(完整word版)超详细非谓语动词讲解
超详细非谓语动词讲解
超详细非谓语动词讲解非谓语动词是指在句中充当动词的成分,但不具备谓语的功能,主要有动词不定式、动名词和分词三种形式。
非谓语动词可以用于句法结构、修饰成分、语态和时态等方面的变化。
下面我将分别介绍这三种形式的非谓语动词。
一、动词不定式:动词不定式是由"to + 动词原形"构成的,可以用作动词、名词、形容词和副词的成分。
动词不定式的形式有时态和语态的变化。
1. 作为动词的补充:动词不定式可以作为及物动词的宾语或介词的宾语。
例句:- I want to go to the park.(作为动词want的宾语)- She agreed to help us.(作为介词to的宾语)2. 作为名词的补充:动词不定式可以作为句子成分的一部分,并起到名词的作用。
例句:- To study is important for children.(作为主语)- My goal is to become a doctor.(作为表语)3. 作为形容词的补充:动词不定式可以修饰名词或代词。
例句:- I have a book to read.(修饰名词book)- She needs someone to help her.(修饰代词someone)4. 作为副词的补充:动词不定式可以修饰动词、形容词或副词。
例句:- He came here to visit his parents.(修饰动词came)- The coffee is too hot to drink.(修饰形容词hot)二、动名词:动名词是由动词的现在分词形式构成的名词,具有名词的特点,可以作为主语、宾语、表语、定语和同位语等。
1. 作为主语:动名词可以作为句子的主语。
例句:- Dancing is her favorite hobby.2. 作为宾语:动名词可以作为及物动词的宾语。
例句:- He enjoys swimming in the sea.3. 作为表语:动名词可以作为系动词的表语。
非谓语动词讲解(超全)
非谓语动词讲解(超全)非谓语动词是指动词的非限定形式,不可以独立作谓语。
它可以由动词原形、现在分词和过去分词构成,常见的形式有不定式、动名词和分词。
一、不定式:不定式是动词的一种非限定形式,常常在句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语。
它的构成方式为"to + 动词原形"。
例句:1. To learn a foreign language is not easy.(作主语)2. She wants to go shopping.(作宾语)3. The best way to learn English well is to practice every day.(作表语)4. He has a lot of work to finish.(作定语)不定式也具有进行时态、完成时态和被动语态的形式:进行时态:to be + 动词的现在分词完成时态:to have + 动词的过去分词被动语态:to be + 动词过去分词例句:1. He seems to be sleeping.(不定式进行时态)2. You should have told me earlier.(不定式完成时态)3. The car needs to be repaired.(不定式被动语态)二、动名词:动名词是指动词的-ing形式,它可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语或状语。
在句中的位置和用法与名词相似。
例句:1. Reading is my favorite hobby.(作主语)2. I enjoy swimming in the summer.(作宾语)3. Her dream is becoming a famous singer.(作表语)4. The girl standing over there is my sister.(作定语)5. He went to the party without saying goodbye.(作状语)动名词与不定式的区别在于动名词具有进行时态和被动语态,而不定式没有。
非谓语动词(综合讲解)(可编辑修改word版)
非谓语动词(综合讲解)在英语中,不是用作句子谓语,而是用于担任其他语法功能的动词,叫做非谓语动词。
非谓语动词没有人称和数的变化,不受主语人称和谓语动词时态变化的干扰,所以又叫非限定性动词。
非谓语动词有三种:不定式、动名词、分词。
其中分词又分为现在分词和过去分词。
一、动词不定式(一)不定式的形式不定式有两种形式:一是带 to 的不定式,一是不带 to 的不定式。
带 to 的不定式由不定式符号 to + 动词原形构成;不带 to 的不定式即为动词原形。
不定式的否定形式为 not (to) + 动词原形。
(二)不定式的用法1.作主语动词不定式短语作主语时谓语动词要用第三人称单数。
有时由于不定式短语作主语位于句首,使句子显得头重脚轻,故常用先行词 it 作形式主语,代替动词不定式,真正的主语动词不定式放在句末。
To speak a foreign language well is difficult.=It is difficult to speak a foreign language well.说好一门外语是困难的。
To remember enough words is necessary.=It is necessary to remember enough words.记住足量的单词是有必要的。
It is impossible to finish the work in two hours.=To finish the work in two hours is impossible.在两小时内完成这项工作是不可能的。
特别提示句子中有动词不定式作表语时,通常不用形式主语 it 的句型。
如:To see is to believe. 眼见为实。
不定式的逻辑主语可用“for + 逻辑主语”表示。
It's good for you to walk after supper. 晚饭后散步对你是有益的。
(完整word版)专四语法之非谓语动词
非谓语动词也称为动词的非限定形式,不可以在句中单独做谓语,也不受主语的人称和数的限制。
非谓语动词具有双重性质,既有动词的特点(有时态、语态的变化,能被状语修饰,也有自己的宾语),又有非动词的特点(可以代替名词或形容词)。
