托福阅读笔记之TPO13 Biological Clocks
新托福TPO阅读词汇笔记
Biological Clocks TPO 13, Passage 3������������������������� 146 Methods of Studying Infant Perception TPO 14, Passage 1������������������������� 149 Children and Advertising TPO 14, Passage 2������������������������� 153 Maya Water Problems TPO 14, Passage 3������������������������� 157 Pastoralism in Ancient Inner Eurasia TPO 15, Passage 1 ������������������������ 161 Glacier Formation TPO 15, Passage 2 ������������������������ 164 A Warm-Blooded Turtle TPO 15, Passage 3 ������������������������ 167 Mass Extinctions TPO 16, Passage 1 ������������������������ 171 Trade and the Ancient Middle East TPO 16, Passage 2 ������������������������ 175 Development of the Periodic Table TPO 16, Passage 3 ������������������������ 178 Planets in Our Solar System TPO 17, Passage 1������������������������� 181 Europe’s Early Sea Trade with Asia TPO 17, Passage 2 ������������������������ 185 Animal Signals in the Rain Forest TPO 17, Passage 3 ������������������������ 188 Symbiotic Relationships TPO 18, Passage 1 ������������������������ 192 Industrialization in the Netherlands and Scandinavia TPO 18, Passage 2 ������������������������ 196 The Mystery of Yawning
2020年12月13日托福阅读答案解析
2020年12月13日托福阅读答案解析12月13日托福阅读词汇题：Obviously=clearlyWidespread=commonDense=thickThus=consequentlyresultantShallow=smalldepthexerciseProfound=very strongEmergence=riseTactic=strategyAdjacent to=near toParallel=match12月13日托福阅读第一篇题材划分：生物类主要内容：板块运动能够改变生物多样性，提到生物区的划分，少于百分之二十的物种相似度就是不同的区越多说明那里的多样性越高。
比如板块分开的时候，多样性增加，反之亦然。
一个山脉能够把原本的湿润风给挡了，就变成沙漠不适合生长了。
或者一个障碍的形成能够把本来的一个物种分成两个，一南一北，等到在合并的时候，发现北部的能够到南部生活，但南部的很少到北部生活。
相似TPO练习推荐TPO31- Speciation in Geographically Isolated Populations相关背景知识：Speciation is the evolutionary process by which new biological species arise. The biologist Orator F. Cook wasthe first to coin the term 'speciation' for the splitting of lineages or "cladogenesis," as opposed to "anagenesis" or "phyletic evolution" occurring within lineages. Charles Darwin was the first to describe the role of naturalselection in speciation.There is research comparing the intensity of sexual selection in different clades with their number of species.There are four geographic modes of speciation in nature, based on the extent to which speciating populations are isolated from one another： allopatric, peripatric, parapatric, and sympatric. Speciation may also be induced artificially, through animal husbandry, agriculture, or laboratory experiments. Whether genetic drift is a minor or major contributor to speciation is the subject matter of much ongoing discussion.All forms of natural speciation have taken place over the course of evolution; however, debate persists as to the relative importance of each mechanism in driving biodiversity.One example of natural speciation is the diversity of the three-spined stickleback, a marine fish that, after the lastglacial period, has undergone speciation into new freshwater colonies in isolated lakes and streams. Over an estimated 10,000 generations, the sticklebacks show structural differences that are greater than those seen betweendifferent genera of fish including variations in fins, changes in the number or size of their bony plates, variable jaw structure, and color differences.During allopatric speciation, a population splits into two geographically isolated populations (for example, by habitat fragmentation due to geographical change such as mountain formation). The isolated populations then undergo genotypic and/or phenotypic divergence as： (a) they become subjected to dissimilar selective pressures; (b) they independently undergo genetic drift; (c) different mutations arise in the two populations. When the populations come back into contact, they have evolved such that they are reproductively isolated and are no longer capable of exchanging genes. Island genetics is the term associated with the tendency of small, isolated genetic pools to produce unusual traits. Examples include insular dwarfism and the radical changes among certain famous island chains, for example on Komodo. The Galápagos Islands are particularly famous for their influence on Charles Darwin. During his five weeks there he heard that Galáp agos tortoises could be identified by island, and noticed that finches differed from one island to another, but it was only nine months later that he reflected that such facts could show that species were changeable. When he returned to England, his speculation on evolution deepened after experts informed him that these were separate species, not just varieties, and famously that other。
