.S. Combined cycle (including FUDS and FHDS) it is clear that substantial gains can be achieved through dieselisation or hybridisation. The results considering well-to-pump (WTP), pump-to-wheels (PTW) and WTW powertrain efficiencies for the combined cycle imply that: • Dieselisation can increase the efficiency by more than 20%,• Hybridisation alone leads to an improvement of more than 30%,• Dieselisation and hybridisation lead to an improvement of more than 50%,• A gain of more than 150% can be obtained with the hybrid fuel cell. The hybrid fuel cell configuration combines high fuel-cell-system efficiency and regenerative braking to achieve the highest fuel economy.Considering the energy loss during the NEDC (New European Driving Cycle) cycle for each component for the configurations considered, the same analysis shows that the engine is, by far, the least efficient of the components (accounts for more than 75% of the total losses for the reference case). Fuel cell vehicles lose only half the energy of the best parallel case. Moreover, a hybrid fuel cell powertrain consumes less energy than a system containing only a fuel cell. The weight advantage of the fuel cell system is not sufficient to compensate for the loss in regenerative energy. Fuel cell vehicles supported by an energy storage system achieve the highest fuel economy. This is why regenerative braking energy may be stored and the fuel cell can often operate in high-efficiency regions.Other studies [2] pointed out that on a fixed time budget, vehicle miles travelled by vehicle vary inversely with the average driving speed. In other words, personal vehicles based in congested urban areas may accumulate fewer miles of driving per year than suburban-based vehicles. Thus, owners of hybrid vehicles living in congested areas may drive less than hybrid owners living in suburban area, nullifying the large fuel economy2006-01-0218A Hybrid Powertrain Provided with an Emulated Fuel CellSystem and a Battery Pack: Experimental ResultsMarco Santoro, Manlio Pasquali and Gianfranco PagniENEA Research Center “Casaccia”Luca SoleroUniversity of Rome “ROMA TRE”Copyright © 2006 SAE Internationaladvantage they hold over comparable conventional vehicles. Nonetheless, we believe that the extensive use of hybrid vehicles should dramatically improve the air quality in urban areas. This is thanks to the degrees of freedom these powertrains are provided with which allow to design low tailpipe-emission vehicles especially conceived for urban traffic.Because of their high efficiency and low emissions,fuel cell vehicles are undergoing extensive research and development. A clean vehicle, such as a fuel cell vehicle, does not mean that there are no emissions from a well-to-wheel perspective. When producing hydrogen from reforming at a station, fuel cell vehicles have a lower advantage in terms of efficiency and emissions. Emerging methods for generating hydrogen by exploiting renewable energy sources (e.g. [3]) will soon allow considering fuel-cell-propelled vehicles as actual Zero Emission Vehicles (ZEVs).AIM OF THE WORKAim of our work was the realization of a fuel cell emulator able to generate the voltage/current relationship the fuel cell would supply,and investigate different control approaches of a hybrid powertrain containing a battery pack. The emulator has to be a much more reliable “fuel converter” than the actual fuel cell. During testing, the emulator has been constrained to operate in steady state conditions, i.e. the fuel cell current rate has been continuously monitored and constrained.A major European automobile manufacturer has provided us with a Simulink model of a 60-kW PEM fuel cell (Fig. 1). The model is mostly empirical,relying on fuel cell component input/output relationships measured in the laboratory and quasi-static, using data collected in steady state tests. Most of these data are contained in look-up tables. By changing the number of elementary cells in the model, we have modified the size of the fuel cell, and we have therefore tested and compared the behavior of different-size fuel cells.We have modified at ENEA labs in Rome a battery cycler, i.e. an AC/DC converter that is able to charge and discharge a battery pack according to a chosen voltage/current law. Such modified battery charger can be driven from external signals, calculated by the modeldescribed above.Fig. 1: 60kW PEM fuel cellTHE POWERTRAINWe have shown in previous papers [4, 5] the availability and effectiveness of our Multi Input Power Electronic Converter (MIPEC). This device manages the bidirectional power flow from three different sources for feeding a traction drive (Fig. 2).Fig.2: MIPEC manages the power flowing from a BatteryStorage Unit (BSU), an UltraCapacitor tank (UC) and the Fuel Cell (FC) to the Traction Drive The powertrain does not contain any ultracapacitor and therefore just two inputs of MIPEC can work in this test.The fuel cell system has been emulated thanks to the battery cycler (3-phase AC/DC converter) and a suitable DC link capacitive filter. An x86 real time microprocessor platform (PC 104) regulates the output voltage of the FC emulator as function of the output DC current and the operating temperature.The microprocessor controls the emulator on the basis of the fuel cell model: at a given current generated by the emulator, the instantaneous output voltage can differ on dependence - this is evident at low-load currents - on the operating conditions (Fig. 3).Fuel Cell Voltage vs. Current102030405060708090100110120130140150Current [A]Fig.3:Minimum, mean and maximum fuel cell Voltagevs. mean supplied Current The powertrain is completed by a VRL A battery pack and a traction drive (induction motor with peak power of 30kW and continuous power of 15kW), coupled to afour-quadrant-operation dynamometer (Fig. 4).Fig. 4: 15kW continuous-, 30kW peak-power tractiondrive, mechanically coupled to dynamometerHOW THE TEST BENCH OPERATESFig. 5: Layout of the powertrain under testingReferring to Fig. 5, PC104 microprocessor and boards, with a time step of 0.1s xCalculate hydrogen consumption, fuel cell temperature and voltage in dependence on the current requestedx Drive the cycler by imposing the voltage the fuel cell would supplyx Calculate the batteries state of charge and their maximum allowable currentxCalculate and send to the MIPEC DSP the maximum current and the maximum current rate the fuel cell could meetx Acquire fuel-cell emulator current and voltage xAcquire batteries current and voltageThe MIPEC DSP xReceives information from the PC104 microprocessor concerning maximum fuel cell current, maximum battery current, maximum rate of the fuel cell currentxDrives MIPEC switching devices (i.e. calculates their duty cycles length) and thus determines the current flows from batteries and fuel cell.Torque and speed from the drive are acquired with a time step of 1s during testing.Main aim of the powertrain control strategy -this algorithm is implemented in the PC104 boards -is to limit the fuel cell power rate. This result can be gained by introducing an energy storage system which allows supporting the rapid change of power flows over the driving schedule. Moreover, the VRL A battery pack allows recovering energy during vehicle braking and coastdown.The adoption of a hybrid configuration allows decreasing the cost of the powertrain: a fuel cell of lower size - supported by an energy storage system - can feed a vehicle with the same performance that should be met by a vehicle provided with a full-size one.Varying the quantity of elementary cells in the model we have rescaled the fuel cell size and tested the behavior of powertrains propelled by a 7-, 15-, and 22-kW fuel cell,with the same battery pack at three different initial SOC values.Fig.6shows how the powertrain power flows are qualitatively managed. When the vehicle accelerates, the fuel cell meets the power request (Pload ) like a“sluggish” genset. Most of the power is supplied by the battery pack in this phase.At the end of the acceleration phase, the fuel cell can recharge the battery pack (Pbatt is negative). During braking or coastdown the kinetic energy is stored in the battery pack and the fuel cell is turned off.P load P batt P fcPtFig. 6: Power flow controlThe fuel cell model contains the maximum allowable fuel cell current and current rate (Figs. 7and 8,respectively)vs. the fuel cell stack temperature.10203040506070102030405060708090100110120temperature [°C]max current [A]Fig. 7: Maximum fuel cell current vs. temperature 01020304050607010152025303540temperature [°C]max di/dt [A/s]Fig. 8: Maximum fuel cell current rate vs. temperatureThis information is sent from the PC104 boards to the MIPEC DSP, and MIPEC monitors the FC current and the battery voltage. MIPEC splits the power request between fuel cell and batteries and is able to accurately constrain both the fuel cell current and its rate.The recharge current supplied by the fuel cell is constrained in dependence on the batteries state of charge (Fig. 9).Fig. 9: Maximum recharge current vs. SOCTESTING THE POWERTRAINThe powertrain has been tested over the urban section of the NEDC (Fig. 10), consecutively repeated 20 times.By this way, we were able to observe the system evolution at varying temperature,batteries state ofcharge, etc. etc.Battery socFig. 10: Urban segment (ECE 15) of the New EuropeanDriving Cycle Figs.11and 12 show the power flows in the vehicle over one NEDC urban section at cold and warm fuel cell,respectively. It is evident the fuel-cell power dependence on the operating temperature: the cold fuel cell is able to supply a maximum power of 8 kW (Fig. 11). The warm fuel cell can deliver a maximum power of nearly 12 kW (Fig.12).The batteries supply in both cases the power necessary to meet the driving cycle.The increase of hydrogen consumption is due to the fuel cell temperature increase. Points A and A 1,B and B 1,C and C 1, respectively show the hydrogen consumption in the same instant of two consecutive driving cycles (Fig. 13). A hydrogen vent (0.3g/s for 2s in the 7-kW fuel cell and 0.5g/s for 2s in the 22-kW fuel cell), depending on the past hydrogen consumption, is needed for expelling water from the distribution channels.101214time [s]Fig. 11: Power flows over the first NEDC urban section.The fuel cell is cold30403060308031003120314031603180-22468101214power [kW]P loadP battP fcMax pfc(T)time [s]Fig. 12: Power flowing over one NEDC urban section.The fuel cell is warmtime [s]Fig. 13: Instantaneous hydrogen consumption over twoconsecutive NEDC urban sectionsThe final SOC of batteries is nearly the initial one (Fig. 14).The total hydrogen consumption (Fig. 15) is therefore the actual energy consumption over the testing schedule. The SOC is calculated according to an algorithm that has been developed in collaboration with the University of Pisa (Italy). It takes into account the variation of batteries capacitance in dependence on the battery current and temperature.Fig. 14: SOC variation during testingtime [s]Fig. 15: Hydrogen consumptionPotenza [kW]P e r c e n t u a l e s u i C a m p i o n i T o t a l i A c q u i s i t i [%]Fig. 16: Fuel cell operating points distribution (7 kW,SOC = 0.6)Potenza [kW]P e r c e n t u a l e s u i C a m p i o n i T o t a l i A c q u i s i t i [%]Fig.17: Fuel cell operating points distribution (22 kW,SOC = 0.6) Figs.16 and 17 depict the distributions of the acquired fuel-cell emulator operating points and are referred to a fuel cell power of 7 kW and 22 kW, respectively. SOC is 0.6in both cases. The smaller fuel cell has to recharge more often the batteries, as they provide most of the acceleration power and are discharged. The fuel cell thus operates mostly in its high efficiency region,and although generates meanly more power than the 22-kW fuel cell, its hydrogen consumption is lower.The hydrogen consumption is 179g for the 7-kW fuel cell and 206g for the 22-kW one.CONCLUSIONThe development of a fuel cell emulator allows testing in a reliable and affordable way various powertrain configurations. By this way we are able to optimize experimentally the control strategies. The knowledge of the optimal control strategy allows realizing a vehicle provided with an actual fuel cell. In order to gain such results, a reliable emulator - whose performance has been compared with the reference fuel cell - is necessary.Moreover,this approach allows emulating any genset.The powertrain testing over the ECE 15 cycle allows to recognize the source of savings that the powertrain hybridization has generated,when the vehicle meets an urban schedule. The 22-kW powertrain is able to supply all the power the vehicle needs, and the batteries operate only until the fuel cell is cold. As soon as the fuel cell has reached its operating temperature, it is able to provide the needed power and to meet the dynamic behaviour the cycle requires.Fig. 17 shows that the 22-kW fuel cell mainly operates in the 0.5-1.5kW range. This power is nearly the power of the fuel cell accessory loads, and the fuel cell thus operates in low-efficiency regions. The 7-kW fuel cell cannot always meet the whole traction power and the batteries have to compensate this gap of power. The batteries must be recharged periodically by the fuel cell,e.g. when the vehicle is idling. This is why the 7-kW fuel cell mostly operates in high efficiency regions (Fig. 16).57.558.559.5These conclusions refer to the driving cycle here considered. If we suppose to analyze high-speed schedules (e.g. highway driving cycles), we will obtain completely different results. The optimal drivetrain sizing depends heavily from the driving cycle under testing. In each case, the current fuel-cell stack prices suggest to seriously consider hybrid drivetrains.REFERENCES1. A. Rousseau, P. Sharer “Comp aring Ap p les toAp p les: Well-to-Wheel Analysis of Current ICE and Fuel Cell Vehicle Technologies”, Proceedings SAE 2004 World Congress, March 8-11, 2004. Detroit, MI, U.S.A.2. D. Santini, et al. “Hybrid Electric Vehicle TechnologyAssessment: Methodology, Analytical Issue and Interim Results”, ANL Report ESD/02-1 (2001)3.http://www.enea.it/com/ingl/solar/index.html4. Santoro M., Puccetti A., Pasquali M., Solero L.,L idozzi A. “A Novel Multi-Inp ut Power Electronic Converter for Automotive A p p lications”, 11thInternational Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference EPE – PEMC, September 2-4, 2004, Riga, Latvia5. Di Napoli A., Crescimbini F., Solero L., L idozzi A.,Pede G., Santoro M., Pasquali M. “Multi Input Power Electronic Converter for Automotive Ap p lications”,AutoTechnology, Volume 4, December 2004, ISSN 1616-8216CONTACTMarco Santoro Ph.D., Electronic Engineer, currently joins the Department of Robotics at ENEA Research Center“Casaccia”, Rome, Italy. He can be reached at marco.santoro@casaccia.enea.it.DEFINITIONS, ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS DSP:Digital Signal ProcessorENEA: Ente per le Nuove tecnologie, l’Energia e l’Ambiente (Italian National Agency for NewTechnologies, Energy and the Environment) FHDS: Federal Highway Driving ScheduleFUDS: Federal Urban Driving ScheduleGHG: Green House GasMIPEC: Multi Input Power Electronic ConverterNEDC: New European Driving CyclePEM: Proton Exchange MembranePTW: Pump To WheelsSOC: State Of ChargeVRLA: Valve Regulated Lead Acid (battery)WTP: Well To PumpWTW: Well To WheelsZEV: Zero Emission Vehicle。
英文翻译外文文献翻译270汽车轮胎
