肺癌相关英文词汇
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肺癌来源于支气管上皮细胞，这些细胞在后天产生了多种基因缺陷，并且表现出多种表型。
8.Activation of protooncogenes
原癌基因激活
9.inhibition or mutation of tumor suppressor genes
抑癌基因抑制或突变
10.production of autocrine growth factors
肺癌相关英文词汇小结
Chapter 64 Lung Cancer
肺癌
1.Lung cancer/Lung carcinomas
肺癌
2.solid tumor originating from bronchial epithelial cells
来源于支气管内皮细胞的实体肿瘤
3.Non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)
肝转移造成的肝功能障碍
39.Paraneoplastic syndromes
副癌综合征
40.Cachexia
恶液质
41.Hypercalcemia
高钙血症
42.syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion
抗利尿激素不当分泌综合征
43.Cushing’s syndrome.
肺癌主要的类型包括小细胞肺癌（15%），腺癌（50%），鳞癌（<30%）及大细胞肺癌。
25.The last three types are grouped together and referred to as NSCLC.
后三类（腺癌、鳞癌、大细胞癌）统称为非小细胞肺癌
26.The most common initial signs and symptoms
67.Limited disease is confined to one hemithorax and can be encompassed by a single radiation port.
病情局限于一侧胸腔并且在一个照射野内。
68.All other disease is classified as extensive
转移性疾病
35.neurologic deficits from CNS metastases
由于神经系统转移造成的神经功能障碍
36.bone pain
骨痛
37.pathologic fractures secondary to bone
由于骨转移造成的病理性骨折
38.liver dysfunction from hepatic involvement
50.Pathologic confirmation of lung cancer is established by examination of sputum cytology and/or tumor biopsy by bronchoscopy, mediastinoscopy, percutaneous needle biopsy, or open-lung biopsy
70.The intent of treatment—curative or palliative—influences the aggressiveness of therapy
治疗的目的不同，根治性或姑息性会影响治疗的强度
71.Local disease (stages IA, IB, and IIA) is associated with a favorable prognosis.
监测原发肿瘤的症状和体征
54.regional spread of the tumor
肿瘤的局部转移
55.ability to withstand aggressive surgery or chemotherapy
耐受积极手术或化疗的能力
56.The World Health Organization
暴露于呼吸道致癌物
18.asbestos
石棉
19.Benzene
苯
20.genetic risk factors
基因风险因素
21.history of other lung diseases
其他肺部疾病病史
22.chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD]
其他的情况被归为广泛期
69.The stage of NSCLC and the patient’s comorbidities and performance status determine which treatment modalities will be used.
非小细胞肺癌的分期、病人合并症情况以及身体状况共同决定了治疗的方式
慢性阻塞性肺病
23.asthma
哮喘
24.The major cell types are SCLC (∼15%of all lung cancers), adenocarcinoma (∼50%), squamous cell carcinoma (<30%), and large cell carcinoma.
非小细胞肺癌表皮生长因子受体
15.affect disease prognosis
影响疾病预后
16.Cigarette smoking is responsible for∼80% of lung cancer cases
80%的肺癌是由于吸烟导致的
17.exposure to respiratory carcinogens
I期疾病包括病灶局限于肺部并且没有淋巴结转移
63.stage II includes large tumors with ipsilateral peribronchial or hilar lymph node involvement
II期疾病包括巨大肿瘤伴随同侧支气管周围或纵膈淋巴结侵犯。
64.stage III includes other lymph node and regional involvement
病灶局限（IA，IB，IIA期）预后较好。
72.Surgery is the mainstay of treatment and may be used with radiation and/or adjuvant (postoperative) chemotherapy
手术是主要的治疗方法，并且可与放疗和/或辅助化疗联用。
76.Nonresectable locally advanced disease may be treated with both an active cisplatin-based regimen and radiotherapy
不可切除局部进展期患者可采取铂类为基础的化疗联合放疗。
77.Four to six cycles of doublet chemotherapy with cisplatin or carboplatinplus docetaxel, gemcitabine, paclitaxel, pemetrexed, or vinorelbineare recommended as first-line palliative chemotherapy forpatients with unresectable stage III or IV disease.
不可切除的III期患者或IV期患者，可选择4-6周期双药化疗作为一线姑息化疗方案：选择顺铂或卡铂联合多西他赛、吉西他滨、紫杉醇、培美曲塞或长春瑞滨之一。
73.Patients with locally advanced disease (stages IIB and IIIA) may undergo surgery.
局部进展期患者（IIB、IIIA期）也可采用手术治疗
74.Adjuvant chemotherapy is the standard of care
（对于局部进展期患者），辅助化疗是标准治疗。
75.Some centers use neoadjuvant (preoperative) chemoradiation, but this is not considered the standard of care.
