语用学-预设 presupposition-ppt

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语用学(英语ppt)

语用学(英语ppt)
• Generally speaking, there are two kinds of presupposition : semantic presupposition and pragmatic presupposition
• 1. Existential presupposition: 2. Factive presupposition: 3. Non-factive presupposition 4. Lexical presupposition 5. Structural presupposition 6. Counterfactual presupposition
c. John is not married. c b
2.a. John managed to stop the car. a b & c
b. John stopped the stop the car.
d. John did not manage to stop the car. d c
• A person called Mary exists.
• She has a brother.
• Mary has only one brother.
All are the speaker’s and
• He has a lot of money.
All can be wrong.
The sentence has entailment: • Mary’s brother bought something. • He bought three animals. • He bought two horses. • He bought one horse. • many other logical consequences.

语用预设

语用预设

语用预设1.引言预设一直以来都是语言学尤其是语义学和语用学领域争议颇多的研究课题。

一方面,预设类似于蕴涵能脱离语境而存在,而另一方面,预设似乎对语境,例如句内语境又具有敏感性传统上,语义学理论将预设看作是基于语句间真值条件的一种语义关系。

语用学理论则倾向于把预设作为有效执行言语行为的适切条件或者说话人及其听话人共享的共有知识来对待。

2. 语用预设的概念预设也称“前设”、“先设”、“前提”,同时它也是一种推理,是从另外一个角度进行的推理即在语言结构的基础上,依靠逻辑概念、语义、语境等推断出话语意义的先决条件。

预设一般可分为语义预设(Semantic presupposition)和语用预设(Pragmatic presupposition)两种。

语义预设建立在真值条件基础上,绝大部分是由语言本身所引起的。

如John’s brother is ill.无论这话真实与否,前提“John has a brother”一直存在,此预设由属格“’s”而来。

可见语义预设是语句命题本身所拥有的一种意义,是静态的、抽象的。

但在具体的话语交际中,语句总是与具体使用相联系,处于一定的语境中,因此从单纯的语义角度来研究预设显然是不够的,有必要从语言使用的角度来研究预设,这就构成了预设的语用研究。

语用预设是指“那些对语境敏感的,与说话人(有时包括说话对象)的信念、态度、意图有关的前提关系”(何自然,1997:68)。

语用预设把预设和说话人联系在一起,与语境密切相关,是动态的、具体的。

语用预设一般可从以下五个方面来理解:(1)语用预设是说话人或当事人对语境所作的设想。

说话人对自然语言环境有他自己的理解,有一些设想,并基于这些设想展开话语交际,语用预设是话语产生的背景信息。

(2)语用预设涉及说话人或当事人的态度和意图。

说话人想通过自己的话语表明自己的观点态度,并希望听话者理解他的话中语,以达到说话人想要的效果。

(3)语用预设涉及说话人所作强调。

语用学(第五章)

语用学(第五章)