附录Human activities on the ecological damage to the environment has become a global problem, to reduce fuel consumption, reduce automobile exhaust emissions is energy conservation, prevention of air pollution in an important measure. Vehicle energy consumption is closely related with the tire rolling resistance. On cars or light trucks, the 3.4% ~ 6.6% of fuel consumption used to overcome rolling resistance tires; of loaded radial truck tire with the car example, 12.4% ~ 14.5% of fuel consumption to overcome the rolling resistance tires . Tire rolling resistance by 10%, fuel-efficient cars will be 1.2 percent, 4 percent savings trucks. To this end,the tire manufacturers have at home and abroad to develop new low-power tires to reduce rolling resistance, saving fuel.Automobile tires in the rolling process, the total vehicle rolling resistance accounts for about 20% of the resistance, if reduced by 10% per tire rolling resistance, lower 2% ~ 3% of fuel, then rolling resistance tires to enhance the level of control of vehicle contribution to fuel economy will be significant, but also in a wide range can be achieved. Therefore, how to effectively control the tire's rolling resistance is the industry facing a key issue. This article will explore the various angles and analysis as well as tire rolling resistance testing technology.I. SummaryIn the tire rolling process, the cycle of changes in the stress and strain lead to energy loss, the formation of tire rolling resistance, also known as the tire hysteresis energy loss. Studies have shown that to overcome tire rolling resistance on fuel consumption of the general accounting for the total fuel consumption of motor vehicles more than 10%. Reduce rolling resistance tires can reduce vehicle energy consumption, so that the car farther away from efficient. Tire rolling resistance is the overall energy consumption of material, equivalent to the tire rolling units of energy loss from the rolling units in addition to its distance, the dimensionless N • m / m, although its equivalent to the dimensionless force, but from the point of view of energy analysis and understanding more convenient and reasonable.Through the measurement of rolling resistance tires can study the best section.However, the results of lab experiments can only make a comparison, the final road test should be used as the basis of the results. Second, research the history ofAs early as age 60 in the 20th century, Beijing Research and Design Institute of Rubber Industry in turn on the drum machine and measured the wire cotton tire cord tire power loss, also measured on the road when the vehicle speed steady traction resistance. At that time, due torestrictions on the use of equipment, the pilot is in its early exploratory phase of long-term. Since the mid-80s, with the accelerated development of China's tire needs, a small number of tire manufacturers from the United States, Japan and Germany with the introduction of the rolling resistance of the switch position test tire drum testing machine, combined with the development of a new type of radial tire and the analysis of foreign samples a number of tire rolling resistance tires test.Inspection. 70s from the 20th century in the United States, Japan and Europe, such as the economically developed countries, in order to solve energy shortages and the deterioration of environmental quality issues and the rolling resistance tires for a large number of experiments and research work. At the same time, tire rolling resistance testing technologies have also made remarkable progress. Beginning in 2004, the U.S. National Research Center on the control of rolling resistance tires to start a new round of extensive research. In 2007, the European Rubber Manufacturers Association also made to the EU to control the level of rolling resistance of the recommendations. Therefore, China will also face the control of rolling resistance.Third, testing technologyAt present, China has established a laboratory test-based, supplemented by the direction of the outdoor experiment. Steady-state conditions in the interior that is a constant load and speed, the tireswhen driving to reach thermal equilibrium Tire rolling resistance measurement method of standardization has been achieved.Preliminary results show that the simulation of the city of tire rolling resistance condition than under the conditions of steady-state rolling resistance by 26% ~ 47% of the difference between the two aroused people's interest in the emergence of a simulation of various operating conditions of automobile tires non-steady-state test. But so far did not see a unified standard test methods or test protocols. Carried out in the outdoor tire rolling resistance test methods are mainly trailer Act, taxiways and three kinds of torque method, in which a wider application of the trailer Act.Fourth, laboratory equipmentLaboratory test equipment, through decades of effort, has appeared in various types of tire rolling resistance testing machine. Their roads in accordance with the form of simulation points, and to have a steel drum two broad categories. Strip-type test machine to simulate the continuous flat surface, is very expensive test equipment tires. At present, it is the most widely to drum testing machine, in particular, a diameter of 1.7 meters to the drum. These test equipment measuring tire rolling resistance by way of points, and measuring method, torque law, power law and reduce the rate of four kinds of law. The use of existing equipment to load and torque of law are most welcome. In thepast two decades, the accuracy of test equipment greatly enhanced to reduce the double measurement error, and has formed a set of test data to ensure the repeatability of the equipment necessary for accuracy. Has the full realization of China's current industrial production equipment is Jiurong Tianjin rolling resistance testing machine, is divided into car and truck tire with two types of tires, and its accuracy in line with the requirements of ISO. As the outdoor test line tire rolling resistance of non-standard test, the test equipment they use is not changed. Association for the Study of the British automobile industry with the use of the pilot housing trailers, all kinds of tires for air resistance in the same test under the conditions created.V. Test Methods1. Indoor and outdoor test testIndoor and outdoor test test test is based on the distinction between the two types of tire place test method. Indoor test of tire rolling resistance testing machine were conducted, and its experimental conditions, although the Department of simulated conditions of use but can be under control, so that good reproducibility of experimental data. Outdoor test rolling resistance tires are used on test vehicles on the road completed, it is true although the experimental conditions, but susceptible to external factors, pilot error, and therefore tire rolling resistance test to test the main indoor and outdoor test Des.2. Steady-state conditions and non-steady-state conditionsSteady-state conditions in the constant refers to the tire load and speed, and traveling in the tire to reach thermal equilibrium when measuring rolling resistance; non-steady-state conditions, it means the tire change with time in the load and speed, and tire temperature in the process of moving measuring rolling resistance. Of course, the tires in the car on the non-steady-state condition is varied. To the total points, tire condition of the car has the city, the suburbs of the car and coach on. However, a breakdown, and another empty, heavy vehicles, drive, driven, acceleration, deceleration, taxiways, brake, turn, etc. and combinations there of. Typical working condition of the tires as the standard test of non-steady-state conditions, needs to be done to investigate and test a large number of research work. So whether it is the latest ISO 18164 or the existing SAEJ 1269, they were under steady-state conditions. In addition, SAEJ 2452 slowdown is a complex experiment, the experimental conditions than under the uniform steady-state movement is much more complicated, but it is not completely under non-steady-state experiment. As can accurately predict tire rolling resistance is uniform or slowdown, more tests need to be verified, such comparison tests being investigated. However, the tire manufacturer's tire rolling resistance testing machine mostly for the use of steady-state conditions, if used for non-steady-state conditions by thetest needs Plus many new features, testing may be a substantial increase in cost.First of all, to deal with the choice of tires to test full consideration, such as the representativeness of the sample, the tire size, type, rated speed, the original production equipment and the type of wheel rim, as well as the technological level of producers and industry status.Secondly, the performance evaluation of the establishment of test methods. Is not any test method can be used to evaluate the performance level, especially the study of test methods, and therefore take into account the actual tire, the combination of existing technology and the means test, set up in line with the experimental detection conditions.Third, laboratory equipment to ensure precision and accuracy of the equipment of the establishment of standards to ensure that test reproducibility and repeatability, such as samples of the same specifications of the rolling resistance tires are consistent and repeatable, with the control tire for the different experiments comparison.Fourth, the establishment of quality control procedures to ensure that the different rolling resistance testing machine test results are consistent and repeatable, the data in these experiments should also include information such as equipment.Fifth, repeat the same tire test, test results are consistent and repeatable.Sixth, tire prices and the relationship between the dynamic resistance.Seventh, most importantly, in the protection of national industries and safeguard the environment and conserve fuel, to resist the flow of low-quality tires to enter the market, the need for serious thinking.A lot of tests in measuring very small load rolling resistance tire rolling resistance is measured the basic characteristics of the tire positioning accuracy, therefore, control precision and accuracy requirements and other equipment is key. According to many years of experience confirm the accuracy of test equipment requirements is necessary, otherwise the test data can not be guaranteed to reach the standards of repeatability and comparability.Lower rolling resistance tires can significantly save energy and protect the environment, with considerable economic and social benefits. Under the conditions of typical use of the tire rolling resistance and fuel consumption the relationship between the steady-state conditions with non-steady-state conditions compared with the torque method, power law and measured by the speed difference in rolling resistance tires will be The next step of our research objectives.Should be established and planned research projects, and used to determine the appropriate control of the rolling resistance or grade; from different points of view to promote and strengthen the grasp of the concept of rolling resistance and applications.汽车轮胎人类活动对生态环境的破坏已成为全球性问题,减少燃料消耗、降低汽车尾气排放量是节约能源、防止大气污染的重要措施。
《长城汽车出口贸易现状及优化策略研究》毕业论文英文文献
衡水学院毕业论文（设计）英文文献翻译学生姓名:马晓东系别:经济学与管理学系专业:国际经济与贸易专业年级:2009级学号:200941118241指导教师:张海燕衡水学院教务处印制原文The Export Trade in AutomobilesBy H.H.KELLY:<The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science> The romance of American business holds no more interesting chapter than that which deals with the rise of the automobile industry.And that industry has no more interesting or significant phase than its export trade.Two sets of figures furnish the background for a discussion of foreign trade in automotive products.Both refer to1923.There were in operation in the world that year 18,000,000passenger cars and motor trucks;15,000,000of this number were in the United States.The world production of these vehicles in the same year was about4,500,000;America produced4,087,000of them,and107,000more,if American cars and trucks assembled in foreign countries are counted.These are the brief statistics which show America's position in the automotive business of the world-83.4per cent of all vehicles in operation,and93.2 percent of the annual world production.Nineteen twenty-five will be the jubilee year of the industry in the United States.After less than a quarter century,the American automobile dominates the world.But twenty-five years are not a day;and the growth of the American automotive industry during that time has been logical and sound.The concentrated force of twenty-five years of successful effort is now behind it,pushing it outward into new fields and new markets-in a word,into export trade.RAPID GROWTH OF EXPORT TRADENo one knows just how large,or how small,were the foundations of this towering structure.In1895,perhaps300vehicles were produced in America;by1900,the number may have been5,000.Export trade was hardly thought of.For the first and last time,imports probably equaled exports,although the numbers were so negligible as to have left no impression upon the records.It was not until1910that either production or exports really began to merit attention,but in that year,187,000cars and trucks were built and8,500were shipped abroad-about4.5percent.The proportion at present is6per cent,exports having more than kept pace with the tremendous growth of the industry.From1910onward,production of cars and trucks grew by leaps and bounds;each year set a new record,only to be eclipsed by the next.The increase in production from209,000in1911to4,087,000in1923summarizes the amazing story.After1910,the exports grew in like measure-from15,800in1911to221,816in1923.The dollar-value of the industry and its exports in the single year of1923ran into enormous totals.The wholesale value of all motor vehicles and parts,including tires, produced that year was estimated at$2,800,000,000.The retail value was at least25percent more,or$3,500,000,000.The value of the exports was placed at$170,000,000for the United States,and$37,000,000for Canada.The magnitude of these figures is best seen in the fact that the United States shipments of automotive products stood third among all commodities exported,being exceeded only by unmanufactured cotton and refined mineral oils.Canadian exports,moreover,should be added to those from the United States,for they come from branch factories of companies organized in the United States,placed there to take advantage of tariff preferential in the British Empire.In comparative value of items,passenger cars form by far the largest portion of the exports;after them come trucks,then motorcycles,accessories,parts for assembly and replacement,and engines.One of the most interesting features in all this notable development is the increase in the number of cars and trucks assembled abroad.The products of some of these foreign-assembly plants,as they are known in the industry,may be only partially American,although they are built by subsidiaries of American companies and under American patents;they may use local materials in large measure,and they do,of course,employ workmen of the country in which they are located.One such plant in England advertises that80percent of its product is British-made.In practically all these assembly plants,however,the engine,the heart of the car,is a"Made in U. S.A."st year,foreign assembly plants turned out a total of107,000cars and trucks. One American company now has twelve such plants in operation in various foreign countries. As foreign markets improve this phase of the industry may be expected to take on an ever greater importance.FOREIGN MARKETSLeading national markets for our automotive products are a kaleidoscope of changing conditions.They differ according to the specific products which they prefer,and they move up and down in their positions from month to month.Sometimes their rise and fall can be assigned to certain known causes;at other times,their movements are apparently withoutreason at all.None the less,every export manager watches their fluctuations with keen interest and checks his foreign sales force accordingly.Australia is by far the best market for American passenger st year,25,817cars, valued at$20,000,000,were shipped to that market,and in the first six months of this year the shipments almost equaled those of all twelve in1923.Many Australian industries owe its origin and development to this growing flood of American vehicles.Builders of bodies for both cars and trucks,for instance,have found a prosperous business in equipping chasses,and they have been protected by an Australian tariff which imposes a high duty upon imported bodies.Tire-makers,too,and manufacturers of accessories and parts,base their operations upon the imports of American vehicles.Despite all this manufacturing activity,it is curious to note that no successful all-Australian car has yet made its appearance.After Australia in the table of national markets come Canada,the United Kingdom, Mexico,Sweden,Argentina,Spain,Cuba,and so on down a long list,with not a single country in the world,large or small,failing to receive some of our passenger cars.For trucks, the demand is not the same.Japan led in1923,and still is in first place so far in1924,largely by reason of large purchases following the earthquake.Exports of trucks to the Sunrise Kingdom last year numbered5,111,valued wholesale at$1,670,000.Second in the truck list stood Belgium,and then followed Australia,Sweden,Canada,Spain,the United Kingdom, and a list of others as long as that of the passenger car markets.The sudden rise to prominence of Japan as a buyer of American motor trucks is an example of the unexpected in export trade.In1922,Japan bought only1,001trucks and busses.Following close upon the heels of the earthquake in September of1923,which laid to the ground two of Japan's chief cities,came the first rush orders for trucks.Rail communication,both steam and trolley,was completely disorganized,and the island kingdom found emergency measures necessary transport goods and passengers in the devastated areas. The trucks came-1,800in a single month-mostly from America.Bus routes appeared,with passengers jolting uncomfortably in hastily-built bodies mounted on ordinary truck chasses; freight-lines of motor vehicles took the place of the railroads;taxi-lines boomed.Japan was motorized in a month,and a new and modern means of transportation was literally forced upon the country by its own dire need.The effects of that impetus to motor-transport in Japan will never be entirely lost.译文汽车出口贸易作者：H.H.KELLY来源：《美国政治与社会科学院年鉴》汽车产业的崛起是美国商业发展史上最具传奇色彩的篇章，而在汽车产业中意义最为重大的部分就是汽车的出口贸易。
