人文地理学专业英语
大学各个专业名称的英文翻译
中文学科、专业名称英文学科、专业名称哲学Philosophy哲学Philosophy马克思主义哲学Philosophy of Marxism中国哲学Chinese Philosophy外国哲学Foreign Philosophies逻辑学Logic伦理学Ethics美学Aesthetics宗教学Science of Religion科学技术哲学Philosophy of Science and Technology经济学Economics理论经济学Theoretical Economics政治经济学Political Economy经济思想史History of Economic Thought经济史History of Economic西方经济学Western Economics世界经济World Economics人口、资源与环境经济学Population, Resources and Environmental Economics 应用经济学Applied Economics国民经济学National Economics区域经济学Regional Economics财政学（含税收学）Public Finance (including Taxation)金融学（含保险学）Finance (including Insurance)产业经济学Industrial Economics国际贸易学International Trade劳动经济学Labor Economics统计学Statistics数量经济学Quantitative Economics中文学科、专业名称英文学科、专业名称国防经济学National Defense Economics法学Law法学Science of Law法学理论Jurisprudence法律史Legal History宪法学与行政法学Constitutional Law and Administrative Law刑法学Criminal Jurisprudence民商法学(含劳动法学、社会保障法学)CivilLawandCommercialLaw(includingScienceof Labour Law and Science of Social Security Law )诉讼法学Science of Procedure Laws经济法学Science of Economic Law环境与资源保护法学Science of Environment and Natural Resources Protection Law国际法学(含国际公法学、国际私法学、国际经济法学、) International law (includingInternationalPubliclaw,InternationalPrivateLawandInternationalEconomicL aw)军事法学Science of Military Law政治学Political Science政治学理论Political Theory中外政治制度Chinese and Foreign Political Institution科学社会主义与国际共产主义运动Scientific Socialism and InternationalCommunist Movement中*史(含党的学说与党的建设) History of the Communist Party of China(including the Doctrine of China Party and Party Building)马克思主义理论与思想政治教育EducationofMarxistTheoryandEducationinIdeologyand Politics国际政治学International Politics国际关系学International Relations外交学Diplomacy社会学Sociology社会学Sociology人口学Demography人类学Anthropology民俗学(含中国民间文学) Folklore (including Chinese Folk Literature)民族学Ethnology民族学Ethnology马克思主义民族理论与政策Marxist Ethnic Theory and Policy 中国少数民族经济Chinese Ethnic Economics中国少数民族史Chinese Ethnic History中国少数民族艺术Chinese Ethnic Art教育学Education教育学Education Science教育学原理Educational Principle课程与教学论Curriculum and Teaching Methodology教育史History of Education比较教育学Comparative Education学前教育学Pre-school Education高等教育学Higher Education成人教育学Adult Education职业技术教育学Vocational and Technical Education特殊教育学Special Education教育技术学Education Technology心理学Psychology基础心理学Basic Psychology发展与心理学Developmental and Educational Psychology应用心理学Applied Psychology体育学Science of Physical Culture and Sports体育人文社会学Humane and Sociological Science of Sports运动人体科学Human Movement Science体育教育训练学Theory of Sports Pedagogy and Training民族传统体育学Science of Ethnic Traditional Sports文学Literature中国语言文学Chinese Literature文艺学Theory of Literature and Art语言学及应用语言学Linguistics and Applied Linguistics汉语言文字学Chinese Philology中国古典文献学Study of Chinese Classical Text中国古代文学Ancient Chinese Literature中国现当代文学Modern and Contemporary Chinese Literature中国少数民族语言文学Chinese Ethnic Language andLiterature比较文学与世界文学Comparative Literature and World Literature 外国语言文学Foreign Languages and Literatures英语语言文学English Language and Literature俄语语言文学Russian Language and Literature法语语言文学French Language and Literature德语语言文学German Language and Literature日语语言文学Japanese Language and Literature印度语言文学Indian Language and Literature西班牙语语言文学Spanish Language and Literature阿拉伯语语言文学Arabic Language and Literature欧洲语言文学European Language and Literature亚非语言文学Asian-African Language and Literature外国语言学及应用语言学Linguistics and Applied Linguistics in Foreign Languages新闻传播学Journalism and Communication新闻学Journalism传播学Communication艺术学Art艺术学Art Theory音乐学Music美术学Fine Arts设计艺术学Artistic Design戏剧戏曲学Theater and Chinese Traditional Opera电影学Film广播电视艺术学Radio and television Art舞蹈学Dance历史学History历史学History史学理论及史学史Historical Theories and History of Historical Science考古学及博物馆学Archaeology and Museology历史地理学Historical Geography历史文献学(含敦煌学、古文字学) Studies of Historical Literature (includingPaleography and Studies of Dunhuang)专门史History of Particular Subjects中国古代史Ancient Chinese History中国近现代史Modern and Contemporary Chinese History世界史World History理学Natural Science数学Mathematics基础数学Fundamental Mathematics计算数学Computational Mathematics概率论与数理统计Probability and Mathematical Statistics应用数学Applied mathematics运筹学与控制论Operational Research and Cybernetics物理学Physics理论物理Theoretical Physics粒子物理与原子核物理Particle Physics and Nuclear Physics原子与分子物理Atomic and Molecular Physics等离子体物理Plasma Physics凝聚态物理Condensed Matter Physics声学Acoustics光学Optics无线电物理Radio Physics化学Chemistry无机化学Inorganic Chemistry分析化学Analytical Chemistry有机化学Organic Chemistry物理化学（含化学物理）Physical Chemistry (including Chemical Physics)高分子化学与物理Chemistry and Physics of Polymers天文学Astronomy天体物理Astrophysics天体测量与天体力学Astrometry and Celestial Mechanics地理学Geography自然地理学Physical Geography人文地理学Human Geography地图学与地理信息系统Cartography and Geography Information System大气科学Atmospheric Sciences气象学Meteorology大气物理学与大气环境Atmospheric Physics and Atmospheric Environment海洋科学Marine Sciences物理海洋学Physical Oceanography海洋化学Marine Chemistry海洋生理学Marine Biology海洋地质学Marine Geology地球物理学Geophysics固体地球物理学Solid Earth Physics空间物理学Space Physics地质学Geology矿物学、岩石学、矿床学Mineralogy, Petrology, Mineral Deposit Geology地球化学Geochemistry古生物学与地层学（含古人类学）Paleontology and Stratigraphy (includingPaleoanthropology)构造地质学Structural Geology第四纪地质学Quaternary Geology生物学Biology植物学Botany动物学Zoology生理学Physiology水生生物学Hydrobiology微生物学Microbiology神经生物学Neurobiology遗传学Genetics发育生物学Developmental Biology细胞生物学Cell Biology生物化学与分子生物学Biochemistry and Molecular Biology生物物理学Biophysics生态学Ecology系统科学Systems Science系统理论Systems Theory系统分析与集成Systems Analysis and Integration科学技术史History of Science and Technology工学Engineering力学Mechanics一般力学与力学基础General and Fundamental Mechanics固体力学Solid Mechanics流体力学Fluid Mechanics工程力学Engineering Mechanics机械工程Mechanical Engineering机械制造及其自动化Mechanical Manufacture and Automation 机械电子工程Mechatronic Engineering机械设计与理论Mechanical Design and Theory车辆工程Vehicle Engineering光学工程Optical Engineering仪器科学与技术Instrument Science and Technology精密仪器及机械Precision Instrument and Machinery测试计量技术及仪器Measuring and Testing Technologies and Instruments材料科学与工程Materials Science and Engineering材料物理与化学Materials Physics and Chemistry材料学Materialogy材料加工工程Materials Processing Engineering冶金工程Metallurgical Engineering冶金物理化学Physical Chemistry of Metallurgy钢铁冶金Ferrous Metallurgy有色金属冶金Non-ferrous Metallurgy动力工程及工程热物理Power Engineering and Engineering Thermophysics工程热物理Engineering Thermophysics热能工程Thermal Power Engineering动力机械及工程Power Machinery and Engineering流体机械及工程Fluid Machinery and Engineering制冷及低温工程Refrigeration and Cryogenic Engineering化工过程机械Chemical Process Equipment电气工程Electrical Engineering电机与电器Electric Machines and Electric Apparatus电力系统及其自动化Power System and its Automation高电压与绝缘技术High Voltage and Insulation Technology电力电子与电力传动Power Electronics and Power Drives电工理论与新技术Theory and New Technology of Electrical Engineering电子科学与技术Electronics Science and Technology物理电子学Physical Electronics电路与系统Circuits and Systems微电子学与固体电子学Microelectronics and Solid State Electronics电磁场与微波技术Electromagnetic Field and Microwave Technology信息与通信工程Information and Communication Engineering通信与信息系统Communication and Information Systems信号与信息处理Signal and Information Processing控制科学与工程Control Science and Engineering控制理论与控制工程Control Theory and Control Engineering检测技术与自动化装置Detection Technology and Automatic Equipment系统工程Systems Engineering模式识别与智能系统Pattern Recognition and Intelligent Systems导航、制导与控制Navigation, Guidance and Control计算机科学与技术Computer Science and Technology计算机软件与理论Computer Software and Theory计算机系统结构Computer Systems Organization计算机应用技术Computer Applied Technology建筑学Architecture建筑历史与理论Architectural History and Theory建筑设计及其理论Architectural Design and Theory城市规划与设计（含风景园林规划与设计）Urban Planning and Design (includingLandscape Planning and Design)建筑技术科学Building Technology Science土木工程Civil Engineering岩土工程Geotechnical Engineering结构工程Structural Engineering市政工程Municipal Engineering供热、供燃气、通风及空调工程Heating,GasSupply,VentilatingandAirConditioningEngineering防灾减灾工程及防护工程DisasterPreventionandReductionEngineeringandProtectiveEngineering桥梁与隧道工程Bridge and Tunnel Engineering水利工程Hydraulic Engineering水文学及水资源Hydrology and Water Resources水力学及河流动力学Hydraulics and River Dynamics水工结构工程Hydraulic Structure Engineering水利水电工程Hydraulic and Hydro-Power Engineering港口、海岸及近海工程Harbor, Coastal and Offshore Engineering测绘科学与技术Surveying and Mapping大地测量学与测量工程Geodesy and Survey Engineering摄影测量与遥感Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing地图制图学与地理信息工程Cartography and Geographic Information Engineering化学工程与技术Chemical Engineering and Technology化学工程Chemical Engineering化学工艺Chemical Technology生物化工Biochemical Engineering应用化学Applied Chemistry工业催化Industrial Catalysis地质资源与地质工程Geological Resources and Geological Engineering 矿产普查与勘探Mineral Resource Prospecting and Exploration地球探测与信息技术Geodetection and Information Technology地质工程Geological Engineering矿业工程Mineral Engineering采矿工程Mining Engineering矿物加工工程Mineral Processing Engineering安全技术及工程Safety Technology and Engineering石油与天然气工程Oil and Natural Gas Engineering油气井工程Oil-Gas Well Engineering油气田开发工程Oil-Gas Field Development Engineering油气储运工程Oil-Gas Storage and Transportation Engineering纺织科学与工程Textile Science and Engineering纺织工程Textile Engineering纺织材料与纺织品设计Textile Material and Textiles Design纺织化学与染整工程Textile Chemistry and Dyeing and Finishing Engineering服装设计与工程Clothing Design and Engineering轻工技术与工程The Light Industry Technology and Engineering制浆造纸工程Pulp and Paper Engineering制糖工程Sugar Engineering发酵工程Fermentation Engineering皮革化学与工程Leather Chemistry and Engineering交通运输工程Communication and Transportation Engineering道路与铁道工程Highway and Railway Engineering交通信息工程及控制Traffic Information Engineering & Control交通运输规划与管理Transportation Planning and Management载运工具运用工程Vehicle Operation Engineering船舶与海洋工程Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering船舶与海洋结构物设计制造Design and Construction of Naval Architecture and OceanStructure轮机工程Marine Engine Engineering水声工程Underwater Acoustics Engineering航空宇航科学与技术Aeronautical and Astronautical Science and Technology 飞行器设计Flight Vehicle Design航空宇航推进理论与工程Aerospace Propulsion Theory and Engineering航空宇航器制造工程Manufacturing Engineering of Aerospace Vehicle人机与环境工程Man-Machine and Environmental Engineering兵器科学与技术Armament Science and Technology武器系统与运用工程Weapon Systems and Utilization Engineering兵器发射理论与技术Armament Launch Theory and Technology火炮、自动武器与弹药工程Artillery, Automatic Gun and Ammunition Engineering军事化学与烟火技术Military Chemistry and Pyrotechnics核科学与技术Nuclear Science and Technology核能科学与工程Nuclear Energy Science and Engineering核燃料循环与材料Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Materials核技术及应用Nuclear Technology and Applications辐射防护及环境保护Radiation and Environmental Protection农业工程Agricultural Engineering农业机械化工程Agricultural Mechanization Engineering农业水土工程Agricultural Water-Soil Engineering农业生物环境与能源工程AgriculturalBiologicalEnvironmentalandEnergyEngineering农业电气化与自动化Agricultural Electrification and Automation林业工程Forestry Engineering森林工程Forest Engineering木材科学与技术Wood Science and Technology林产化学加工工程Chemical Processing Engineering of Forest Products环境科学与工程Environmental Science and Engineering环境科学Environmental Science环境工程Environmental Engineering生物医学工程Biomedical Engineering食品科学与工程Food Science and Engineering食品科学Food Science粮食、油脂及植物蛋白工程Cereals, Oils and Vegetable Protein Engineering农产品加工及贮藏工程Processing and Storage of Agriculture Products水产品加工及贮藏工程Processing and Storage of Aquatic Products农学Agriculture作物学Crop Science作物栽培学与耕作学Crop Cultivation and Farming System作物遗传育种学Crop Genetics and Breeding园艺学Horticulture果树学Pomology蔬菜学Olericulture茶学Tea Science农业资源利用学Utilization Science of Agricultural Resources土壤学Soil Science植物营养学Plant Nutrition植物保护学Plant Protection植物病理学Plant Pathology农业昆虫与害虫防治Agricultural Entomology and Pest Control农药学Pesticide Science畜牧学Animal Science动物遗传育种与繁殖Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Science动物营养与饲料科学Animal Nutrition and Feed Science草业科学Practaculture Science特种经济动物饲养学（含蚕、蜂等）The Rearing of Special-type EconomicAnimals (including Silkworm, Honeybees, etc.)