非谓语动词包括不定式、动名词和分词(现在分词和过去分词,前者表主动或进行,后者表被动或完成)三种。
它们可以在句中充当除谓语以外的其它各种成分。
●非谓语动词作主语1)不定式和动名词可以在句中充当主语,但分词却不可以。
不定式一般表示具体或一次性动作,而动名词则表示一般或抽象的多次动作e.g. is not a serious disadvantage in life. (2001, 51)A. To be not tallB. Not to be tallC. Being not allD. Not being tall[分析] 句意为:个子不高在生活中不是一个大的缺点。
非谓语动词在句中主语。
非谓语动词的否定式,要直接在非谓语动词前加not,因此,排除掉A和C。
动名词和不定时都可以作句子主语,但动名词表示一贯性动作,不定式表示具体的一次性动作。
个子不高是一贯的实施,应该用动名词,所以D正确。
2)不定式和动名词都可以用it 来代替作形式主语,但在含有no, -less等否定词的句子里,常用动名词作主语。
如:It is useless talking with her. 和她谈话是没有用的。
It is no good discussing with her. 和她讨论是没有益处的。
3)如果主语和表语都是非谓语动词,两者应保持同样的形式,或同为不定式,或同为动名词。
如:To see is to believe. 眼见为实。
foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind, thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel, selfish, lazy, wicked。
非谓语动词讲解(超全
非谓语动词讲解(超全非谓语动词是指动词的非谓语形式,包括动词不定式、动名词和现在分词。
与主谓结构不同,非谓语动词可在句子中作状语、定语或表语。
在英语中,非谓语动词的形式是相对固定的,但在不同的语法环境中所表示的意义和用法有所差异。
1. 动词不定式(to-infinitive)动词不定式由“to + 动词原形”构成,常常用作动词的宾语、主语、状语或定语。
例如:- 宾语:I want to go to the zoo.(我想去动物园。
)- 主语:To speak English fluently is important for your career.(流利地说英语对你的事业很重要。
)- 状语:He went to the store to buy some groceries.(他去商店买了些杂货。
)- 定语:She needs a pen to write her essay.(她需要一支笔来写作文。
)2. 动名词(gerund)动名词是将动词加上-ing构成,常常用作动词的宾语、主语、状语或定语。
例如:- 宾语:I enjoy reading books in my spare time.(我闲暇时喜欢读书。
)- 主语:Swimming is good exercise.(游泳是很好的锻炼。
)- 状语:She left the party early, feeling tired.(她因为感觉累了,所以提前离开了聚会。
)- 定语:The crying baby woke up the whole neighborhood.(哭闹的婴儿把整个邻居都吵醒了。
)3. 现在分词(present participle)现在分词由动词原形加上-ing构成,常常用作动词的宾语、主语、状语或定语。
例如:- 宾语:He enjoys playing soccer on weekends.(他喜欢周末踢足球。
)- 主语:Listening to music helps me relax.(听音乐帮助我放松。
非谓语动词讲解史上最全
非谓语动词讲解史上最全非谓语动词是英语中的一种特殊动词形式,它们在句子中通常不具备时态和人称的变化。
非谓语动词包括不定式、动名词和现在分词。
一、不定式(Infinitive)不定式由to加动词原形构成,具有动词和名词的双重特征。
不定式在句子中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等成分。
1. 作主语:To learn a foreign language is beneficial to your career.学习一门外语对你的事业有益。
2. 作宾语:I want to visit my grandparents this weekend.我想这周末去看望我的祖父母。
3. 作表语:His dream is to become a famous writer.他的梦想是成为一名著名的作家。
4. 作定语:She has many books to read.她有很多书要读。
5. 作状语:He came to help us.他来帮助我们。
二、动名词(Gerund)动名词由动词原形加-ing构成,具有动词和名词的双重特征。
动名词在句子中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等成分。
1. 作主语:Swimming is my favorite sport.游泳是我最喜欢的运动。
2. 作宾语:I enjoy reading novels in my free time.我喜欢在空闲时间读小说。
3. 作表语:Her hobby is singing.她的爱好是唱歌。
4. 作定语:The running water is clear.流动的水很清澈。
5. 作状语:She went shopping after finishing her homework.她在完成作业后去购物。
三、现在分词(Present Participle)现在分词由动词原形加-ing构成,具有动词和形容词的双重特征。
现在分词在句子中可以充当定语、表语、状语等成分。
非谓语动词讲解(超全超实用)(可编辑修改word版)
非谓语动词讲解非谓语动词: a.动词不定式b. v-ing c. 过去分词概述:1.谓语动词:在句子中担任谓语的动词2.非谓语动词:是动词的特殊形式,在句中可以作除谓语外的所有成分非谓语动词使用条件一个句子当中,已经存在一个主句(谓语动词),又没有连词的情况下, 还有别的动词出现时。