汽车 专业 外文 文献 英文 翻译
外文文献原稿和译文原稿A New Type Car -- Hybrid Electric VehicleWith skyrocketing fuel prices and changes in weather patterns, many car manufacturers claimed to develop the kind of vehicles that will increase the mileage and reduce the emissions. Hybrid car is a kind of vehicle which can meet above requirements. A hybrid car features a small fuel-efficient gas engine combined with an electric motor that assists the engine.The reasons of building such a complicated machine are twofold: to reduce tailpipe emissions and to improve mileage. Firstly, hybrid cars are good for the environment. They can reduce smog by 90 percent and they use far less gasoline than conventional cars. Meanwhile, hybrid cars burn less gasoline per mile, so they release fewer greenhouse gases. Secondly, hybrid cars are economical. Hybrid cars, which run on gas and electricity, can get up to 55 to 60 miles per gallon in city driving, while a typical SUV might use three times as much gas for the same distance! There are three reasons can mainly account for that: 1) Hybrid engines are much smaller than those on conventional cars. A hybrid car engine is to accommodate the 99% of driving time when a car is not going up hills or accelerating quickly. When extra acceleration power is needed, it relies on the battery to provide additional force. 2) Hybrid gasoline engine can shut off when the car is stopped and run off their electric motor and battery.3) Hybrid cars often recover braking energy. Electric motors could take the lost kinetic energy in braking and use it to charge the battery. Furthermore, hybrids are better than all-electric cars because hybrid car batteries recharge as you drive so there is no need to plug in. Most electric cars need to be recharged every 50-100miles. Also, most electric cars cannot go faster than 50-60 mph, while hybrids can.Hybrid cars bridge the gap between electric and gasoline-powered cars by traveling further and driving faster and hybrid gas-electric cars are proving to be a feasible alternative at a time of high gas prices. So, in my opinion, hybrid cars will have a bright future.How Does Hybrid Electric Vehicle Work？You probably own a gasoline or diesel-engine car. You may have heard of electric vehicles too. A hybrid vehicle or hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is a combination of both. Hybrid vehicles utilize two or more sources of energy for propulsion. In the case of HEVs, a combustion engine and an electric motor are used.How it works depends on the type of drive train it has. A hybrid vehicle can either have a parallel or series or parallel-series drive train.Parallel HybridThe parallel hybrid car has a gas tank, a combustion engine, transmission,electric motor, and batteries.A parallel hybrid is designed to run directly from either the combustion engine or the electric motor. It can run using both the engine and the motor. As a conventional vehicle, the parallel hybrid draws its power from the combustion engine which will then drive the transmission that turns the wheels. If it is using the electric motor, the car draws its power from the batteries. The energy from the batteries will then power the electric motor that drives the transmission and turns the wheel.Both the combustion engine and the electric motor are used at the same time during quick acceleration, on steep ascend, or when either the engine or the motor needs additional boost.Since the engine is directly connected to the wheels in a parallel drive train, it eliminates the inefficiency of converting mechanical energy into electrical energy and back. This makes a very effective vehicle to drive on the highway.Series HybridThe series hybrid car also has a gas tank, a combustion engine, transmission, electric motor, and batteries with the addition of the generator. The generator can be the electric motor or it can be another separate component.The series configuration is the simplest among the 3. The engine is not connected to the transmission rather it is connected to the electric motor. This means that the transmission can be driven only by the electric motor which draws its energy from the battery pack, the engine or the generator.A hybrid car with a series drive train is more suited for city driving conditions since the engine will not be subjected to the varying speed demands (stop, go, and idle) that contributes to fuel consumption.Series-Parallel HybridThe series-parallel configuration solves the individual problems of the parallel and series hybrid. By combining the 2 designs, the transmission can be directly connected to the engine or can be separated for optimum fuel consumption. The Toyota Prius and the Ford Escape Hybrid use this technology.Honda’s hybridFor those of you who have toyed with the idea of buying a hybrid but were discouraged by the price, you are not alone. In fact, despite the growing concern for the environment, not to mention the skyrocketing price of gas, hybrid cars still only represent a small percentage of global car sales, and a major reason for this is the cost.Hybrids are considered the wave of the future because they not only reduce emissions, addressing the issue of climate change, but they get great gas mileage, an important consideration with the current price of oil. It should be noted that hybrids can also improve the power of the engine, which compromises any advantages in fuel efficiency and emissions. Whatever the application, however, the technology makes the cars more expensive.Because of this, they are the vehicle of choice for only a small niche of people who can afford them, and they currently enjoy a special status amongst the image conscious celebrity-set. For most average consumers, however, they are not an option.That may soon change.Honda Motor Corporation, one of the largest car manufacturers in the world and a leader in fuel efficient technology, has unveiled it’s plan to introduce a low-cost hybrid by 2009. If they can pull it off, they hope to make the hybrid a more mainstream car that will be more appealing to the general public, with the ultimate goal of achieving greater sales and broader appeal than their current incarnation.This, of course, is making Detroit nervous, and may signal a need for American car makers to start making greener and more fuel efficient vehicles, something they could afford to ignore in the past because hybrid cars weren’t worth their attention (due to such a small market share) while gas-guzzling SUVs have such high profit margins.Honda, meanwhile, has had to confront a growing need to compete with Toyota, which has not only grown to be the world’s largest automaker, but makes the car that has become synonymous with the hybrid movement, the Prius. Honda is therefore faced with the seemingly insurmountable task of challenging Toyota’s dominance in the market.Concurrently, Toyota is racing to lower production costs on the Prius, as well, which would hopefully result in a lower cost to the consumer. All eyes are on a potentially favorable car buyers market in 2009.In the meantime, with even adamant global warming naysayers warming up (no pun intended) to the possibilities of an ecological disaster on the horizon, maybe it’s time that we got over our need to drive huge SUVs and start moderating our fuel consumption.Then again, as gas prices hovering around $4.00 and with no ceiling in sight, we may have little choice in the matter.Engine Operating PrinciplesMost automobile dngines are internal combustion, reciprocating 4-stroke gasoline engines, but other types have been used, including the diesel, the rotary ( Wankel ) , the 2-srtoke, and stratified charge.Reciprocating means up and down or banck and forth, It is the up and down action of a piston in the cylinder blick, or engine block. The blick is an iron or aluminum casting that contains engine cylinders and passges called water jackets for coolant circulation. The top of the block is covered with the cylinder head. Which forms the combustion chanber. The bottom of the block is covered with an oil pan or oil sump.Power is produced by the linear motion of a piston in a cylinder. However, this linear motion must be changed into rotary motion to turn the wheels of cars of trucks. The piston is attached to the top of a connecting rod by a pin, called a piston pin or wrist pin. The bottom of the connecting rod is attached to the crankshaft. The connecting rod transmits the up-and-down motion of the piston to the crankshaft, which changes it into rotary motion.The connecting rod is mounted on the crankshaft with large beaings called rodbearings. Similar bearings, called main bearings, are used to mount the crankshaft in the block. Shown in Fig. 1-1The diameter of the cylinder is called the engine bore. Displacement and compression ratio are two frequently used engine specifications. Displacement indicates engine size, and compression ratio compares the total cylinder volume to compression chamber volume.The term stroke is used to describe the movement of the iston within the cylinder, as well as the distance of piston travel. Depending on the type of engine the operating cycle may require either two or four strokes to complete. The 4-stroke engine is also called Otto cycle engine, in honor of the German engineer, Dr. Nikolaus Otto, who first applied the principle in 1876. In the 4-stroke engine, four strokes of the piston in the cylinder are required to complete one full operating cycle. Each stroke is named after the action it performs intake, compression, power, and exhaust in that order, shown in Fig1-2.1、Intake strokeAs the piston moves down, the vaporized mixture of fuel and air enters the cylinder through open intake valve. To obtain the maximum filling of the cylinder the intake valve opens about 10°before t.b.c., giving 20°overlap. The inlet valve remains open until some 50°after b.d.c. to take advantage of incoming mixture.2、 Compression strokeThe piston turns up, the intake valve closes, the mixture is compressed within the combustion chamber, while the pressure rise to about 1Mpa, depending on various factors including the compression ratio, throttle opening and engine speed. Near the top of the stroke the mixture is ignited by a spark which bridges the gap of the spark plug.3、 Power strokeThe expanding gases of combustion produces a rise in pressure of the gas to some 3.5Mpa, and the piston is forced down in the cylinder. The exhaust valve opens near the bottom of the stroke.4、Exhust strokeThe piston moves back up with the exhaust valve open some 50°before b.d.d., allowing the pressure within the cylinder to fall and to reduce ‘back’pressure on the piston during the exhaust stroke, and the burned gases are pushed out to prepare for the next intake stroke.The intake valve usually opens just before the exhaust stroke. This 4-stroke cycle is continuously repeared in every as long as the engineremains running.A 2-stroke engine also goes through four actions to complete one operating cycle.However, the intake and the compression actions are combined in one seroke, and the power and exhaust actions are combined in the other stroke. The term2-stroke cycle or 2-stroke is preferred to the term 2-cycle, which is really not accurate.In automobile engines, all pistons are attached to a single crankshaft. The more cylinders an engine has, the more power strokes produced for cach revolution. This means that an 8-cylinder engine runs more smoothly bdcause the power atrokes arecloser together in time and in degrees of engine rotation.The cylinders of multi-cylinder automotive engines arranged in one of three ways. 1、Inline engines use a single block of cylinder.Most 4-cylinder and any 6-cylinder engines are of this design. The cylinders do not have to be vertical. They can be inclined either side.2、V-type engines use two equal bands of cylinders, usually inclined 60degrees or 90degrees from the cach other. Most V-type engines have 6 or 8 cylinders, although V-4 and V-12 engines have been built.3、Horizontally opposed or pancake engines have two equal banks of cylinders 180degreeas apart. These space saving engine designs are often air-cooled, and are found in the Chevrolet Carvair, Porsches, Subaus, and V olkswagens. Subaus design is liquid cooled.Late-model V olkswagen vans use a liquid-cooled version of the air cooled VWhorizontally opposed engine.译文新型汽车----混合动力汽车在油价飞涨的今天，汽车制造商被要求发展一种排放低，行驶里程长的汽车。
汽车车辆专业前桥外文文献翻译中英文翻译外文翻译