兽医学Veterinary Medicine基础兽医学Basic Veterinary Medicine预防兽医学Preventive Veterinary Medicine临床兽医学Clinical Veterinary Medicine林学Forestry林木遗传育种学Forest Tree Genetics and Breeding森林培育学Silviculture森林保护学Forest Protection森林经理学Forest Management野生动植物保护与利用Wildlife Conservation and Utilization园林植物与观赏园艺Ornamental Plants and Horticulture水土保持与荒漠化防治Soil and Water Conservation and Desertification Combating水产学Fisheries Science水产养殖学Aquaculture Science捕捞学Fishing Science渔业资源学Science of Fisheries Resources医学Medicine基础医学Basic Medicine人体解剖与组织胚胎学Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology免疫学Immunology病原生物学Pathogenic Organisms病理学与病理生理学Pathology and Pathophysiology法医学Forensic Medicine放射医学Radiation Medicine航空航天与航海医学Aerospace and Nautical medicine临床医学Clinical Medicine内科学（含心血管病学、血液病学、呼吸系病学、消化系病学、内分泌与代谢病学、肾脏病学、风湿病学、传染病学）Internal medicine (including Cardiology,Hematology,Respiratory,Gastroenterology,EndocrinologyandMetabolism,Nephrology ,Rheuma-tology, Infectious Diseases)儿科学Pediatrics老年医学Geriatrics神经病学Neurology精神病与精神卫生学Psychiatry and Mental Health皮肤病与性病学Dermatology and Venereology影像医学与核医学Imaging and Nuclear Medicine临床检验诊断学Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics护理学Nursing外科学（含普通外科学、骨外科学、泌尿外科学、胸心血管外科学、神经外科学、整形外科学、烧伤外科学、野战外科学）Surgery (General Surgery, Orthopedics,Urology,CardiothoracicSurgery,Neurosurgery,PlasticSurgery,BurnSurgery,FieldSurger y)妇产科学Obstetrics and Gynecology眼科学Ophthalmic Specialty耳鼻咽喉科学Otolaryngology肿瘤学Oncology康复医学与理疗学Rehabilitation Medicine & Physical Therapy运动医学Sports Medicine麻醉学Anesthesiology急诊医学Emergency Medicine口腔医学Stomatology口腔基础医学Basic Science of Stomatology口腔临床医学Clinical Science of Stomatology公共卫生与预防医学Public Health and Preventive Medicine流行病与卫生统计学Epidemiology and Health Statistics劳动卫生与环境卫生学Occupational and Environmental Health营养与食品卫生学Nutrition and Food Hygiene儿少卫生与妇幼保健学Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health卫生毒理学Hygiene Toxicology军事预防医学Military Preventive Medicine中医学Chinese Medicine中医基础理论Basic Theories of Chinese Medicine中医临床基础Clinical Foundation of Chinese Medicine中医医史文献History and Literature of Chinese Medicine方剂学Formulas of Chinese Medicine中医诊断学Diagnostics of Chinese Medicine中医内科学Chinese Internal Medicine中医外科学Surgery of Chinese Medicine中医骨伤科学Orthopedics of Chinese Medicine中医妇科学Gynecology of Chinese Medicine中医儿科学Pediatrics of Chinese Medicine中医五官科学Ophthalmology and Otolaryngoloy of Chinese Medicine针灸推拿学Acupuncture and Moxibustion and Tuina of Chinese medicine民族医学Ethnomedicine中西医结合医学Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine中西医结合基础医学Basic Discipline of Chinese and Western Integrative中西医结合临床医学ClinicalDisciplineofChineseandWesternIntegrativeMedicine药学Pharmaceutical Science药物化学Medicinal Chemistry药剂学Pharmaceutics生药学Pharmacognosy药物分析学Pharmaceutical Analysis微生物与生化药学Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy药理学Pharmacology中药学Science of Chinese Pharmacology军事学Military Science军事思想学及军事历史学Military Thought and Military History军事思想学Military Thought军事历史学Military History战略学Science of Strategy军事战略学Military Strategy战争动员学War Mobilization战役学Science of Operations联合战役学Joint Operation军种战役学（含第二炮兵战役学）Armed Service Operation (including Operation ofStrategic Missile Force)战术学Science of Tactics合同战术学Combined-Arms Tactics兵种战术学Branch Tactics军队指挥学Science of Command作战指挥学Combat Command军事运筹学Military Operation Research军事通信学Military Communication军事情报学Military Intelligence密码学Cryptography军事教育训练学（含军事体育学）Military Education and Training (including Military PhysicalTraining)军制学Science of Military System军事组织编制学Military Organizational System军队管理学Military Management军队政治工作学Science of Military Political Work军事后勤学与军事装备学Science of Military Logistics and Military Equipment 军事后勤学Military Logistics后方专业勤务Rear Special Service军事装备学Military Equipment管理学Management Science管理科学与工程Management Science and Engineering工商管理学Science of Business Administration会计学Accounting企业管理学（含财务管理、市场营销学、人力资源管理学）CorporateManagement(includingFinancial Management, Marketing, and Human Resources Management)旅游管理学Tourist Management技术经济及管理学Technology Economy and Management农林经济管理学Agricultural and Forestry Economics & Management农业经济管理学Agricultural Economics & Management林业经济管理学Forestry Economics & Management公共管理学Science of Public Management行政管理学Administration Management社会医学与卫生事业管理学Social Medicine and Health Management教育经济与管理学Educational Economy and Management社会保障学Social Security土地资源管理学Land Resource Management图书馆、情报与档案学Science of Library, Information and Archival图书馆学Library Science情报学Information Science档案学Archival Science。
人文地理专业英文简介
Definition of GeographyThe first person to use the word "geography" was Eratosthenes. Geography is a field of science by which to describe or picture or write about the earth. It is devoted to the study of the lands, the features, the inhabitants, and the phenomena of Earth. Gradually, geographers think that there are four historical traditions constitute geographical research. They are spatial analysis of the natural and the human phenomena (geography as the study of distribution), area studies (places and regions), study of the human-land relationship, and research in the Earth sciences.Nonetheless, modern geography is an all-encompassing discipline that foremost seeks to understand the Earth and all of its human and natural complexities—not merely where objects are, but how they have changed and come to be.Geography has been called "the world discipline" and "the bridge between the human and the physical science". As a discipline, it can be split broadly into two main subsidiary fields: human geography and physical geography. The former largely focuses on the built environment and how humans create, view, manage, and influence space. The latter examines the natural environment, and how organisms, climate, soil, water, and land forms produce and interact. The difference between these approaches led to a third field, environmental geography, which combines the physical and the human geography, and looks at the interactions between the environment and humans.。
华东师范大学人文地理专业名词英文
late expanding
low sationary
diminishing
populationmovement
population migration
CHAPTER5
suitcasefarm
agribusiness
CHAPTER6
protourban forms
CHAPTER7
master industry
polarization
spread
core region
zone of influence
peripheral region
kolmogorov-smirnov
lovenz curve
CHAPTER 9
urban ststyem
functional segregation
relocation-type diffusion
central place theory
central good and service
central place function
functional unit
centrality
threshold
urban hierachy
loschian landscape
core
frame
CHAPTER5
optimumsize
economices of scope
backward integration
forward integration
merger field
contagious diffusion
threshold
CHAPTER6
transnatinal corporations
人文地理易考英文名词解释
人文地理学重点英文名词解释整理人：小才啥都有Geographe（地理学）：研究对象是地理环境（自然环境、经济环境、人文环境）GIS: 是一种在计算机硬软件支持下的，将空间数据输入、储存、检索、运算、显示和综合分析应用一体化的技术系统。
能为学科提供崭新、快速的基础资料和全新的工作方式；是信息处理的主要工具和辅助决策工具。
Environmenttal determinism（环境决定论）:自然环境对人类社会、经济、政治等起绝对支配作用，是社会发展的决定因素。
Possibilism（可能论）:又称人地相关论和或然论，白兰士认为，自然为人类居住规定了界限，为人类发展提供了可能性，而人类在创造自己的居住地时，则是按自己的需要、愿望和能力来利用这种可能性。
Adjustment theory（适应论）:又称调整论，罗士培认为人需要主动地不断适应环境对人类的限制，而这种适应与生物遗传上的适应不同，它是通过文化发展对自然环境和环境变化的适应。
有些学者认为，该思想已有了“协调”人地关系的思想。
Human ecology（生态论）:巴罗斯认为地理学的目的不在于环境本身的特征与客观存在的自然现象，而是是致力于人类生态的研究；人是中心命题，应该注意人类对自然环境的反应，其他现象只有当其涉及人和自然环境的反应时才给予说明。
Cultural landscape（文化景观论）: 索尔认为一个特定的人群，有其特有的文化，在其长期活动的地域内，一定会创造出一种适应环境的地表特征，这种被人为活动改造后的自然景观就是人文景观，人类是造成景观的最后一种力量。
formal culture regions（形式文化区）：某种文化现象，或某些具有相互联系的文化现象，在空间分布上具有集中的核心区与模糊的边界的文化区。
functional culture regions（功能文化区）：以该文化特征受政治、经济或社会某种功能影响，其内部彼此之间有一种相互联系从而确定其分布区范围的文化区。
地理专业英语
地理专业英语geography 地理geographer 地理学家hemisphere 半球meridian 子午线,经线parallel 平行圈,纬线latitude 经度longitude 精度elevation 海拔altitude 高度temperate latitudes 温带地区horizon 地平线equator 赤道tropics 热带地区Arctic 北极Antarctic(Antarctica) 南极expedition 探险time zone 时区topography 地形,地形学plain 平原plateau (highland) 高地lowland 低地basin 盆地cavern (cave) 洞穴terrain 地域subterranean ( underground) 地底下coastland 沿海地区island 岛屿continental island 大陆岛volcanic island 火山岛coral island 珊瑚岛islet 小岛peninsular 半岛continent 大陆continental shelf 大陆架ranges 山脉valley 峡谷canyon 峡谷channel (strait) 海峡remote-sensing 遥感的terrestrial 地球的,陆地的terrestrial heat (geothermal) 地热terrestrial magnetism (geomagnetism) 地磁continental drift 大陆漂移学说sea-floor spreading 海床扩展evaporation 蒸发salinity 含盐度ocean bottom 海床sediment 沉淀物,沉积物tropical 热带的temperate 温带的frigid 寒带的formation 形成frost heaving 冻胀现象fieldstone 卵石physical geography 自然地理economic geography 经济地理geopolitics 地理政治论ethnography 民族志cosmography 宇宙志cosmology 宇宙论geology 地理学toponymy 地名学oceanography 海洋学meteorology 气象学orography 山志学hydroaraphy 水文学vegetation 植被relief 地形,地貌climate 气候Earth 地球,大地Universe, cosmos 宇宙world 世界globe 地球仪earth, globe 地壳continent 大陆terra firma 陆地coast 海岸archipelago 群岛peninsula 半岛island 岛plain 平原valley 谷地meadow (小)草原prairie (大)草原lake 湖泊pond 池塘marsh, bog, swamp 沼泽small lake 小湖lagoon 泻湖moor, moorland 荒原desert 沙漠dune 沙丘oasis 绿洲savanna, savannah (南美)大草原virgin forest 原始森林steppe 大草原tundra 冻原a horizon 腐殖堆积层aa lava 块熔岩abandoned field 撩荒地abandoned lands 撩荒地abandoned mine 废弃矿山abandoned shoreline 旧岸线aberration 像差abiogenesis 自然发生abiotic factor 非生物因素ablation 水蚀ablation moraine 消融冰碛abnormality 反常aboriginal 土着的abrasion 海蚀abrasion platform 浪蚀台地abrasion shore 浪蚀海岸abrasion surface 浪蚀面abrasion terrace 海蚀阶地abrasive 研磨剂abrupt slope 陡坡abrupt textural change 质地突变abscissa 横坐标absolute age 绝对年龄absolute age determination 绝对年代测定absolute age of groundwater 地下水绝对年龄absolute altitude 绝对高度absolute amplitude 绝对振幅absolute chronology 绝对年代absolute convergence 绝对收敛absolute dating 绝对年代测定absolute error 绝对误差absolute extremes 绝对极值absolute geochronology 绝对地质年代学Word and phrase1、core; mantle; crust 地核;地幔;地壳4、continental crust 大陆地壳5、granite; basalt 花岗岩;玄武岩6、sial; sima 硅铝层;硅镁层7、surface waves; body 、、面波;体波8、epicentre; focus 震中;震源9、lithosphere 岩石圈10、tectonic plate 构造板块11、continetal drift 大陆漂移12、asthenosphere 软流层13、ocean ridge 洋脊14、ocean trench 海沟15、subduction 俯冲作用16、volcanism 火山作用17、fold mountain 褶皱山脉18、fold; fault 褶皱;断层19、sedimentary rocks 沉积岩20、vent 火山口21、lava 熔岩22、volcanic cones 火山锥23、parasitic cone 寄生火山锥24、plug 岩颈25、volcanic ash 火山灰26、mechanical weathering 机械风化27、chemical weathering 化学风化28、freeze-thaw 冻融29、pressure release 卸荷释重30、limestone 石灰岩31、hydrolysis 水解作用32、quartz 石英33、hydration 水合作用34、oxidation 氧化作用35、alluvium 冲击层36、gravel 砂砾37、denudation 剥蚀作用38、precipitation 降水39、climatic zone 气候带40、mid-latitude 中纬度41、semi-arid 半干旱42、tropical wet-dry 热带干湿季气候43、watershed 分水岭44、drainage basin 流域45、regolith 风化层46、soil creep 土壤蠕动47、mass movement 块体运动48、strata 地层49、overland runoff 地表径流50、sheet wash 片状冲刷51、pediment 山前侵蚀平原(山足面)52、rockfall 山崩53、landslide 滑坡54、interception 截流55、evapotranspiration 蒸发与蒸腾总量56、capillary rise 毛管上升57、aeration zone 包气带58、overland flow ; interflow ; base flow 地表径流;壤中流;地下径流59、water table 潜水面(水位)60、basin length; area 流域长度;流域面积61、tributary 支流;62、trunk stream 干流63、drainage density 河网密度64、flood plain 泛滥平原65、coniferous tree 松树67、inselberg 岛状山68、equator 赤道69、monsoon 季风70、storm hydrograph 暴雨水文曲线71、discharge 流量72、peak flow 洪峰流量73、rainfall peak 降水峰值74、precipitation intensity 降水强度75、land use 土地利用76、water-born waste 水成废弃物77、heavy metal 重金属78、climatology 气候学79、urban heat island 城市热岛80、deciduous trees 落叶树81、upper ;middle ; lower reach 上中下游82、vertical erosion 下切侵蚀83、headward erosion 溯源侵蚀84、lateral erosion 侧蚀85、pot-hole 壶穴86、meander 曲流87、ox-bow lake 牛轭湖88、delta 三角洲89、lake basin 湖盆90、levee 天然提91、rill and gully erosion 细沟、冲沟侵蚀92、clay;silt;sand;粘土;粉砂;砂93、suspended sediment 悬浮沉积物94、atmospherical fallout 大气沉降95、laminar flow 层流96、turbulent flow 紊流97、riffle; pool 浅滩;深槽98、channel roughness 河道粗糙度99、sandbar 沙坝100、thalweg 中泓线101、estuary 河口102、lagoon 泻湖103、salinity 盐度104、coastline 海岸线105、dune 沙丘106、suspension; saltation; creep 悬移;跃移;蠕移107、dust storm 尘暴108、windward; leeward 迎风;背风109、prevailing wind 盛行风110、deflation hollow 风蚀凹地111、aridity 干燥度112、tropic of cancer 北回归线113、tropic of capricorn 南回归线114、gobi 戈壁115、continentality 大陆度116、cold ocean current 寒流117、plateau 高原118、alluvial fan 冲积扇119、pediplanation 山麓夷平作用120、deflation 风蚀121、moraine 冰碛122、glacial;interglacial 冰期;间冰期123、Recent 全新世124、Quaternary Era 第四纪125、periglacial period 冰缘期126、nivation 冰蚀127、earth’ orbit 地球轨道128、plucking 挖蚀129、abrasion 磨蚀130、pyramidal peak 角峰131、arete 刃脊132、cirque 冰斗133、horn 角峰134、U-shaped valley (trough) U型谷135、fluvioglacial deposit 冰水沉积136、drumlin 鼓丘137、terminal moraine 终碛138、outwash plain 冰水沉积平原139、kettle hole 锅穴140、wavelength 波长141、crest;trough 波峰;波谷142、wave period 周期143、wave frequency 波频144、wave height 波高145、wave refraction 波浪折射146、tidal range 潮差147、stack 海蚀柱148、arch 海蚀拱桥149、headland 海岬150、troposphere (pause); strato-; meso-; thermo- 对流层(顶)、平流、中间、热成151、pressure-gradient force 气压梯度力152、isobar 等压线153、sub-tropical anticyclone 副热带高压154、cirrus 卷云155、cumulus 积云156、stratus 层云157、cumulonimbus 积雨云158、convection rain 对流雨159、thunderstorm 雷雨160、depression 低气压161、frontal rain 锋面雨162、orographic rain 地形雨163、equatorial trough 赤道低压槽164、front 锋165、temperature inversion 逆温166、soil texture 土壤质地167、loam 壤土168、soil structure 土壤结构169、soil moisture 土壤水分170、field capacity 田间持水量171、cation exchange capacity 阳离子交换量172、podzol 灰化土173、brown earth 褐土174、sandstone 砂岩175、gley 潜育土176、azonal soil 非地带性土壤177、soil horizon 土层178、humification 腐殖化作用179、mineralisation 矿化作用180、eluviation 淋溶作用181、calcification 钙化作用182、salinisation 盐化作用183、gleying 潜育化作用184、illuviation 淀积作用185、savanna 热带稀树草原(萨王纳) 186、saline soil 盐土187、biogeography 生物地理学188、biotic ; abiotic element 生物;非生物成分189、autotroph; heterotroph 自养生物;异养生物190、producer; consumer 生产者;消费者191、photosynthesis 光合作用192、herbivore 食草动物193、carnivore 食肉动物194、decomposer 分解者195、trophic pyramid 营养金字塔196、food web 食物网197、primary productivity 初级生产力198、gross productivity 总生产力199、net productivity 净生产力200、continental shelf 大陆架201、succession(prisere) 演替202、climax community 顶级群落203、primary (secondary) succession 初级与次级演替English for Geography地理专业英语Lesson 1、 Longitude and latitude ...........................经度与纬度P1 (1)Lesson 2、 Rotation and revolution of the earth...地球的自转与公转P6 (2)Lesson 4、 The major classes of landforms...............主要地形类型P13 (6)Lesson 5 Delta plains ..........................................三角洲平原P16 (8)Lesson 6 Limestone caverns and karst landscapes石灰岩洞与喀斯特景观P21 (8)Lesson 7 Layers of the Earth .................................地球圈层P31 (8)Lesson 8 The rock cycle ..........................................岩石循环P43 (9)Lesson 9 Soil pedogenesis .......................................成土作用p48 (10)Lesson 10 Global scale circulation of the atmosphere全球大气环流 P62 (11)Lesson 11 The Hydrologic Cycle ..............................水循环P74 (11)Lesson 12 Three Model of Urban Land Use..................三种城市土地利用模式P97 (11)Lesson 13 Air pollution cause and effects...............空气污染原因与影响P168 (12)Lesson 14 Hurricane ...................................................飓风P182 (12)Lesson 1、 LONGITUDE AND LATITUDE经度与纬度1、The location of points on the earth’s surface follows a system in which lengthsof arc are measured along meridians and parallels;测定地球表面上点的位置就是按照沿着子午线(经线)与纬线测量弧长的方法进行的2、that desired point 欲量算的点3、the longitude of a place is the arc, measured in degrees, of a parallel between thatplace and the prime meridian 经度的定义4、the longitude of a place is the arc, measured in degrees, of a parallel between thatplace and the prime meridian 某地的经度系该地与本初子午线之间的纬线的弧的度数5、almost universally 几乎一致6、The prime meridian is almost universally accepted as the meridian that passes throughthe old Royal Observatory at Greenwich人们几乎一致承认以通过格林尼治皇家天文台原址的子午线作为本初子午线7、be referred to as 被称为8、Long、 115。