She got off the bus, leaving her handbag on her seat. She got off the bus, but left her handbag on her seat. 动词不定式一.动词不定式的时态和被动形式动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种,由不定式符号(to)加动词原形构成。
不定式的形式有五种:1.一般式to do I like to read English.2.进行式to be doing He seemed to be reading something at that time.3.完成式to have done He seemed to have cleaned the room.4.被动式to be done The work is to be done soon.5.完成被动式to have been doneThe boy is said to have been sent to hospital yesterday.疑问词+动词不定式What, who, which, where, when, how, why 等疑问词构成不定式短语,这种短语在句子中可作主语、宾语和表语等成分。
二. 动词不定式的用法I.作主语(1)不定式做主语时,可以直接放在谓语动词之前。
To see is to believe.Not to get there in time is your fault.(2)注:常用 it 做形式主语,将 to do 位于之后,使句子保持平衡。
句型 1:It + 谓语 +(+sb.)+时间/金钱+ to doIt takes us an hour _to get there by bus.It costs you only $ 100 a month to cook at home.It seemed impossible to save money.句型 2:It’s + n. (+ for sb) + to doIt’s our duty _t o_h e l p the poor.It is a great enjoyment _to_ spend our holiday in the countryside..It is a great honor for us to be present at your birthday party.句型 3:It is + adj (+ for sb) to do sth(是形容事物的性质的)It is + adj (+ of sb) to do sth(是形容人的品质的)It is easy for me t o f i n i s h this work before ten.It is very kind of you t o g i v e me some help.It's impolite of you to speak to the teacher like that.疑问词+不定式作主语When to start remains undecided.1.It is easy to get there by bus or taxi.2.It takes about 3 hours to see all the birds.3.It is also impolite to speak with your mouth full when you are eating.4.It’s our duty to take good care of the old.5.How long did it take you to finish the work?6.It is stupid of you to write down everything the teacher says.7.When to start has not been decided.8.It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything.9.It’s necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.10.It is useful for our health to do morning exercises.II.作宾语接不定式做宾语 I want to know this matter.I don’t expect to meet you here(1)常见动词有:like, demand, expect, promise, begin, determine, refuse, fail, manage, learn, seem, forget, want, prepare, pretend, plan, wish 等They want to get_( get ) on the bus, didn’t they?He said he wishedt o b e(b e)a p r o f e ss o r.(2)it 作形式宾语I find/feel to work with him interesting .I find/feel it interesting to work with him.Subject+ find/think/feel/make/ consider… it+adj/n + to do sth.1.We thought _it better to_ start early.2.Do you consider _it better not _to_ go?3. I feel _it_ my duty _to_ change all that.4.We think it important _ to _ obey the law.5.I know _ it _ impossible _ to _ finish so much homework in a day.(3)疑问词+不定式作宾语常常放在这些动词的后面作宾语:tell, advise, show, teach, find out, decide, discuss, learn, explain…He taught us how to use the tool.No one could tell me where to get the book.The dictionary didn’t tell the Frenchman how to pronounce the word.(4)作介词 but, except, besides 的宾语。
非谓语动词讲解全讲解