外文文献（一）外文原文Front axle general is in the front of the bus, also known as steering axle or drive bridge. Automobile front axle is the last important assemblies, including the steering knuckle kingpin, steering, front beam and other components. Front axle through the suspension and frame, used to support the ground and the frame between the vertical load, but also bear the braking force and lateral force and the force of torque, and ensure that the steering rotation right movement. The axle is connected with the frame through the suspension, support most of the weight of vehicle, and wheel traction or braking force, as well as the lateral force after suspension to frame. In the car used in the steering bridge, the stress condition is more complex, so it should have enough strength. In order to ensure the wheel turns to the correct positioning of angle, make manipulation of light and reduce tire wear, steering bridge should have enough stiffness. In addition, should also try to reduce the weight of the bridge. In short, because of the automobile in the running process of the front axle, the abominable working environment, complicated working condition, the load is alternating load, thus the parts easy to fatigue cracking and even rupture phenomenon. This requires that the structural design must have enough strength, stiffness and resistance to fatigue failure of the ability.The front axle is the main load-bearing parts: the front axle, my company has a tubular and forging type two structural forms, but mainly to forging type mainly. The front ends of each with a fist shape bold part as the kingpin of the site installation. In both sides of the spring support for partial surface, used for the installation of steel plate spring and accessories. Need note here is: U type bolt passes through the front mounting holes need matter beneath the back nut in, often can appear with the front axle sleeve back band interference problem. Why can appear such problem? Design is a problem, because the front dorsal ribs affects front axle load, therefore must have a certain size requirements, and if both before and after the U bolt distance design is too small, not enough gap assembly will appear above problem. Two technical problems, technical problems in two cases. The first is the front dorsal rib symmetry is not good or mounting hole symmetrical degree andeasy to cause the problem; the second is that some host plant in order to avoid the vulnerable, without taking into account the reality of the product and blind to the sleeve outer diameter. Kingpin: is the impact of vehicle performance of main parts. Kingpin has stop groove, pin lock bolt through the stop groove masterPin fixed on the front axle kingpin bore, so that it can't move can not move axially. Knuckle pin machining accuracy is very high, my company is one of the parts of key control. Steering knuckle: steering knuckle is the main steering part of front axle. It uses the main pin and the front axle is hinged by a pair of axle bearing supporting hub combination, to achieve the function of turning. Brake assembly: is the realization of the wheel brake main component, a brake oil and gas brake two forms. Implemented in the vehicle brake command, brake friction plate through the expansion and brake drum machining surface contact friction realization of vehicle brake. Front axle brake option is very critical, if the choice is undeserved, can appear before and after the brake force is not a match, the braking force is not up to the requirements of many problems. Hub combination : by two rolling bearings mounted on the steering knuckle, drive the rotation of the wheels. At the same time with the friction plate to form a friction pair, to realize the brake wheel. Arm: straight rod arm, tie rod arm, respectively, and a straight rod assembly and the tie rod assembly. Formed a steering mechanism and a steering trapezoidal mechanism. The steering mechanism to complete the vehicle steering, steering trapezoid determines the vehicle inside and outside corner is reasonable. The tie rod assembly: is to adjust the beam before the main parts. The rod body is made of seamless steel tube manufacturing, both ends of the spherical hinge joint structure is the joint assembly, by a thread after the installation of the tie rod arm, the rod body is adjustable, so as to adjust the toe. Front axle under the front of the car weight, the car forward thrust from the frame to the wheel, and with the steering device arranged on parts make joint type connection, the implementation of the automobile steering. The front axle is the use of both ends of it through the main pin and the steering knuckle is connected to the steering knuckle, swing to realize vehicle direction.In order to make the running vehicle has good linear driving ability, front axle should meet the following requirements: in order to make the running vehicle has good linear driving ability, front axle should meet the following requirements:1sufficient strength,in order to ensure the reliable bearing wheel and frame ( or monocoque ) between the work force. 2 correct positioning of the wheels, so that the steering wheel movement stability, convenient operation and reduce tire wear. Front wheel positioning includes kingpin inclination, caster, camber and toe-in. 3sufficient rigidity, the force deformation small, ensure the main pin and a steering wheel positioned right angle remains constant. 4knuckle and master pin, steering and front axle between the friction should be as small as possible, to ensure that the steering operation for portability, and has sufficient abrasion resistance. 5 steering wheel shimmy should be as small as possible, in order to ensure the vehicle normal, stable exercise. 6 front axle quality should be as small as possible, in order to reduce unsprung mass, improve vehicle ride comfort.1mini car front axle 1mini car front mini car front suspension generally adopt the independent suspension structure. Front axle load is relatively small, the structure is simple. Mini car front axle usually disconnected movable joint structure, which is composed of a front axle body, strengthen the transverse swing arm, arm etc.. 2 car front axle2 car front axle front axle suspension with Mcpherson car. It bears the driving and steering functions, the suspension is connected with the vehicle body, and the lower end of the wheel bearing housing connected, wheel camber is through the suspension and the bearing shell of the connecting bolt to adjust, auxiliary frame through the elastic part by controlling the arm, ball hinge connected with suspension, improve the driving stability and ride comfort. 3off-road vehicle front axle3off-road vehicle front axle Off-road vehicle steering and driving front axle has two tasks, it is known as the steering driving axle. And it generally drive the movable bridge, with a main driver, differential and the axle shaft. The difference is, due to the need, half shaft is divided into two segments, and by a universal joint, while the main pin are made under paragraph two. The 4truck front axle 4truck front axle truck front axle with I-shaped cross section is mainly used to improve the front bending strength. The upper two plus wide plane, to support the steel plate spring. The front ends each having a fist shape portion, which has a through hole, as a kingpin only. Main pin and left steering knuckle hinge, with a threaded wedge pin crossed with the main pin hole of vertical through holes on the lock pin wedge surface, the main pin is fixed in the axle hole, so that it cannot rotate.In general, common material needed to define the material properties including: elastic modulus, Poisson's ratio, density, specific heat, thermal expansion coefficient. The front axle is mainly composed of two parts, material composition, i.e., front axle and steering knuckle such as zero Department of materials. The front axle is adopted as the material of45 steel, steering knuckle materials using 40Cr.Torsion bar of automobile front independent suspension is the key component, is a slender rod, the induction quenching process is the manufacturing process difficult point, this paper introduces the torsion bar quenching inductor and its process test results, determined using half ring type inductor continuous quenching technology, this method can meet the technical requirements and the quantities of torsion bar production.The forging forging molding, not only greater deformation, but also requires a certain deformation force,Therefore the selection of J53series double disc friction press comparative economics, this series press combined slipping flywheel, combined slipping flywheel can provide highly deformed large forgings with enough to form, and can provide for forgings will required deformation capacity, and not to overload, the series press equipment investment, the cost of the mold and forging cost than die forging hammer and the forging crank press cheap cheap host. At present, the domestic automobile front axle machining process are the following: (1) of two plane milling plate spring seat; the drill two spring seat plane ten holes; the rough milling of two main pin hole of upper and lower end surfaces; the fine mill main pin hole of upper and lower end surfaces; the drilling and reaming main pin hole; the broaching the main pin hole; the main pin hole on the lower end of the countersink reaming pin holes;. In this scheme, the following questionQuestions:1 adopting main pin hole positioning countersink on the lower end, and the end surface of the main pin hole verticality can not be guaranteed, the main pin hole size height can not be guaranteed to the main pin hole; the positioning of the drill pin hole, drill through the cross intersection holes, easy cutting phenomenon, students offset, causing the main pin hole and the locking pin hole center distance can not be guaranteed. (2) of two plane milling plate spring seat; the drill two spring seat plane ten holes; the drilling and reaming pin holes on the rough milling of a main pin hole on upper end; the fine mill main pin hole of upperand lower end surfaces; the drilling and reaming main pin hole. In this scheme, there are the following problems: the process is used to drill the locking pin hole after the drill main pin hole, and the pin - fL: fL size and position size is the key size, kingpin is difficult to ensure the accuracy of the first; fine mill main pin hole of the upper and lower ends after processing the main pin hole, end relative to the main pin hole verticality is difficult to guarantee. (3) of two plane milling plate spring seat; the drill two spring seat plane ten holes; the drilling and reaming pin holes; the rough milling kingpin on upper end; the drilling and reaming main pin hole; the fine mill main pin hole on the lower end surface. In this scheme, there are the following problems : the main pin hole and the pin hole cross intersecting hole size tolerance of0.1mm is not easy to maintain; to adopt the reaming main pin hole, the dimensional tolerances are not easy to be ensured; the final finish milling main pin hole on the lower end surface. The main pin hole and upper and lower end verticality is not easy to guarantee; the main pin hole size can not be guaranteed.Along with our country transportation enterprise rapid development, auto transport carrying capacity and running speed are continually increasing with. So people to the safe operation of the automobile is more and more attention, so the automobile axle design also raised taller requirement. As a result of foreign automobile development starts early, technical inputs, thus technically far ahead of China market, but also there are many insufficient places, still need to improve, technology also needs a breakthrough. Steam car industry as our focus on the development of pillar industries, its prospect is very wide. At present, auto parts production has certain potential, but most enterprises in product research, development and other aspects of the defect, especially lack of less product independent development capacity, can not adapt to the system support, delivery of modules, to participate in international division of labor. Because of this, in the future development, Chinese enterprises should actively absorb the international advanced automotive technology, and constantly improve the self body lines, such as braking systems, steering systems, expand the industry of product variety, improve the integral technology level, increase the strong technological development capability, urges the enterprise faster development, adapt to the trend of globalization of automobile industry.100 years ago, the car was just beginning, the steering is modelled on the carriageand bicycle steering mode, using a joystick or a handle to make the front wheel deflection, thus realizes the steering. Due to the manipulation of effort and unreliable, so often fatal accident. The first horseless pull four wheel vehicle comes out, have a front axle and a front wheel assembly, the assembly being mounted on the crankshaft, front axle center around a point of rotation, using a rod connecting the front axle, focus, through the floor and extends upward, the wheel is fastened on the rod end, in order to manipulate the car. This device in a vehicle speed not exceeding the speed, or very good, but when the vehicle speed is increased, the driver asks to improve steering accuracy, in order to reduce tire wear, prolong the service life of tyre. In 1817, the Germans Lincoln Spang Jay presented similar to the modern automobile, the front wheel with knuckle and beam connection, he developed a kind of automobile front wheel on the main shaft to allow independent rotary structure, which is connected with the steering wheel, steering knuckle and a rotatable pin and front axle, thereby the invention of modern steering trapezoidal mechanism.Since China's reform and opening up, execute in the country the household contract responsibility system reform, make the rural economy is all-time and active. Rural freight traffic and population flow increased dramatically, speeding up the transportation mechanization into rural classicsEconomic development urgent need, it is also the needs of the market that has Chinese distinguishing feature of transport machinery -- emerge as the times require small truck. It has solved the countryside transportation need, fill the villages, townships, towns and urban transportation network is blank, active rural economics, for the surplus rural labor force to find a way out, so that tens of thousands of farmers to be on comparatively well-off road.Small truck manufacturing process is simple, cheap, purchase a car farmers generally in a year or so we can recover the cost. In addition, the highway construction has promoted the rapid development of small truck, the98% villages are on the road, so that the small truck with play.We want to develop a small truck to optimize the design, to make new products, diversification of varieties to meet a variety of needs. In a small truck design, how the complex road conditions to ensure the smooth running of the car quickly, is a serious problem. Then there is the subject of research and design.Automobile front axle driving system important constituent, it is connected with the frame through the suspension, steering wheel mounted at both ends, used to support frame and transmission wheel and frame between a variety of force, and drives the steering knuckle swing to realize vehicle steering. Using the hinge device causes the wheel to deflect a certain angle, so as to realize the steering of a vehicle axle called steering bridge, general vehicle used for steering bridge bridge, the front for steering bridge. Steering bridge not only can make the left and right wheels arranged at the front end to deflect a certain angle to realize the steering, should also be able to bear vertical load and by the road, the brake force is exerted on the longitudinal force and lateral force and the force formed by the moment. Therefore, the steering bridge must have sufficient strength and rigidity. Wheel steering process of internal friction between the pieces should be as small as possible, and to keep the vehicle steering light and the direction stability.Steering axle is generally composed of front axle, steering knuckle, steering knuckle arm, steering knuckle pin and the hub.Front axle general is in the front of the bus, also known as steering axle or drive bridge. The suspension is connected with the frame, used to support the ground and the frame between the vertical load, but also bear the braking force and lateral force and the force moment, and ensure that the steering rotation right movement. In the car used in the steering bridge, stress is more complex, so it should have enough strength. In order to ensure the correct positioning of the steering wheel angle, make the manipulation of light and reduce tire wear, steering bridge should have enough stiffness. In addition, should also try to reduce the weight of the bridge.Front axle under the front of the car weight, the car forward thrust from the frame to the wheel, and the steering device on parts make joint type connection, the implementation of the automobile steering. The cross-country vehicle front axle but also bear and rear axle the same driving task. General cargo vehicle with front engine rear drive arrangement, the front for steering bridge.Automobile front axle design should ensure adequate design strength, to ensure reliable bear acting force between wheel and frame; ensure the adequate rigidity, so that the wheel positioning parameters constant; ensure that the steering wheel have thecorrect localization angle, so that the steering wheel movement stability, convenient operation and reduce the tire friction; steering bridge quality as small as possible, in order to reduce non spring quality, improve the ride comfort of vehicles.译文前桥一般位于汽车的前部，也称转向桥或从动桥。