各专业英语名称
各专业英语名称哲学Philosophy马克思主义哲学Philosophy of Marxism中国哲学Chinese Philosophy外国哲学Foreign Philosophies逻辑学Logic伦理学Ethics美学Aesthetics宗教学Science of Religion科学技术哲学Philosophy of Science and Technology经济学Economics理论经济学Theoretical Economics政治经济学Political Economy经济思想史History of Economic Thought经济史History of Economic西方经济学Western Economics世界经济World Economics人口、资源与环境经济学Population, Resources and Environmental Economics应用经济学Applied Economics国民经济学National Economics区域经济学Regional Economics财政学（含税收学）Public Finance (including Taxation)金融学（含保险学）Finance (including Insurance)产业经济学Industrial Economics国际贸易学International Trade劳动经济学Labor Economics统计学Statistics数量经济学Quantitative Economics中文学科、专业名称英文学科、专业名称国防经济学National Defense Economics法学Law法学Science of Law法学理论Jurisprudence法律史Legal History宪法学与行政法学Constitutional Law and Administrative Law刑法学Criminal Jurisprudence民商法学(含劳动法学、社会保障法学) Civil Law and Commercial Law (including Science of Labour Law and Science of Social Security Law )诉讼法学Science of Procedure Laws经济法学Science of Economic Law环境与资源保护法学Science of Environment and Natural Resources Protection Law国际法学(含国际公法学、国际私法学、国际经济法学、) International law (including International Public law, International Private Law and International Economic Law)军事法学Science of Military Law政治学Political Science政治学理论Political Theory中外政治制度Chinese and Foreign Political Institution科学社会主义与国际共产主义运动Scientific Socialism and InternationalCommunist Movement中共党史(含党的学说与党的建设) History of the Communist Party of China(including the Doctrine of China Party and Party Building)马克思主义理论与思想政治教育Education of Marxist Theory and Education in Ideology and Politics国际政治学International Politics国际关系学International Relations外交学Diplomacy社会学Sociology社会学Sociology人口学Demography人类学Anthropology民俗学(含中国民间文学) Folklore (including Chinese Folk Literature)民族学Ethnology民族学Ethnology马克思主义民族理论与政策Marxist Ethnic Theory and Policy中国少数民族经济Chinese Ethnic Economics中国少数民族史Chinese Ethnic History中国少数民族艺术Chinese Ethnic Art教育学Education教育学Education Science教育学原理Educational Principle课程与教学论Curriculum and Teaching Methodology教育史History of Education比较教育学Comparative Education学前教育学Pre-school Education高等教育学Higher Education成人教育学Adult Education职业技术教育学V ocational and Technical Education特殊教育学Special Education教育技术学Education Technology心理学Psychology基础心理学Basic Psychology发展与心理学Developmental and Educational Psychology应用心理学Applied Psychology体育学Science of Physical Culture and Sports体育人文社会学Humane and Sociological Science of Sports运动人体科学Human Movement Science体育教育训练学Theory of Sports Pedagogy and Training民族传统体育学Science of Ethnic Traditional Sports文学Literature中国语言文学Chinese Literature文艺学Theory of Literature and Art语言学及应用语言学Linguistics and Applied Linguistics汉语言文字学Chinese Philology中国古典文献学Study of Chinese Classical Text中国古代文学Ancient Chinese Literature中国现当代文学Modern and Contemporary Chinese Literature中国少数民族语言文学Chinese Ethnic Language andLiterature比较文学与世界文学Comparative Literature and World Literature外国语言文学Foreign Languages and Literatures英语语言文学English Language and Literature俄语语言文学Russian Language and Literature法语语言文学French Language and Literature德语语言文学German Language and Literature日语语言文学Japanese Language and Literature印度语言文学Indian Language and Literature西班牙语语言文学Spanish Language and Literature阿拉伯语语言文学Arabic Language and Literature欧洲语言文学European Language and Literature亚非语言文学Asian-African Language and Literature外国语言学及应用语言学Linguistics and Applied Linguistics inForeign Languages新闻传播学Journalism and Communication新闻学Journalism传播学Communication艺术学Art艺术学Art Theory音乐学Music美术学Fine Arts设计艺术学Artistic Design戏剧戏曲学Theater and Chinese Traditional Opera电影学Film广播电视艺术学Radio and television Art舞蹈学Dance历史学History历史学History史学理论及史学史Historical Theories and History of Historical Science 考古学及博物馆学Archaeology and Museology历史地理学Historical Geography历史文献学(含敦煌学、古文字学) Studies of Historical Literature (including Paleography and Studies of Dunhuang)专门史History of Particular Subjects中国古代史Ancient Chinese History中国近现代史Modern and Contemporary Chinese History世界史World History理学Natural Science数学Mathematics基础数学Fundamental Mathematics计算数学Computational Mathematics概率论与数理统计Probability and Mathematical Statistics应用数学Applied mathematics运筹学与控制论Operational Research and Cybernetics物理学Physics理论物理Theoretical Physics粒子物理与原子核物理Particle Physics and Nuclear Physics原子与分子物理Atomic and Molecular Physics等离子体物理Plasma Physics凝聚态物理Condensed Matter Physics声学Acoustics光学Optics无线电物理Radio Physics化学Chemistry无机化学Inorganic Chemistry分析化学Analytical Chemistry有机化学Organic Chemistry物理化学（含化学物理）Physical Chemistry (including Chemical Physics) 高分子化学与物理Chemistry and Physics of Polymers天文学Astronomy天体物理Astrophysics天体测量与天体力学Astrometry and Celestial Mechanics地理学Geography自然地理学Physical Geography人文地理学Human Geography地图学与地理信息系统Cartography and Geography Information System大气科学Atmospheric Sciences气象学Meteorology大气物理学与大气环境Atmospheric Physics and Atmospheric Environment 海洋科学Marine Sciences物理海洋学Physical Oceanography海洋化学Marine Chemistry海洋生理学Marine Biology海洋地质学Marine Geology地球物理学Geophysics固体地球物理学Solid Earth Physics空间物理学Space Physics地质学Geology矿物学、岩石学、矿床学Mineralogy, Petrology, Mineral Deposit Geology地球化学Geochemistry古生物学与地层学（含古人类学）Paleontology and Stratigraphy (including Paleoanthropology)构造地质学Structural Geology第四纪地质学Quaternary Geology生物学Biology植物学Botany动物学Zoology生理学Physiology水生生物学Hydrobiology微生物学Microbiology神经生物学Neurobiology遗传学Genetics发育生物学Developmental Biology细胞生物学Cell Biology生物化学与分子生物学Biochemistry and Molecular Biology生物物理学Biophysics生态学Ecology系统科学Systems Science系统理论Systems Theory系统分析与集成Systems Analysis and Integration科学技术史History of Science and Technology工学Engineering力学Mechanics一般力学与力学基础General and Fundamental Mechanics固体力学Solid Mechanics流体力学Fluid Mechanics工程力学Engineering Mechanics机械工程Mechanical Engineering机械制造及其自动化Mechanical Manufacture and Automation机械电子工程Mechatronic Engineering机械设计与理论Mechanical Design and Theory车辆工程Vehicle Engineering光学工程Optical Engineering仪器科学与技术Instrument Science and Technology精密仪器及机械Precision Instrument and Machinery测试计量技术及仪器Measuring and Testing Technologies and Instruments材料科学与工程Materials Science and Engineering材料物理与化学Materials Physics and Chemistry材料学Materialogy材料加工工程Materials Processing Engineering冶金工程Metallurgical Engineering冶金物理化学Physical Chemistry of Metallurgy钢铁冶金Ferrous Metallurgy有色金属冶金Non-ferrous Metallurgy动力工程及工程热物理Power Engineering and Engineering Thermophysics工程热物理Engineering Thermophysics热能工程Thermal Power Engineering动力机械及工程Power Machinery and Engineering流体机械及工程Fluid Machinery and Engineering制冷及低温工程Refrigeration and Cryogenic Engineering化工过程机械Chemical Process Equipment电气工程Electrical Engineering电机与电器Electric Machines and Electric Apparatus电力系统及其自动化Power System and its Automation高电压与绝缘技术High V oltage and Insulation Technology电力电子与电力传动Power Electronics and Power Drives电工理论与新技术Theory and New Technology of Electrical Engineering电子科学与技术Electronics Science and Technology物理电子学Physical Electronics电路与系统Circuits and Systems微电子学与固体电子学Microelectronics and Solid State Electronics电磁场与微波技术Electromagnetic Field and Microwave Technology信息与通信工程Information and Communication Engineering通信与信息系统Communication and Information Systems信号与信息处理Signal and Information Processing控制科学与工程Control Science and Engineering控制理论与控制工程Control Theory and Control Engineering检测技术与自动化装置Detection Technology and Automatic Equipment系统工程Systems Engineering模式识别与智能系统Pattern Recognition and Intelligent Systems导航、制导与控制Navigation, Guidance and Control计算机科学与技术Computer Science and Technology计算机软件与理论Computer Software and Theory计算机系统结构Computer Systems Organization计算机应用技术Computer Applied Technology建筑学Architecture建筑历史与理论Architectural History and Theory建筑设计及其理论Architectural Design and Theory城市规划与设计（含风景园林规划与设计）Urban Planning and Design (including Landscape Planning and Design)建筑技术科学Building Technology Science土木工程Civil Engineering岩土工程Geotechnical Engineering结构工程Structural Engineering市政工程Municipal Engineering供热、供燃气、通风及空调工程Heating, Gas Supply, Ventilating and Air Conditioning Engineering防灾减灾工程及防护工程Disaster Prevention and Reduction Engineering and ProtectiveEngineering桥梁与隧道工程Bridge and Tunnel Engineering水利工程Hydraulic Engineering水文学及水资源Hydrology and Water Resources水力学及河流动力学Hydraulics and River Dynamics水工结构工程Hydraulic Structure Engineering水利水电工程Hydraulic and Hydro-Power Engineering港口、海岸及近海工程Harbor, Coastal and Offshore Engineering测绘科学与技术Surveying and Mapping大地测量学与测量工程Geodesy and Survey Engineering摄影测量与遥感Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing地图制图学与地理信息工程Cartography and Geographic Information Engineering 化学工程与技术Chemical Engineering and Technology化学工程Chemical Engineering化学工艺Chemical Technology生物化工Biochemical Engineering应用化学Applied Chemistry工业催化Industrial Catalysis地质资源与地质工程Geological Resources and Geological Engineering矿产普查与勘探Mineral Resource Prospecting and Exploration地球探测与信息技术Geodetection and Information Technology地质工程Geological Engineering矿业工程Mineral Engineering采矿工程Mining Engineering矿物加工工程Mineral Processing Engineering安全技术及工程Safety Technology and Engineering石油与天然气工程Oil and Natural Gas Engineering油气井工程Oil-Gas Well Engineering油气田开发工程Oil-Gas Field Development Engineering油气储运工程Oil-Gas Storage and Transportation Engineering纺织科学与工程Textile Science and Engineering纺织工程Textile Engineering纺织材料与纺织品设计Textile Material and Textiles Design纺织化学与染整工程Textile Chemistry and Dyeing and Finishing Engineering服装设计与工程Clothing Design and Engineering轻工技术与工程The Light Industry Technology and Engineering制浆造纸工程Pulp and Paper Engineering制糖工程Sugar Engineering发酵工程Fermentation Engineering皮革化学与工程Leather Chemistry and Engineering交通运输工程Communication and Transportation Engineering道路与铁道工程Highway and Railway Engineering交通信息工程及控制Traffic Information Engineering & Control交通运输规划与管理Transportation Planning and Management载运工具运用工程Vehicle Operation Engineering船舶与海洋工程Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering船舶与海洋结构物设计制造Design and Construction of Naval Architecture and Ocean Structure轮机工程Marine Engine Engineering水声工程Underwater Acoustics Engineering航空宇航科学与技术Aeronautical and Astronautical Science and Technology飞行器设计Flight Vehicle Design航空宇航推进理论与工程Aerospace Propulsion Theory and Engineering航空宇航器制造工程Manufacturing Engineering of Aerospace Vehicle人机与环境工程Man-Machine and Environmental Engineering兵器科学与技术Armament Science and Technology武器系统与运用工程Weapon Systems and Utilization Engineering兵器发射理论与技术Armament Launch Theory and Technology火炮、自动武器与弹药工程Artillery, Automatic Gun and Ammunition Engineering军事化学与烟火技术Military Chemistry and Pyrotechnics核科学与技术Nuclear Science and Technology核能科学与工程Nuclear Energy Science and Engineering核燃料循环与材料Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Materials核技术及应用Nuclear Technology and Applications辐射防护及环境保护Radiation and Environmental Protection农业工程Agricultural Engineering农业机械化工程Agricultural Mechanization Engineering农业水土工程Agricultural Water-Soil Engineering农业生物环境与能源工程Agricultural Biological Environmental and Energy Engineering农业电气化与自动化Agricultural Electrification and Automation林业工程Forestry Engineering森林工程Forest Engineering木材科学与技术Wood Science and Technology林产化学加工工程Chemical Processing Engineering of Forest Products医学Medicine基础医学Basic Medicine人体解剖与组织胚胎学Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology免疫学Immunology病原生物学Pathogenic Organisms病理学与病理生理学Pathology and Pathophysiology法医学Forensic Medicine放射医学Radiation Medicine航空航天与航海医学Aerospace and Nautical medicine临床医学Clinical Medicine内科学（含心血管病学、血液病学、呼吸系病学、消化系病学、内分泌与代谢病学、肾脏病学、风湿病学、传染病学）Internal medicine (including Cardiology, Hematology, Respiratory, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nephrology, Rheuma-tology, Infectious Diseases)儿科学Pediatrics老年医学Geriatrics神经病学Neurology精神病与精神卫生学Psychiatry and Mental Health皮肤病与性病学Dermatology and Venereology影像医学与核医学Imaging and Nuclear Medicine临床检验诊断学Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics护理学Nursing外科学（含普通外科学、骨外科学、泌尿外科学、胸心血管外科学、神经外科学、整形外科学、烧伤外科学、野战外科学）Surgery (General Surgery, Orthopedics, Urology, Cardiothoracic Surgery, Neurosurgery, Plastic Surgery, Burn Surgery, Field Surgery)妇产科学Obstetrics and Gynecology眼科学Ophthalmic Specialty耳鼻咽喉科学Otolaryngology肿瘤学Oncology康复医学与理疗学Rehabilitation Medicine & Physical Therapy运动医学Sports Medicine麻醉学Anesthesiology急诊医学Emergency Medicine口腔医学Stomatology口腔基础医学Basic Science of Stomatology口腔临床医学Clinical Science of Stomatology公共卫生与预防医学Public Health and Preventive Medicine流行病与卫生统计学Epidemiology and Health Statistics劳动卫生与环境卫生学Occupational and Environmental Health营养与食品卫生学Nutrition and Food Hygiene儿少卫生与妇幼保健学Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health卫生毒理学Hygiene Toxicology军事预防医学Military Preventive Medicine中医学Chinese Medicine中医基础理论Basic Theories of Chinese Medicine中医临床基础Clinical Foundation of Chinese Medicine中医医史文献History and Literature of Chinese Medicine方剂学Formulas of Chinese Medicine中医诊断学Diagnostics of Chinese Medicine中医内科学Chinese Internal Medicine中医外科学Surgery of Chinese Medicine中医骨伤科学Orthopedics of Chinese Medicine中医妇科学Gynecology of Chinese Medicine中医儿科学Pediatrics of Chinese Medicine中医五官科学Ophthalmology and Otolaryngoloy of Chinese Medicine针灸推拿学Acupuncture and Moxibustion and Tuina of Chinese medicine民族医学Ethnomedicine中西医结合医学Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine中西医结合基础医学Basic Discipline of Chinese and Western Integrative中西医结合临床医学Clinical Discipline of Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine药学Pharmaceutical Science药物化学Medicinal Chemistry药剂学Pharmaceutics生药学Pharmacognosy药物分析学Pharmaceutical Analysis微生物与生化药学Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy药理学Pharmacology中药学Science of Chinese Pharmacology军事学Military Science军事思想学及军事历史学Military Thought and Military History军事思想学Military Thought军事历史学Military History战略学Science of Strategy军事战略学Military Strategy战争动员学War Mobilization战役学Science of Operations联合战役学Joint Operation军种战役学（含第二炮兵战役学）Armed Service Operation (including Operation of Strategic Missile Force)战术学Science of Tactics合同战术学Combined-Arms Tactics兵种战术学Branch Tactics军队指挥学Science of Command作战指挥学Combat Command军事运筹学Military Operation Research军事通信学Military Communication军事情报学Military Intelligence密码学Cryptography军事教育训练学（含军事体育学）Military Education and Training (including Military Physical Training)军制学Science of Military System军事组织编制学Military Organizational System军队管理学Military Management军队政治工作学Science of Military Political Work军事后勤学与军事装备学Science of Military Logistics and Military Equipment军事后勤学Military Logistics后方专业勤务Rear Special Service军事装备学Military Equipment管理学Management Science管理科学与工程Management Science and Engineering工商管理学Science of Business Administration会计学Accounting企业管理学（含财务管理、市场营销学、人力资源管理学）Corporate Management (includingFinancial Management, Marketing, and Human Resources Management) 旅游管理学Tourist Management技术经济及管理学Technology Economy and Management农林经济管理学Agricultural and Forestry Economics & Management 农业经济管理学Agricultural Economics & Management林业经济管理学Forestry Economics & Management公共管理学Science of Public Management行政管理学Administration Management社会医学与卫生事业管理学Social Medicine and Health Management 教育经济与管理学Educational Economy and Management社会保障学Social Security土地资源管理学Land Resource Management图书馆、情报与档案学Science of Library, Information and Archival 图书馆学Library Science情报学Information Science档案学Archival Science。