非谓语动词讲解全讲解非谓语动词是指不具备主谓关系的动词形式,它不受主语限制,可以独立存在,并且在句子中起到修饰、补充、缩略或做其他动词的功能。
非谓语动词主要有不定式、动名词和分词三种形式。
一、不定式(Infinitive)1. 不定式作主语例句:To learn a foreign language is challenging but rewarding.学一门外语既具有挑战性又有回报。
2. 不定式作宾语a)及物动词后的不定式作宾语,通常前有动词to。
例句:She wants to visit her parents this weekend.她希望这个周末去看望她的父母。
b)某些及物动词和短语动词后的不定式省去to。
例句:They made him clean up the mess.他们让他整理这个烂摊子。
3. 不定式作状语a)表示目的、原因或结果。
例句:She studies hard to pass the exam.她努力学习为了通过考试。
b)表示时间或条件。
例句:I woke up early to catch the first train.我早起为了赶上第一班火车。
二、动名词(Gerund)1. 动名词作主语例句:Swimming is good exercise.游泳是很好的锻炼。
2. 动名词作宾语a)动名词作宾语,通常前面有动词stop、enjoy、dislike、suggest等。
例句:I enjoy reading books in my spare time.我喜欢在闲暇时间读书。
b)动名词作宾语,有时可以用不定式作宾语来替代,意思有所差别。
例句:I like swimming.(动名词作宾语,表示一种习惯或爱好)I like to swim.(不定式作宾语,表示一次性的行为)3. 动名词作定语例句:Do you have any interesting stories to share?你有什么有趣的故事可以分享吗?三、分词(Participle)1. 现在分词(-ing形式)作定语例句:The running dog caught my attention.奔跑的狗引起了我的注意。
(完整word版)非谓语动词语法讲解
非谓语动词语法讲解一、非谓语动词的概念动词的基本用法是作谓语。
当句中已经有了谓语动词了,要选或要填的动词就只能用非谓语形式了。
非谓语形式有三种:1、动词不定式:to do 2、动词的ing : doing 3、动词的过去分词:done 二、三种形式的含义(基本用法)不定式:表示目的和将来;动词的ing:表示主动和进行;过去分词:表示被动和完成。
三、非谓语动词的时态和语态一般式完成式进行式不定式主动to do to havedoneto be doing被动to bedone to have been doneing 形式主动doing having done 被动beingdonehaving beendone过去分词被动done四、非谓语动词的否定形式在非谓语动词前加not, never. 即 not / never to do, not / never doing 五、非谓语动词的复合结构不定式的复合结构:for / of sb。
to do sth。
动词 ing 形式的复合结构:宾格或所有格+doing (—ing 形式作主语时,用的所有格+doing)六、非谓语动词的做题步骤1、判定是否用非谓语形式。
方法:看看句子中是否已有了谓语动词了2、找非谓语动词的逻辑主语。
方法:非谓语动词的逻辑主语一般是句子的主语。
3、判断主被动关系.方法:非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的主动还是被动关系。
4、判断时间关系。
方法:分析句子,看看非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前、之后还是同时.之前常用 done; 之后常用to do;同时常用doing.学习非谓语形式时,建议把三种形式一起来比较学习,会更加有效一些。
七、非谓语动词作主语和表语的比较1、不定式和动名词作主语和表语a。
不定式表示一次性的、具体的动词. 动词ing 常表示一般的、泛指的或习惯性的动作.如:________ is a good form of exercise for both young and old.A。
(完整word)非谓语动词作状语全解讲解
非谓语动词作状语全解不定式和分词作状语的用法一、不定式作状语可以作:1。
主要用作目的状语。
常与 in order to do (为了或 so as to do(以便连用。
so as to 不用于居首。
He got up early in order to catch the first bus. 他早起为了赶上第一班车。
He sat down to have a rest。
他坐下来休息。
He went to France to learn French. 他去法国学习法语.They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan.他们站在路边为的是谈论这个计划。
They stopped to ask the way. 他们停下来问路. (停下来的目的2。
作结果状语。
表示出乎意料的结果。
做结果状语的不定式只能出现在句子的末尾,常见的不定式动词有:to find, to hear, to see, to be told, to form, to give, to make,to produce 等。
He hurried to the station only to find the train gone. 他匆匆忙忙地赶到火车站,发现火车已经开走了.He woke up to find everybody gone。
他醒来发现大家都走了。
His family was too poor to support him。
他的家庭太穷,不能维持他的生活. The boy is not tall enough to reach the book shelf。
这男孩个子不够高, 手伸不到书架。
He is old enough to go to school。
他到上学年龄了.He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet.他搬起石头砸了自己的脚。
(完整版)高中非谓语动词讲解