进出口贸易外文翻译文献
进出口贸易外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)China’s Competitive Performance: A Threat To East Asian Manufactured Exports?There is growing concern in Southeast and East Asia about the competitive threat posed by China’s burgeoning exports, exacerbated by its accession to the WTO. The threat is not confined to labor-intensive products but spans the whole technological and skill range. At the same time, China is rapidly raising its imports from the region, and it is not clear whether its burgeoning exports will damage it s neighbors. We examine the dimensions of China’s competitive threat in the 1990s, benchmarking competitive performance by technology and market, and finds that market share losses are so far mainly in low technology products, with Japan being the most vulnerable market. We analyze market share changes and highlight product groups that are directly or indirectly exposed to a competitive threat. We examine intra-regional trade and find that China and its neighbors are raising high technology exports in tandem: the nature of theinternational production systems involved lead to complementarily rather than confrontation. China is thus acting as an engine of export growth for its neighbors in terms of direct trade. However, this will change as China moves up the value chain and takes on the activities that have driven East Asian export growth.IntroductionConcern about China’s competitive threat is widespread (in developed economies like US as well as developing ones like Mexico), but is strongest in East and So utheast Asia. China’s burgeoning exports–backed by cheap and productive labor, a large stock of technical manpower, huge and diversified industrial sector, attractiveness to foreign investors, pragmatic use of industrial policy, and, now, freer access to world markets under WTO – lead to apocalyptic visions of export losses.2 China is most threatening to neighbors that rely primarily on low wages for their export advantage. However, as it upgrades its export structure, the more advanced economies (Singapore, Hong Kong, Korea and Taiwan) also fear for their competitiveness. The current hollowing out of their low-end manufacturing may soon extend to complex production, design, development and related services. Domestic markets are also threatened by China, but so far most attention seems to have been on exports.Offsetting this threat are the promise of the giant Chinese market (WTO accession is only one of several initiatives to liberalize regional trade) and the potential for collaboration with it in exporting to the rest of the world. Trade within the East Asian region is flourishing. China is a growing importer from the region of natural resources that it does not possess. It is also raisin g imports of manufactured products. Its advanced neighbors are selling it sophisticated consumer and producer goods, and using it as a base for processing exports to third countries. The multinational companies (MNCs) that now account for around half of Chinese exports (and far more of its high technology exports, UNCTAD,2002) are incorporating China into production systems spanning the region (‘fragmentation’ and‘segmentation’ are used to describe this phenomenon3), so promoting considerable intra-firm trade with other regional bases. China’s own enterprises are likely t o specialize with respect to regional counterparts and so raise intra-industry trade in differentiated products. Perhapsworryingly for competitors in other regions, such integration can lead China to complement regional competitiveness as a whole, rather than substitute its exports for those of its neighbors.It is difficult to assess, however, whether complementarily between China and the regional economies will fully offset its competitive threat. The dynamics and complexity of the interactions make it impossible to quantify the outcome, even to predict broad directions. The basic issue is whether China’s higher wage neighbors can move into more advanced export activities or functions rapidly enough to permit continued export expansion. If they can, they can continue with export-led growth. If they cannot, they will suffer export deceleration and/or a shift in specialization towards primary products or slow-growing segments of manufactured exports. The outcome, in other words, will depend on the relative growth of technological and other capabilities in Chinese and regional enterprises, with the former having such advantages as lower wages, larger scale economies, greater industrial depth, pools of technical skill and a proactive government. However, as East Asian countries differ widely in these factors (Lall, 2001), they face different kinds and intensity of competitive threat. The nature of the threat depends, moreover, on the organization of the production and marketing system: independent local firms are likely to compete more directly than affiliates of the same MNC spread over different countries in an integrated system.This paper does not try to measure China’s competitive threat or its effects, but to map relative export performance in the 1990s by technology and destination and so assess where the threat appears most intense. We focus on major East Asian exporters5 and on exports to third markets, but we also analyses complementarities between China and East Asia, particularly in electronics, the re gion’s largest export and the one where MNC systems dominate. As the 1990s predate China’s WTO accession, we do not go into the implications of this accession; however, the analysis of competitive trends has implications for the evolution of future trade by the region as liberalization grows.Background on Chinese export performanceChinese manufactured exports grew by 16.9% per annum over 1990-2000, compared to 6.4% for the world, 12.0% for all developing countries and 10.3%for the rest of East Asia. Its share of world manufactured exports rose from 1.7% to 4.4% over the decade and continued rising rapidly. 6 Thus, by 2002 China accounted for 5.1% of world merchandise exports; it was then the fifth largest exporter (after USA, Germany, Japan and France, an d ahead of the UK). China’s share of developing world manufactured exports rose from 11% to 20% over the 1990s and of the East Asian region excluding China from 18.7% to 41.8%. Its export gains (see below) spanned the entire technological spectrum, and were most dynamic in the complex end of the range, in products that have recently driven the export growth of the rest of East Asia.This export surge is likely to be sustained for some time to come. China has ‘spare capacity’ in that its per capita exports are still relatively small,7 wages are much lower than in its main neighbors and it has large reserves of cheap and disciplined labor (though drawing it into exports will involve the cost of building links with the interior).8 More importantly, its advantages are not static (confined to cheap labor); they are upgrading rapidly. China is investing heavily in technology and advanced skills; for example, the share of the relevant age group enrolled in tertiary education rose from 9 percent in 1997 to 13 percent in 2000 (UNESCO website). It is exploiting the scale offered by its giant market to become competitive in capital-intensive activities beyond the reach of many neighbors. It is using its diverse industrial base to deepen local content. It is drawing in export-oriented FDI at an impressive rate, using its market attractions to induce investors to raise local R&D and linkages; till now it has been able to impose performance requirements of the type soon to be banned under WTO rules.WTO accession may constra in China’s ability to use industrial policy (Nolan, 2001) but it will also open up new export opportunities, particularly in textiles and garments.9 Accession may also enhance its domestic competitiveness: it will improve the investment climate for FDI, make imported inputs cheaper (for enterprises outside special export regimes) and induce faster restructuring of domestic enterprises (Ianchovichinaetal, 2003, and Lemoyne and Unal-Kesenci, 2002).Market share changes in major developed country marketsWe analyze market shares of China and its neighbors in three major markets: Japan, the US and West Europe, according to technology categories (Annex Table 1). In terms of value, the most important market for China in 2000 is the US ($49 billion), followed by Japan ($36 billion) and West Europe ($38 billion). However, the rest of the world is almost as large a destination for Chinese exports as these together ($106 billion in 2000) and within this the rest of East Asia is larger than any major OECD market by itself ($74.6 billion).The competitive position of each country can be analyzed in terms of the market share in 1990 and 2000 and the change over the decade. The annex table shows the following:Total manufactured exports: China does best in Japan, followed at some distance by the US. In common with most neighbors, its market share gain is weakest in West Europe. Korea loses market shares in both Japan and US, while Taiwan loses only in the US. Hong Kong’s loses market shares in all markets, particularly in the US and Japan. Like Taiwan, Singapore loses only in the US. The new Tigers gain share in all markets. With the exception of Indonesia, with a rather tepid performance, the others all gain most share in the Japanese market. Resource based products: China again leads the region in terms of market share increases, with a pattern similar to that for total exports. However, Korea has a large gain in Japan, in contrast to Taiwan and Singapore, which lose shares; the latter two also lose in the US. Thailand is a big gainer in Japan while Indonesia and the Philippines lose out in the US. Low technology products: China’s massive market share gains are again concentrated in Japan. The four mature Tigers generally suffer losses in market share, but Singapore sees an increase in Japanese market share. The best overall performance among the new Tigers is by Indonesia.Medium technology products: While the Chinese pattern of success recurs, the new Tigers make significant gains in Japan and Korea incurs a significant loss. Taiwan and Singapore suffer losses in the US market. High technology exports: Taiwan again diverges from Korea in its performance in Japan, the former showing the second largest gain in the group (after China) and the latter the largest loss. In the US market, the situation is reversed, with Singapore joiningTaiwan in losing market shares. Among the new Tigers, Malaysia and the Philippines are the big gainers in Japan, but the other two also benefit significantly. The Philippines is the second largest winner in the group in the US market. In sum, China’s main market share gains in the developed world are concentrated in Japan (though the US accounts for a larger dollar value of export growth). This is also true of its neighbors with the exceptions of Korea and Indonesia (Hong Kong was an all-round loser). To the extent that we can interpret market share changes to be causally related to China’s export surge, it would seem that the mature Tigers suffered the most from Chinese competition. The largest such loss is in low technology products, which is to be expected, but this not take into account the growth of LT exports by Korea and Taiwan to China. The relatively low gains by the lower-income new Tigers in LT may also reflect the impact of Chinese competition – without the offsetting increase in exports of intermediates to China.ConclusionsChina’s export surge has raised grave concerns in the region. While some of the apocalyptic predictions may have been overdone, it is certainly possible that rapid export growth by such a massive entrant will adversely affects export growth in its neighbors. As this analysis shows,however, the outcome is complex. For a start, the rise in China’s exports is matched by that in its imports – within the region its import growth outpaces its export growth. With appropriate restructuring of activities to match new competitive needs, its neighbors should be able to maintain high rates of export growth.There are two main drivers of regional exports to China. The first is to meet its burgeoning demand for imported products: primary products and resource-based manufactures that it cannot produce capital goods and intermediates for domestic -oriented production and more sophisticated consumer goods than its industry can currently provide. The second is to meet the needs of its export industries. This has two components: ‘processing’ activity in special economic zones that use imported inputs for export activities, and other exporters that also need imports. Processing activity is increasingly organized as part of integrated production systems, particularly its high technology segments, thoughsome domestic oriented industries are also being plugged into this system as they realize scale and learning economies and become globally competitive. Both drivers are likely to continue into the foreseeable future, though their composition will change as Chinese and regional capabilities develop.中国竞争力的表现：是对东亚制成品出口的威胁吗？越来越多的东南亚和东亚地区关注中国出口的迅速增长所带来的竞争威胁，中国加入WTO后，更加剧了这种情况。
载货汽车变速器中文英文文献