二、预设与蕴涵的关系
1、什么是蕴涵 蕴涵(entailment)或译“推涵” (entailment)或译 衍推” 蕴涵(entailment)或译“推涵”、“衍推” 教材第128 )。是指两个句子之间的这 128页 (教材第128页)。是指两个句子之间的这 样一种逻辑关系: 样一种逻辑关系:第二个句子的真必定取决 于第一个句子的真实, 于第一个句子的真实,即如果第一个句子为 真时,第二个句子必真; 真时,第二个句子必真;第一个句子的假必 定取决于第二个句子的虚假, 定取决于第二个句子的虚假,即如果第二个 句子为假时,第一个句子必假。 句子为假时,第一个句子必假。
④有人开了房间里的灯。 有人开了房间里的灯。 存在性预设:房间里有灯; 存在性预设:房间里有灯; 事态性预设:房间里的灯原是不亮的。 事态性预设:房间里的灯原是不亮的。 陈莉忘了将手上的信交给赵林。 ⑤陈莉忘了将手上的信交给赵林。 存在性预设:存在一个陈莉和一个赵林; 存在性预设:存在一个陈莉和一个赵林; 陈莉手上有信; 陈莉手上有信; 事态性预设:陈莉本来要将手上的信交给赵林。 事态性预设:陈莉本来要将手上的信交给赵林。 小李的朋友曾经到过外国。 ⑥小李的朋友曾经到过外国。 存在性预设:存在一个小李; 存在性预设:存在一个小李; 小李至少有一个朋友; 小李至少有一个朋友; 事态性预设:小李的朋友生活在国内。 事态性预设:小李的朋友生活在国内。
• 区别预设和蕴涵的否定测试法: 区别预设和蕴涵的否定测试法: 把句子加“ 否定之后, 把句子加“不”或“未(能)”否定之后, 未必真(可真亦可假) 未必真(可真亦可假)的推断是该句子的蕴 把句子否定之后, 涵;把句子否定之后,仍然真的推断是该句 子的预设。例如: 子的预设。例如: 约翰设法及时停住车。 ①约翰设法及时停住车。 可推导出: 从①可推导出: 约翰及时停住了车。 ②约翰及时停住了车。 约翰试图及时停住车。 ③约翰试图及时停住车。 现在取①的否定式: 现在取①的否定式: 约翰未能及时停住车。 ④约翰未能及时停住车。

第六章 语用学(预设和

第六章  语用学(预设和

第四节 语言的接触

三、多语共用 (一)社团双语和个人双语 (二)自然双语和 认为双语 四、语言接触 (一)语言融合的成因 (二)语言融合的方式:1、自愿融合 2、被迫 融合 五、语言混合:1、皮钦语 2、克里奥尔语
二、地域方言

(一)地域方言的成因 1、交际的阻隔 2、异族语言的影响 (二)地域方言的差异 (三)地域方言的发展
地域方言的论述《颜氏家训 音辞篇》

“自兹厥后,音韵铎出,各有土风,递相非笑,指马之喻,未知孰是。 共以帝王都邑,参校方俗,考核古今,为之折衷。榷而量之,独金 陵与洛下耳。南方水土和柔,其音清举而切旨,失在浮浅,其辞多 鄙俗。北方山川深厚,其音沈浊而讹钝,得其质直,其辞多古语, 然冠冕君子,南方为优;闾里小人,北方为愈。易服而与之谈,南 方士庶,数言可辩;隔垣而听其语,北方朝野,终日难分。而南染 吴越,北杂夷虏,皆有深弊,不可具论。其谬失轻微者,则南人以 钱为涎,以石为射,以贱为羡,以是为舐。北人以庶为戍,以紫为 姊,以洽为狎,如此之例,两失甚多。“

b. Assertion:drink(Akiu,red wine)
指示语的类型



指示语一般分为:人称指示、时间指示、空间指 示、社交指示、语篇指示。 人称代词的人称指示用法: 谁去呢? 我去——你去——您去 我们去——咱们去 我们去,你留下。
指示语的常规用法和变异用法



(1)荔枝原产我国,是我国的特产。(我=我 们) (2)我们要介绍的祥子,不是“骆驼”,因为 “骆驼”……(我们=我) (3)他这个人很内向,你问他十句,他才回答 你一句。(不定指:你、他)
(二)预设触发语

语用学 预设

语用学 预设

9. Implicit clefts with stressed constituents 含强调成分的隐性分裂句
The particular presuppositions that seem to arise from the two cleft constructions seem also to be triggered simply by heavy stress on a constituent. 说话者在说话过程中, 通过说话者的声音大小,语调的高低 等,来强调句子的某一部分, 这种强调手法与运用分裂句的 强调效果是一样的。 (62) Linguistics was / wasn't invented by CHOMSKY ! >> someone invented linguistics (cf. It was / wasn't Chomsky that invented linguistics) (63) John did / didn’t compete in the OLYMPICS >> John did compete somewhere (cf. It was / wasn’t in the Olympics that John competed)
Comparisons and contrasts在广告中的应用 Let’s make things better. (PHILIPS)
在这里,预设触发语“better”的使用预设飞利浦产品的品 质原来就“good”。现在他们正努力使其产品“better”。
6. Verbs of judging 判断动词
判断动词表示主语对所谈论事情的态度
(54) Agatha accused / didn’t accuse Ian of plagiarism >> (Agatha thinks) plagiarism(剽窃) is bad (55) Ian criticized / didn’t criticize Agatha for running away >> (Ian thinks) Agatha ran away