非谓语动词在句中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。
非谓语动词分为三种形式:不定式、动名词和分词(分词包括现在分词和过去分词)不定式、动名词和现在分词都有时态和语态的变化.不定式主动语态被动语态与谓语动词的关系一般式To do To be done 动作发生在谓语动作之后进行式To be doing 与谓语动作同时发生完成式To have done To have been done 动作发生在谓语动作之前动名词主动语态被动语态与谓语动词的关系一般式Doing Being done 与谓语动作同时发生完成式Having doing Having been done 动作发生在谓语动作之前现在分词主动语态被动语态与谓语动词的关系一般式Doing Being done 与谓语动作同时发生完成式Having done Having been done 动作发生在谓语动作之前不定式一、不定式的作用1、作主语不定式作主语时,谓语用单数。
往往用it 作形式主语,把不定式放在谓语后面。
如:It took us two hours to finish the job.It is impossible for us to get there on time.It is very kind of you to help us.注意:(1)其他系动词如look, appear等也可用于此句型。
(2)当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时,不能用It is …to…的句型。
试比较:It is to negate my own idea to believe him.(错)To believe him is to negate my own idea .(对)(3)It is+ adj. of / for sb. to do sth. 结构中,当不定式的逻辑主语和前面的形容词可以构成系表结构时,用of, 否则用for.2、作宾语(1)动词+不定式。
非谓语动词讲解 超全
非谓语动词讲解超全非谓语动词是指不具有人称和数的动词形式,不需要依附主语就可以使用的动词形式。
非谓语动词包括动词不定式、动名词和现在分词等形式。
非谓语动词的使用可以丰富句子结构,增强表达效果,表达出动作的进行、完成、目的、原因等不同的语义关系。
一、动词不定式动词不定式是动词的一种非谓语形式,由“to” + 原形动词构成,具有名词、形容词或副词的特性。
1. 作主语:To learn English well is my goal.(学好英语是我的目标。
)2. 作宾语:I want to take a nap.(我想睡个觉。
)3. 作宾补:She found it difficult to solve the math problem.(她发现解决这个数学问题很困难。
)4. 作表语:My dream is to become a teacher.(我的梦想是成为一名教师。
)5. 作状语:He left the room to make a phone call.(他离开房间去打电话。
)二、动名词动名词是动词的一种非谓语形式,多用于表示动作的稳定状态或被动的形式,常常作主语、宾语或介词的宾语。
1. 作主语:Swimming is my favorite sport.(游泳是我最喜欢的运动。
)2. 作宾语:I enjoy reading books.(我喜欢阅读书籍。
)3. 作宾补:He kept silent, not wanting to reveal the secret.(他保持沉默,不想泄露秘密。
)4. 作介词的宾语:She is good at playing the piano.(她擅长弹钢琴。
)三、现在分词现在分词是动词的一种非谓语形式,通常以-ing结尾,可以表示主动、进行、伴随等含义。
1. 作定语:The running dog scared the child.(奔跑的狗吓唬了孩子。
(完整版word)非谓语动词的用法大全及解析
(完整版word)非谓语动词的用法大全及解析一、非谓语动词1. You should ask Bob ________ his own clothes. He is ten years old now.A. washB. washesC. washingD. to wash【答案】 D【解析】【分析】考查非谓语动词。
句意:你应该要求鲍勃洗自己的衣服。
他现在已经十岁了。
ask sb to do sth要求某人做某事,所以选D。
2.When you leave, please turn off the lights energy.A. saveB. to saveC. savingD. saved【答案】 B【解析】【分析】句意:当你离开时请关灯以节约能源。
动词不定式表示目的,结合句意,故选B。
3.Mr. Zhou is good at cooking and he has decided ______ his own restaurant.A. openB. openedC. to openD. opening【答案】 C【解析】【分析】句意:周先生擅长烹饪,他已经决定开一家自己的餐馆。
搭配:decide to do sth. 决定做某事;故答案为C。
【点评】考查动词不定式,牢记固定搭配。
4.Our teacher often tells us in the river. It's dangerous.A. not swimB. not to swimC. to swimD. swimming 【答案】 B【解析】【分析】句意:游泳是危险的。
题目中的 tell(告诉)是谓语,句子在连接第二个动词时,需要用 to 来连接,将其非谓语化,既不定式:to +动词原形。
可以排除 A 和 D。
所以可以推断出老师是告诉我们不要去游泳。
因此选择不定式的否定形式,故答案为B。
【点评】考查动词不定式,熟记固定搭配。
(完整版word)非谓语动词形式讲解附解析
(完整版word)非谓语动词形式讲解附解析一、非谓语动词1.It is wise ______Linda to make up her mind _______to play an instrument.A. for; learningB. for; to learnC. of; learningD. of; to learn【答案】 D【解析】【分析】句意:琳达下决心学弹乐器是明智的。
由句子结构可知,不定式作真正的主语,放在句末,用it作形式主语。