托福阅读笔记之TPO13 婴儿的感知能力
托福阅读笔记之TPO13 婴儿的感知能力说到托福阅读备考，TPO是必不可少的备考神器，通过TPO练习来更好的适应阅读考试的节奏。
本文小编带来的托福阅读笔记是TPO13 Methods of Studying Infant Perception的内容，希望能够与正在备考的大家一起进步。
TPO13 Methods of Studying Infant Perception文章题材：生命学科——婴儿的感知能力常见词汇：quantifiableadj. 可以计量的indication[.indi'keiʃən]n. 表示，指示，象征overcome[.əuvə'kʌm]vt. 战胜，克服，(感情等)压倒，使受不了display[di'splei]n. 显示，陈列，炫耀vt. 显示，表现describe[dis'kraib]vt. 描述，画(尤指几何图形)，说成multiple['mʌltipl]adj. 许多，多种多样的n. 倍数，并联respond[ris'pɔnd]v. 回答，答复，反应，反响，响应preference['prefərəns]n. 偏爱，优先，喜爱物measurable['meʒərəbəl]adj. 可测量的technique[tek'ni:k]n. 技术，技巧，技能易错题解析：Paragraph 1: In the study of perceptual abilities of infants, a number of techniques are used to determine infants' responses to various stimuli. Because they cannot verbalize or fill out questionnaires, indirect techniques of naturalistic observation are used as the primary means of determining what infants can see, hear, feel, and so forth. Each of these methods compares an infant's state prior to the introduction of a stimulus with its state during or immediately following the stimulus. The difference between thetwo measures provides the researcher with an indication of the level and duration of the response to the stimulus. For example, if a uniformly moving pattern of some sort is passed across the visual field of a neonate (newborn), repetitive following movements of the eye occur. The occurrence of these eye movements provides evidence that the moving pattern is perceived at some level by the newborn. Similarly, changes in the infant's general level of motor activity —turning the head, blinking the eyes, crying, and so forth —have been used by researchers as visual indicators of the infant's perceptual abilities.1. Paragraph 1 indicates that researchers use indirect methods primarily to observe the○range of motor activity in neonates○frequency and duration of various stimuli○change in an infant's state following the introduction of a stimulus○range of an infant's visual field题型：推论题。
TPO-13 Reading 2 解析
Q1正确答案：A解析：consequently“因此，所以”，所以therefore正确。
因为是两句之间的连接词，所以看两句话的关系可以得出答案。
前面说动物的成功繁衍要求它们必须能使自身活动适应周围可预见的事件；后一句说生物的节律必须适合很多周期事件，比如说潮汐，月运周期等等。
两者只能是因果关系。
Q2正确答案：B解析：根据Neurospora定位原文段落的“For instance, apparently normal…”所以这个for instance是对前一句话论点的例证，前一句说到“By isolating organisms completely … have internal clocks.”通过把生物同外部周期性诱因完全隔绝之后生物学家就可以发现生物的内部节律，所以答案是B。
Q3正确答案：D解析：EXCEPT题，排除法。
A的activities和coordinate做关键词定位至第一句，正确，不选；B的Eukaryotes做关键词定位至倒数第四句，明确指出有internal，所以正确，不选；C的intense research做关键词定位至第三句，正确，不选；D 的比较原文未提及，错误，可选。
Q4正确答案：C解析：persistent“持续的”，所以C的“enduring”正确。
本句说养在黑暗中一年的Horseshoe crabs会有什么样的节律能够去适应光线较弱的环境，一年当然是比较久的，所以“持续的”正确，而且前文都一直在说continuous怎么样，所以答案是C。
Q5正确答案：B解析：将原句进行简化，stability of the biological clock's period is one of its major features, even when the organism's environment is subjected to considerable changes in factors，such as 后面是举例，全句引导一个让步逻辑关系，所以只有B选项符合高亮句表述，意思是生物钟的一个重要特征是无论外界环境发生什么样重大的变化，它的周期是不会发生变化的。
TPO-13 Reading 1 解析
Q1正确答案：B解析：complex复杂的，所以B的elaborate正确。
原句提到生活把我们放在什么样的与其他人的关系网中。
A的delicate“脆弱的，纤细的，美味的”；C的“私人的”和D的“普通的”都不合文意。
Q2正确答案：D解析：段落最后一句说，当an association能够持续得足够久，久到可以让两个人通过一套相对稳定的彼此预期紧密联系起来，才可以叫做relationship，A选项不符合这个说明，说的是with many people；B选项看段落第二句，不符合，说到的是humanness；C选项的demands在原文中没有提及；D选项符合relationship 这个概念的足够久的属性，所以it develops gradually overtime的表达正确。
Q3正确答案：C解析：endow“赋予，捐助”，所以provide“提供，供给”正确。
原句说有时候我们与其他人合作只是做完某事，没有怎么样有更多重要意义的关系。
其余三项的意思放入句子之后均不符合。
Q4正确答案：A解析：关键词是instrumental ties，定位到原文段落的第四句，这句说instrumental ties是为了达到一定目标而要和其他人合作而建立的links，所以有时候这意味着是和竞争者合作而不是竞争。
所以A选项完全符合这个意思的表达，正确。
Q5正确答案：C解析：以primary group和secondary group做关键词定位至第二句和第四句；primary group的关键信息点是：two or more people & enjoy a direct, intimate, cohesive relationship；secondary group的关键信息点是：two or more people & have come together for a specific, practical purpose. 所以二者的区别是后半部分提到的目的，一个是亲密的，私人的；另一个是具体的，务实的；C选项完全符合。
托福阅读Biological Clock第一,二段汉语翻译
生物钟生存和成功繁殖通常要求动物自身的活动一定要与周围的可预料的事件相协调。
因此，生物功能的时序和节奏必须与周期性的事件，比如太阳日，潮汐，月运周期和季节保持一致。
动物活动和那些周期，尤其是与日节律之间的关系，极为重要并且受到广泛关注，围绕此开展了大量的研究工作，并且出现了特殊的研究领域——生物钟学。