一些肿瘤治疗中心，（对于局部进展期患者），应用新辅助同步放化疗，但是这并不认为是标准治疗。
非小细胞肺癌
4.small cell lung cancer (SCLC)
小细胞肺癌
5.natural histories
自然病程
6.responses to therapy
治疗有效
7.Lung carcinomas arise from normal bronchial epithelial cells that have acquired multiple genetic lesions and are capable of expressing a variety of phenotypes
正电子发射断层扫描（PET）
49.Integrated CT-PET technology appears to improve diagnostic accuracy in staging NSCLC over CT or PET alone
相比于单纯使用CT或PET，将CT和PET技术结合（PET-CT）可提高非小细胞肺癌的分期诊断的准确性
库欣综合征
44.underlying malignancy
造成一切症状的肿瘤
45.Chest radiography
胸片（X片）
46.endobronchial ultrasound
支气管内超声
47.computed tomography (CT) scan
计算机断层扫描（CT）
48.positron emission tomography (PET) scan
世界卫生组织
57.a TNM staging classification
TNM分期系统
58.primary tumor size and extent (T)
原发灶大小及范围
59.the regional lymph node involvement (N),
区域淋巴结浸润
60.the presence or absence of distant metastases (M)
是否存在远处转移
61.A simpler system is commonly used to compare treatments
通常，应用另一个相对简单的分期系统来确定治疗方案
62.Stage I includes tumors confined to the lung without lymphatic spread
肺癌可以通过以下途径进行病理诊断：痰标本的细胞学检查和/或通过支气管镜、纵膈镜、经皮细针穿刺或开胸肺活检采集的组织标本进行肿瘤活检
51.a thorough history
完整的病史
52.physical examination
体格检查
53.detect signs and symptoms of the primary tumor
自分泌产生生长因子
11.cellular proliferation
细胞增殖
12.malignant transformation
恶性转化
13.overexpression of c-KIT in SCLC
小细胞肺癌细胞c-KIT过表达
14.epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in NSCLC
最常见的早期体征和症状
27.Cough
咳嗽
28.DyΒιβλιοθήκη Baidupnea
呼吸困难
29.chest pain
胸痛
30.Discomfort
不适
31.Hemoptysis
咯血
32.exhibit systemic symptoms
呈现出全身症状
33.Anorexia
厌食
34.Disseminated disease
III期疾病包括其他淋巴结及局部侵犯。
65.stage IV includes any tumor with distant metastases
IV期疾病包括任何原发情况并伴随远处转移。
66.A two-stage classification is widely used for SCLC
小细胞肺癌一般分为两个阶段。
8.Activation of protooncogenes
原癌基因激活
9.inhibition or mutation of tumor suppressor genes
抑癌基因抑制或突变
10.production of autocrine growth factors
肺癌相关英文词汇小结
Chapter 64 Lung Cancer
肺癌
1.Lung cancer/Lung carcinomas
肺癌
2.solid tumor originating from bronchial epithelial cells
来源于支气管内皮细胞的实体肿瘤
3.Non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)
肝转移造成的肝功能障碍
39.Paraneoplastic syndromes
副癌综合征
40.Cachexia
恶液质
41.Hypercalcemia
高钙血症
42.syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion
抗利尿激素不当分泌综合征
43.Cushing’s syndrome.
肺癌主要的类型包括小细胞肺癌（15%），腺癌（50%），鳞癌（<30%）及大细胞肺癌。
25.The last three types are grouped together and referred to as NSCLC.
后三类（腺癌、鳞癌、大细胞癌）统称为非小细胞肺癌
26.The most common initial signs and symptoms
67.Limited disease is confined to one hemithorax and can be encompassed by a single radiation port.
病情局限于一侧胸腔并且在一个照射野内。
68.All other disease is classified as extensive
转移性疾病
35.neurologic deficits from CNS metastases
由于神经系统转移造成的神经功能障碍
36.bone pain
骨痛
37.pathologic fractures secondary to bone
由于骨转移造成的病理性骨折
38.liver dysfunction from hepatic involvement
50.Pathologic confirmation of lung cancer is established by examination of sputum cytology and/or tumor biopsy by bronchoscopy, mediastinoscopy, percutaneous needle biopsy, or open-lung biopsy
70.The intent of treatment—curative or palliative—influences the aggressiveness of therapy
治疗的目的不同，根治性或姑息性会影响治疗的强度
71.Local disease (stages IA, IB, and IIA) is associated with a favorable prognosis.
监测原发肿瘤的症状和体征
54.regional spread of the tumor
肿瘤的局部转移
55.ability to withstand aggressive surgery or chemotherapy
耐受积极手术或化疗的能力
56.The World Health Organization
暴露于呼吸道致癌物
18.asbestos
石棉
19.Benzene
苯
20.genetic risk factors
基因风险因素
21.history of other lung diseases
其他肺部疾病病史
22.chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD]
其他的情况被归为广泛期
69.The stage of NSCLC and the patient’s comorbidities and performance status determine which treatment modalities will be used.