人文地理学专业英语资料讲解
引言Introduction人文地理学，作为科学王国中一支较小的学科，尽管常常不被人们关注和重视，然而它却是一支最具活力的学科，它的研究主题——社会的空间组织和人与环境的关系——为许许多多形式的研究和朝气蓬勃的地理学者提供了机遇和挑战。
在最近30年来，西方人文地理学可以说是百家争鸣、百花齐放。
人文地理学家不断地接受他们以前很少遇到的其它学科的新思想、新观念，这样就给人文地理学的发展带来无限的生机。
Human geography is such a subject full of vitalities despite of being neglected sometimes.Its research themes, the social-spatial structure and the relationship between human and environments, have brought opportunities and challenges to both various forms of research and geographers.In recent 30 years, the western human geography has so many variegated theories and ramifications.Human geographers have kept absorbing new ideas and opinions from many other subjects, which gives tremendous vital force to the development of human geography.一、人文地理学的性质Characters of human geography1、地理学形成及分化Formation and differentiation of geography地理学（geography）是希腊语中关于地球和书写两个词复合词，主要研究人类生活空间的地球表面（Haggett，1990）。
大学各专业名称英文翻译——文科方面ARTS
澳门历史研究 Study of the History of Macao 办公管理 Office Management办公设备运用 Using Desktop Publishing in Business 比较管理学 Comparative Management 比较诗学 Comparative Poetics 比较文化学 Comparative Cult urology 比较文学研究 Study of Comparative必修课 4 －10 学分 Restricted (4-10 Credits needed) 病理生理学 Pathological Physiology 财务报告介绍 An Introduction to Financial Accounting 财务报告运用 Using FinancialAccounting Statements 财务管理学 Financial Management 财务会计学 Financial Accounting 财务理论与方法 FinanceTheory & Methods 财政与金融 Finance财政与金融学研究 Study of Finance 财政预算 Preparing Financial Forecasts 产业经济学Industrial Economics传统文化与现代化 Tradition Culture and Modernization当代国际关系研究 Contemporary International Relations Studies当代世界发展研究 Contemporary World Development Studies 当代中国外交与侨务专题研究 Monographic Studies of Diplomacy and Overseas C hinese Affairs of Contemporary China大学各专业名称英文翻译文科方面ARTSLiteratureStatements德语(第二外语) German (2nd foreign language)第一外语(英语) English (1st foreign language)电力系统Power Electronic Systems电子数据Digital Electronics电子通信Electronic Communications电子原理Electrical Principles断代文化史研究Study of Dynastic History of Culture 多媒体：多媒体应用开发Multimedia: Developing Multimedia Application 多用户操作系统Multi-User Operating Systems 耳鼻喉科学Otolaryngology发展经济学Economics of Development放射生态学Radioecology分布式应用程序的设计与开发：概况Distributed application Design and Developme nt: An Introduction分子细胞与组织生物学Molecular, Cellular and Tissue Biology 分子遗传学Molecular Genetics妇产科学Gynecology & Obstetrics高级生物化学Advanced Biochemistry 高级水生生物学Advanced Hydrobiology工程实践与应用沟通（提升行业沟通技能）Communication （Developing a Commun ication Strategy for Vocational Purposes)沟通：实用技能Communication: Practical Skills管理经济学Management Economics管理决策Management Decision-Making管理理论研究|| Management Theory Studies管理理论与实践|| Management Theory & Practice管理学研究|| Management Research光化学|| Photochemistry国际关系案例分析|| Case Studies of International Affairs 国际关系学导论|| Introduction of International Relations 国际金融市场研究|| International Financial Market Study 国际金融研究|| Study of International Finance 国际经济关系研究|| International Economic Relations 国际经济环境|| The International Economic Environment 国际经济政治制度比较研究|| Comparative Researches on International Economic& Political Structure国际音标的应用|| Application of International Phonetic Alphabet国际战略与大国关|| International Strategy国际政治经济学|| International Political Economy国际组织与国际制度|| International organization and International System海外汉学|| Sinology Abroad海外华侨华人概论|| Researches on Overseas Chinese海外华人文学研究|| Study of Overseas Chinese Literature汉语词汇学|| Chinese Lexicology汉语方言调查|| Survey of Chinese Dialects汉语方言概要|| Outline of Chinese Dialects汉语方言学专书选读|| Selected Reading of Chinese Dialectology 汉语方言研究|| Studies of Chinese Dialects汉语史名著选读|| Selected Reading of Chinese History汉语音韵学|| Chinese Phonology汉语语法史|| History of Chinese Grammar 汉语语法学名著选读|| Selected Reading of Chinese Grammar 宏观经济环境|| The Macro Economic Environment 宏观经济学|| Macro-economics互联网：WEB 服务器的管理|| Internet: Web Server Management 互联网：电子商务入门|| Internet : Introducing E Commerce 互联网：网络客户服务|| Internet : Internet Client Service 互联网：网络配制与管理|| Internet: Configuration and Administration Services华侨华人史|| History of Overseas Chineseof Internet 华侨华人与国际关系|| Ethnic Chinese and International Relations 环境生物学|| Environmental Biology回族史|| History of Chinese Muslims会计基本理论与方法|| Basic Theories & Approaches of计算数学 1 || Mathematics of Computing 1计算数学 2 || Mathematics of Computing 2解剖生理学|| Anatomical Physiology金融工程学|| Financial Engineering金融机构风险管理|| Risk Management by Financial Institution金融热点及前沿问题专题研究|| Research on Financial l Central & Up-to-date Issues经济数量分析方法|| Methods of Economic & Mathematic Analysis 经济数量分析方法|| Methods of Economic Quantitative Analysis 跨文化管理学|| Cross-Cultural Management 临床血液病学|| Clinical Hematology 马克思主义与当代科技革命|| Marxism & ContemporaryScience & Technology R evolution 马克思主义与当代社会思潮|| Marxism & Contemporary Social Trends o f Thoug ht美术理论|| Theory of Fine Art 美术史|| History of Fine Art 蒙古史|| History of the Mongols 免疫生物学|| Immunobiology 免疫学|| Immunology 免疫学|| Immunology 民族政策与民族理论研究|| Study of Policies and Theories on Nation laities 明清档案|| Archives in Ming and Qing Dynasties模拟电路|| Analogue Electronics 南海诸岛史研究|| Study of the History of Islands in the South Chi na Sea 企业财务与资本营运|| Company Finance & Capital Operation 企业管理理论与实务|| Theory & Practice of Business Management 企业应用软件的开发：概况|| Enterprise Application Development: An Introduction 全球化研究|| Globalization Studies人工器官|| Artificial organs 人力资源管理研究方法|| Study Methods of Human Resource Management 人体解剖学|| Human Anatomy人文地理文化学|| Cult urology of Humane Geography日常交流(法语/ 德语/意大利语/西班牙语1、2、3 级) || Basic communication in Fr ench/German/Italian/Spanish(Levels 1,2&3)日语(第二外语) || Japanese (2nd foreign language)软件开发：抽象数据结构|| Software Development: Abstract Data Structure 软件开发：第四代开发环境|| Software Development: Fourth Generation Environm ent软件开发：高级编程|| Software Development: Advanced Programming软件开发：过程式程序设计|| Software Development: Procedural Programming软件开发：汇编语言和编程|| Software Development: Assembly Language and Interface Programming软件开发：结构设计方法||Software Development: Structure Design Methods软件开发：开发计划|| Software Development: Program Planning软件开发：快速应用开发和原型技术|| Software Development:Rapid ApplicationsDevelopment and Prototyping软件开发：面向对象编程||Development: Object oriented Programming Software软件开发：面象对象设计||Development: Object oriented Design Software软件开发：事件驱动程序设计|| Software Development:: Event Driven Programmin g 软件开发：网站开发|| Software Development: Developing the WWW 软件开发：应用软件开发|| Software 商业法规|| Law for Business商业模式|| Structure of Business 商业情报管理|| Business Information Management商业统计 1 || Business Statistics 1商业统计 2 || Business Statistics 2 商业信息技术运用(电子数据表和Word 处理应用软件) || Using Information Technol ogy in Business ( Spreadsheets &Word Processing Applications ) 商业信息技术运用 (数据库和Word 处理应用软件) || Using Information Technology in Business (Database & Word Processing Applications) 社会语言学|| Sociolinguistics 审计学|| Auditing生物材料|| Biomaterials生物材料测试技术|| Modern Testing Methods of Biomaterials 生物分子的探测和操纵|| Signals Bimolecular Detection and Manipulation 生物力学|| Biomechanics 生物流变学|| Biorheology 生物信息学|| Bioinformatics物医学工程前沿|| Advances in Biomedical Engineering 生物医学信号处理与建模|| Biomedical Signal Processing and Modeling 生物制片及电镜技术|| Biological Section and Electronic Microscope Technique 生物制片及电镜技术|| Biological Section and Electronic Microscope Technique生殖工程|| Reproductive Engineering 世界经济与政治研究|| World Economy & Politics Studies 水生动物生理生态学|| Physiological Ecology of Aquatic Animal 水生生物学研究进展|| Study Progress on Aquatic Biology水域生态学|| Aquatic Ecology思想道德修养|| Understand of Ideology and Morality 宋代政治制度研究|| Study of the Political System of Song Dynasty 宋明理学史研究|| Study of the History of Neo-Confucianism inSon g andMing Dynasties提高个人成效|| Developing Personal Effectiveness 通信工程|| Communication and Industry 网络会计研究|| Network Accounting Studies 微观经济环境|| The Micro Economic Environment 微观经济学与宏观经济学|| Micro-economics & Macro-economics 微型计算机系统|| Microcomputer Systems 文化语言学|| Cultural Linguistics 文献学|| Bibliography 文学与文化|| Literature and Culture 文艺美学|| Aesthetics of Literature and Art 文艺学专题研究|| Special Study of Literature Theory 西方史学理论|| Historical Theories in the West 西方文论|| Western Literary Theories 系统开发：关系数据库|| Systems Development: Rational Database Systems 系统开发概论|| Systems Development Introduction 系统生态学|| System Ecology 细胞超微结构|| Cell Ultra structure 细胞超微生物学|| Cell Ultra microbiology 细胞生长因子|| Cell Growth Factor 现代公司会计研究|| Study of Modern Company Accounting 现代汉语诗学|| Modern Chinese Poetics现代汉语语法研究 || Studies of Modern Chinese Grammar现代经济与金融理论研究 || Study of Modern Economy & Finance Theory 现代商业复合信息 || Presenting complex Business Information 现代商业信息 || Presenting Business Information现代审计理论与方法研究 || Study of Modern Audit Theories选修课总学分 || Total optional credits required血液分子细胞生物学 || Hematological Cell and Molecular Biology 训诂学史 || History of Chinese Traditional Semantics亚太经济政治与国际关系 || Economy, Politics and International Relations n-PacificRegion眼科学 || Ophthalmology医学分子生物学 || Medical Molecular Biology医学基因工程 || Gene Engineering in Medicine 医学统计学 || Medical Statistics 医学图像处理 || Image Processing医学物理学 || Medical Physics 医学信息学 || Medi-formatics 医学遗传学 || Medical Genetics& ApproachesKong项目管理 || Project Management项目设计 || Project Studies新制度经济学 ||NewInstitutional Economics 新制度经济学 ||NewInstitutional Economics 信息工程：应用软件|| Information Technology 信息技术和信息系统|| InformationTechnologySoftware 1 Systems andService信息技术应用软件 ||Information Technology Applications Softwarein Asia香港历史研究 || Study of the History of Hong Applications Information医学影像技术|| Medical Imaging Technique 医学影像诊疗与介入放射学|| Medical Imaging Diagnosis & Treatment and Interve ning Radiology译介学|| Medio-Translatology音韵学史|| History of Chinese Phonology应用统计|| Applied Statistics应用统计|| Applied Statistics用户支持|| Providing Support to Users语义学|| Semantics藻类生理生态学|| Ecological Physiology in Algae增强团队合作意识|| Developing the Individual Within a Team 政治学研究|| Politics Studies 中国古代历史文献的考释与利用之一：宋史史料学之二：元史史料学之三：港澳史料学之四：边疆民族史料学|| Utilization and Interpretation of Ancient Chinese Hist orical Literature 中国古代史的断代研究之一：宋史研究之二：元史研究之三：明清史研究|| Dynastic History of China中国古代史的专题研究之一：宋元明清经济史之二：二十世纪宋史研究评价之三：中国文化史之四：中西文化交流史之五：港澳史研究之六：中国边疆民族史之七：西域史研究|| Studies of History of China中国古代文化史|| History of Chinese Ancient Culture 中国古代文论|| Ancient Chinese Literary Theories 中国古典美学研究|| Study of Chinese Classical Aesthetics中国教育史|| History of Education in China中国经济问题研究|| Economic Problems Research in China中国区域文化研究之一：岭南文化史之二：潮汕文化史|| Re search on Chinese Re gional Culture中国少数民族文化专题研究|| Study of Special Subjects on Cultures of Chinese Minority Nationality中国思想史|| History of Chinese Ideologies中国与大国关系史之一：中美关系史之二：中俄关系史之三：中英关系史之四：中日关系史|| History of Relations Between China and Major Powers 中国与世界地区关系史之一：与中亚地区关系史之二：与东南亚地区关系史之三：与东北亚地区关系史之四：与南亚地区关系史|| History of Relations Between China and Other Regions o f the World中国语言文学与文化|| Chinese Languages, Literatures and Cultures中外关系史名著导读|| Reading Guide of Famous Works on the History of Sino- Foreign Relations中外关系史史料学||Science of Historical Data on the History of S info-Foreign Relations中外关系史研究|| Researches on the History of Sino-Foreign Relations中外史学理论与方法研究|| Researches on Theory and Method About Si no-Foreign History Science中外文化交流史|| History of Sino-Foreign Cultural Exchanges中外文论|| Chinese and Western Literature Theories中西交通史|| History of Communication Between China and the West资本市场研究|| Study of Capital Market资本营运、财务与管理会计理论和方法研究|| Study of Theories & Appr oaches of Capital Operation, Financial Management Accounting资本运营与财务管理研究|| Capital Operation and Financial Management Researc h组织工程进展|| Advances in Tissue Engineering组织行为理论|| organizational Behavior Theory“ Regulations Concerninga”Academic Degrees in the People's Republic结业证书Certificate of Completion毕业证书Certificate of Graduation肄业证书Certificate of Completion/Incompletion/Attendance/Study教育学院College/Institute of Education中学Middle[Secondary] School师范学校Normal School[upper secondary level]师范专科学校Normal Specialized Postsecondary College师范大学Normal[Teachers] University公正书Notaries Certificate专科学校Postsecondary Specialized College广播电视大学Radio and Television University中等专科学校Secondary Specialized School中华人民共和国学位条例》Chin自学考试Self-Study Examination技工学校Skilled Workers[Training] School 业余大学Spare-Time University职工大学Staff and Workers University大学University(regular, degree-granting) 职业大学Vocational University。