通常，不断变化的动物活动——睡觉，哺乳，移动，繁殖，新陈代谢，生产酶和激素，都与环境节奏协调一致，但是关键问题是动物的时间表是受外部线索，比如日升日落的操纵，还是依赖自身能够产生生物节奏的内部时间表来操控。
生物学家近乎一致认为，所有的真核生物都拥有内部生物钟。
通过把有机体与外部周期线索完全隔离，生物学家发现有机体都有内部生物钟。
比如，放置太空飞船中的脉孢菌，尽管完全脱离任何地球物理的时间线索，生物活动的日常周期仍能维持大约一个周。
在没有外部因素影响的情况下，有机体能保持生物节律这种现象充分证明有机体内部含有生物钟。
当小龙虾被持久放在黑暗中，有时甚至是4到5个月，他们的复眼按日调整白天和晚上的视力。
处在同样条件下的马掌蟹，即使持续一年，仍然能保持脑部活动的节奏，与龙虾类似，他们也能根据每日的光线强弱来调整视力。
如同那些被剥夺了环境线索的动物的每日循环一样，同样条件下的马掌蟹的日常循环不一定是24小时。
这种节奏，周期近乎是，但不完全是，24小时，被称作是昼夜节律。
对于不同的马掌蟹，昼夜节律从22.2，到25.5小时不等。
某些特别的动物能够准确地保持独特的生物钟很多天。
事实上，生物周期的稳定是主要的特征之一，甚至是当有机体的环境受制于很多因素巨大的改变时，比如温度能够强烈影响生物活动，也是如此。
当外部循环转化，无论是出于实验目的，还是长距离高速东西旅行，能够进一步发现内部节律稳定的证据。
通常，动物内部产生的日常活动节律始终保持不变。
因此，活动随着新的环境的外部循环而转移。
外部时间线索和内部时间线索之间的不协调造成的迷失感可能会持续几天甚至几星期，比如时差，直到昼夜循环重新启动生物钟，使得生物钟与新环境的日常节奏保持同步。
托福基础语法(4)
阅读长难句
TPO11-Ancient Egyptian sculpture
[1] In fact, a lack of understanding concerning the purposes of Egyptian art has often led it to be compared unfavorably with the art of other cultures: Why did the Egyptians not develop sculpture in which the body turned and twisted through space like classical Greek statuary? Why do the artists seem to get left and right confused? And why did they not discover the geometric perspective as European artists did in the Renaissance?
5. Last summer Tyreesha and two of her classmates worked as a lifeguard(A) at(B) a camp for(C) musically(D) talented children . No error(E).
6. Lost for many years(A) and presumed stolen(B) , the portrait of the nineteenth-century writer had been(C) stored inadvertent(D) in the museum basement. No error(E)
找句子主干
He also realized that many of these arguments took place in pubs and bars where his company’s products were sold.
He also realized {that many of these arguments took place in pubs and bars (where his company’s products were sold.)}
句子主干
我好像不认识当我昨天下午在 超市买东西时遇见的穿棕色长 外套的抱着孩子还和我打招呼 的那个年轻人.
I don’t know the young woman in brown coat, holding a baby in her arms and even greeting to me, which I met yesterday afternoon in supermarket while I was shopping.
The Guinness corporation takes no responsibility for accidents or injuries that occur when you are making you record-breaking attempt
Байду номын сангаас
.
The Guinness corporation takes no responsibility for accidents or injuries (that occur {when you are making you record-breaking attempt}).
This drift has been studied extensively in many animals and in biological activities ranging from the hatching of fruit fly eggs to wheel running by squirrels. TPO13 Biological Clocks
12月13日托福阅读答案解析
12月13日托福阅读答案解析Obviously=clearlyWidespread=commonDense=thickThus=consequentlyresultantShallow=smalldepthexerciseProfound=very strongEmergence=riseTactic=strategyAdjacent to=near toParallel=match12月13日托福阅读第一篇题材划分：生物类主要内容：板块运动可以改变生物多样性，提到生物区的划分，少于百分之二十的物种相似度就是不同的区越多说明那里的多样性越高。
比如板块分开的时候，多样性增加，反之亦然。
一个山脉可以把原本的湿润风给挡了，就变成沙漠不适合生长了。
或者一个障碍的形成可以把本来的一个物种分成两个，一南一北，等到在合并的时候，发现北部的可以到南部生活，但南部的很少到北部生活。
相似TPO练习推荐TPO31- Speciation in Geographically Isolated Populations相关背景知识：Speciation is the evolutionary process by which new biological species arise. The biologist Orator F. Cook was the first to coin the term ‘speciation’ for the splitting of lineages or “cladogenesis,” as opposed to “anagenesis” or “phyletic evolution” occurring within lineages. Charles Darwin was the first to describe the role of natural selection in speciation.There is research comparing the intensity of sexual selection in different clades with their number of species.There are four geographic modes of speciation in nature, based on the extent to which speciating populations are isolated from one another: allopatric, peripatric, parapatric, and sympatric. Speciation may also be induced artificially, through animal husbandry, agriculture, or laboratory experiments. Whether genetic drift is a minor or major contributor to speciation is the subject matter of much ongoing discussion.All forms of natural speciation have taken place over the course of evolution; however, debate persists as to the relative importance of each mechanism in driving biodiversity.One example of natural speciation is the diversity of the three-spined stickleback, a marine fish that, after the last glacial period, has undergone speciation into new freshwater colonies in isolated lakes and streams. Over an estimated 10,000 generations, the sticklebacks show structural differences that are greater than those seen