要用固定句型:It's + adj +for/of sb to do sth.前面的形容词来描述不定式时,要用介词for;形容词说明人时,要用介词of。
这里的形容词wise是形容人的性格特征的,要用It's + adj +of sb to do sth.,故选D。
【点评】考查固定句型It's + adj +for/of sb to do sth.的用法区别。
根据形容词的属性,选择正确的介词。
2.We advise parents _____ their children at home alone in order to keep them away from danger.A. not leaveB. not to leaveC. leaveD. to leave【答案】 B【解析】【分析】句意:为了使孩子远离危险,我们建议父母不要单独把孩子留在家里。
advise sb to do sth建议某人做某事,动词不定式的否定形式就是在to前面加not故advise sb not to do sth建议某人不要做某事。
结合句意,故选B3.For more than once, our head teacher asks us ___________ the habit of keeping a diary.A. developB. developsC. developingD. to develop【答案】D【解析】【分析】句意:不止一次,我们的班主任叫我们养成记日记的习惯。
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非谓语动词(the Non-Finite Verbs)定义在句子中不是谓语的动词,形式:不定式、动名词和分词(现在分词和过去分词)作用:在句子中充当主语、宾语、状语等。
特点:1.非谓语动词可以有名词作用(如动词不定式和动名词),在句中做主语、宾语、表语。
2.非谓语动词可以有形容词作用(如动词不定式和分词),在句中做定语、表语或宾语补足语。
3.非谓语动词可以有副词作用(如动词不定式和分词),在句中作状语。
4.谓语动词在句中作谓语,受主语的人称和数的限制;非谓语动词在句中不能单独作谓语,它不受主语的人称和数的限制。
5.英语中不能单独做句子的谓语。
与谓语动词的关系相同点(1)如果是及物动词都可与宾语连用,例如:They built a garden. They suggested building a garden.(2)都可以被状语修饰:The suit fits him very well. The suit used to fit him very well.(3)都有主动与被动, “体”式(一般式;进行式;完成式)的变化。
例如:He was punished by his parents.(谓语动词被动语态)He avoided being punished by his parents.(动名词的被动式)We have written the composition.(谓语动词的完成时)Having written the composition, we handed it in.(现在分词的完成式)(4)都可以有逻辑主语They started the work at once.(谓语动词的逻辑主语)The boss ordered them to start the work.(动词不定式的逻辑主语)We are League members.(谓语动词的主语)We being League member, the work was well done. (现在分词的逻辑主语)不定式一、形式功能:动词不定式:(to)+do,具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。
否定式:not + (to) do 以do为例,动词不定式的构成如下:(1)一般式:不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后.例如:I'm nice to meet you. 很高兴见到你。
He seems to know a lot. 他看起来懂得很多。
We plan to pay a visit. 我们计划花钱去参观。
He wants to be an artist. 他想成为一个艺术家。
The patient asked to be operated on at once. 病人要求马上手术。
The teacher ordered the work to be done. 老师要求完成工作。
(2)进行式:不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生,例如:The boy pretended to be working hard. 男孩假装工作得很努力。
He seems to be reading in his room. 看起来他正在他的房间里面读书。
(3)完成式:不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前,例如:I regretted having told a lie. 我后悔我说谎了。
I happened to have seen the film. 我偶然看过这部电影。
He is pleased to have met his friend. 他很高兴能遇上他的朋友。
二、不定式的句法功能:(1)作主语:To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard. 十分钟之内完成这项工作是很难的。
To lose your heart means failure. 灰心意味着失败。
动词不定式短语作主语时,常用it作形式主语,真正的主语不定式置于句后,例如上面两句可用如下形式:It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes. 十分钟之内完成这项工作是很难的。
It means failure to lose your heart. 灰心意味着失败。
常用句式有:(1)作主语:1、It+be+名词+to do。
2、It takes sb.+some time+to do。
3、It+be+形容词+of sb +to do。