地理学英语词汇大全地理学专业英语词汇
地理学英语词汇大全地理学专业英语词汇Geography is a fascinating field that involves the study of the Earth's physical features, climate patterns, and the interaction between humans and the environment. As with any subject, learning the vocabulary specific to geography is essential for effective communication and understanding. In this article, we will provide a comprehensive list of English vocabulary words commonly used in geography studies. This compilation aims to assist geography students, researchers, and enthusiasts in expanding their knowledge and fluency in the subject.1. Physical Geography Terms:1.1 Landforms: mountains, plains, plateaus, hills, valleys, canyons, ridges, etc.1.2 Water Bodies: oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, streams, ponds, waterfalls, etc.1.3 Climate: tropical, arid, temperate, polar, humid, continental, monsoon, etc.1.4 Weather: precipitation, humidity, temperature, wind speed, atmospheric pressure, etc.1.5 Ecosystems: forests, deserts, grasslands, wetlands, tundra, coral reefs, etc.1.6 Natural Disasters: earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, etc.2. Human Geography Terms:2.1 Population: demographics, birth rate, death rate, population density, population growth, migration, etc.2.2 Urbanization: cities, urban areas, urban planning, urban expansion, slums, skyscrapers, etc.2.3 Transportation: roads, highways, railways, airports, ports, bridges, tunnels, public transportation, etc.2.4 Agriculture: farming, crop cultivation, livestock rearing, irrigation, agribusiness, sustainable agriculture, etc.2.5 Economic Systems: capitalism, socialism, market economy, planned economy, globalization, trade, etc.2.6 Cultural Geography: language, religion, traditions, customs, folklore, national identity, ethnicity, etc.3. Geographical Tools and Techniques:3.1 Maps: topographic maps, thematic maps, political maps, physical maps, cartography, map scale, symbols, etc.3.2 Remote Sensing: satellite imagery, aerial photography, GIS (Geographic Information System), GPS (Global Positioning System), etc.3.3 Fieldwork: surveys, observations, sampling, data collection, experiments, analysis, etc.3.4 Geographic Information: coordinates, latitude, longitude, elevation, GIS data layers, geospatial analysis, etc.3.5 Land Surveying: land measurement, boundary determination, survey instruments, geodetic surveying, etc.3.6 Computer Applications: geospatial software, data visualization, modeling, remote sensing software, etc.4. Environmental Geography Terms:4.1 Pollution: air pollution, water pollution, soil contamination, noise pollution, waste management, recycling, etc.4.2 Climate Change: greenhouse effect, global warming, carbon footprint, renewable energy, climate adaptation, mitigation, etc.4.3 Conservation: biodiversity, endangered species, habitat preservation, national parks, sustainable development, etc.4.4 Natural Resources: minerals, fossil fuels, renewable resources, water resources, forestry, sustainable use, etc.4.5 Environmental Impact: deforestation, desertification, soil erosion, land degradation, pollution control, conservation strategies, etc.4.6 Sustainability: environmental stewardship, eco-friendly practices, sustainable lifestyles, green technologies, circular economy, etc.5. Geopolitical and International Relations Terms:5.1 Borders: international borders, geopolitical boundaries, border disputes, border control, immigration, etc.5.2 Global Organizations: United Nations (UN), World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Trade Organization (WTO), etc.5.3 Geopolitical Concepts: geopolitics, superpowers, regional integration, imperialism, colonialism, nation-state, etc.5.4 Global Issues: globalization, inequality, poverty, human rights, peacekeeping, conflict, diplomacy, international cooperation, etc.5.5 Development: developed countries, developing countries, sustainable development goals (SDGs), economic indicators, etc.5.6 Migration: immigration, emigration, refugees, asylum seekers, push factors, pull factors, brain drain, etc.Please note that this list of geography vocabulary words is not exhaustive but provides a broad overview of the most commonly used terms in the field. Remember to continuously expand your understanding of geographical concepts and their associated vocabulary through readings, research, and practical applications.。
各种专业名称英语词汇中英文对照表
各种专业名称英语词汇中英文对照表哲学 Philosophy马克思主义哲学 Philosophy of Marxism中国哲学 Chinese Philosophy外国哲学 Foreign Philosophies逻辑学 Logic伦理学 Ethics美学 Aesthetics宗教学 Science of Religion科学技术哲学 Philosophy of Science and Technology经济学 Economics理论经济学 Theoretical Economics政治经济学 Political Economy经济思想史 History of Economic Thought经济史 History of Economic西方经济学 Western Economics世界经济 World Economics人口、资源与环境经济学 Population, Resources and Environmental Economics 应用经济学 Applied Economics国民经济学 National Economics区域经济学 Regional Economics财政学（含税收学） Public Finance (including Taxation)金融学（含保险学） Finance (including Insurance)产业经济学 Industrial Economics国际贸易学 International Trade劳动经济学 Labor Economics统计学 Statistics数量经济学 Quantitative Economics中文学科、专业名称英文学科、专业名称国防经济学 National Defense Economics法学 Law法学 Science of Law法学理论 Jurisprudence法律史 Legal History宪法学与行政法学 Constitutional Law and Administrative Law刑法学 Criminal Jurisprudence民商法学(含劳动法学、社会保障法学) Civil Law and Commercial Law (including Science of Labour Law and Science of Social Security Law )诉讼法学 Science of Procedure Laws经济法学 Science of Economic Law环境与资源保护法学 Science of Environment and Natural Resources Protection Law国际法学(含国际公法学、国际私法学、国际经济法学、) International law (including International Public law, International Private Law and International Economic Law)军事法学 Science of Military Law政治学 Political Science政治学理论 Political Theory中外政治制度 Chinese and Foreign Political Institution科学社会主义与国际****主义运动 Scientific Socialism and International Communist Movement中国共产党党史(含党的学说与党的建设) History of the Communist Party of China (including the Doctrine of China Party and Party Building)马克思主义理论与思想政治教育 Education of Marxist Theory and Education in Ideology and Politics国际政治学 International Politics国际关系学 International Relations外交学 Diplomacy社会学 Sociology社会学 Sociology人口学 Demography人类学 Anthropology民俗学(含中国民间文学) Folklore (including Chinese Folk Literature)民族学 Ethnology民族学 Ethnology马克思主义民族理论与政策 Marxist Ethnic Theory and Policy 中国少数民族经济 Chinese Ethnic Economics中国少数民族史 Chinese Ethnic History中国少数民族艺术 Chinese Ethnic Art教育学 Education教育学 Education Science教育学原理 Educational Principle课程与教学论 Curriculum and Teaching Methodology教育史 History of Education比较教育学 Comparative Education学前教育学 Pre-school Education高等教育学 Higher Education成人教育学 Adult Education职业技术教育学 Vocational and Technical Education特殊教育学 Special Education教育技术学 Education Technology心理学 Psychology基础心理学 Basic Psychology发展与心理学 Developmental and Educational Psychology应用心理学 Applied Psychology体育学 Science of Physical Culture and Sports体育人文社会学 Humane and Sociological Science of Sports 运动人体科学 Human Movement Science体育教育训练学 Theory of Sports Pedagogy and Training民族传统体育学 Science of Ethnic Traditional Sports文学 Literature中国语言文学 Chinese Literature文艺学 Theory of Literature and Art语言学及应用语言学 Linguistics and Applied Linguistics汉语言文字学 Chinese Philology中国古典文献学 Study of Chinese Classical Text中国古代文学 Ancient Chinese Literature中国现当代文学 Modern and Contemporary Chinese Literature中国少数民族语言文学 Chinese Ethnic Language and Literature比较文学与世界文学 Comparative Literature and World Literature外国语言文学 Foreign Languages and Literatures英语语言文学 English Language and Literature俄语语言文学 Russian Language and Literature法语语言文学 French Language and Literature德语语言文学 German Language and Literature日语语言文学 Japanese Language and Literature印度语言文学 Indian Language and Literature西班牙语语言文学 Spanish Language and Literature阿拉伯语语言文学 Arabic Language and Literature欧洲语言文学 European Language and Literature亚非语言文学 Asian-African Language and Literature外国语言学及应用语言学 Linguistics and Applied Linguistics in Foreign Languages新闻传播学 Journalism and Communication新闻学 Journalism传播学 Communication艺术学 Art艺术学 Art Theory音乐学 Music美术学 Fine Arts设计艺术学 Artistic Design戏剧戏曲学 Theater and Chinese Traditional Opera电影学 Film广播电视艺术学 Radio and television Art舞蹈学 Dance历史学 History历史学 History史学理论及史学史 Historical Theories and History of Historical Science 考古学及博物馆学 Archaeology and Museology历史地理学 Historical Geography历史文献学(含敦煌学、古文字学) Studies of Historical Literature (including Paleography and Studies of Dunhuang)专门史 History of Particular Subjects中国古代史 Ancient Chinese History中国近现代史 Modern and Contemporary Chinese History世界史 World History理学 Natural Science数学 Mathematics基础数学 Fundamental Mathematics计算数学 Computational Mathematics概率论与数理统计 Probability and Mathematical Statistics应用数学 Applied mathematics运筹学与控制论 Operational Research and Cybernetics物理学 Physics理论物理 Theoretical Physics粒子物理与原子核物理 Particle Physics and Nuclear Physics原子与分子物理 Atomic and Molecular Physics等离子体物理 Plasma Physics凝聚态物理 Condensed Matter Physics声学 Acoustics光学 Optics无线电物理 Radio Physics化学 Chemistry无机化学 Inorganic Chemistry分析化学 Analytical Chemistry有机化学 Organic Chemistry物理化学（含化学物理） Physical Chemistry (including Chemical Physics) 高分子化学与物理 Chemistry and Physics of Polymers天文学 Astronomy天体物理 Astrophysics天体测量与天体力学 Astrometry and Celestial Mechanics地理学 Geography自然地理学 Physical Geography人文地理学 Human Geography地图学与地理信息系统 Cartography and Geography Information System大气科学 Atmospheric Sciences气象学 Meteorology大气物理学与大气环境 Atmospheric Physics and Atmospheric Environment海洋科学 Marine Sciences物理海洋学 Physical Oceanography海洋化学 Marine Chemistry海洋生理学 Marine Biology海洋地质学 Marine Geology地球物理学 Geophysics固体地球物理学 Solid Earth Physics空间物理学 Space Physics地质学 Geology矿物学、岩石学、矿床学 Mineralogy, Petrology, Mineral Deposit Geology 地球化学 Geochemistry古生物学与地层学（含古人类学） Paleontology and Stratigraphy (including Paleoanthropology)构造地质学 Structural Geology第四纪地质学 Quaternary Geology生物学 Biology植物学 Botany动物学 Zoology生理学 Physiology水生生物学 Hydrobiology微生物学 Microbiology神经生物学 Neurobiology遗传学 Genetics发育生物学 Developmental Biology细胞生物学 Cell Biology生物化学与分子生物学 Biochemistry and Molecular Biology生物物理学 Biophysics生态学 Ecology系统科学 Systems Science系统理论 Systems Theory系统分析与集成 Systems Analysis and Integration科学技术史 History of Science and Technology工学 Engineering力学 Mechanics一般力学与力学基础 General and Fundamental Mechanics固体力学 Solid Mechanics流体力学 Fluid Mechanics工程力学 Engineering Mechanics机械工程 Mechanical Engineering机械制造及其自动化 Mechanical Manufacture and Automation机械电子工程 Mechatronic Engineering机械设计与理论 Mechanical Design and Theory车辆工程 Vehicle Engineering光学工程 Optical Engineering仪器科学与技术 Instrument Science and Technology精密仪器及机械 Precision Instrument and Machinery测试计量技术及仪器 Measuring and Testing Technologies and Instruments 材料科学与工程 Materials Science and Engineering材料物理与化学 Materials Physics and Chemistry材料学 Materialogy材料加工工程 Materials Processing Engineering冶金工程 Metallurgical Engineering冶金物理化学 Physical Chemistry of Metallurgy钢铁冶金 Ferrous Metallurgy有色金属冶金 Non-ferrous Metallurgy动力工程及工程热物理 Power Engineering and Engineering Thermophysics 工程热物理 Engineering Thermophysics热能工程 Thermal Power Engineering动力机械及工程 Power Machinery and Engineering流体机械及工程 Fluid Machinery and Engineering制冷及低温工程 Refrigeration and Cryogenic Engineering化工过程机械 Chemical Process Equipment电气工程 Electrical Engineering电机与电器 Electric Machines and Electric Apparatus电力系统及其自动化 Power System and its Automation高电压与绝缘技术 High Voltage and Insulation Technology电力电子与电力传动 Power Electronics and Power Drives电工理论与新技术 Theory and New Technology of Electrical Engineering电子科学与技术 Electronics Science and Technology物理电子学 Physical Electronics电路与系统 Circuits and Systems微电子学与固体电子学 Microelectronics and Solid State Electronics电磁场与微波技术 Electromagnetic Field and Microwave Technology信息与通信工程 Information and Communication Engineering通信与信息系统 Communication and Information Systems信号与信息处理 Signal and Information Processing控制科学与工程 Control Science and Engineering控制理论与控制工程 Control Theory and Control Engineering检测技术与自动化装置 Detection Technology and Automatic Equipment系统工程 Systems Engineering模式识别与智能系统 Pattern Recognition and Intelligent Systems导航、制导与控制 Navigation, Guidance and Control计算机科学与技术 Computer Science and Technology计算机软件与理论 Computer Software and Theory计算机系统结构 Computer Systems Organization计算机应用技术 Computer Applied Technology建筑学 Architecture建筑历史与理论 Architectural History and Theory建筑设计及其理论 Architectural Design and Theory城市规划与设计（含风景园林规划与设计） Urban Planning and Design (including Landscape Planning and Design)建筑技术科学 Building Technology Science土木工程 Civil Engineering岩土工程 Geotechnical Engineering结构工程 Structural Engineering市政工程 Municipal Engineering供热、供燃气、通风及空调工程 Heating, Gas Supply, Ventilating and Air Conditioning Engineering防灾减灾工程及防护工程 Disaster Prevention and Reduction Engineering and Protective Engineering桥梁与隧道工程 Bridge and Tunnel Engineering水利工程 Hydraulic Engineering水文学及水资源 Hydrology and Water Resources水力学及河流动力学 Hydraulics and River Dynamics水工结构工程 Hydraulic Structure Engineering水利水电工程 Hydraulic and Hydro-Power Engineering港口、海岸及近海工程 Harbor, Coastal and Offshore Engineering测绘科学与技术 Surveying and Mapping大地测量学与测量工程 Geodesy and Survey Engineering摄影测量与遥感 Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing地图制图学与地理信息工程 