between different genera of fish including variations in fins, changes in the number or size of their bony plates, variable jaw structure, and color differences.During allopatric speciation, a population splits into two geographically isolated populations (for example, by habitat fragmentation due to geographical change such as mountain formation). The isolated populations then undergo genotypic and/or phenotypic divergence as: (a) they become subjected to dissimilar selective pressures;(b) they independently undergo genetic drift; (c) different mutations arise in the two populations. When the populations come back into contact, they have evolved such that they are reproductively isolated and are no longer capable of exchanging genes. Island genetics is the term associated with the tendency of small, isolated genetic pools to produce unusual traits. Examples include insular dwarfism and the radical changes among certain famous island chains, for example on Komodo. The Galápagos Islands are particularly famous for their influence on Charles Darwin. During his five weeks there he heard that Galápagos tortoises could be identified by island, and noticed that finches differed from one island to another, but it was only nine months later that he reflected that such facts could show that species were changeable. When he returned to England, his speculation on evolution deepened after experts informed him that these were separate species, not just varieties, and famously that other differing Galápagos birds were all species of finches. Though the finches were less important for Darwin, more recent research has shown the birds now known as Darwin’s finches to be a classic case of adaptive evolutionary radiation.12月13日托福阅读第二篇题材划分：生物类主要内容：主要讲关于夏威夷岛上的Noendemic animals and plants是如何移民到岛上的，主要通过风，动物皮毛和消化，以及通过人类的船只等。
新托福综合写作TPO13及材料欣赏
新托福综合写作TPO13及材料欣赏新托福综合写作TPO13范文及材料欣赏私人化石收藏家们从十八世纪就开始涉足化石买卖。
新托福综合写作TPO13写作材料就花式私人买卖的是好的还是坏的进行了讨论。
下面是店铺整理的新托福综合写作TPO13范文和材料，欢迎阅读!新托福综合写作TPO13范文：The lecturer rejects the ideas presented in the reading passage about the problems involved in the booming business of commercial fossil trading. In her opinion, the benefits of this new development outweigh its negative consequences.The lecturer does not agree with the first point made in the reading—that private collectors keep their fossil collections away from the public. She contends that the commercial trading of fossils actually makes them available to a wider public, because everyone with a budget, such as private schools and libraries, can purchase them for study and exhibition.The lecturer goes on to refute the claim in the reading that fossil trading business prevents scientists and public museum from benefiting from fossil finds, as these parties cannot compete with wealthy private buyers to acquire important fossils for research purpose. On the contrary, she argues, scientists themselves are the first to evaluate any important fossil before it can be sold in the commercial market at a price, so the academic community does not miss any opportunity to study privately traded fossils.Additionally, the lecturer challenges the final downside of fossil trading mentioned in the reading. The lecturer reminds us that the damages, if any, caused by private collectors in their field operations are more than offset by the effort these individualshave made to increase the number of fossils available to the public that would otherwise remain undiscovered.新托福综合写作TPO13阅读材料：Private collectors have been selling and buying fossils, the petrified remains of ancient organisms, ever since the eighteen century. In recent years, however, the sale of fossils, particularly of dinosaurs and other large vertebrates has grown into a big business. Rare and important fossils are now being sold to private ownership for millions of dollars. This is an unfortunate development for both scientists and the general public.私人化石收藏家们从十八世纪就开始涉足化石买卖。
英语阅读提高TPO1-24全套阅读详细解析TPO 13阅读详细解析
○Instrumental ties require as much emotional investment as expressive ties.
Paragraph 4：
7.The phrasesize upin the passage is closest in meaning to
○enlarge
○evaluate
○impress
○accept
Paragraph 5：
8.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentencein the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essentialinformation.