载货汽车变速器中文英文文献In the realm of automotive engineering, the transmission system stands as a vital component, orchestrating the transfer of power from the engine to the wheels with finesse and efficiency. In the domain of cargo haulage, this role becomes even more pronounced, demanding robustness, versatility, and reliability from the transmission system of freight trucks. This discourse delves into the intricate world of cargo truck transmissions, exploring their design, functionality, and the nuances that make them indispensable in the realm of transportation.At the heart of any cargo truck transmission lies a complex assembly of gears, shafts, and other mechanical components, meticulously engineered to endure the rigors of heavy-duty operation. The primary function of the transmission is to regulate the rotational speed and torque output of the engine, ensuring optimal performance across varying load conditions and road gradients. This task is accomplished through a series of gear ratios, each tailored to deliver the requisite amount of power to the wheels while maintaining engine efficiency.One of the hallmark features of modern cargo truck transmissions is their versatility in accommodating different driving conditions. Whether traversing steep inclines, navigating congested urban streets, or cruising along expansive highways, the transmission seamlessly adjusts its gear ratios to suit the demands of the moment. This adaptability not only enhances driving comfort but also contributes to fuel efficiency and overall vehicle performance.In addition to their primary function of power transmission, cargo truck transmissions often incorporate advanced technologies to enhance operational efficiency and driver experience. Automated manual transmissions (AMTs), for instance, utilize computer-controlled actuators to execute gear shifts with precision, eliminating the need for manual clutch operation while offering the flexibility of manual gear selection when desired. Similarly, continuously variable transmissions (CVTs) employ pulley and beltsystems to deliver smooth, stepless acceleration, optimizing fuel economy and vehicle responsiveness.Furthermore, the durability and longevity of cargo truck transmissions are paramount considerations in their design and engineering. Given the demanding nature of freight hauling operations, transmissions are subjected to immense stress and wear over their operational lifespan. To mitigate these challenges, manufacturers employ robust materials, advanced lubrication systems, and meticulous quality control measures to ensure reliability and longevity. Regular maintenance and periodic inspections further prolong the service life of transmissions, safeguarding against unexpected failures and costly downtime.Beyond their technical intricacies, cargo truck transmissions play a pivotal role in shaping the economic landscape by facilitating the movement of goods across vast distances. From delivering essential commodities to powering supply chains, these vehicles serve as the lifeblood of commerce, connecting producers with consumers in a seamless exchange of goods and services. As such, the efficiency and reliability of cargo truck transmissions directly impact not only the operational costs of businesses but also the broader dynamics of global trade and commerce.In conclusion, the transmission system of cargo trucks embodies the pinnacle of automotive engineering, blending precision, durability, and versatility to meet the demands of modern freight transportation. From its intricate gear mechanisms to its seamless adaptability to varying driving conditions, the transmission stands as a testament to human ingenuity and innovation. As the backbone of the logistics industry, cargo truck transmissions continue to drive progress and prosperity, facilitating the movement of goods and shaping the interconnected world we inhabit.。
外文文献 汽车零部件出口
Thinking about expanding auto partsexportsQuJieAuto parts industry is the foundation for the development of the auto industry, auto parts and components to expand exports, is our country realize from the auto industry power to the power of the auto industry. Influenced by the international financial crisis, since the second half of 2008, China auto parts export began by rapid development into the adjustment. This paper deeply analyzes the financial crisis for China's auto parts exports bring negative influence and opportunities, as well as the problems existing in the auto parts industry in China itself, and on this basis, puts forward the Suggestions on China auto parts to expand exports.Auto parts industry is the foundation for the development of the auto industry, auto industry competition under a lot of auto parts enterprises through exports, participate in the competition of part components industry. When the international division of labor, into the global procurement system has become a inevitable choice to adapt to the development trend of economic globalization. A country's auto parts industry in the position in the international division of labor have largely represents a country's auto industry competitive strength. Auto parts, expand exports, at a higher level of participation in international division of labor, is not only beneficial to adjust the structure of export products, transformation of the growth mode of foreign trade, but also as a whole the international and domestic two markets and two resources, speed up the auto parts industry structure adjustment and the pace of technological progress, is our country to realize from the auto industry giants to the powers of the auto industry.1. China auto parts export by the rapid development into the adjustmentSince the 21st century, our country automobile industry keep high speed development, has become the world's second largest car producer in 2008, the secondlargest car consumption market and the largest potential market. In the high-speed growth of the whole car market leads, the auto parts industry in China in the technical level, quality level and management level has made great progress. According to statistics, in 2008, our country there are more than 000 auto parts enterprises above designated size 8, auto parts manufacturing to achieve gross industrial output value is 9, 48.07 billion yuan, up 23.9% year on year, 36.6% of the total output value of the car industry. Auto parts industry in China has initially formed corresponding to the vehicle development, category complete supporting system, have a certain competitiveness.In meet the demand of the domestic market at the same time, China's auto parts products begin to enter the international market, and shows a tendency of increasing year by year, the export amount from the rapid growth of $2000 in 3.32 billion to $2008 in 31.29 billion, the annual growth rate remained above 30%, even in the financial crisis in 2008, still maintained a 10.3% increase. In 2005, auto parts in China's foreign trade surplus for the first time since the trade surplus expanded year by year, the export of auto parts is our country automobile products main products, in 2008, auto parts exports accounted for 76.5% of the total export of automobile products, accounting for 2.2% of the total amount of the national foreign trade export. Total exports to 217 countries, including the United States, Japan, Korea, Germany and other automobile industry in developed countries is the main target market, our country in 2008, the amount of exports to the four countries accounted for 48.7% of the total amount of the auto parts exports. Vehicle parts exports is given priority to with foreign companies, but in recent years, state-owned and private enterprises in the export performance is more and more active, in this factor, the auto parts in general trade export gradually increased, the proportion of 53.2% in 2008.Since the second half of 2008, with the spread of the international financial crisis and deepening, the international automobile market demand is shrinking, China auto parts export amount growth slowed significantly. In the first half of 2009, China's auto parts export amount is $11.98 billion, down 25.4% year-on-year, for six consecutive months of year-on-year negative growth, drop 20.8% drop compared with mechanicaland electrical products exports. From export market situation, our country in Asia, North America and Europe market export all appear to drop sharply, by 30.0%, 21.4% and 30.8% respectively for Japan and South Korea fell 43.6% and 37.8% respectively. Nature, from the enterprise with foreign investment and the auto parts export decline of state-owned enterprises are higher than average auto parts exports decline 27.0% and 29.9%, respectively, relative to character, smaller in private enterprises, was 19.3%. Mainly because the foreign capital enterprise, mainly international supporting and give priority to with Europe and the United States market, and more private enterprises to enter international aftermarket. From the trade way, way of general trade decline of 32.2%, proportion compared with the same period in 2008 to 53.3%, the processing trade means a 19.4% decline, proportion fell to 45.0% compared with the same period in 2008.2. The serious situation of Chinese auto parts exports and problemsAuto parts export in our country has been developed from rapid growth into the adjustment period, the external environment facing increasingly nervous.2.1 the international automobile market demandAffected by the financial crisis, the global auto industry to strong shocks, since the second half of 2008, in North America, Europe and Japan as a representative of the traditional automobile market in double-digit negative growth significantly. Gm and Chrysler part forced to suspend production. This causes our country give priority to in order to form a complete set of market of auto parts enterprises orders is unsustainable and have factory capacity, product backlog, etc.2.2 credit financing more difficultAt present, foreign Banks are reluctant to lend or improve loan conditions, lead to local purchaser a shortage of funds, the market downturn and the money collecting speed slow, sales in trouble. At the same time, many foreign Banks have severe credit crisis, export enterprises gathering period by the usual 30 days up to 60 ~ 90 days.There are even default phenomenon, eci increased obviously.2.3 international trade protectionism began to riseRecently, our country automobile tires, wheel hub, fastener, bearing, and other products have suffered from the United States, the European Union, India, Brazil, Australia and other countries of anti-dumping investigation. In addition, the rules on the vehicle emission limits, vehicle safety increasingly strict requirements, the mounting international trade barriers.2.4 thea ppreciation of the renminbi to reduce exports competitive advantageMain target market currencies against the dollar depreciated, leading to international purchasers to be digested into the cost of automobile products in our country, reduce procurement requirements. Domestic companies to avoid exchange rate risk, did not dare to sign orders for a long time. And rising currency value, at the same time with China's auto parts export competition between national currency is in decline, China auto parts export price competitive advantage has been weakened.Auto parts enterprises to export, is this irresistible external financial crisis affected, but deep-seated contradictions and problems of their own is the main reason.One is the enterprise scale effect is not obvious. About 50% of the domestic industry domestic large parts enterprises accounted for less than 1% of all enterprises, large and medium-sized enterprises is less than 15%, parts enterprises overall level is low, scattered forces and low degree of specialization, difficult to meet the demand of large quantities of foreign procurement.Second, the domestic enterprises lack of products with core competitiveness. Because our country automobile parts enterprises generally small scale, the industry r&d spending accounted for only about 0.6% of the sales revenue, unable to form a strong development capabilities, products convergence, low technical content, the lack of the main assembly and key components of the core technology of a car. As timing gear, efi system, engine management system, the transfer case assembly, synchronizer gear ring, the central controller and other high technology content andadded value of key automotive spare parts, more than 90% of total production is concentrated in a foreign capital enterprise.Third, export structural imbalance problem is serious. Auto parts export in our country is still in aluminum wheels, water tank, glass, electrical wiring harness, brake disc resources and labor-intensive products, such as low value-added technology, the status of the lack of independent brands have no obvious improvement. Main export markets are still is the low-end market, OEM proportion less than 30%.Four is the enterprise internal friction is intense, the export order needs to be combed, on the premise of excess production capacity, as exports subject too much, too miscellaneous, serious product homogeneity, at a low price as a major means of competition, leading to export enterprise internal friction is intense, disturb the order of the international market competition, the frequent antidumping investigation, also lead to thin margins at the same time, it is difficult to do bigger and stronger.Five is based on low cost expansion is given priority to, an extensive growth of the road some export enterprises to guarantee low cost, low price, reduces the control on the quality of products, at the expense of the r&d input, weakening the construction of marketing network and after-sales service system, damaged the whole image of Chinese enterprises, and also led to the loss of market share.3. The financial crisis bring new opportunities for China auto parts exportsThe financial crisis causes many negative impacts to the China auto parts export at the same time, the international development of the auto parts industry also has brought the new opportunity. Financial crisis led to some international famous auto parts enterprises into a dilemma, it's for our auto parts enterprises overseas mergers and acquisitions, the introduction of talents and advanced technology provides a rare opportunity. Multinational companies in the market situation is not good, for reasons of cost control, will take more competitive procurement, this is good for our auto parts enterprises exert comparative advantages, expand exports. In addition, new car purchasing power decline in developed countries, some consumers will extend theupdate time of car, car maintenance demand increase, in large part to keep the after-sales market demand, to give priority to with aftermarket China auto parts export has provided a broad market. Under the impact of the international financial crisis, China's auto parts exports in the short term, the recession is inevitable, but the international automobile market demand potential is still huge, at present, the main national automobile market under the incentive of government support policies, production and sales have fallen narrowing trend, in 2010 is expected to stop falling stabilises, picked up, when our country auto parts export growth will resume.4. Some Suggestions on China's auto parts to expand exportsAuto parts is during the period of "11th five-year plan" national key support one of the export products. Expanding auto parts export is also implement the strategy of rejuvenating trade through science and technology in our country and the important content of accelerate transformation of the mode of foreign trade growth. Therefore, this article is to expand the export auto parts put forward countermeasures and Suggestions as follows:4.1 auto parts export structure optimizationActively adjust the structure of export products, by a single model to export to capital exportChange; By low-end labor-intensive, material intensive products exports began to shift towards higher value-added mechanical and electrical products export; By the after-sale market gradually to form a complete set of market change. Promote the development of e-commerce and the import and export trade in services system, constantly improve the parts enterprise overall quality and ability to participate in international competition.4.2 adhere to the implementation of the "introduction" and "going out" strategyEncourage enterprises through various forms to establish overseas marketing center and marketing network. Support a strong investment of foreign enterprises andbuilt factories overseas, from pure product export to export capital, technology and brand. Encourage enterprises through overseas acquisitions and other way to get related technology, research and development capabilities and other international quality resources. For foreign investment restrictions to our country enterprise by the government, by includingMechanism of multilateral and bilateral negotiations, a variety of ways of positive solution. Continue to multinational companies of strength are encouraged to invest in China, have the destination to introduce our country does not yet have capability to develop all kinds of advanced technology. Through the introduction of advanced product technology and management, directly promote China's auto parts industry into global auto parts production and supply system.4.3 support enterprises strengthen the independent innovation, and improve the core competitivenessEncourage the auto parts export enterprises and institutions of higher learning, scientific research institutes to strengthen cooperation and communication, Increase