非小细胞肺癌的分期、病人合并症情况以及身体状况共同决定了治疗的方式
慢性阻塞性肺病
23.asthma
哮喘
24.The major cell types are SCLC (∼15%of all lung cancers), adenocarcinoma (∼50%), squamous cell carcinoma (<30%), and large cell carcinoma.
非小细胞肺癌表皮生长因子受体
15.affect disease prognosis
影响疾病预后
16.Cigarette smoking is responsible for∼80% of lung cancer cases
80%的肺癌是由于吸烟导致的
17.exposure to respiratory carcinogens
I期疾病包括病灶局限于肺部并且没有淋巴结转移
63.stage II includes large tumors with ipsilateral peribronchial or hilar lymph node involvement
II期疾病包括巨大肿瘤伴随同侧支气管周围或纵膈淋巴结侵犯。
64.stage III includes other lymph node and regional involvement
病灶局限（IA，IB，IIA期）预后较好。
72.Surgery is the mainstay of treatment and may be used with radiation and/or adjuvant (postoperative) chemotherapy
手术是主要的治疗方法，并且可与放疗和/或辅助化疗联用。
76.Nonresectable locally advanced disease may be treated with both an active cisplatin-based regimen and radiotherapy
不可切除局部进展期患者可采取铂类为基础的化疗联合放疗。
77.Four to six cycles of doublet chemotherapy with cisplatin or carboplatinplus docetaxel, gemcitabine, paclitaxel, pemetrexed, or vinorelbineare recommended as first-line palliative chemotherapy forpatients with unresectable stage III or IV disease.
不可切除的III期患者或IV期患者，可选择4-6周期双药化疗作为一线姑息化疗方案：选择顺铂或卡铂联合多西他赛、吉西他滨、紫杉醇、培美曲塞或长春瑞滨之一。
73.Patients with locally advanced disease (stages IIB and IIIA) may undergo surgery.
局部进展期患者（IIB、IIIA期）也可采用手术治疗
74.Adjuvant chemotherapy is the standard of care
（对于局部进展期患者），辅助化疗是标准治疗。
75.Some centers use neoadjuvant (preoperative) chemoradiation, but this is not considered the standard of care.
一些肿瘤治疗中心，（对于局部进展期患者），应用新辅助同步放化疗，但是这并不认为是标准治疗。
非小细胞肺癌
4.small cell lung cancer (SCLC)
小细胞肺癌
5.natural histories
自然病程
6.responses to therapy
治疗有效
7.Lung carcinomas arise from normal bronchial epithelial cells that have acquired multiple genetic lesions and are capable of expressing a variety of phenotypes
正电子发射断层扫描（PET）
49.Integrated CT-PET technology appears to improve diagnostic accuracy in staging NSCLC over CT or PET alone
相比于单纯使用CT或PET，将CT和PET技术结合（PET-CT）可提高非小细胞肺癌的分期诊断的准确性
库欣综合征
44.underlying malignancy
造成一切症状的肿瘤
45.Chest radiography
胸片（X片）
46.endobronchial ultrasound
支气管内超声
47.computed tomography (CT) scan
计算机断层扫描（CT）
48.positron emission tomography (PET) scan
世界卫生组织
57.a TNM staging classification
TNM分期系统
58.primary tumor size and extent (T)
原发灶大小及范围
59.the regional lymph node involvement (N),
区域淋巴结浸润
60.the presence or absence of distant metastases (M)
是否存在远处转移
61.A simpler system is commonly used to compare treatments
通常，应用另一个相对简单的分期系统来确定治疗方案
62.Stage I includes tumors confined to the lung without lymphatic spread
肺癌可以通过以下途径进行病理诊断：痰标本的细胞学检查和/或通过支气管镜、纵膈镜、经皮细针穿刺或开胸肺活检采集的组织标本进行肿瘤活检
51.a thorough history
完整的病史
52.physical examination
体格检查
53.detect signs and symptoms of the primary tumor
自分泌产生生长因子
11.cellular proliferation
细胞增殖
12.malignant transformation
恶性转化
13.overexpression of c-KIT in SCLC
小细胞肺癌细胞c-KIT过表达
14.epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in NSCLC
最常见的早期体征和症状
27.Cough
咳嗽
28.DyΒιβλιοθήκη Baidupnea
呼吸困难
29.chest pain
胸痛
30.Discomfort
不适
31.Hemoptysis
咯血
32.exhibit systemic symptoms
呈现出全身症状
33.Anorexia
厌食
34.Disseminated disease
III期疾病包括其他淋巴结及局部侵犯。
65.stage IV includes any tumor with distant metastases
IV期疾病包括任何原发情况并伴随远处转移。
66.A two-stage classification is widely used for SCLC
小细胞肺癌一般分为两个阶段。