○To enforce practice of the kinds of behavior acceptable to the group
○To discourage offending individuals from remaining in the group
○To commend and reward the behavior of the other members of the group
○delicate
○elaborate
○private
○common
托福综合写作TPO13(阅读+听力文本)
在托福写作练习过程中，相信TPO材料中的作文题目都会是大家的首选练习材料。
小编给考生们带来了托福综合写作TP13，希望可以帮助广大托福考生轻松备考托福。
TPO13ReadingPrivate collectors have been selling and buying fossils, the petrifiedremains of ancient organisms, ever since the eighteenth century. In recentyears, however, the sale of fossils, particularly of dinosaurs and other largevertebrates, has grown into a big business. Rare and important fossils are nowbeing sold to private ownership for millions of dollars. This is an unfortunatedevelopment for both scientists and the general public.The public suffers because fossils that would otherwise be donated tomuseums where everyone can see them are sold to private collectors who do notallow the public to view their collections. Making it harder for the public tosee fossils can lead to a decline in public interest in fossils, which would bea pity.More importantly, scientists are likely to lose access to some of the mostimportant fossils and thereby miss out on potentially crucial discoveries aboutextinct life forms. Wealthy fossil buyers with a desire to own the rarest andmost important fossils can spend virtually limitless amounts of money to acquirethem. Scientists and the museums and universities they work for often cannotcompete successfully for fossils against millionaire fossil buyers.Moreover, commercial fossil collectors often destroy valuable scientificevidence associated with the fossils they unearth. Most commercial fossilcollectors are untrained or uninterested in carrying out the careful field workand documentation that reveal the most about animal life in the past. For example, scientists have learned about the biology of nest-building dinosaurs called oviraptors by carefully observing the exact position of oviraptor fossils in the ground and the presence of other fossils in the immediate surroundings. Commercial fossil collectors typically pay no attention to how fossils lie in the ground or to the smaller fossils that may surround bigger ones.ListeningProfessor:Of course there are some negative consequences of selling fossils in the commercial market, but they have been greatly exaggerated. The benefits of commercial fossil trade greatly outweigh the disadvantages.First of all, the public is likely to have greater exposure to fossils as a result of commercial fossil trade, not less exposure. Commercial fossil hunting makes a lot of fossils available for purchase, and as a result, even low-level public institutions like public schools and libraries can now routinely buy interesting fossils and display them for the public.As for the idea that scientists will lose access to really importantfossils, that's not realistic either. Before anyone can put a value on a fossil, it needs to be scientifically identified, right? Well, the only people who can identify fossils, who can really tell what a given fossil is or isn't, are scientists, by performing detailed examinations and tests on the fossils themselves. So even if a fossil is destined to go to a private collector, it has to pass through the hands of scientific experts first. This way, the scientific community is not going to miss out on anything important that's out there.。
托福TPO13 阅读文本附答案译文
Types of Social Groups (TPO13-1)
Life places us in a complex web of relationships with other people. Our humanness arises out of these relationships in the course of social interaction Moreover, our humanness must be sustained through social interaction—and fairly constantly so. When an association continues long enough for two people to become linked together by a relatively stable set of expectations, it is called a relationship.
Primary groups are fundamental to us and to society. First, primary groups are critical to the socialization process. Within them, infants and children are
Sociologists have built on the distinction between expressive and instrumental ties to distinguish between two types of groups: primary and secondary. A primary group involves two or more people who enjoy a direct, intimate, cohesive relationship with one another. Expressive ties predominate in primary groups; we view the people as ends in themselves and valuable in their own right. A secondary group entails two or more people who are involved in an impersonal relationship and have come together for a specific, practical purpose. Instrumental ties predominate in secondary groups; ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱe perceive people as means to ends rather than as ends in their own right. Sometimes primary group relationships evolve out of secondary group relationships. This happens in many work settings. People on the job often develop close relationships with coworkers as they come to share gripes, jokes, gossip, and satisfactions.
托福备考托福阅读34套TPO样题+解析+译文TPO13--2 Biological Clocks