presupposition

presupposition

预设的分类
语义预设
语用预设
Page 3
语义预设
语义学家从真值条件(truth condition)出发,将预 设“看做是一种特殊的蕴涵(entailment)关系,是 句子和命题乊间的关系。”(王守元、苗兴伟, 2003) 语义预设:两个命题乊间存在的如下关系:当A 有真值时,B必然为真,那么A预设B.
语义预设的局限性
难以在复合句中准确表现
a.
If John does linguistics, he will regret doing so. b. John is doing linguistics. c. John is not doing linguistics.
预设触发语
presupposition
预设
---wanglinyan
预设(presupposition)最早由弗雷格Gottlob Frege于1892 年在他的《on sense and reference》提出。自20世纪70年代 以来,日益成为哲学、逻辑学和语言学共同关注的课题。 在我国语言学界, presupposition通常被称为“前提”, 而在逻辑学界,为了与推理中的前提(premise)相区别, 一般都称之为“预设”。 预设是指暗含在语句中的一种预先设定的信息,在交际 中通常表现为双方都可理解、都可接受的那种背景知识。
a: 2008年奥运会在中国的北京成功举行。 b: 中国有一个叫做北京的城市。
a: 当今中国的王子很英俊。 b: 当今中国有一个王子。
分析上面两组句子,看看哪一组是语义 预设,哪一组是语用预设?
• 在第一组句子里b:中国 有一个叫做北京的城市。 是a: 2008年奥运会在中 国的北京成功举行。的 语义预设。因为只有当b 为真时才能保证a 的成立, 符号语义预设的定义。 • 在第二组句子里b: 当今 中国有一个王子。与事 实不符,为假,所以该

7 Pragmatic Presupposition语用预设

7 Pragmatic Presupposition语用预设

7.1 Entailment and presupposition
◦ Two conditions necessary for A to presupposes B (A >>B): Condition A: If A is true, B is true. Condition B: If A is not true, B is still true.
◦ H. Cleft sentences分裂句 ◦ I. Non-restrictive attributive clauses非限定性关系从句 ◦ J. Counterfactual conditionals反事实类条件句 ◦ K. Questions疑问句 ◦ L. Marked stress有标记重音
◦ Both semantic entailment and semantic presupposition:
Information which is not stated but implicitly communicated. Both require inferring. Sentences or propositions, not speakers, contain semantic entailments and communicate semantic presuppositions.
7 PRAGMATIC PRESUPPOSITION 语用预设/前提
Contents
◦ 7.1 Entailment and presupposition ◦ 7.2 Pragmatic presupposition ◦ 7.3 Cancelation of presupposition ◦ 7.4 Projection problems with presupposition ◦ 7.5 Presupposition triggers

语用学预设Summary-Presupposition

语用学预设Summary-Presupposition

• In communication there is always something that the speaker does not assert explicitly. • Two reasons: (a)Social reason---it is socially inconvenient or inappropriate for him to do so. Speaker chooses to use indirect language. • We have discussed this point in Chapter 4. (b)It is not necessary for him to do so. • We will discuss in this Chapter.
8.2 Pre-pragmatic studies of presupposition
8.2.1 Philosophers‘ studies of presupposition
• Studies of presupposition originated with the philosophers, whose interest in presupposition stemmed from their debate on the nature of reference (所指)and referring expressions(所指词语).
• We can use ―negation test‖ to tell entailment from presupposition. (4) That person is a bachelor. entails: that person is a man. • If sentence A entails sentence B, the following two conditions must be met: a) If A is true, B is also true. b) If A is not true, B may be true or it may be false.