Cartography and Geographic Information Engineering化学工程与技术 Chemical Engineering and Technology化学工程 Chemical Engineering化学工艺 Chemical Technology生物化工 Biochemical Engineering应用化学 Applied Chemistry工业催化 Industrial Catalysis地质资源与地质工程 Geological Resources and Geological Engineering矿产普查与勘探 Mineral Resource Prospecting and Exploration地球探测与信息技术 Geodetection and Information Technology地质工程 Geological Engineering矿业工程 Mineral Engineering采矿工程 Mining Engineering矿物加工工程 Mineral Processing Engineering安全技术及工程 Safety Technology and Engineering石油与天然气工程 Oil and Natural Gas Engineering油气井工程 Oil-Gas Well Engineering油气田开发工程 Oil-Gas Field Development Engineering油气储运工程 Oil-Gas Storage and Transportation Engineering纺织科学与工程 Textile Science and Engineering纺织工程 Textile Engineering纺织材料与纺织品设计 Textile Material and Textiles Design纺织化学与染整工程 Textile Chemistry and Dyeing and Finishing Engineering 服装设计与工程 Clothing Design and Engineering轻工技术与工程 The Light Industry Technology and Engineering制浆造纸工程 Pulp and Paper Engineering制糖工程 Sugar Engineering发酵工程 Fermentation Engineering皮革化学与工程 Leather Chemistry and Engineering交通运输工程 Communication and Transportation Engineering道路与铁道工程 Highway and Railway Engineering交通信息工程及控制 Traffic Information Engineering Control交通运输规划与管理 Transportation Planning and Management载运工具运用工程 Vehicle Operation Engineering船舶与海洋工程 Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering船舶与海洋结构物设计制造 Design and Construction of Naval Architecture and Ocean Structure轮机工程 Marine Engine Engineering水声工程 Underwater Acoustics Engineering航空宇航科学与技术 Aeronautical and Astronautical Science and Technology 飞行器设计 Flight Vehicle Design航空宇航推进理论与工程 Aerospace Propulsion Theory and Engineering航空宇航器制造工程 Manufacturing Engineering of Aerospace Vehicle人机与环境工程 Man-Machine and Environmental Engineering兵器科学与技术 Armament Science and Technology武器系统与运用工程 Weapon Systems and Utilization Engineering兵器发射理论与技术 Armament Launch Theory and Technology火炮、自动武器与****工程 Artillery, Automatic Gun and AmmunitionEngineering军事化学与烟火技术 Military Chemistry and Pyrotechnics核科学与技术 Nuclear Science and Technology核能科学与工程 Nuclear Energy Science and Engineering核燃料循环与材料 Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Materials核技术及应用 Nuclear Technology and Applications辐射防护及环境保护 Radiation and Environmental Protection农业工程 Agricultural Engineering农业机械化工程 Agricultural Mechanization Engineering农业水土工程 Agricultural Water-Soil Engineering农业生物环境与能源工程 Agricultural Biological Environmental and Energy Engineering农业电气化与自动化 Agricultural Electrification and Automation林业工程 Forestry Engineering森林工程 Forest Engineering木材科学与技术 Wood Science and Technology林产化学加工工程 Chemical Processing Engineering of Forest Products医学 Medicine基础医学 Basic Medicine人体解剖与组织胚胎学 Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology免疫学 Immunology病原生物学 Pathogenic Organisms病理学与病理生理学 Pathology and Pathophysiology法医学 Forensic Medicine放射医学 Radiation Medicine航空航天与航海医学 Aerospace and Nautical medicine临床医学 Clinical Medicine内科学（含心血管病学、血液病学、呼吸系病学、消化系病学、内分泌与代谢病学、肾脏病学、风湿病学、传染病学） Internal medicine (including Cardiology, Hematology, Respiratory, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nephrology, Rheuma-tology, Infectious Diseases)儿科学 Pediatrics老年医学 Geriatrics神经病学 Neurology精神病与精神卫生学 Psychiatry and Mental Health皮肤病与性病学 Dermatology and Venereology影像医学与核医学 Imaging and Nuclear Medicine临床检验诊断学 Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics护理学 Nursing外科学（含普通外科学、骨外科学、泌尿外科学、胸心血管外科学、神经外科学、整形外科学、烧伤外科学、野战外科学） Surgery (General Surgery, Orthopedics, Urology, Cardiothoracic Surgery, Neurosurgery, Plastic Surgery, Burn Surgery, Field Surgery)妇产科学 Obstetrics and Gynecology眼科学 Ophthalmic Specialty耳鼻咽喉科学 Otolaryngology肿瘤学 Oncology康复医学与理疗学 Rehabilitation Medicine Physical Therapy运动医学 Sports Medicine麻醉学 Anesthesiology急诊医学 Emergency Medicine口腔医学 Stomatology口腔基础医学 Basic Science of Stomatology口腔临床医学 Clinical Science of Stomatology公共卫生与预防医学 Public Health and Preventive Medicine流行病与卫生统计学 Epidemiology and Health Statistics劳动卫生与环境卫生学 Occupational and Environmental Health营养与食品卫生学 Nutrition and Food Hygiene儿少卫生与妇幼保健学 Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health卫生毒理学 Hygiene Toxicology军事预防医学 Military Preventive Medicine中医学 Chinese Medicine中医基础理论 Basic Theories of Chinese Medicine中医临床基础 Clinical Foundation of Chinese Medicine中医医史文献 History and Literature of Chinese Medicine方剂学 Formulas of Chinese Medicine中医诊断学 Diagnostics of Chinese Medicine中医内科学 Chinese Internal Medicine中医外科学 Surgery of Chinese Medicine中医骨伤科学 Orthopedics of 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地理专业英语分解
地理专业英语geography 地理geographer 地理学家hemisphere 半球meridian 子午线，经线parallel 平行圈，纬线latitude 经度longitude 精度elevation 海拔altitude 高度temperate latitudes 温带地区horizon 地平线equator 赤道tropics 热带地区Arctic 北极Antarctic(Antarctica) 南极expedition 探险time zone 时区topography 地形，地形学plain 平原plateau (highland) 高地lowland 低地basin 盆地cavern (cave) 洞穴terrain 地域subterranean ( underground) 地底下coastland 沿海地区island 岛屿continental island 大陆岛volcanic island 火山岛coral island 珊瑚岛islet 小岛peninsular 半岛continent 大陆continental shelf 大陆架ranges 山脉valley 峡谷canyon 峡谷channel (strait) 海峡remote-sensing 遥感的terrestrial 地球的，陆地的terrestrial heat (geothermal) 地热terrestrial magnetism (geomagnetism) 地磁continental drift 大陆漂移学说sea-floor spreading 海床扩展evaporation 蒸发salinity 含盐度ocean bottom 海床sediment 沉淀物，沉积物tropical 热带的temperate 温带的frigid 寒带的formation 形成frost heaving 冻胀现象fieldstone 卵石physical geography 自然地理economic geography 经济地理geopolitics 地理政治论ethnography 民族志cosmography 宇宙志cosmology 宇宙论geology 地理学toponymy 地名学oceanography 海洋学meteorology 气象学orography 山志学hydroaraphy 水文学vegetation 植被relief 地形,地貌climate 气候Earth 地球,大地Universe, cosmos 宇宙world 世界globe 地球仪earth, globe 地壳continent 大陆terra firma 陆地coast 海岸archipelago 群岛peninsula 半岛island 岛plain 平原valley 谷地meadow (小)草原prairie (大)草原lake 湖泊pond 池塘marsh, bog, swamp 沼泽small lake 小湖lagoon 泻湖moor, moorland 荒原desert 沙漠dune 沙丘oasis 绿洲savanna, savannah (南美)大草原virgin forest 原始森林steppe 大草原tundra 冻原a horizon 腐殖堆积层aa lava 块熔岩abandoned field 撩荒地abandoned lands 撩荒地abandoned mine 废弃矿山abandoned shoreline 旧岸线aberration 像差abiogenesis 自然发生abiotic factor 非生物因素ablation 水蚀ablation moraine 消融冰碛abnormality 反常aboriginal 土着的abrasion 海蚀abrasion platform 浪蚀台地abrasion shore 浪蚀海岸abrasion surface 浪蚀面abrasion terrace 海蚀阶地abrasive 研磨剂abrupt slope 陡坡abrupt textural change 质地突变abscissa 横坐标absolute age 绝对年龄absolute age determination 绝对年代测定absolute age of groundwater 地下水绝对年龄absolute altitude 绝对高度absolute amplitude 绝对振幅absolute chronology 绝对年代absolute convergence 绝对收敛absolute dating 绝对年代测定absolute error 绝对误差absolute extremes 绝对极值absolute geochronology 绝对地质年代学Word and phrase1. core; mantle; crust 地核；地幔；地壳4. continental crust 大陆地壳5. granite; basalt 花岗岩；玄武岩6. sial; sima 硅铝层；硅镁层7. surface waves; body .. 面波；体波8. epicentre; focus 震中；震源9. lithosphere 岩石圈10. tectonic plate 构造板块11. continetal drift 大陆漂移12. asthenosphere 软流层13. ocean ridge 洋脊14. ocean trench 海沟15. subduction 俯冲作用16. volcanism 火山作用17. fold mountain 褶皱山脉18. fold; fault 褶皱；断层19. sedimentary rocks 沉积岩20. vent 火山口21. lava 熔岩22.volcanic cones 火山锥23. parasitic cone 寄生火山锥24. plug 岩颈25. volcanic ash 火山灰26. mechanical weathering 机械风化27. chemical weathering 化学风化28. freeze-thaw 冻融29. pressure release 卸荷释重30.limestone 石灰岩31. hydrolysis 水解作用32. quartz 石英33. hydration 水合作用34. oxidation 氧化作用35. alluvium 冲击层36. gravel 砂砾37. denudation 剥蚀作用38. precipitation 降水39. climatic zone 气候带40. mid-latitude 中纬度41. semi-arid 半干旱42. tropical wet-dry 热带干湿季气候43. watershed 分水岭44. drainage basin 流域45. regolith 风化层46. soil creep 土壤蠕动47. mass movement 块体运动48. strata 地层49. overland runoff 地表径流50. sheet wash 片状冲刷51. pediment 山前侵蚀平原（山足面）52. rockfall 山崩53. landslide 滑坡54. interception 截流55. evapotranspiration 蒸发和蒸腾总量56. capillary rise 毛管上升57. aeration zone 包气带58. overland flow ; interflow ; base flow 地表径流；壤中流；地下径流59. water table 潜水面（水位）60. basin length; area 流域长度;流域面积61. tributary 支流；62. trunk stream 干流63. drainage density 河网密度64. flood plain 泛滥平原65. coniferous tree 松树67. inselberg 岛状山68. equator 赤道69. monsoon 季风70. storm hydrograph 暴雨水文曲线71. discharge 流量72. peak flow 洪峰流量73. rainfall peak 降水峰值74. precipitation intensity 降水强度75. land use 土地利用76. water-born waste 水成废弃物77. heavy metal 重金属78. climatology 气候学79. urban heat island 城市热岛80. deciduous trees 落叶树81. upper ;middle ; lower reach 上中下游82. vertical erosion 下切侵蚀83. headward erosion 溯源侵蚀84. lateral erosion 侧蚀85. pot-hole 壶穴86. meander 曲流87. ox-bow lake 牛轭湖88. delta 三角洲89. lake basin 湖盆90. levee 天然提91. rill and gully erosion 细沟、冲沟侵蚀92.clay;silt;sand;粘土；粉砂；砂93. suspended sediment 悬浮沉积物94. atmospherical fallout 大气沉降95. laminar flow 层流96. turbulent flow 紊流97. riffle; pool 浅滩；深槽98. channel roughness 河道粗糙度99. sandbar 沙坝100. thalweg 中泓线101. estuary 河口102. lagoon 泻湖103. salinity 盐度104. coastline 海岸线105. dune 沙丘106. suspension; saltation; creep 悬移；跃移；蠕移107. dust storm 尘暴108. windward; leeward 迎风；背风109. prevailing wind 盛行风110. deflation hollow 风蚀凹地111. aridity 干燥度112. tropic of cancer 北回归线113. tropic of capricorn 南回归线114. gobi 戈壁115. continentality 大陆度116. cold ocean current 寒流117. plateau 高原118. alluvial fan 冲积扇119. pediplanation 山麓夷平作用120. deflation 风蚀121. moraine 冰碛122. glacial；interglacial 冰期；间冰期123. Recent 全新世124. Quaternary Era 第四纪125. periglacial period 冰缘期126. nivation 冰蚀127. earth’ orbit 地球轨道128. plucking 挖蚀129. abrasion 磨蚀130. pyramidal peak 角峰131. arete 刃脊132. cirque 冰斗133. horn 角峰134. U-shaped valley (trough) U型谷135. fluvioglacial deposit 冰水沉积136. drumlin 鼓丘137. terminal moraine 终碛138. outwash plain 冰水沉积平原139. kettle hole 锅穴140. wavelength 波长141. crest；trough 波峰；波谷142. wave period 周期143. wave frequency 波频144. wave height 波高145. wave refraction 波浪折射146. tidal range 潮差147. stack 海蚀柱148. arch 海蚀拱桥149. headland 海岬150. troposphere (pause); strato-; meso-; thermo- 对流层（顶）、平流、中间、热成151. pressure-gradient force 气压梯度力152. isobar 等压线153. sub-tropical anticyclone 副热带高压154. cirrus 卷云155. cumulus 积云156. stratus 层云157. cumulonimbus 积雨云158. convection rain 对流雨159. thunderstorm 雷雨160. depression 低气压161. frontal rain 锋面雨162. orographic rain 地形雨163. equatorial trough 赤道低压槽164. front 锋165. temperature inversion 逆温166. soil texture 土壤质地167. loam 壤土168. soil structure 土壤结构169. soil moisture 土壤水分170. field capacity 田间持水量171. cation exchange capacity 阳离子交换量172. podzol 灰化土173. brown earth 褐土174. sandstone 砂岩175. gley 潜育土176. azonal soil 非地带性土壤177. soil horizon 土层178. humification 腐殖化作用179. mineralisation 矿化作用180. eluviation 淋溶作用181. calcification 钙化作用182. salinisation 盐化作用183. gleying 潜育化作用184. illuviation 淀积作用185. savanna 热带稀树草原（萨王纳）186. saline soil 盐土187. biogeography 生物地理学188. biotic ; abiotic element 生物;非生物成分189. autotroph; heterotroph 自养生物；异养生物190. producer; consumer 生产者；消费者191. photosynthesis 光合作用192. herbivore 食草动物193. carnivore 食肉动物194. decomposer 分解者195. trophic pyramid 营养金字塔196. food web 食物网197. primary productivity 初级生产力198. gross productivity 总生产力199. net productivity 净生产力200. continental shelf 大陆架201. succession（prisere）演替202. climax community 顶级群落203. primary (secondary) succession 初级和次级演替English for Geography地理专业英语Lesson 1. Longitude and latitude ...........................经度和纬度P1 (1)Lesson 2. Rotation and revolution of the earth...地球的自转和公转P6 (2)Lesson 4. The major classes of landforms...............主要地形类型P13 (6)Lesson 5 Delta plains ..........................................三角洲平原P16 (8)Lesson 6 Limestone caverns and karst landscapes石灰岩洞和喀斯特景观P21 (8)Lesson 7 Layers of the Earth .................................地球圈层P31 (8)Lesson 8 The rock cycle ..........................................岩石循环P43 (9)Lesson 9 Soil pedogenesis .......................................成土作用p48 (10)Lesson 10 Global scale circulation of the atmosphere全球大气环流 P62 (11)Lesson 11 The Hydrologic Cycle ..............................水循环P74 (11)Lesson 12 Three Model of Urban Land Use..................三种城市土地利用模式P97 (11)Lesson 13 Air pollution cause and effects...............空气污染原因和影响P168 (12)Lesson 14 Hurricane ...................................................飓风P182 (12)Lesson 1. LONGITUDE AND LATITUDE经度和纬度1、The location of points on the earth’s surface follows a system in which lengthsof arc are measured along meridians and parallels；测定地球表面上点的位置是按照沿着子午线（经线）和纬线测量弧长的方法进行的2、that desired point 欲量算的点3、the longitude of a place is the arc, measured in degrees, of a parallel between thatplace and the prime meridian 经度的定义4、the longitude of a place is the arc, measured in degrees, of a parallel between thatplace and the prime meridian 某地的经度系该地与本初子午线之间的纬线的弧的度数5、almost universally 几乎一致6、The prime meridian is almost universally accepted as the meridian that passes throughthe old Royal Observatory at Greenwich人们几乎一致承认以通过格林尼治皇家天文台原址的子午线作为本初子午线7、be referred to as 被称为8、Long. 115。
人文地理学专业词汇
人文地理名词解释1、人文地理学：研究地表各种人文事象的地域分布、空间组合、人文事象与地理环境的相互关系，并且预测其发展变化规律的科学。
2、宗教地理学：研究不同宗教的区域分布、宗教的源地、教义和环境的关系，以及不同宗教对社会影响的科学。
3、政治地理学：研究地表各种政治事象的地域分布、空间组合，政治地域形成与地理环境的关系，并且预测其发展变化规律的科学。
4、行为地理学：研究人类在地理环境中的行为过程、行为空间、趣味选择及其发展规律的科学。
5、文化地理学：研究人类文化活动地域系统的形成及其发展规律的科学。
6、文化生态学：研究人类文化与地理环境相互关系的科学。
7、文化景观（人文景观）：附加在自然景观上的人类活动形态。
或者：居住于该地的某文化集团为满足其需要，利用自然界所提供的材料，在自然景观的基础上，叠加上自己所创造的文化产品被称为文化景观8、文化区：是指不同性质的文化现象分布的范围。
或者说，根据各种文化现象的差异所划分的地域单元。
9、形式文化区（均质文化区）：是指某种文化现象，或某些具有相互联系的文化现象在空间分布上具有集中的核心区和模糊的边界的文化地域单元。
10、功能文化区（异质文化区）：按行政或某种职能划分的文化区被称为功能文化区。
***乡土文化区（感知文化区）：是由于宣传或人类活动的原因，群众感到实际存在的文化区。
11、文化决定论：认为在现代技术条件下，人类不仅可以利用自然，而且可以按照人类的愿望来改造自然征服自然。
该理论与环境决定论的观点相反，过分强调人在人地关系中的主导作用，带有明显的主观主义和唯心主义的色彩。
12、文化适应：是人类为了有效获取食物和改善生活条件而逐步创造的工具、技术以及组织形式等。
13、工业区：是以一个或几个大中型工业企业为骨干，由若干大中小型企业组成的工业企业群体。
14、工业地区：是由两个以上的工业枢纽，聚集在几千到几万平方公里的城市群。
15、工业枢纽：由若干工业区和众多的工业点所组成的工业地域单元。
专业英语结课作业人文地理学研究生二年级.