托福考试 复习托福阅读TPO13(试题+答案+译文)第2篇:Biological Clocks托福阅读原文Survival and successful reproduction usually require the activities of animals to be coordinated with predictable events around them. Consequently, the timing and rhythms of biological functions must closely match periodic events like the solar day, the tides, the lunar cycle, and the seasons. The relations between animal activity and these periods, particularly for the daily rhythms, have been of such interest and importance that a huge amount of work has been done on them and the special research field of chronobiology has emerged. Normally, the constantly changing levels of an animal's activity—sleeping, feeding, moving, reproducing, metabolizing, and producing enzymes and hormones, for example—are well coordinated with environmental rhythms, but the key question is whether the animal's schedule is driven by external cues, such as sunrise or sunset, or is instead dependent somehow on internal timers that themselves generate the observed biological rhythms. Almost universally, biologists accept the idea that all eukaryotes (a category that includes most organisms except bacteria and certain algae) have internal clocks. By isolating organisms completely from external periodic cues, biologists learned that organisms have internal clocks. For instance, apparently normal daily periods of biologicalactivity were maintained for about a week by the fungus Neurospora when it was intentionally isolated from all geophysical timing cues while orbiting in a space shuttle. The continuation of biological rhythms in an organism without external cues attests to its having an internal clock. When crayfish are kept continuously in the dark, even for four to five months, their compound eyes continue to adjust on a daily schedule for daytime and nighttime vision. Horseshoe crabs kept in the dark continuously for a year were found to maintain a persistent rhythm of brain activity that similarly adapts their eyes on a daily schedule for bright or for weak light. Like almost all daily cycles of animals deprived of environmental cues, those measured for the horseshoe crabs in these conditions were not exactly 24 hours. Such a rhythm whose period is approximately—but not exactly—a day is called circadian. For different individual horseshoe crabs, the circadian period ranged from 22.2 to 25.5 hours. A particular animal typically maintains its own characteristic cycle duration with great precision for many days. Indeed, stability of the biological clock's period is one of its major features, even when the organism's environment is subjected to considerable changes in factors, such as temperature, that would be expected to affect biological activity strongly. Further evidence for persistent internal rhythms appears when the usual external cycles are shifted—either experimentally or by rapid east-west travel over great distances. Typically, the animal's dailyinternally generated cycle of activity continues without change. As a result, its activities are shifted relative to the external cycle of the new environment. The disorienting effects of this mismatch between external time cues and internal schedules may persist, like our jet lag, for several days or weeks until certain cues such as the daylight/darkness cycle reset the organism's clock to synchronize with the daily rhythm of the new environment.Animals need natural periodic signals like sunrise to maintain a cycle whose period is precisely 24 hours. Such an external cue not only coordinates an animal's daily rhythms with particular features of the local solar day but also—because it normally does so day after day-seems to keep the internal clock's period close to that of Earth's rotation. Yet despite this synchronization of the period of the internal cycle, the animal's timer itself continues to have its own genetically built-in period close to, but different from, 24 hours. Without the external cue, the difference accumulates and so the internally regulated activities of the biological day drift continuously, like the tides, in relation to the solar day. This drift has been studied extensively in many animals and in biological activities ranging from the hatching of fruit fly eggs to wheel running by squirrels. Light has a predominating influence in setting the clock. Even a fifteen-minute burst of light in otherwise sustained darkness can reset an animal's circadian rhythm. Normally, internal rhythms are kept in step byregular environmental cycles. For instance, if a homing pigeon is to navigate with its Sun compass, its clock must be properly set by cues provided by the daylight/darkness cycle.Paragraph 1: Survival and successful reproduction usually require the activities of animals to be coordinated with predictable events around them. Consequently, the timing and rhythms of biological functions must closely match periodic events like the solar day, the tides, the lunar cycle, and the seasons. The relations between animal activity and these periods, particularly for the daily rhythms, have been of such interest and importance that a huge amount of work has been done on them and the special research field of chronobiology has emerged. Normally, the constantly changing levels of an animal's activity—sleeping, feeding, moving, reproducing, metabolizing, and producing enzymes and hormones, for example—are well coordinated with environmental rhythms, but the key question is whether the animal's schedule is driven by external cues, such as sunrise or sunset, or is instead dependent somehow on internal timers that themselves generate the observed biological rhythms. Almost universally, biologists accept the idea that all eukaryotes (a category that includes most organisms except bacteria and certain algae) have internal clocks. By isolating organisms completely from external periodic cues, biologists learned that organisms have internal clocks. For instance, apparently normal daily periods of biologicalactivity were maintained for about a week by the fungus Neurospora when it was intentionally isolated from all geophysical timing cues while orbiting in a space shuttle. The continuation of biological rhythms in an organism without external cues attests to its having an internal clock.