r&d investment, we will accelerate the establishment of a research and development center; Make full use of the existing policy, priority of the country's automobile and parts export base enterprises loan discount for product development and technical support; Support the auto parts production enterprises to strengthen the construction of research and development system, on the basis of digesting the imported technology, developed with independent intellectual property rights of technology; For export enterprises, research institutions and foreign cooperation development of auto parts products, import prototype, levy import link tax relief and so on.4.4 to speed up the national automobile and parts export base constructionNational ministry of commerce and the national development and reform commission has jointly identified 12 export base and export base managementdepartments on the 160 export base enterprises should combine their development characteristics, to study and put forward to speed up the export base of the construction of the long-term planning, improve the management work, strive for the national automobile and parts export base construction become independent innovation base, base of international exchanges and cooperation, the protection of intellectual property rights of base, play an exemplary role in the national automobile and parts exports. Promptly implement the existing policy, organize enterprises with good country about the new policy, study and formulate policy measures to speed up the construction of export base, increasing investment in base construction, perfect supporting facilities construction, pay attention to investment promotion and capital introduction and develop international market, improve the service system for export. The central government should give more policy support on construction of export base, such as considering the export tax rebate to the enterprises in the export base and export base enterprises, export base and export base enterprises in equipment imports enjoy preferential policies of the national industrial policy encouraged duty-free, enterprises in the export base and export base for key support, etc.4.5 increase the export base of support for the construction of public service platformCountries should further increase the intensity of structural adjustment of the financial support, key supporting national automobile export base construct platform for public service projects, provide enterprises with technology and trade, high-tech products in the international market trends, industry development, technical standards, export controls, national trade policy and other kinds of information; Encourage and support the industry intermediary (industry standardization bodies) and conditional enterprises into the international technical alliance and international standard BBS, positively to participate the international standard system, revision work; Support enterprise of industry common technology independent research and development on the key techniques and general or joint research and development; Enhance the existing examination organization's ability to test and comprehensive service ability,form adapted to our country automobile products export testing need reasonable configuration, service quality test system.。
外贸汽车零配件英语作文
外贸汽车零配件英语作文Are you looking for high-quality automobile spare parts for your international trade business? Look no further! Our company specializes in providing a wide range of car accessories and spare parts to meet the needs of your customers.Our products are made of top-notch materials, ensuring durability and reliability. From engine components to exterior accessories, we have everything you need to keep your customers' vehicles running smoothly and looking great.We understand the importance of timely delivery in the international trade industry. That's why we haveestablished efficient logistics and shipping processes to ensure that your orders are delivered on time, every time.In addition to our high-quality products and reliable delivery, we also offer competitive pricing to help youstay ahead in the market. We believe that quality shouldnot come at a high cost, and we strive to provide affordable options for our customers.With our commitment to quality, reliability, and affordability, you can trust us to be your go-to supplier for all your automobile spare part needs. Contact us today to learn more about our products and how we can support your international trade business.。
外文文献汽车零部件出口 中文
关于扩大汽车零部件出口的思考曲婕汽车零部件产业是汽车产业发展的基础,推动汽车零部件扩大出口是我国实现由汽车产业大国走向汽车产业强国的必由之路。
受国际金融危机的影响, 2008年下半年以来,我国汽车零部件出口开始由快速发展期进入调整期。
本文深入分析了金融危机为我国汽车零部件出口带来的负面影响和契机,以及我国汽车零部件产业自身存在的问题,并在此基础上有针对性地提出了中国汽车零部件扩大出口的对策建议。
汽车零部件产业是汽车产业发展的基础,汽车制造业的竞争在很大下汽车零部件企业通过出口,参与程度上是零部件产业的竞争。
当国际分工,融入全球采购体系已经成为适应经济全球化发展趋势的必然选择。
一国汽车零部件产业在国际分工中的地位也在很大程度上代表了一国汽车工业竞争力的强弱。
推动汽车零部件扩大出口,在更高层次上参与国际分工,不仅有利于调整出口产品结构,转变外贸增长方式,而且可以统筹国际、国内两个市场、两种资源,加快汽车零部件产业结构调整与技术进步的步伐,是我国实现由汽车产业大国走向汽车产业强国的必由之路。
1. 中国汽车零部件出口由快速发展期进入调整期进入21世纪以来,我国汽车产业保持高速发展,2008年已成为世界第二大汽车生产国、第二大新车消费市场和第一大潜在市场。
在高速增长的整车市场的带动下,我国汽车零部件产业在技术水平、质量水平及管理水平等取得了长足的进步。
据统计，2008年，我国共有规模以上汽车零部件企业8 000多家，汽车零部件制造业实现工业总产值为9 480.7亿元，同比增长23.9%，占汽车工业总产值的36.6%。
我国汽车零部件产业已初步形成与整车发展相适应、门类齐全、具有一定竞争力的配套体系。
在满足国内市场需求的同时,我国汽车零部件产品开始进入国际市场,并呈现出逐年递增的态势,出口金额从2000年的33.2亿美元快速增长到2008年的312.9亿美元,年增长率均保持在 30%以上,即便是在受金融危机影响的 2008年,仍保持了10.3%的增长。
汽车售后服务外文文献及翻译
Automotive after-sales serviceAutomotive after-sales service is a means of car marketing which produced early in the automotive industry. As car consumables characteristics, the customer attaches great importance to its maintenance and repair.Automotive after-sales service is an important part of the automobile circulation,which covers the quality assurance of the car after the car sales, claims, repair and maintenance services, auto parts supply, maintenance and technical training,technical advice and guidance, market information feedback series.Manufacturer to establish closer rapport with the customer after-sales service, so as to establish a corporate image, enhance the reputation of the product, to expand the impact of the product, cultivate customer loyalty. After-sales service as a "double-edged sword, good after-sales service support and promote product sales, marketing, brand and reputation play a strong role; poor after-sales service can also make the product unmarketable, brand reputation down and can even make brand discredited.Therefore, only after-sales service to improve the automotive products, auto 4S shop attentive service to moving customers, improve customer satisfaction, in order to win the market. This indicates that the car service in the whole process of automotive marketing, there is a special "mission" for to procure automotive products and services into the market to play an active role.Therefore, the automotive aftermarket has far-reaching significance and prospects for the prosperity of the market.4S shop is a car service, including vehicle sales, parts, service, information feedback, 4S four feature set in one of the car service companies, S is actually four prefix abbreviation of the English words. Although China's auto industry from the history behind the developed countries, but the evolution of the service model can be said is basically the same way, but also the abbreviation of the foreign auto industry 100 2 years of history. The construction of the 4S shop, foreign auto supply store and some do not the China Construction Luxury and hardware facilities grade is not high, the size of the investment does not necessarily larger than domestic car shop, but the level of foreign car shop management services, software construction, but can be described as first-class, more nuanced, and will definitely not happen only to look at the appearance, is not allowed to enter the compartment to see things, even some auto shop has its own proving ground, customers can freely choose and test. Repair services of motor vehicles is a major part of the benefit in the automotive aftermarket repair shop is obviously important.Between foreign manufacturers, they have established a close relationship of production and marketing, has a beautiful shoppingenvironment, brand awareness and clear advantages, but also a lot of manufacturers to follow suit.Brand stores in the United States is the United States the most important automotive aftermarket mode, which rise in the United States is not long, but rapid development in the last 20 years. Chain initiator is not a vehicle manufacturing plant, but set position in the automotive aftermarket auto parts supply, maintenance, fast curing of an integrated service provider.At present, the company has nearly 20 U.S. more than more than 500 chain stores of spare parts. This model integrates the resources of the various brands of Auto Parts and Accessories, breaking the vertical monopoly, on the basis of price transparency, vehicle maintenance, repair, beauty and spare parts supply one-stop service, the owner can be a one-stop solution to the problem. In the same brand of chain system, each branch uses the same store design, service marks, personnel training, and service standards in the management, the same price of services, unified management rules, unified technical support, unified logistics and distribution system, not only can effectively reduce operating costs, but also improve the overall brand image.Brand chain initiator is not the OEM, 3 but the car service business service providers, the main business of the brand chain including supply of auto parts, car repair, fast curing, and every brand chain branches not only numerous but also widely distributed, according to statistics the United States more than 20 spare parts company has more than 500 stores, more than 70% of the auto parts market spare parts by brand stores, brand stores can sell more than one brand of car parts resources and price transparency, and that the integration of various brands of cars resources, played the economies of scale, and convenient to the customer, which has suffered an unprecedented favor.4S stores will generally take a brand in an area designed and built in accordance with uniform inside and outside the shop, a huge investment.4S shop is a very large investment market analysis, in Beijing, 4S shop hardware investment is usually about $ 15 million in sales between 5 million to 10 million of liquidity.Some sales of economy cars 4S shop is a relatively small investment, but it also needs about 800 million.Such a huge investment did not stop the enthusiasm of the people, whether you are a 4S dealer which car manufacturers in the country, usually a collection of environment. Tianjin Toyota dealer about 40 or so, but there are more than more than 400 dealers to submit applications Tianjin Toyota.This is mainly because it is more profitable car sales, if you choose a good car manufacturer, may be it will recover the investment within two years. Authorities believe that almost every major car manufacturers are concerned with the manufacturer's brand and productcompetitiveness.In other words, the car manufacturers not only to choose a products, brand awareness and potential for the development of enterprises, as well as the speed of introduction of new models these are the very elements can not be ignored. Shanghai General Motors dealers and car sales say, they chose the agent of Shanghai General Motors, because Universal is the largest distributor of Chinese investment, technology 4 research and development work. Many dealers say, "as long as the product of your choice is correct, then waiting for the money on the line." A proxy seven or eight car brand CEO said, can not make money, the key is depends on your agent what brand of car, whether the car is popular models. Best-selling Honda, for example, if you do not increase, selling a Honda car in Beijing for $ 15,000, but the reality is that Honda cars in short supply, increase sales is very common, and some because no invoice fare, do not pay taxes , dealers earn more profits.In Beijing, Honda 4S shop profits last year's net profit of at least $ 400 million. Of course, not all the dealers can get tense car type, they are in what ways to make money. Agent jetta car dealer said: "Now the sale of the vehicle does not make money, Sell a car dealer would have died. Most of the articles have been added in the sale of the vehicle. Say" article "refers to manufacturer rebates, insurance costs, interior decoration and maintenance 4S shop location determines the right decision by car manufacturers, because the planning and layout of the factory, the 4S shop location is not very good, most of the car users are also times to buy a car, they tend to be a taxi or bus, they tend to choose convenient place, 4S shop business for their own survival, often using very flexible operational mechanism. The general practice is to apply for a booth in the Asian Games Village Automobile Exchange Market car market in Beijing or northern or find partners in these areas, so that the company's business expansion.Of course, there are many of 4S shop dealers rent an office phone consultation service or services to sell more cars in the automotive market, compared to the 4S shop, car and more popular in the market.At this stage, the average consumer can also buy economy cars, car brand and not the main factors they buy, they are most sensitive to price changes in the price of the same grade they are most interested, if car prices slightly low, sales will rise.Automotive marketing services are divided into three 5 parts: pre-service, sales service and after-sales service.With the advances in automotive technology and the rapid development of science and technology, automotive products into the home, and as a means of transport, gradually entering China.Domestic after-sales service more and more people's attention, the emergence of the car service is due to market competition, and also a means of automotivemarketing. The rapid development of China's automobile industry, car ownership has increased significantly, reaching more than 8500 million cars in the automobile industry occupies an important position. China's huge car ownership and fast car sales growth, the development of the automotive service industry provides a huge room for growth.Traditional car sales services, is also subject to international popular "four in one" sales and service shop (also known as "4S shop") impact.Car manufacturers and dealers deeply realize that only through rigorous, perfect, thoughtful, quality of service, cultivate a high level of customer satisfaction, a good and stable customer relationship, to grappling win in the increasingly intense market place.Increasing competition in the automotive market, car manufacturers focus on profit growth in the after-sales service, the pros and cons of the quality of after-sales service has become a key differentiator for automotive manufacturers in the incentive market competition aspects.As a bridge connected to the car production and consumption markets - auto 4S shops, however, the service sectors also there is a lack of personnel, poor service concept, craftsmen low technical level, has seriously restricted the 4S shop or even the entire automobile industry.Therefore, the establishment of an effective car 4S shop after-sales service evaluation system will help to promote automobile 4S shops or even the entire automotive industry to flourish.4S shop can not provide customers with personalized service to meet customer needs, and not enough emphasis on customer care, in the face of complaints, 6 answer can not be given customer satisfaction, and service personnel with low skills and lack of integrity in the 4S shop.To solve these problems, this paper proposes the establishment of industry standards, improve laws and regulations to strengthen skills training for maintenance personnel, to design an effective performance appraisal system, and