语言学第六章chapter6ppt课件

语言学第六章chapter6ppt课件
(5)Susan’s sister bought two houses.
This sentence presupposes that Susan exists and that she has a sister.
In English, words like here, there, this, that, now, and then, as well as most pronouns, such as I, we, you, he, her, them.
(2) You’ll have to bring that back tomorrow, because they aren’t here now.
பைடு நூலகம்
可编辑课件
19
6.2.3 Anaphora
Anaphora (照应) is coreference of one expression with its antecedent. The antecedent provides the information necessary for the expression’s interpretation. This is often understood as an expression “referring” back to the antecedent.
I was waiting for the bus, but he just drove by without stopping.
To study the meaning of such pieces of language in smaller contexts is called micropragmatics.
可编辑课件
17

商务英语语用学教程课件 Chapter 8 Presupposition(2)

商务英语语用学教程课件 Chapter 8 Presupposition(2)

Factive Verbs
In fact, no other bank offers Asian businesses as many connections to the West Coast as Security Pacific.
(白光, 2003:199)
>>Only Security Pacific can offer many connections to the West Coast.
金牌律师
第6集:29:00-36:30 第23集:34:30-(24集)05:25
The common strategies are:
To defend yourself, in the court, it is better to give indirect responses: (1) Giving an irrelevant answer; (2) “I don’t know” and its variations; (3) Correcting questions; (4) Clarifying facts; (5) Remedying questions; (6) Failing to understand questions; (7) Repeating questions.
Chapter 8 Presupposition(2)
Contents
1 Review 2 Applicaiton I 3 Application II 4 Assignment
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Review
• What is presupposition? • common presupposition triggers
wealth. You'll get no argument here.

语用学教程课件

语用学教程课件

(一)弗斯(Firth)在1950《社会中的个性和 语言》一书中发展了马林诺夫斯基的观点,认 为情景语境和言语功能类型的概念可以抽象为 纲要式的结构成分,从而适用于各种事件。他 把语境加以引申,认为语境既有由语言因素构 成的“上下文”,又有由情景因素(非语言因 素)构成的“上下文”。情景因素包括:1、参 与者的有关特征:人物、个性—1)参与者的言 语行为 2)参与者的非言语行为 2、有关 事 物 3、 言语行为效果(二)韩礼德 (Hallday) 于1964年提出“语域”这个术语,分为三个方 面:1、话语的范围(政治、文艺等) 2、话语 的方式(口头、书面) 3、话语的风格(交际 者的地位、身份、关系等)
什么是语用
三、语用含义是语用学的重要内容之一,它给语言事实提 供一些重要的、功能方面的解释,这就是说它不是从 语言系统内部(语音、语法、语义等)去研究语言本 身表达的意义,而是根据语境研究话语的真正含义, 解释话语的言外之意、弦外之音。语用含义是告诉人 们说这句话可能意味着什么。例如: A :烤牛肉究竟怎样了? B : 那条狗看上去很得意。 (含义:也许那条狗把烤牛肉吃了。) 要在具体交际过程中运用和理解话语,只懂得话语字 面意义是远远不够的。除了懂得话语的字面意义之外, 还应掌握话语各种规则,具有把话语同特定语境联系 起来的能力,即话语交际能力。
(二)语用学和修辞学
传统的修辞学也是研究语言运用的,但是,它主要是从表达的角 度研究语音的调配、词语和句式的选择、辞格的运用以及语体、风 格等。这些内容无疑也是语用学所要研究的,但是,就研究的深度 和广度来看,语用学都要大大超过修辞学。 语用学与修辞学有相通之处,可以说语用学的材料就是修辞学的 材料,它们处理这些材料的宗旨是相通的。语用学要求提高语言交 际效果,修辞学要求题旨与情境的相互适切。 语用学与修辞学的方法论原则也是相通的,修辞学要求修辞立其 诚,要求调整和修饰文辞,语用学也是这样。但语用学与修辞学的 语言材料的研究角度不同,换言之,对于语言交际的诸多因素而 言,语用学更重视人际环境(说话的人以及听话的人),而修辞学 更多的重视文辞(说的话)与情景的关系,因此修辞学强调修饰文 辞。(狭义的修辞学是语言运用的艺术学)