托福阅读试题1.The word “Consequently”(Paragraph 1)in the passage is closest in meaning toA.ThereforeB.AdditionallyC.NeverthelessD.Moreover2.In paragraph 1, the experiment on the fungus Neurosporais mentioned to illustrateA.the existence of weekly periods of activity as well as daily onesB.the finding of evidence that organisms have internal clocksC.the effect of space on the internal clocks of organismsD.the isolation of one part of an organism's cycle for study3.According to paragraph 1, all the following are generally assumed to be true EXCEPT:A.It is important for animals' daily activities to be coordinated withrecurring events in their environment.B.Eukaryotes have internal clocks.C.The relationship between biological function and environmental cycles is a topic of intense research.D.Animals' daily rhythms are more dependent on external cues than on internal clocks.4.The word “persistent” in the passage(Paragraph 2)is closest in meaning toA.adjustedB.strongC.enduringD.predicted5.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage(Paragraph 2)? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Stability, a feature of the biological clock's period, depends on changeable factors such as temperature.B.A major feature of the biological clock is that its period does not change despite significant changes in the environment.C.A factor such as temperature is an important feature in the establishment of the biological clock's period.D.Biological activity is not strongly affected by changes in temperature.6.According to paragraph 2, which of the following is true about the circadian periods of animals deprived of environmental cues?A.They have the same length as the daily activity cycles of animals that are not deprived of such cues.B.They can vary significantly from day to day.C.They are not the same for all members of a single species.D.They become longer over time.7.According to paragraph 2, what will an animal experience when its internal rhythms no longer correspond with the daily cycle of the environment?A.DisorientationB.Change in period of the internal rhythmsC.Reversal of day and night activities increasedD.Sensitivity to environmental factors8.In paragraph 2, the author provides evidence for the role of biological clocks byA.listing the daily activities of an animal's cycle: sleeping, feeding, moving, reproducing, metabolizing, and producing enzymes and hormonesB.describing the process of establishing the period of a biological clockC.presenting cases in which an animal's daily schedule remained stable despite lack of environmental cuesD.contrasting animals whose daily schedules fluctuate with those of animals whose schedules are constant9.The word duration in the passage(paragraph 2)is closest in meaning toA.lengthB.featureC.processD.repetition10.In paragraph 2, why does the author mention that the period for different horseshoe crabs ranges from 22.2 to 25.5 hours?A.To illustrate that an animal's internal clock seldom has a 24-hour cycleB.To argue that different horseshoe crabs will shift from daytime to nighttime vision at different timesC.To illustrate the approximate range of the circadian rhythm of all animalsD.To support the idea that external cues are the only factors affecting an animal's periodic behavior11.The word “it” in the passage(Paragraph 3)refers toA.an external cue such as sunriseB.the daily rhythm of an animalC.the local solar dayD. a cycle whose period is precisely 24 hours12.The word “sustained” in the passage(Paragraph 3)is closest inmeaning toA. intenseB.uninterruptedC.naturalD.periodic13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? Because the internal signals that regulate waking and going to sleep tend to align themselves with these external cues, the external clock appears to dominate the internal clock.Animals need natural periodic signals like sunrise to maintain a cycle whose period is precisely 24 hours. ■【A】Such an external cue not only coordinates an animal's daily rhythms with particular features of the local solar day but also—because it normally does so day after day-seems to keep the internal clock's period close to that of Earth's rotation. ■【B】Yet despite this synchronization of the period of the internal cycle, the animal's timer itself continues to have its own genetically built-in period close to, but different from, 24 hours. ■【C】Without the external cue, the difference accumulates and so the internally regulated activities of the biological day drift continuously, like the tides, in relation to the solar day. ■【D】This drift has been studied extensively in many animals and in biological activities ranging from the hatching of fruit fly eggs to wheelrunning by squirrels. Light has a predominating influence in setting the clock. Even a fifteen-minute burst of light in otherwise sustained darkness can reset an animal's circadian rhythm. Normally, internal rhythms are kept in step by regular environmental cycles. For instance, if a homing pigeon is to navigate with its Sun compass, its clock must be properly set by cuesprovided by the daylight/darkness cycle.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.The activity of animals is usually coordinated with periodically recurring events in the environment.A.Most animals survive and reproduce successfully without coordinating their activities to external environmental rhythms.B.The circadian period of an animal's internal clock is genetically determined and basically unchangeable.C.Environmental cues such as a change in temperature are enough to reset an animal's clock.D.Animals have internal clocks that influence their activities even whenenvironmental cues are absent.E.Animals are less affected by large differences between their internal rhythms and the local solar day than are humans.F.Because an animal's internal clock does not operate on a 24-hour cycle, environmental stimuli are needed to keep the biological day aligned with the solar day.托福阅读答案1.consequently因此，所以，所以therefore正确。