regulate the standards of service price, after-sales service industry chain extension, the timely processing of complaints from owners, strengthen 4S shop owners between emotional interaction measures. Automotive aftermarket service area, the automotive service chain management and enterprise management chain has become a development trend of automotive after-market services, is a big market, competing parties are sure to become an important position in the future.Four external services, especially because of its strong financial support and advanced management concepts will generate a considerable impact on the domestic service market.For example, the car rental industry will eventually go to the chain operation.Chains, competitiveness and visibility in well-known international leasing companies have thousands of high development and growth of domestic enterprises, sand together to form a pagoda, theprocess is essential.Borrow abroad experience, the car rental business will be gradually formed enterprise.The car rental industry is a strange phenomenon in the country, to holiday car rental rent a car, usually do not are in the minority. In this case of the leasing industry in Europe and the United States are precisely the opposite foreign experience has shown that, for automobile manufacturers in terms of the essence of the car rental car ownership and use a separate form of trade, car sales means effective extension For in terms of the domestic automobile manufacturers, recognizing that this is especially important. After China's accession to the WTO, the automotive industry has suffered an unprecedented impact and influence.This impact and influence not only the financial impact from 7 foreign auto manufacturers, brand impact, impact of technology, quality impact will be reflected in the negative impact of domestic car sales market.At this point, China's auto consumption market increasingly need a way to adapt to this consumer psychology needs new form of automobile consumption, car rental is undoubtedly the best choice. In other words, the car rental industry in 2023 even longer period of time in the future, will become a "bottleneck" in the most effective way to break through China's auto production and market demand, for the following reasons: Car rental automobile manufacturers provide society with products, value in use, one of the most convenient channel; finance leases role is to alleviate the problem of insufficient demand and purchasing power, the potential consumer into real consumption; kind of lease role is to provide new options for the domestic automotive consumers, stimulate and expand the automobile consumption; car rental help to help automobile manufacturers to establish customer loyalty on the company's automotive brands.Automobile manufacturers continue to receive car rental consumers the most timely and direct market information, to improve the competitiveness of their products.In foreign countries, the majority of automotive aftermarket chain operation, bringing profit higher than the profit of vehicle sales. Both experienced overseas and the development of the domestic chain management is the inevitable development of the road car service operators.State-of-the-art car service concept "seven support third repair" is the generally accepted concept of car service in the United States, because of the United States, a country on wheels, it is the prevalence of maintenance than maintenance more important automobile consumer attitudes, which determines the dominance of the automobile aftermarket warranty business, car sales in the United States is the franchise, and after-sales service can be relatively independent. Due to the rapid 8increase of the scientific and technological content of the car, required maintenance equipment rose water boats, small professional repair shop (2 - 4) due to less income and maintenance technology is not mature enough and are gradually incorporated into the large repair shop (over 25) or integrated with each other, the most important car warranty enterprises are concentrated in automobile production factory authorized warranty station, separate factory warranty, after-sales service departments of authorized dealers, professional repair shop, brand stores warranty Ministry. The current separation of many manufacturers in the United States after-sales service and vehicle sales car service become more and more specialized.Car service brand building more and more important for the car service enterprises, brand-effectiveness of the after-sales service will be unprecedented attention and enhance attention to after-sales service brand to brand driven service network construction has become essential.With the wave of car service market set off franchising, chain business brand will be the future of automotive after-sales service to create objects.Car service must be done specialization, standardization, standardization, high technical content services in order to adapt to market development, and make their own characteristics and perfect after-sales service network is the inevitable trend of the development of automotive service market.汽车售后服务汽车售后服务本是汽车营销的一种手段，产生于汽车工业初期。
汽车零部件技术的发展与标准化外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
汽车零部件技术的发展与标准化外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译外文资料the spare part technology of the automobileThe developing direction of the spare part technology of the current automobile has five characteristics, first, the universalization, second, module , third, intelligent, fourth, light quantization, fifth, environmental protection. These five " melt ", it is a demand for development of complying with the current automobile too, accord with high , automatic degree high , environmental protection and economic demand of short , dependability of design cycle with low costs. But in order to influence the degree that Hyundai Motor enterprise produce the mode to look directly, the universalization and module .Universalization set up on the standardized basis, automobile variety , specification , quality , grade , demand of security of products that produce on a large scale want foundation of regarding standardizing as. The past is produced on a large scale, the products are standardized, market demand is unified , there is no quilt sectionalization. Since the eighties of the 20th century, with change of market demand, automobile manufacturing industry is it offer diversified products and meet service , individual character of demand to begin to consumer, therefore has caused the application of a series of new manufacturing technologies and administrative skills. The production mode of now is that diversification and products which made the rule replace the standard product simplified progressively . For example the traditional production assemblyline can only produce the automobile of a kind of type , but flexibility of today produce assembly line, can at the same time online production several automobile of type, can also order according to the subdivision that the customer's demand decorate and dispose . However, no matter traditional production line or modern production line, standardization is a foundation of normal operation. Especially modern flexible production line , need stricter overall standardization, make up according to the various forms with the standardized part, can make up into many kinds of final products . These standardized parts have commonability , adopt suchproduction mode, can both meet diversified demands and realize certain production scale , reduction of cost .Universalization another foundation is the platform. World gets on the car big enterprises put out " the strategy of the platform " one after another now, in order to seek the diversification and low cost goal. The platform usually mean one have accurate datum require , have the same length , width and the same hanging the shelf , have the same chassis structure of wheelbase , can match various kinds of a optional one always succeeding and spare part, making up into a vehicle of different performance of different styles, says popularly , the same design of platform and assembling, only need to load onto a different outer cover from a kind of style to another kind of style , form the mode of the seriation products.So, the foundation of spare part universalization of the automobile is standardization and platform. Automobile spare part universalization degree and platform share degree to be high, the higher either its standardized level is, this is the resultof complementing each other.Standardization is developed forward closelying linked, look from evolution of the automobile assembly line, the form of expression of the advanced form of standardization is the module at present. Module to is it put part together according to function of train to become always, form an intact function unit concentrated. The module resolve automobiles into dozens of pieces of big module , require spare part enterprises to participate in the designing in the initial stage when the completed car is developed , finish the a part development under the care of completed car factory and equipment work originally. Taking car water tank as an example, in fact the completed car factory should assemble the fan machine and pipeline on the water tank , then is it assemble at car to connect with air conditioner condenser, module water tank air conditioner condenser , fan machine and pipeline , in one yuan circuit all hookup the sixth of the twelve Earthly Branches, the production line assembler of completed car factory only needs to install the module water tank . Look from this, to assemble original completed car part of factory work transfer spare part to to the enterprise module. In this way , have already simplify the production technological process of the completed car factory , has improved working efficiency, having reduced administrative expenses, has reduced the accessories supplier's quantity too, quality is more secure. No doubt, from designing, producing to assembling, without perfect unified standardization, the module will not be assembled to work out, or the function not reaching the requirement of institute. So, standardization is an identification which reflects enterprise's production advance.The car gathers together openly February 23 , 2005Relevant contents : Electronic " module " on Hyundai Motor 汽车零部件技术的发展与标准化现时汽车零部件技术的发展方向有五个特点，一是通用化，二是模块化，三是智能化，四是轻量化，五是环保化。
发动机类外文文献翻译(中文)
. 轻型发动机设计方案摘要：在过去的一些年里，新一代汽车发动机燃油效率并不是像我们预料中的那样会有所降低.其原因：汽车重量的增加.通过对汽车发动机整车重量以及部分重量的分析知：曲轴箱作为一个单一部件具有潜在的可减少重量的部件，这篇论文讲述的是通过利用轻型材料和现代的设计手段减少发动机重量的方法。
将轻型材料应用于曲轴箱设计构思中包含着广泛的设计理念，这种设计理念就是尽最大可能利用被选材料所具有的可能性去减少汽车重量，以下我将详细的谈论关于直列式和V-型发动机特殊方法的构思，发动机重量减轻也可以利用中小型发动机来代替又大又重的发动机，现代技术以被应用于现存的发动机设计构思中从而增加发动机功率重量比，使发动机性能得到提高因此它的市场价值也得到提高.新型轻型发动机设计方案中有一个重要方面就是与传统发动机设计理念相比要尽量减小发动机零部件数量，因为这样对于减少整车重量有着非常重要作用.介绍:汽车在生态方面和将来继续充当普通交通工具的要求已经显著提高尤其在美国和欧洲.通过合法的要求使那些有压力的顾客在这方面得到缓解。
必需考虑到这样的事实，对于燃油的消耗,排放，回收在利用这些中心问题要有一个回应.在过去的一些年里，汽车发动机的发展取的了进步，使发动机功率得到了显著的提高同时在降低发动机燃油消耗和排放方面已经付出巨大的努力。
通过应用直喷，废气涡轮增压和多气门技术于柴油发动机中，使发动机的性能得到显著提高。
新车取代与在它之前所有具有相类似功能车时，其新车发动机工作效率的提高并不是通过对原有车的有效改进。
整个交通工具工作效率停滞不前甚至降低的原因是在过去的十五年里增加了15%～20%的车辆（图1）。
尽管轻型材料的使用不断增长以及设计者有意识的向轻型结构方面设计但是重量减轻却被其他方面所弥补.读者可以通过以下方面得知：多余的汽车外形安全方面的改进关于NVH舒适度方面的改进持续性动力输出方面的提高以及汽车工作情况的改进可靠性方面的改进图1.交通工具重量减轻（由数据2反映）车体增重并不是汽车发展的倒退。
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关于扩大汽车零部件出口的思考曲婕汽车零部件产业是汽车产业发展的基础,推动汽车零部件扩大出口是我国实现由汽车产业大国走向汽车产业强国的必由之路。
受国际金融危机的影响, 2008年下半年以来,我国汽车零部件出口开始由快速发展期进入调整期。
本文深入分析了金融危机为我国汽车零部件出口带来的负面影响和契机,以及我国汽车零部件产业自身存在的问题,并在此基础上有针对性地提出了中国汽车零部件扩大出口的对策建议。
汽车零部件产业是汽车产业发展的基础,汽车制造业的竞争在很大下汽车零部件企业通过出口,参与程度上是零部件产业的竞争。
当国际分工,融入全球采购体系已经成为适应经济全球化发展趋势的必然选择。
一国汽车零部件产业在国际分工中的地位也在很大程度上代表了一国汽车工业竞争力的强弱。
推动汽车零部件扩大出口,在更高层次上参与国际分工,不仅有利于调整出口产品结构,转变外贸增长方式,而且可以统筹国际、国内两个市场、两种资源,加快汽车零部件产业结构调整与技术进步的步伐,是我国实现由汽车产业大国走向汽车产业强国的必由之路。
1. 中国汽车零部件出口由快速发展期进入调整期进入21世纪以来,我国汽车产业保持高速发展,2008年已成为世界第二大汽车生产国、第二大新车消费市场和第一大潜在市场。
在高速增长的整车市场的带动下,我国汽车零部件产业在技术水平、质量水平及管理水平等取得了长足的进步。
据统计，2008年，我国共有规模以上汽车零部件企业8 000多家，汽车零部件制造业实现工业总产值为9 480.7亿元，同比增长23.9%，占汽车工业总产值的36.6%。
我国汽车零部件产业已初步形成与整车发展相适应、门类齐全、具有一定竞争力的配套体系。
在满足国内市场需求的同时,我国汽车零部件产品开始进入国际市场,并呈现出逐年递增的态势,出口金额从2000年的33.2亿美元快速增长到2008年的312.9亿美元,年增长率均保持在 30%以上,即便是在受金融危机影响的 2008年,仍保持了10.3%的增长。
2005年,我国汽车零部件对外贸易首次实现顺差,此后贸易顺差逐年扩大,汽车零部件是我国汽车产品出口的主导产品，2008年,汽车零部件出口占汽车产品出口创汇总额的76.5%，占全国外贸出口总额的2.2%。
共向217个国家出口，其中美国、日本、韩国、德国等汽车工业发达国家是我国的主要目标市场，2008年向这4个国家出口的金额占汽车零部件出口总金额的48.7%。
整车零部件出口以外资企业为主,但近年来国有和民营企业在零部件出口中的表现越来越活跃,在这一因素的带动下,汽车零部件以一般贸易方式出口的比例逐渐提高，2008年达到53.2%。
2008年下半年以来,随着国际金融危机的蔓延、加深，国际汽车市场需求不断萎缩,我国汽车零部件出口金额增速明显放缓。
2009年上半年,我国汽车零部件出口的金额 119.8亿美元,同比下降25.4%,连续6个月出现同比负增长, 降幅高于同期机电产品出口20.8%的降幅。
从出口市场情况看,我国对亚洲、北美和欧洲三大市场的出口均出现大幅度下降,降幅分别为30.0%、21.4%和 30.8%其中对日本和韩国的降幅分别达到43.6%和37.8%。
从企业性质看，外商投资和国有企业的汽车零部件出口降幅均高于汽车零部件出口的平均降幅,分别为27.0%和29.9%,相对而言，民营企业降幅较小,为19.3%。
这主要是因为外资企业主要以国际配套为主,且以欧美市场为主,而民营企业更多的是进入国际售后市场。
从贸易方式看,一般贸易方式降幅为 32.2%,占比与2008年同期相比提高到53.3%,加工贸易方式降幅为 19.4%,所占比例较2008年同期下降到45.0%。
2. 中国汽车零部件出口面临的严峻形势和问题我国汽车零部件出口已由快速增长期进入调整期,所面临的外部形势日趋紧张。
2.1 国际汽车市场需求萎缩受金融危机影响，全球汽车产业遭受强烈冲击,从2008年下半年以来,以北美、欧洲和日本为代表的传统汽车市场均出现两位数以上的大幅负增长。
通用、克莱斯勒迫部分停产。
这导致我国以配套市场为主的汽车零部件企业订单难以为继, 陆续出现工厂开工不足、产品积压等状况。
2.2 信贷融资更加困难当前,国外银行大多惜贷或提高贷款条件,导致当地采购商资金短缺,而市场低迷又使资金回笼速度减缓,销售陷入困境。
同时,不少国外银行已出现严重信用危机,出口企业收款期由平时的30天上升到60～90天。
甚至出现拖欠现象，收汇风险明显加大。
2.3 国际贸易保护主义开始抬头近期,我国汽车轮胎、轮毂、紧固件、轴承等产品已相继遭遇了来自美国、欧盟、印度、巴西、澳大利亚等国的反倾销调查。
此外,各国关于车辆排放限值、车辆安全性等方面的要求日趋严格 , 国际贸易壁垒日渐升级。
2.4 人民币升值降低出口产品竞争优势主要目标市场货币兑美元大幅贬值, 导致国际采购商难以消化我国汽车产品的进入成本, 采购需求减少。
国内企业无法规避汇率风险 , 不敢签订较长时间的订单。
而人民币不断升值的同时, 与我国汽车零部件出口存在竞争关系的国家货币却在贬值, 我国汽车零部件出口价格竞争优势不断被削弱。
汽车零部件企业出口陷入困境，固然有金融危机冲击这一不可抗拒的外因影响,但自身存在的深层次矛盾和问题才是主要原因。
一是企业规模效应不明显。
国内整个行业的50%左右内资大型零部件企业占全部企业的比例不足1%,大中型企业不到15%,零部件企业总体层次较低，力量分散,专业化程度低,难以满足外商大批量采购需求。
二是内资企业缺乏具有核心竞争力的产品。
由于我国汽车零部件企业规模普遍较小,全行业研发投入占销售收入的比例仅为0.6%左右,无法形成较强的开发能力,产品趋同、技术含量低,缺乏轿车主要总成和关键部件的核心技术。
而像正时齿轮、电喷系统、发动机管理系统、分动器总成、同步器齿环、中央控制器等技术含量和附加值高的汽车关键零部件,占全国90%以上产量都集中在外资企业中。
三是出口结构性失衡问题严重。
我国汽车零部件出口仍以铝车轮、水箱、玻璃、电线束、刹车盘等资源和劳动密集型产品为主,技术附加值低,缺乏自主品牌的状况没有明显改善。
出口市场仍主要面向世界低端市场,OEM配套比例不足30%。
四是企业内耗激烈,出口秩序有待梳理，在产能过剩的前提下，由于出口主体过多、过杂,产品同质化严重,以低价作为主要竞争手段,导致出口企业内耗激烈,扰乱国际市场竞争秩序,反倾销调查频频发生,同时也导致企业利润微薄,难以做大做强。
五是以低成本扩张为主,走的是一条粗放的增长道路部分出口企业为保证低成本、低价格扩张,降低了对产品质量的控制,牺牲了技术研发投入,弱化了营销网络、售后服务体系的建设,损坏了中国企业的整体形象,也导致了市场份额的流失。
3. 金融危机为中国汽车零部件出口带来新契机在金融危机给我国汽车零部件出口造成诸多负面影响的同时,也为我国汽车零部件产业国际化发展带来了新契机。
金融危机导致一些国际知名汽车零部件企业经营陷入困镜,这就为我国汽车零部件企业实施海外并购、引进高端人才和先进技术提供了难得的机遇。
跨国公司在市场形势不好时,出于成本控制的考虑,会更多地采取竞争性采购,这有利于我国汽车零部件企业发挥比较优势,扩大出口。
此外, 发达国家新车购买力下降,部分消费者将延长更新汽车的时间,旧车维修保养需求的增加,在很大程度上保持了售后市场的需求,为以售后市场为主的中国汽车零部件出口提供了广阔的市场。
在国际金融危机的冲击下,我国汽车零部件出口在短期内的萧条是不可避免的,但国际汽车市场需求潜力仍然巨大,目前,主要国家汽车市场在政府扶植政策的激励下,产销降幅已呈收窄趋势,预计在2010年将止跌企稳, 出现回暖,届时我国汽车零部件出口也将恢复增长。
4. 关于中国汽车零部件扩大出口的对策建议汽车零部件是“十一五”期间国家重点支持的出口产品之一。
扩大汽车零部件出口也是我国实施科技兴贸战略和加快转变外贸增长方式的重要内容。
为此,本文现对扩大我国汽车零部件出口提出如下对策与建议:4.1 优化汽车零部件出口结构积极调整出口产品结构,由单一的产品型出口开始向资本型出口转变；由劳动密集型、材料密集型的低端产品出口开始向附加值较高的机电类产品出口转变;由售后市场逐步向配套市场转变。
推进电子商务及进出口服务贸易体系的发展,不断提高零部件企业整体素质和参与国际竞争的能力。
4.2 坚持实施“引进来”和“走出去”战略鼓励企业通过多种形式建立境外营销中心和营销网络。
支持有实力的企业对外投资,在海外建厂,从单纯的产品出口向资本、技术和品牌出口转变。
鼓励企业通过海外并购等方式获取相关技术、研发能力等国际优质资源。
对于外国政府对我国企业的投资限制,通过包括多边和双边机制交涉在内的多种方式积极加以解决。
继续鼓励有实力的跨国公司来华投资建厂,有目的地引进我国尚不具备开发能力各种先进技术。
通过引进先进的产品技术和管理,直接推动我国汽车零部件产业融入全球汽车零部件生产和供应体系。
4.3 支持企业加大自主创新力度,提高核心竞争力鼓励汽车零部件出口企业和高等院校、科研院所加强合作交流,增加研发投入,加快建立研发中心；充分利用国家现有政策,优先对国家汽车及零部件出口基地企业的产品研发和技改贷款贴息予以支持；支持汽车零部件生产企业加强研究开发体系建设,在消化引进技术的基础上，开发具有自主知识产权的技术；对于出口企业与国外研究机构合作开发的汽车零部件产品,进口样机,减免征进口环节税收等等。
4.4 加快国家汽车及零部件出口基地建设国家商务部和发改委已经联合认定了12家出口基地和160家出口基地企业各出口基地管理部门应结合各自发展特点,研究提出加快出口基地建设的长远规划,完善有关管理工作,力争将国家汽车及零部件出口基地建设成为自主创新的基地、国际交流合作的基地、知识产权保护的基地,在全国汽车及零部件出口中起到示范作用。
抓紧落实已有的政策,组织企业用好国家有关新政策,研究制定加快出口基地建设的政策措施,加大对基地建设的投入,完善配套设施建设,注重招商引资与开拓国际市场并举,完善出口服务体系。
中央政府也应当对出口基地的建设给予更多的政策支持,如考虑出口退税向出口基地内企业和出口基地企业倾斜,出口基地内企业和出口基地企业在设备进口上享受国家产业政策鼓励类免税的优惠政策,对出口基地内企业和出口基地企业进行重点支持等。
4.5 加大对出口基地公共服务平台建设的支持力度国家应进一步加大结构调整资金支持力度,重点支持国家汽车出口基地搭建公共服务平台项目,为企业提供技术贸易、高新技术产品国际市场动态、行业发展、技术标准、出口管制、国别贸易政策等各类信息；鼓励和支持行业中介机构(行业标准化机构)及有条件的企业进入国际技术联盟和国际标准论坛,积极争取参与国际标准制、修订工作；支持企业就行业共性技术和通用关键技术进行独立研发或联合研发；增强现有检测机构的检测试验能力和综合服务能力,形成与我国汽车产品出口检测需要相适应的配置合理、服务优质的检测试验体系。