专业英语结课作业——李宁 2012级人文地理On Financing Models of Real Estate Enterprise房地产公司的融资模式Abstract: Against the background that the central government is strengthening macro control and tightening credit scale of real estate businesses, financing capacity becomes the determinant for a real estate enterprise's development. Domestic enterprises nave many ways of financing, and this paper describes ten common models, simply analyses the advantages and disadvantages of each model, while explains and recommends three financing examples models with practical examples : individual entrusted loan, trust financing and assets securitization.摘要:在国家加大宏观调控力度、紧缩房地产信贷规模的背景下, 房地产企业面临严峻的资金压力,融资能力成为决定房地产持续发展的决定因素。
国内房地产企业的融资方式较多, 本文深入浅出地介绍了常见的十种模式, 简单地分析了各种模式的优缺点, 并结合工作实际, 推荐和较详细地介绍了三种融资模式:个人委托贷款、信托融资、资产证券化。
Keywords: real estate enterprise, enterprise financing, individual entrusted loan, trust financing, assets securitization, equity financing 关键字:房地产企业;企业融资;个人委托贷款;信托融资;资产证券化;股权融资文章分为四部分:1、 Introduction 介绍2、 Common financing model for real estate enterprises 房地产公司的一般融资模式3、 Comparison and selection of real estate enterprise financing models 对比选择房地产公司融资模式4、 Conclusion 结论1、 Introduction 介绍Real estate industry features in capital intensive, long development cycle, great input, high risk and so on. Traditional financing ways for real estate enterprises mainly include self-funded plus bank loans. Since the People's Bank of China issued No.121 Paper, financial institutions tightened cash flows, enterprises dependent on commercial banksfor financing get into difficulties, meaning financing capacity has become a determinant for the sustainable development of a real estate enterprise.The financial system in China is not mature, so real estate enterprises should not only be confined to bank loans, but also seek for more financing channels and fully play the diversified financing functions of the society, for survival and further development. Only enterprises with timely innovation in financing and plenty of capital can survive and develop. Therefore, it is necessary and meaningful to study and analyze various financing ways.2、 Common financing model for real estate enterprises 房地产公司的一般融资模式Domestic real estate enterprises have different financing models, each with advantages and disadvantages, and they are summarized as follows:2.1 Bank loans 银行贷款This is a traditional financing method. According to statistics, before No.121 Paper from the People’s Bank of China, real estate projects sourced about 60% of the fund directly or indirectly from banks. Bank loans include credit loans, mortgage loans, etc.Some enterprises used to mortgage the land they take for loans, arrear part of land transferring fees, stage the project development, subcontract the project with advance capital and forward sale, etc. to rapidly recover funds. Nowadays, these ways are not workable.2.2 Institutional investments + bank loans 机构投资 +银行贷款Institutional investments plus bank loans, this model is also referred as bridge loans. When real estate enterprises are not able to self-fund for land grant fee, etc., institutional investors provide short-term capital support (bridging, to keep the project moving (crossing bridge. When the projects have cash inflow, Banks began to loan. For enterprises targeting at further development, this model only ease the cash tightness for a while, not a guarantee for long-term financial support.2.3Equity financing 股权融资Equity financing model is broadly adopted in real estate industry. In order to get financed, many real estate project developers are willing to attract funds through capital and equity increase. The largest shortcoming缺点 of this model is that the developers have to give out分发 a large part of profits, which is not quite acceptable for companies with good projects这一点并不能为拥有好项目的公司所接受 . In addition, as equity financing involves management and administrative power由于股权融资包括管理和行政权力 , enterprises for long-term development would not prefer this method企业长期发展并不喜欢这种方式 .2.4Corporate bonds 公司债券This method is often used for new projects, with a higher interest rate than that of banks of the same period比银行同期利率更高的利息 . Large enterprises generally issue more bonds, while general real estate projects seldom can get a chance to issue bonds大公司通常会发行很多债券,但通常不动产项目很少能有这样的机会 . Therequirements on the bond-issuer are strict, only exclusively-state-owned companies, public companies, and limited liability companies established by two state-owned investment subjects are qualified 债券发行人的要求是严格的 , 只有完全国有企业 , 上市公司 , 有限责任公司建立了两个国有投资主体才有资格。
【人文地理学】119个专业英语名词解释汇总
【人文地理学】119个专业英语名词解释汇总[1]Physical GeographyThe study of natural processes and the distribution of features in the environment, such as landforms, plants, animals, and climate[2]Human GeographyThe study of the events and processes that have shaped how humans understand, use, and alter earth[3]Spatial PerspectiveGeographic perspective that focuses on how people live on Earth, how they organize themselves, and why the events of human societies occur where they do[4]Ecological Perspectivethe relationships between living things and their environments[5]Locationthe position that a point or object occupies on Earth[6]Absolute LocationThe exact location of an object, usually expressed in coordinates of longitude and latitude[7]Relative Locationa description of where a place is in relation to other places or features[8]Placea location on Earth that is distinguished by its physical and human characteristics[9]SiteA place's absolute location, as well as its physical characteristics, such as the landforms, climate, and resources[10]SituationLocation of a place in relation to other places or its surrounding features [11]SpaceThe area between two or more things[12]Distributeto arrange within a given space[13]Densitythe number of things- people, animals, or objects -in a specific area [14]Patternthe way in which things are arranged in a particular space[15]Flowmovement of people, goods, or information that has economic, social, political, or cultural effects on societies[16]Environmental Determinismthe idea that human behavior is strongly affected, controlled, or determined by the physical environment[17]Distance Decaya principle stating that the farther away one thing is from another, the less interaction the two things will have[18]Time-space Compressiona key geographic principle that describes the ways in which modern transportation and communication technology have allowed humans to travel and communicate over long distances more quickly and easily[19]Possibilismtheory of human-environment interaction that states that humans have the ability to adapt the physical environment to their needs[20]SustainabilityThe use of Earth's land and natural resources in ways that ensure they will continue to be available in the future[21]ScaleThe area of the world being studied[22]Regionan area of Earth's surface with certain characteristics that make it cohesive yet distinct from other areas[23]Formal Regionan area that has one or more shared traits; also called a uniform region [24]Functional Regionan area organized by its function around a focal point, or the center of an interest or activity[25]Nodethe focal point of a functional region[26]Suburbsless densely populated residential and commercial areas surrounding a city[27]Perceptual Regiona type of region that reflects people's feelings and attitudes about a place; also called a vernacular region[28]Vernacular Regiona type of region that reflects people's feelings and attitudes about a place; also called a perceptual region[29]Globalizationthe expansion of economic, cultural, and political processes on a worldwide scale[30]Theorya system of ideas intended to explain certain phenomena[31]World System Theorytheory describing the spatial and functional relationships between countries in the world economy; categorizes countries as part of a hierarchy consisting of the core, periphery, and semi-periphery [32]Coreclassification of a country or region that has wealth, higher education levels, more advanced technologies, many resources, strong militaries, and powerful allies[33]Peripheryclassification of a country or region that has less wealth, lower education levels, and less sophisticated technologies and also tends to have an unstable government and poor healthcare systems[34]Semi-peripheryclassification of a country or region that has qualities of both core and peripheral areas and is often in the process of industrializing[35]Sustainable Developmentdevelopment that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs[36]Quantitativeinvolving data that can be measured by numbers[37]Qualitativeinvolving data that is descriptive of a research subject and is often based on people's opinions[38]Censusan official count of the number of people in a defined area, such as a state[39]Geographic Information Systems(GIS)a computer system that allows for the collection, organization, and display of geographic data for analysis[40]Topographythe representation of Earth's surface to show natural and human-made features, especially their relative positions and elevations[41]Remote Sensingcollecting or analyzing data from a location without making physical contact[42]Global Positioning System(GPS)a network of satellites that orbit Earth and transmit location data to receivers, enabling users to pinpoint their exact location[43]Cartographersa person who creates maps[44]Absolute DistanceDistance that can be measured using a standard unit of length[45]Relative Distancedistance determined in relation to other places or objects[46]Absolute DirectionThe cardinal directions north, south, east, and west[47]Relative Directiondirection based on a person's perception, such as left, right, up, or down [48]Map Scalethe relationship of the size of the map to the size of the area it represents on Earth's surface[49]Reference Mapsa map that focuses on the location of places[50]Thematic Mapsany map that focuses on one or more variables to show a relationship between geographic data[51]Population Distributionwhere people live in a geographic area[52]Dispersedspread out[53]Climatethe long-term patterns of weather in a particular area[54]Temperate Climatesa climate with moderate temperatures and adequate precipitation amounts[55]Landformsthe natural features of Earth's surface[56]Human Migrationthe permanent movement of people from one place to another[57]Population Densitythe number of people occupying a unit of land[58]Arithmetic Densitythe total number of people per unit area of land; also called crude density [59]Physiological Densitythe total number of people per unit of arable land[60]Arable Landland that can be used to grow crops[61]Agricultural Densitythe total number of farmers per unit of arable land[62]Subsistence Agriculturean agricultural practice that provides crops or livestock to feed one's family and close community using fewer mechanical resources and more people to care for the crops and livestock[63]Carrying Capacitythe maximum population size an environment can sustain[64]Dependency Ratiothe number of people in a dependent age group (under age 15 or age 65 and older) divided by the number of people in the working-age group (ages 15 to 64), multiplied by 100[65]Sex Ratiothe proportion of males to females in a population[66]Demographicsdata about the structures and characteristics of human populations [67]Fertilitythe ability to produce children[68]Crude Birth Rate(CBR)the number of births in a given year per 1,000 people in a given population [69]Total Fertility Rate(TFR)the average number of children one woman in a given country or region will have during her childbearing years (ages 15 to 49)[70]Mortalitydeaths as a component of population change[71]Crude Death Rate(CDR)the number of deaths in a given year per 1,000 people in a given population [72]Infant Mortality Rate(IMR)the number of deaths of children under the age of 1 per 1,000 live births [73]Life Expectancythe average number of years a person is expected to live[74]Population Pyramidsa graph that shows the age-sex distribution of a given population[75]Rate of Natural Increase(INR)rate at which a population grows as the result of the difference between the crude birth rate and the crude death rate[76]Doubling Time(DT)the number of years in which a population growing at a certain rate would double[77]Urbanizationurban growth and development[78]Overpopulationa term used to describe the condition in which population growth outstrips the resources needed to support life[79]Neo-Malthusiandescribing the theory related to the idea that population growth is unsustainable and that the future population cannot be supported by Earth's resources[80]Demographic Transition Model(DTM)a model that represents shifts in the growth of the world's populations, based on population trends related to birth rate and death rate[81]Epidemiological Transition Model(ETM)a model that describes changes in fertility, mortality, life expectancy, and population age distribution, largely as the result of changes in causes of death[82]Antinatalistdescribing attitudes or policies that discourage childbearing as a means of limiting population growth[83]Pronatalistdescribing attitudes or policies that encourage childbearing as a means of spurring population growth[84]Land Degradationlong-term damage to the soil's ability to support life (page 103) [85]Mobilityall types of movement from one location to another, whether temporary or permanent or over short or long distances[86]Circulationmigration pattern in which migrant workers move back and forth between their country of origin and the destination country where they work temporary jobs[87]Human Migrationthe permanent movement of people from one place to another[88]Emigrationmovement away from a location[89]Immigrationmovement to a location[90]Net Migrationthe difference between the number of emigrants and immigrants in a location, such as a city or a country[91]Gravity Modela model that predicts the interaction between two or more places; geographers derived the model from Newton's law of universal gravitation [92]Push Factora negative cause that compels someone to leave a location[93]Pull Factora positive cause that attracts someone to a new location[94]Voluntary Migrationtype of migration in which people make the choice to move to a new place [95]Forced Migrationtype of migration in which people are compelled to move by economic, political, environmental, or cultural factors[96]Transnational Migrationinternational migration in which people retain strong cultural, emotional, and financial ties with their countries of origin[97]Internal Migrationmovement within a country's borders[98]Friction of Distancea concept that states that the longer a journey is, the more time, effort, and cost it will involve[99]Transhumancethe movement of herds between pastures at cooler, higher elevations during the summer months and lower elevations during the winter[100]Chain Migrationtype of migration in which people move to a location because others from their community have previously migrated there[101]Step Migrationseries of smaller moves to get to the ultimate destination[102]Intervening Obstaclean occurrence that holds migrants back[103]Intervening Opportunityan occurrence that causes migrants to pause their journey by choice [104]Guest Workersa migrant who travels to a new country as temporary labor[105]Circular Migrationmigration pattern in which migrant workers move back and forth between their country of origin and the destination country where they work temporary jobs[106]Distance Decaya principle stating that the farther away one thing is from another, the less interaction the two things will have[107]Refugeesa person who is forced to leave his or her country for fear of persecution or death[108]Asylumthe right to protection in a country[109]Internally Displaced Personsperson who has been forced to flee his or her home but remains within the country's borders[110]Human Traffickingdefined by the United Nations as "the recruitment, transportation, harboring, or receipt of persons by improper means (such as force, abduction, fraud, or coercion)"[111]Repatriateto return to one's home country[112]Interregional Migrationmovement from one region of the country to another[113]Intraregional Migrationmovement within one region of the country[114]Quotaslimit on the number of immigrants allowed into the country each year [115]Kinship Linksnetworks of relatives and friends[116]Skills Gapa shortage of people trained in a particular industry[117]Remittancesmoney earned by an emigrant abroad and sent back to his or her home country [118]Brain Drainthe loss of trained or educated people to the lure of work in another often richer country[119]Relocation Diffusionthe spread of culture traits through the movement of people。
人文地理学专业英语