Pragmatics 语用学教学PPT

Pragmatics 语用学教学PPT

• 交际目的 • 交际目的是各种各样的。或是陈明一种心理, 希望对方明知;或是提出一种问题,希望能 够得到解答;或是表达一种请求,希望对方 照办;或是抒发一种感情,希望引起共鸣。 不同的交际目的制约着人们的交际行为。
• 交际过程
– 改变语音形式, “一”作 “幺”;“0‖作 “洞”。 – 重复话语:如电影《英雄儿女》中:“我是王 成,我是王成!为了祖国,为了人民,请向我 开炮!” – 增加羡余成分:我明天早上,早上九点到!请 到机场接我! – 放慢语速,加大音量。
• 交际对象 • 言语交际离不开交际对象。交际对象是具有各种个 性特征的。如性别、年龄、身份、地位、生活环境、 职业经历、思想性格、修养爱好、文化水平、社会 心理、处境心情等。这些个性特征都会不同程度地 制约着言语交际。 • 交际对象涉及双方的关系亲疏、地位高低、辈分尊 卑、年龄长幼等因素。一般说来,交际双方关系越 密切,地位、年龄、辈分相当,所需的礼貌成度就 越低;双方关系越疏远,越陌生,双方地位、辈分、 年龄相差越大,越要客气。“礼貌的其中一个功能 便是创造交际双方之间的社会距离。”
• 意义:提醒、催促、或是对听话人不守时间的批评。若考虑 到双方的关系:上下级关系,师生关系,父母子女之间、恋 人之间等,则可以理解的意思还多些。 • 一个人老想着出国,老对别人讲要办好手续了,但老也没见 他出国,有人就说,“你怎么还没走?” • 意义:关心、调侃或嘲讽。 • 下班时间早过了,某人还在办公室里忙乎,值班人员过来锁 门,说:“你怎么还没走?” • 意义:值班人员可能是出于爱护,也可能是出于生气,还可 能是某种猜测(是不是有什么不能在办公时间处理的不可告 人的什么事情,是不是在等什么人的电话,等等。) • 一个普通老百姓来到某个部门办事,被某个态度不好的工作 人员拒之门外,过了半天,那个工作人员看见老百姓还在门 口,于是说:“你怎么还不走?” • 意义:可以比较肯定地认为,这是一种不太友好的态度,是 让对方赶快走开的意思。