①与careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise,wrong , careful , polite , 等表示赞扬或批评的形容词连用,不定式前的sb.可作其逻辑主语。
②与for连用的通常是一些表示可能性、难易程度、必要性等含义的形容词:possible,impossible,easy,hard,difficult,necessary It’s necessary for you to study hard .(necessary 修饰to study hard,表示学习努力是有必要的)It’s foolish of him to do it .(foolish 修饰逻辑主语him)(2)作表语:放be动词后,构成表语Her job is to clean the hall. 她的工作是打扫大厅。
He appears to have caught a cold. 他似乎感冒了。
注意:(3)作宾语:①动词+不定式。
如:He managed to escape from the fire.I find it hard to get along with him.(it 作形式宾语)下列动词通常用不定式作宾语:want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, promise, prefer, like , begin , try , need , forget , agree , know , teach , help , arrange , dare , decide , determine , prepare , continue , ask , mean , choose , expect ,choose, get等②动词+疑问词+to , “特殊疑问句+不定式”相当于名词,作宾语。
如:I don’t know what to do next/ how to do it next.I can’t decide when to go there.注意:不定式短语作宾语时,如果还带有宾语补足语,往往把不定式短语放在宾语补足语之后,用it 作形式宾语。
如:I find it necessary to learn a foreign language.We think it important to obey the laws .不定式动词可充当介词宾语,如:I have no choice but to stay here. 我只能留在这里,别无选择。
He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike. 他上周日除了修他的自行车什么也没干。
Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia. 马克思发现研究俄国的情况是很重要的。
(4)作宾语补足语:①动词+宾语+不定式(to do )He warned me to be careful.I want you to speak to Tom.What makes you think so?(不带to的不定式)注:可以用动词不定式做宾补的动词有:ask, tell, order ,want ,get, would like, like, advise, invite, allow, help, wish,warn, expect, prefer, encourage,beg, permit, persuade,prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.此外,介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用,如:With a lot of work to do, he didn't go to the cinema.他有很多工作要做,所以没去电影院。
②表见解、看法的动词结构可为:动词+宾语+ to be 的不定式结构:We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.The book is believed to be useful.(被动语态)③There +不定式We didn’t expect there to be so many people there.我们没料到会有那么多人在那里。
注意:(1)有些动词需用as 短语作补语,像regard, think, believe, take, consider。
如:We regard Tom as our best teacher. 我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。
Mary took him as her father. 玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。
(2)在动词feel (一感),hear, listen to(二听),have, let, make(三让),notice, see, watch, observe, look at(五看)(即:吾看三室两厅一感觉)等后面的补足语中,不定式不带to,但变为被动语态后,必须带to。
如:They saw the boy fall off the tree. The boy was seen to fall off the tree.(3)help后面作宾语补足语的不定式可以带to,也可以不带to.I often help him (to)clean the room.(5)作定语:动词不定式作定语,放在所修饰的名词或代词后。
与所修饰名词有如下关系:1)He is looking for a room to live in.(动状关系)He has got a chance to go abroad.(同位关系)3)主谓关系:She is always the last ( person) to speak at the meeting . ----I’m going to the post office , for I have a letter to post .( 逻辑主语是I ) -------Thank you. But I have no letters to be posted now ( 逻辑主语不是I )4)动宾关系:I have a meeting to attend. 我有一个会议要出席。