人文地理学专业英语Human Geography: A Major in EnglishIntroductionHuman geography is a field of study that focuses on the relationships between people and their environment, exploring the social, economic, and cultural aspects of different regions. In this article, we will delve into the subject of human geography as a major in English and discuss its significance, the skills it cultivates, and the career opportunities it offers.Importance of Human GeographyHuman geography plays a crucial role in understanding the complexities of our world. By studying this discipline in English, students gain a global perspective and develop an appreciation for diverse societies and cultures. They learn how human activities shape their surroundings and how the environment, in turn, influences human behavior. This knowledge is vital in addressing contemporary challenges such as urbanization, climate change, and social inequality.Skills Developed in Human GeographyStudying human geography as a major in English equips students with a wide range of skills that are highly valued in various professional fields. Here are some important skills cultivated through this discipline:1. Spatial Analysis: Human geographers are skilled in interpreting and analyzing spatial patterns and relationships. They have the ability tovisualize and understand complex data sets, enabling them to solve problems related to urban planning, resource management, and regional development.2. Critical Thinking: Human geography encourages students to think critically about the interactions between society and the environment. It helps them develop analytical skills, enabling them to assess and evaluate different perspectives on issues such as globalization, migration, and sustainable development.3. Research and Communication: As human geography students, individuals learn how to conduct research, gather relevant data, and present their findings effectively. These skills are crucial for academic writing, policy analysis, and communication of geographical information to a wider audience.4. Cultural Awareness: Studying human geography fosters cultural sensitivity and understanding. It encourages students to appreciate diverse cultures, traditions, and beliefs, and to recognize the importance of inclusivity, respect, and empathy in a globalized world.Career Opportunities in Human GeographyA major in human geography can lead to various career opportunities. Graduates can pursue professions in the following areas:1. Urban Planning: Human geographers can find employment in urban planning departments, where they contribute to the development of sustainable and inclusive cities. They work on issues such as transportation, land use, and community development, with the aim of creating livable urban spaces.2. Environmental Management: With their knowledge of the interaction between humans and the environment, human geography graduates can work in environmental management organizations. They help develop strategies to mitigate the impact of human activities on natural resources and ecosystems.3. Social Research: Human geography graduates can work in research institutes or social science departments, conducting studies on various topics such as population dynamics, migration, social inequality, and cultural change.4. International Development: Many organizations involved in international development projects require human geography expertise. Graduates can contribute to projects related to poverty reduction, sustainable development, and social justice in different parts of the world.ConclusionHuman geography as a major in English provides students with a solid foundation in understanding the complex interplay between society and the environment. It equips them with valuable skills in spatial analysis, critical thinking, research, and communication. Graduates can embark on fulfilling careers in urban planning, environmental management, social research, and international development. By studying human geography in English, individuals gain a global perspective and develop the knowledge necessary to address the challenges of our ever-changing world.。
人文地理学专业词汇
人文地理学专业词汇1、地理学geographe研究对象是地理环境（自然环境、经济环境、人文环境）2、人文地理学以人文现象为研究主体，侧重于揭示人类活动的空间结构及其地域分布的规律性。
研究对象是人文环境、人文现象和文化景观。
其内核是注重区域和空间，注重人地关系3、人地关系内涵：人指社会属性的人，具体说是指在一定区域空间和一定生产方式下从各种社会活动和生产活动的具有群体行为的人；地指地理环境，包括自然环境和社会人文环境，具体指与人类活动有密切联系的空间上存在地域差异的自然、人文、经济复合体系。
4、人文地理的学科特征：社会性、区域性、综合性。
5、近代人文地理学：（德国）洪堡：使地理学成为一门独立的科学；李特尔：近代人文地理学的开山大师，致力于探究自然环境对人类历史的因果关系。
拉采尔：地理环境决定论。
赫特纳：区域学派的代表。
施吕特尔：景观学派的代表。
（法国）白兰士、白吕纳：人地相关论。
（英国）麦金德：大陆腹地说。
罗士培：适应论。
（美国）森普尔：环境决定论。
苏尔：文化景观学派。
（俄国）巴朗斯基、萨乌什金：区域学派，费根、康斯坦丁：经济学派。
6、现代人文地理学：美国谢佛使作数学统计培养计量地学者，苏联自然地理学与经济地理学相分离的二元论观点。
总体特征：（1）科学理论与方法论的建立：人地关系协调论和可持续发展观；（2）新的研究方法：计量方法、数学模型、心理学的分析方法、技术分析法；（3）新的研究内容和研究方向：在人地关系研究方面，既注重生态观点，同时社会化和人文化的倾向得到强化，面向解决实际问题。
7、中国：近代张相文、竺可桢，、胡焕庸、张其昀。
现代李旭旦、吴传钧、鲍觉民。
8、方法论：（1）经验主义：观察是其重点，强调综合和归纳的作用；（2）实证主义：对任何事物合乎科学的理解必须有意义并且同实际相符，演绎由一般到特殊；（3）人本主义：以人为主体，重视人类行为的丰富意义和社会价值观念体系中的非经济成分；（4）结构主义：可观察的事物，只有当把它用一个潜在结构或秩序联系在一起时，才有意义。
地理专业英语
地理专业英语geography 地理geographer 地理学家hemisphere 半球meridian 子午线，经线parallel 平行圈，纬线latitude 经度longitude 精度elevation 海拔altitude 高度temperate latitudes 温带地区horizon 地平线equator 赤道tropics 热带地区Arctic 北极Antarctic(Antarctica) 南极expedition 探险time zone 时区topography 地形，地形学plain 平原plateau (highland) 高地lowland 低地basin 盆地cavern (cave) 洞穴terrain 地域subterranean ( underground) 地底下coastland 沿海地区island 岛屿continental island 大陆岛volcanic island 火山岛coral island 珊瑚岛islet 小岛peninsular 半岛continent 大陆continental shelf 大陆架ranges 山脉valley 峡谷canyon 峡谷channel (strait) 海峡remote-sensing 遥感的terrestrial 地球的，陆地的terrestrial heat (geothermal) 地热terrestrial magnetism (geomagnetism) 地磁continental drift 大陆漂移学说sea-floor spreading 海床扩展evaporation 蒸发salinity 含盐度ocean bottom 海床sediment 沉淀物，沉积物tropical 热带的temperate 温带的frigid 寒带的formation 形成frost heaving 冻胀现象fieldstone 卵石physical geography 自然地理economic geography 经济地理geopolitics 地理政治论ethnography 民族志cosmography 宇宙志cosmology 宇宙论geology 地理学toponymy 地名学oceanography 海洋学meteorology 气象学orography 山志学hydroaraphy 水文学vegetation 植被relief 地形,地貌climate 气候Earth 地球,大地Universe, cosmos 宇宙world 世界globe 地球仪earth, globe 地壳continent 大陆terra firma 陆地coast 海岸archipelago 群岛peninsula 半岛island 岛plain 平原valley 谷地meadow (小)草原prairie (大)草原lake 湖泊pond 池塘marsh, bog, swamp 沼泽small lake 小湖lagoon 泻湖moor, moorland 荒原desert 沙漠dune 沙丘oasis 绿洲savanna, savannah (南美)大草原virgin forest 原始森林steppe 大草原tundra 冻原a horizon 腐殖堆积层aa lava 块熔岩abandoned field 撩荒地abandoned lands 撩荒地abandoned mine 废弃矿山abandoned shoreline 旧岸线aberration 像差abiogenesis 自然发生abiotic factor 非生物因素ablation 水蚀ablation moraine 消融冰碛abnormality 反常aboriginal 土着的abrasion 海蚀abrasion platform 浪蚀台地abrasion shore 浪蚀海岸abrasion surface 浪蚀面abrasion terrace 海蚀阶地abrasive 研磨剂abrupt slope 陡坡abrupt textural change 质地突变abscissa 横坐标absolute age 绝对年龄absolute age determination 绝对年代测定absolute age of groundwater 地下水绝对年龄absolute altitude 绝对高度absolute amplitude 绝对振幅absolute chronology 绝对年代absolute convergence 绝对收敛absolute dating 绝对年代测定absolute error 绝对误差absolute extremes 绝对极值absolute geochronology 绝对地质年代学Word and phrase1. core; mantle; crust 地核；地幔；地壳4. continental crust 大陆地壳5. granite; basalt 花岗岩；玄武岩6. sial; sima 硅铝层；硅镁层7. surface waves; body .. 面波；体波8. epicentre; focus 震中；震源9. lithosphere 岩石圈10. tectonic plate 构造板块11. continetal drift 大陆漂移12. asthenosphere 软流层13. ocean ridge 洋脊14. ocean trench 海沟15. subduction 俯冲作用16. volcanism 火山作用17. fold mountain 褶皱山脉18. fold; fault 褶皱；断层19. sedimentary rocks 沉积岩20. vent 火山口21. lava 熔岩22.volcanic cones 火山锥23. parasitic cone 寄生火山锥24. plug 岩颈25. volcanic ash 火山灰26. mechanical weathering 机械风化27. chemical weathering 化学风化28. freeze-thaw 冻融29. pressure release 卸荷释重30.limestone 石灰岩31. hydrolysis 水解作用32. quartz 石英33. hydration 水合作用34. oxidation 氧化作用35. alluvium 冲击层36. gravel 砂砾37. denudation 剥蚀作用38. precipitation 降水39. climatic zone 气候带40. mid-latitude 中纬度41. semi-arid 半干旱42. tropical wet-dry 热带干湿季气候43. watershed 分水岭44. drainage basin 流域45. regolith 风化层46. soil creep 土壤蠕动47. mass movement 块体运动48. strata 地层49. overland runoff 地表径流50. sheet wash 片状冲刷51. pediment 山前侵蚀平原（山足面）52. rockfall 山崩53. landslide 滑坡54. interception 截流55. evapotranspiration 蒸发和蒸腾总量56. capillary rise 毛管上升57. aeration zone 包气带58. overland flow ; interflow ; base flow 地表径流；壤中流；地下径流59. water table 潜水面（水位）60. basin length; area 流域长度;流域面积61. tributary 支流；62. trunk stream 干流63. drainage density 河网密度64. flood plain 泛滥平原65. coniferous tree 松树67. inselberg 岛状山68. equator 赤道69. monsoon 季风70. storm hydrograph 暴雨水文曲线71. discharge 流量72. peak flow 洪峰流量73. rainfall peak 降水峰值74. precipitation intensity 降水强度75. land use 土地利用76. water-born waste 水成废弃物77. heavy metal 重金属78. climatology 气候学79. urban heat island 城市热岛80. deciduous trees 落叶树81. upper ;middle ; lower reach 上中下游82. vertical erosion 下切侵蚀83. headward erosion 溯源侵蚀84. lateral erosion 侧蚀85. pot-hole 壶穴86. meander 曲流87. ox-bow lake 牛轭湖88. delta 三角洲89. lake basin 湖盆90. levee 天然提91. rill and gully erosion 细沟、冲沟侵蚀92.clay;silt;sand;粘土；粉砂；砂93. suspended sediment 悬浮沉积物94. atmospherical fallout 大气沉降95. laminar flow 层流96. turbulent flow 紊流97. riffle; pool 浅滩；深槽98. channel roughness 河道粗糙度99. sandbar 沙坝100. thalweg 中泓线101. estuary 河口102. lagoon 泻湖103. salinity 盐度104. coastline 海岸线105. dune 沙丘106. suspension; saltation; creep 悬移；跃移；蠕移107. dust storm 尘暴108. windward; leeward 迎风；背风109. prevailing wind 盛行风110. deflation hollow 风蚀凹地111. aridity 干燥度112. tropic of cancer 北回归线113. tropic of capricorn 南回归线114. gobi 戈壁115. continentality 大陆度116. cold ocean current 寒流117. plateau 高原118. alluvial fan 冲积扇119. pediplanation 山麓夷平作用120. deflation 风蚀121. moraine 冰碛122. glacial；interglacial 冰期；间冰期123. Recent 全新世124. Quaternary Era 第四纪125. periglacial period 冰缘期126. nivation 冰蚀127. earth’ orbit 地球轨道128. plucking 挖蚀129. abrasion 磨蚀130. pyramidal peak 角峰131. arete 刃脊132. cirque 冰斗133. horn 角峰134. U-shaped valley (trough) U型谷135. fluvioglacial deposit 冰水沉积136. drumlin 鼓丘137. terminal moraine 终碛138. outwash plain 冰水沉积平原139. kettle hole 锅穴140. wavelength 波长141. crest；trough 波峰；波谷142. wave period 周期143. wave frequency 波频144. wave height 波高145. wave refraction 波浪折射146. tidal range 潮差147. stack 海蚀柱148. arch 海蚀拱桥149. headland 海岬150. troposphere (pause); strato-; meso-; thermo- 对流层（顶）、平流、中间、热成151. pressure-gradient force 气压梯度力152. isobar 等压线153. sub-tropical anticyclone 副热带高压154. cirrus 卷云155. cumulus 积云156. stratus 层云157. cumulonimbus 积雨云158. convection rain 对流雨159. thunderstorm 雷雨160. depression 低气压161. frontal rain 锋面雨162. orographic rain 地形雨163. equatorial trough 赤道低压槽164. front 锋165. temperature inversion 逆温166. soil texture 土壤质地167. loam 壤土168. soil structure 土壤结构169. soil moisture 土壤水分170. field capacity 田间持水量171. cation exchange capacity 阳离子交换量172. podzol 灰化土173. brown earth 褐土174. sandstone 砂岩175. gley 潜育土176. azonal soil 非地带性土壤177. soil horizon 土层178. humification 腐殖化作用179. mineralisation 矿化作用180. eluviation 淋溶作用181. calcification 钙化作用182. salinisation 盐化作用183. gleying 潜育化作用184. illuviation 淀积作用185. savanna 热带稀树草原（萨王纳）186. saline soil 盐土187. biogeography 生物地理学188. biotic ; abiotic element 生物;非生物成分189. autotroph; heterotroph 自养生物；异养生物190. producer; consumer 生产者；消费者191. photosynthesis 光合作用192. herbivore 食草动物193. carnivore 食肉动物194. decomposer 分解者195. trophic pyramid 营养金字塔196. food web 食物网197. primary productivity 初级生产力198. gross productivity 总生产力199. net productivity 净生产力200. continental shelf 大陆架201. succession（prisere）演替202. climax community 顶级群落203. primary (secondary) succession 初级和次级演替English for Geography地理专业英语Lesson 1. Longitude and latitude ...........................经度和纬度P1 (1)Lesson 2. Rotation and revolution of the earth...地球的自转和公转P6 (2)Lesson 4. The major classes of landforms...............主要地形类型P13 (6)Lesson 5 Delta plains ..........................................三角洲平原P16 (8)Lesson 6 Limestone caverns and karst landscapes石灰岩洞和喀斯特景观P21 (8)Lesson 7 Layers of the Earth .................................地球圈层P31 (8)Lesson 8 The rock cycle ..........................................岩石循环P43 (9)Lesson 9 Soil pedogenesis .......................................成土作用p48 (10)Lesson 10 Global scale circulation of the atmosphere全球大气环流 P62 (11)Lesson 11 The Hydrologic Cycle ..............................水循环P74 (11)Lesson 12 Three Model of Urban Land Use..................三种城市土地利用模式P97 (11)Lesson 13 Air pollution cause and effects...............空气污染原因和影响P168 (12)Lesson 14 Hurricane ...................................................飓风P182 (12)Lesson 1. LONGITUDE AND LATITUDE经度和纬度1、The location of points on the earth’s surface follows a system in which lengthsof arc are measured along meridians and parallels；测定地球表面上点的位置是按照沿着子午线（经线）和纬线测量弧长的方法进行的2、that desired point 欲量算的点3、the longitude of a place is the arc, measured in degrees, of a parallel between thatplace and the prime meridian 经度的定义4、the longitude of a place is the arc, measured in degrees, of a parallel between thatplace and the prime meridian 某地的经度系该地与本初子午线之间的纬线的弧的度数5、almost universally 几乎一致6、The prime meridian is almost universally accepted as the meridian that passes throughthe old Royal Observatory at Greenwich人们几乎一致承认以通过格林尼治皇家天文台原址的子午线作为本初子午线7、be referred to as 被称为8、Long. 115。
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引言Introduction人文地理学，作为科学王国中一支较小的学科，尽管常常不被人们关注和重视，然而它却是一支最具活力的学科，它的研究主题——社会的空间组织和人与环境的关系——为许许多多形式的研究和朝气蓬勃的地理学者提供了机遇和挑战。
在最近30年来，西方人文地理学可以说是百家争鸣、百花齐放。
人文地理学家不断地接受他们以前很少遇到的其它学科的新思想、新观念，这样就给人文地理学的发展带来无限的生机。
Human geography is such a subject full of vitalities despite of being neglected sometimes.Its research themes, the social-spatial structure and the relationship between human and environments, have brought opportunities and challenges to both various forms of research and geographers.In recent 30 years, the western human geography has so many variegated theories and ramifications.Human geographers have kept absorbing new ideas and opinions from many other subjects, which gives tremendous vital force to the development of human geography.一、人文地理学的性质Characters of human geography1、地理学形成及分化Formation and differentiation of geography地理学（geography）是希腊语中关于地球和书写两个词复合词，主要研究人类生活空间的地球表面（Haggett，1990）。
Geography mainly studies the earth sphere that people live in.大学地理学的发展一开始就受到自然科学和人文社会科学两大类学科分化的影响，研究自然环境的地理学称为“自然地理学”，研究人工环境的称“人文地理学”。
Geography studied in university had ramifications about “physical geography”and “human geography”because its development had been affected by the differentiation of natural science and social science from the beginning.随着科学的进步和社会需求的出现，地理学的定义也在不断地发生变化。
通过英国和美国地理学家学会研究组对大多数地理学系课程和学科体系的调查发现，1990年代的地理学主要由人文地理学、自然地理学、混合人文和自然地理学和其它领域四个方面所组成。
With the development of sciences and the emergence of social demands, the definition of geography has been evolving continuously.As shown in a survey about the curriculum and the subject system of geography, in the 1990s, geography was consisted of four branches: human geography, physical geography, human- physical geography together with other geography fields.2、人文地理学的发展Progress of human geography18世纪后期到19世纪早期，德国和法国的人文地理学萌芽From late 1800s to early 1900s, human geography germinated in German and France.1918－1939，两次世界大战之间，处在早期调查阶段From 1918 to1939, the progress of human geography was in the period of early survey.二战后，主要从1960年代起，人文地理学与其他社会科学互动与接轨，实现了从区域描述到诠释人与社会、人与环境、及人与地点或地方关系的转变。
After the world War II, especially from the 1960s, human geography had interacted and linked up with other social sciences. It changed into interpreting the relationship between humanand society, human and environment, human and site or place, while in the early time, it mainly aimed to describe region and place.20世纪60-70年代，地理学的数量革命涉及到“社会经济”的诸多主题，为后来的诸如人口、社会、城市、经济、工业和农业地理学等一些专门人文地理学学科的发展奠定了基础。
From 1960s to 1970s, quantitative revolution in geography stepped into many themes of social sciences.It contributed to the development of many human geography specialties such as population geography,social geography,urban geography,economic geography,industrial geography and agricultural geography.20世纪70-80年代，世界人文地理学出现了两个主要趋势：内部的专门化和哲学上的多元化。
From 1970s to 1980s, two important trends of the world human geography, inner specialization and philosophical diversity, had come into being.20世纪80年代，实证主义地理学、人文主义地理学和激进地理学成为人文地理学三种非常不同的学科方法。
In the 1980s, positivistic geography, humanist geography and radical geography had become three distinct subject methods.在过去20年里，其它学科思想给人文地理学科带来了新的增长点。
人种地理学、人口地理学、聚落地理学、文化地理学、政治地理学、商业地理学、经济地理学、工业地理学、农业地理学、交通运输地理学等都是在此阶段形成并发展壮大起来。
In the past 20 years, various thoughts from other sciences have brought new growth points to human geography. Ethnic geography, population geography, settlement geography, cultural geography, political geography, commercial geography, economic geography, industrial geography, agricultural geography, transportation geography and so on have developed during the time.二、当代人文地理学研究内容当代人文地理学的基本理论主要涉及空间、全球化、城市化、人口、迁移、文化、景观、发展和地缘政治等。
The basic theories of contemporary human geography refer to space, globalization, urbanization, population, migration, culture, landscape, development, geopolitics and so on .其内容主要包括：（1）社会经济发展的全球化特征与地区差异之间的关系；（2）人类与其周围生活环境之间的相互关系;（3）不同空间尺度(包括世界、国家、地区和城市)的政治、经济演化特征与趋势；（4）与民族、种族、性别、年龄、阶级等因素相联的社会文化特征及其对空间发展的影响。
The main contents include: (1)the relation between globalization and regional differences;(2)the relation between human and circumstances; (3)the political and economic evolution of different-scale space(including the world, state, region and urban). (4)the social-cultural characters of factors relating to nationality, race, gender, age, class, and their effects on spatial development .1、经济地理学Economic geography以阐释人类生产和生活资料的生产、流通和消费分配等人类经济活动的地域分布和空间组织为主要任务。