语用学课件-预设与蕴涵

语用学课件-预设与蕴涵

语用学课件-预设与蕴涵The projection problemThere is a basic expectation that the presupposition of a simple sentence will continue to be true when that simple sentence becomes part of a more complex sentence.This is one version of the general idea that the meaning of the whole sentence is a combination of the meaning of its parts.However,the meaning of some presuppositions (as ‘parts’) doesn’t survive to become the meaning of some complex sent ences (as ‘wholes’).This is known as the projection problem.In example [12],we are going to see what happens to the presupposition q (‘Kelly was ill’) which is assumed to be true in the simple structure [12c.],but which does not ‘project’into the complex s tructure [12h.].In order to follow this type of analysis,we have to think of a situation in which a person might say: ‘I imagined that Kelly was ill and nobody realized that she was ill.’[12]a.Nobody realized that Kelly was ill.(=p)b.Kelly was ill.(=q)c.p>>q(At this point,the speaker uttering[12a.] presupposes[12b.].)d.I imagined that Kelly was ill.(=r)e.Kelly was not ill.(=NOT q)f.r>>NOT q(At this piont,the speaker uttering[12d.]presupposes[12e.],the opposite of [12b.].)g.I imagined that Kelly was ill and nobody realized that she was ill.(=r&p)h.r&p>>NOT q(At this piont,after combining r&p,the presupposition q can no longer be assumed to be true.)In an example like [12],the technical analysis may be straightforward,but it may be difficult to think of a context in which someone would talk like that.Perhaps example [13]will contextualize better.In an episode of a TV soap opera,two characters have the dialog in [13].[13]Shirley:It’s so sad.George regrets getting Mary pregnant.Jean:But he didn’t ge t her pregnant.We know that now.If we combine two of the utterances from [13],we have the sequence, ‘George regrets getting Mary pregnant;but he didn’t get her pregnant’.Identifying the different propositions involved,as in [14],we can see that the presupposition q in [14b.] does not survive as a presupposition of the combined utterances in [14e.].[14]a.George regrets getting Mary pregnant.(=p)b.George got Mary pregnant.(=q)c.p>>qd.He didn’t get her her pregnant.(=r)e.George regrets getting Mary pregnant,but he didn’t get her pregnant.(=p&r)f.p&r >>NOT qOne way to think about the whole sentence presented in [14e.] is as an utterance by a person reporting what happened in the soap opera that day.That person will not assume the presupposition q (i.e. that George got Mary pregnant) is true when uttering [14e.].A simple explanation for the fact that presuppositions don’t ‘project’ is that they are destroyed by entailments.Rememberthat an entailment is something that necessarily follows from what is asserted.In example [13],Jean’s utterance of ‘he didn’t get her pregnant’ actually entails ‘George didn’t get Mary pregnant’ as a logical consequence.Thus,when the person who watched the soapopera tells you that ‘George regrets getting Mary pregnant,but he didn’t get her pregnant’,you have a presupposition q and an entailment NOT q.The entailment (a necessary consequence of what is said) is simply more powerful than the presupposition (an earlier assumption).The power of entailment can also be used to cancel exastential presuppositions.Normally we assume that when a person uses a definite description of the type ‘the X’ (for example, ‘the King of England’),he or she presupposes the existence of the entity described,as in the utterance of [15a.].Also,in an y utterance of the form ‘X doesn’t exist’,as in [15b.],there is an entailment that there is no X..But does the speaker of [15b.] also still have the presupposition of the existence of the entity described?[15]a.The King of England visired us.b.The King o f England doesn’t exist!Instead of thinking that a speaker who utters [15b.] simultaneously believes that there is a King of England (=presupposition) and that there is not a King of England (=entailment),we recognize that the entailment is more powerful than the presupposition.We abandon the existential presupposition.As already emphasized,it may be best to think of all the types of presuppositions illustrated in Table 4.1 as ‘potential presuppositions’ which only become actual presuppositionswhen intended by speakers to be recognized as such within utterances.Speakers can indeed indicate that the potential presupposition is not being presented as a strong assumption.Possessive constructions such as ‘his car’have a potential presupposition (i.e. he has a car) which can be presented tentatively via expressions such as ‘or something’,as in [16].[16]a.What’s that guy doing in the parking lot?b.He’s looking for his car or something.In [16b.],the speaker is not committed to the presupposition (he has a car) as an assumed fact.It is worth remembering that it is never the word or phrase that has a presupposition.Only speakers can have presuppositions.Ordered entailmentsGenerally speaking,entailment is not a pragmatic concept (i.e.having to do with speaker meaning),but instead is considered a purely logical concept,symbolized by‖-.Some examples of entailment for the sentence in [17] are presented in [18].[17]Rover chased three squirrels.(=p)[18]a.Something chased three squirrels.(=q)b.Rover did something to three squittels.(=r)c.Rover chased three of something.(=s)d.Something happened.(=t)In representing the relationship of entailment between [17] and [18a.] as p‖- q,we have simply symbolized a logical concequence.Let us say that in uttering the sentence in [17],the speaker is necessarily committed to the truth of a very large number of background entailments (only some of which are presented in [18a.-d.]).On any occasion of utterance [17],however,the spaeker willindicate how these entailments are to be ordered.That is,the speaker will communicate,typically by stress,which entailment is assumed to be in the foreground,or more important for interpreting intended meaning,than any others.For example,in uttering [19a.],the speaker indicates that the foreground entailment,and hence her main assumption,is that Rover chaseda certain number of squirrels.[19]a.Rover chased THREE squirrels.b.ROVER chased three squirrels.In [19b.],the focus shifts to Rover,and the main assumption is that something chased three squirrels.One function of stress in English is,in this approach,clearly tied to marking the main assumption of the speaker in producing an utterance.As such,it allows the speaker to mark for the listener what the focus of the message is,and what is being assumed.A very similar function is exhibited by a structure called an ‘itcleft’construction in English,as shown in [20].[20]a.It was ROVER that chased the squirrels.b.It wasn’t ME who took your money.In both examples in [20],the speaker can communicate what he or she believes the listener may already be thinking (i.e.the foreground entailment).In [20b.] that foreground entailment (someone took your money) is being made the shared knowledge in order for the denial of personal responsibility to be made.The utterance in [20b.] can be used to attribute the foreground entailment to the listener(s) without actually stating it (for example,as a possible accusation).It is one more example of more being communicated than is said.。

语用学课件

语用学课件

A: How do you like this performance? B: It is a nice theater.
会话含义的特征
• 格赖斯指出,会话含义可分析出五个特征: • • 可取消性(cancellability) • 不可分离性(non-detachability) • 可推导性(calculability) • 非规约性(non-conventionality) • 不确定性(indeterminacy)
5.不确定性(indeterminacy)
具有单一意义的词语在不同的场合可以产生不同 的含义
含义不确定,警告、规劝、建议、估计、判断 A:我最喜欢吃肥的。 B1:可不是嘛,你比以前胖多了。--(附和) B2: 真的,你比以前胖多了。--(断言) B3: 哎呀,你比以前胖多了。--(惊讶) B4:注意,你比以前胖多了。--(警告) B5:不管怎样,你比以前胖多了。--(劝告)
会话含义是说话人在违背合作原则中某一或某些准 则的基础上产生的,而听话人则需要付出一定的努力进 行推导,因为含义不是话语的字面意义。
例如:A: Shall we hold the football match tomorrow?
B: It is raining.
Semantic and literal meaning: his answer unrelated to the
Presupposition(预设)
语用学中的预设是一种“言外之意”,是话语之 外隐含的某种信息,它不属于话语的基本信息。
语用预设也叫语用前提,往往就包含在话语的意 思之中。语用预设是交际双方都早已知道的常识, 或至少听到话语之后总能根据语境推断出来的信 息。 语用预设则是广义预设,是主观的、语境性强、动 态的,主要研究预设在语言中的各种情况。

语言运用之言语行为的预设 PPT课件

语言运用之言语行为的预设 PPT课件
( 周华违背了角色预设理论) 2、在医院这样的场合,本应安慰病人,而不是打击。所以,为了避免 出现尴尬局面,我们说话也应分清场合,看清对象,所谓到什么山唱什么 歌,见什么样的人说什么样的话,要真心设身处地地为病人着想,不要说 出伤害病人的话,俗话说“良言一语三冬暖,恶语伤人六月寒”)。
(好友违背了空间预设及角色预设理论)
空间预设
禁止大声喧哗
预设:此地不宜喧哗,或此地一直嘈杂、喧闹。
预设的种类
存在预设
①“今年过节不收礼,收礼只收脑白金 。” ② “杀菌治脚气,请用达克宁。”
脑白金广告的预设是“脑白金是最有价值的,其他 礼品都不如脑白金”;或“如果送礼,脑白金最合适,最 讨对方的喜欢”。
西安杨森制药厂推出的治疗脚气病的“达克宁”抗真 菌药膏,它的预设是“治疗脚气,达克宁疗效最好”。
我们还注意到:即使是同一个句子,若置于不同的语境,交际者的对象、 意图不同,其隐含的语用含义也可能不同,那么语用预设也会相应发生变化。 例如:
“下雨了”这句话,独立来看, 其预设(前提)是:
“此前没有下雨”
预设的定义
可在下列语境中,“下雨了”却表达着不同的语用含意: 1、妻子对刚走出家门上班的丈夫说:“下雨了。”
含义是提醒丈夫带伞,本句预设(前提)是:丈夫出门没带伞。
2、妈妈对楼下草坪里玩耍的孩子喊:“下雨了!” 含义是催孩子快回家,本句预设(前提)是:下雨前,孩子在外面。
3、某地长期干旱,老农民兴奋地喊:“下雨了!这下庄稼有救了!” 含义是雨水来的非常及时,本句预设是久旱无雨,对庄稼的生长造成危害。
4、某学生沮伤地叫到:“下雨了,明天不能爬山了。” 含义是表达了面对雨水而无法实现计划时的痛苦,本句预设是打算明来。最后剩下的这位就劝主人:“朋友

语言学预设

语言学预设

④性质预设(程度预设)。话语的语义成立对所涉及到的种种对象在性 质特征上有一定要求,这种要求就是话语的性质预设。
小王比小李高。高矮程度
⑤信念预设。有些句义的成立必须以某种信念的确认为条件,这就是信 念预设。
上帝保佑我们。基督教
II) Presupposition & entailment
• Entailment refers to the semantic relation between propositions of which one logically follows from another. • Eg • a. That person is a bachelor. • b. That person is a man. • Presupposition refers to the semantic relation between two propositions of which one is the premise or pre-condition of the other. • A.John regrets that he kissed Mary. • B.John kissed Mary.
• 2.Presupposition contained in a simple structure may not survive in a complex structure containing that simple structure. (简单句中的预设在复杂句中不再存在) Example: p.96-(9)
①存在预设:用于陈述某人某事有一定性质的话语。一般都预设讨论对 象的存在。
北京市长参加了植树。
②事实预设:用于陈述事实的表态性话语,一般都预设讨论对象的事实。

语用学预设.正式版PPT文档

语用学预设.正式版PPT文档
对于前提触发语,有不少人归纳分析过。 大部分预设对语句尤其语句中的某些词语依赖性强,有的预设(语义预设)是由言语论断而且也只是由言语论断来确定的,而会话含
义>>则Jo需句h要n m(借a助d1e于)a对m会没is话ta有k原e.则直及其接准告则的诉遵守我与们否辨句认,(或2者)需要,听话但人是补充句足够(的2语)境信是息才使能用判断句。 (1)的先决条件。如果Kepler 不存在,我们不可以说他悲 惨地死去了或者任何关于他的事情如句(3),那么句(1) 和句(3)都是没有意义的,即没有真假值。
have a reference.)”也就是说,一个句子预设了它所包 含的专有名称有所指,即预设了单独名称所表示的 对象存在。
例如我们说“小明学习很用功。” 预设为有“小明”这个人存在。
1.1. 弗雷格的预设说
真假值 一个句子所描述的东西有真有假,而关于一 个句子所描写的东西的真假状况我们称为真 假值(truth value)。 例如,句子①“太阳会发光”,这是真的, 所以句子① 的真假值为真。而句子②“太阳 不会发光”的真假值为假。 对于二值逻辑来说,一个逻辑句子(命题) 非真即假。而多值逻辑中,真假值并不只有 真与假的区分,如[真,可能,假]或[必然真, 可能真,可能假,必然假]
讨、分类 4、属性 5、预设与蕴涵、会话含义区别 6、触发语 7、特点 8、功能
1. 背景
1.1. 弗雷格的预设说 1.2.罗素的摹状词说 1.3.斯特劳森的预设理论 1.4. 麦考莱和斯托内克尔的语用预设定义
1.1. 弗雷格的预设说
Like many other important notions in pragmatics, presupposition has its roots in philosophy. Any discussion of it cannot but mention its philosophical tradition.
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