托福36套词表汇总TPO (13)
vt.引起，唤起；博得
predominate
vt.支配，主宰；在…中占优势vi.占主导地位
sustain
vt.维持；支撑，承担；忍受；供养；证实
rhythm
n.节奏；韵律
vogue
n.流行，时髦；时尚adj.时髦的，流b
n.螃蟹；蟹肉；；vt.抱怨；破坏vi.捕蟹；抱怨
sociologist
n.社会学家
chronobiology
n.时间生物学；生物钟学
enforcer
n.实施者；强制执行者
shuttle
n.梭子；穿梭；航天飞机vi.穿梭往返
cue
n.提示，暗示；线索vt.给…暗示
coworker
n.同事；合作者
oneness
n.统一性；单一性；同一性；完整
solidarity
n.团结，团结一致
crayfish
n.小龙虾
infant
n.婴儿；幼儿；未成年人adj.幼稚的；初期的
indicator
n.指示器；压力计；[化]指示剂；[计]指示符
adv.故意地，有意地
precisely
adv.精确地；恰恰
consequently
adv.所以；因此；结果
hatch
n.舱口；孵化vt.策划；孵vi.孵化
perception
n.感觉；知觉；洞察力；看法；[法律]获取
pigeon
n.鸽子
hormone
n.激素，荷尔蒙
technique
n.技巧，技术；手法
coordinate
n.坐标；adj.同等的vt.调整；整合vi.协调
interlock
v.互锁；连锁
TPO13阅读详细答案
METHODS OF STUDYING INFANT PERCEPTION1. 以indirect methods做关键词定位至第二句，说用间接方法来观察婴儿能看到什么听到什么，接下来又说与stimulus引入之前的状态进行对比，所以答案是C，不管是hear 还是see都是婴儿的state，而且只有引入之后的state才能与之前的state对比得出变化2. uniformly统一地，一致地，持续地，所以答案C的consistently正确。
首先将单词拆分，uni表示单一，form形式，所以能猜出统一之意。
原句说如果在新生儿的视野范围内发生怎样的移动方式，那么他们的眼睛会反复跟着移动，婴儿的眼睛会反复动，当然移动的pattern也是反复或者持续的，C正确。
A清楚B快D偶尔都没法表达反复之意3. 修辞目的题，修辞点所在的句子上题已经读过，只是在叙述一个例子，而且for example进一步说明这句话只是例子。
往前看，前句说两种方法的不同告诉研究人员新生儿对刺激的不同反应的level和duration，所以A是答案。
B的only原文没说；C的unrelated 与原文相反；D的age原文没说4. EXCEPT题，本应该排除法，但原文中非常清楚地写到第一第二第三三个局限性，也就是三个正确答案，所以也可以直接选的。
第一对应D，正确，不选；第二对应对应B，正确，不选；第三对应A，正确，不选；所以C错，选5. potent有力的，有效的，所以B的powerful正确。
从单词本身看，potential叫做有潜力的，有可能的，所以potent肯定跟力量或者可能性有关；从所在句看，原句说第三，一般重要的要么放前要么放后，特别描述的一般都是重要的，其余答案完全不对6. 原句的结构是当blabla的时候，必须仔细以防止一件事和另一件事的发生，原文中隐含的主语是我们防止。
A正确，其余三个答案把原句的主干完全改变。
B说婴儿怎么怎么样，原文的我们防止彻底没了；C主干当中的conclusive evidence在原句中完全不主要；D主句和从句都跟原文不一样7. 问第三段整段的目的，看中心句，也就是本段首句。
托福阅读笔记之TPO13 Biological Clocks
托福阅读笔记之TPO13 Biological Clocks说到托福阅读备考，TPO是必不可少的备考神器，通过TPO练习来更好的适应阅读考试的节奏。
本文小编带来的托福阅读笔记是TPO13 Biological Clocks的内容，希望能够与正在备考的大家一起进步。
TPO13 Biological Clocks文章题材：生命学科——生物钟常见词汇：determined[di'tə:mind]adj. 坚毅的，下定决心的wheel[wi:l]n. 轮子，车轮，方向盘，周期，旋转measured['meʒəd]adj. 量过的，慎重的，基于标准的，有韵律的range[reindʒ]n. 范围，行列，射程，山脉，一系列approximately[ə'prɔksimitli]adv. 近似地，大约factor['fæktə]n. 因素，因子tend[tend]v. 趋向，易于，照料，护理duration[dju'reiʃən]n. 持续时间，期间sustain[səs'tein]vt. 承受，支持，经受，维持，认可stable['steibl]adj. 稳定的，安定的，可靠的易错题解析：Paragraph 2: Indeed, stability of the biological clock's period is one of its major features, even when the organism's environment is subjected to considerable changes in factors, such as temperature, that would be expected to affect biological activity strongly.5. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○Stability, a feature of the biological clock's period, depends on changeable factors such as temperature.○A major feature of the biological clock is that its period does not change despit e significant changes in the environment.○A factor such as temperature is an important feature in the establishment of the biological clock's period.○Biological activity is not strongly affected by changes in temperature.题型：句子简化题。
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托福阅读笔记之TPO13 Biological Clocks
说到托福阅读备考，TPO是必不可少的备考神器，通过TPO练习来更好的适应阅读考试的节奏。
本文小编带来的托福阅读笔记是TPO13 Biological Clocks的内容，希望能够与正在备考的大家一起进步。
TPO13 Biological Clocks
文章题材：生命学科——生物钟
常见词汇：
determined[di'tə:mind]adj. 坚毅的，下定决心的
wheel[wi:l]n. 轮子，车轮，方向盘，周期，旋转
measured['meʒəd]adj. 量过的，慎重的，基于标准的，有韵律的
range[reindʒ]n. 范围，行列，射程，山脉，一系列
approximately[ə'prɔksimitli]adv. 近似地，大约
factor['fæktə]n. 因素，因子
tend[tend]v. 趋向，易于，照料，护理
duration[dju'reiʃən]n. 持续时间，期间
sustain[səs'tein]vt. 承受，支持，经受，维持，认可
stable['steibl]adj. 稳定的，安定的，可靠的
易错题解析：
Paragraph 2: Indeed, stability of the biological clock's period is one of its major features, even when the organism's environment is subjected to considerable changes in factors, such as temperature, that would be expected to affect biological activity strongly.
5. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
○Stability, a feature of the biological clock's period, depends on changeable factors such as temperature.
○A major feature of the biological clock is that its period does not change despit e significant changes in the environment.
○A factor such as temperature is an important feature in the establishment of the biological clock's period.
○Biological activity is not strongly affected by changes in temperature.
题型：句子简化题。
答案是(B)
解析：主干是stability is one of the features，when后面引导的是时间状语从句，其前的even表明这里与前面有让步的关系，temperature是一个对factors举的例子，后边的that引导定语从句，修饰temperature。
B项的despite和even表达一样的逻辑关系。
A major feature of the biological clock is that its period does not change对应原句的stability is one of the features，且significant changes in the environment对应于原句的organism’s environment is subjected to changes in factors。
A项的主干为stability depends on changeable factors，原句没有这样的因果关系，C项没有体现原句的逻辑关系，另外，其主要意思与原句完全不一致。
D项也没有体现原句的逻辑关系。
Paragraph 3: Animals need natural periodic signals like sunrise to maintain a cycle whose period is precisely 24 hours. ■Such an external cue not only coordinates an animal's daily rhythms with particular features of the local solar day but also—because it normally does so day after day-seems to keep the internal clock's period close to that of Earth's rotation. ■Yet despite this synchronization of the period of the internal cycle, the animal's timer itself continues to have its own genetically built-in period close to, but different from, 24 hours. ■Without the external cue, the difference accumulates and so the internally regulated activities of the biological day drift continuously, like the tides, in relation to the solar day. ■This drift has been studied extensively in many animals and in biological activities ranging from the hatching of fruit fly eggs to wheel running by squirrels. Light has a predominating influence in setting the clock. Even a fifteen-minute burst of light in otherwise sustained darkness can reset an animal's circadian rhythm. Normally, internal rhythms are kept in step by regular environmental cycles. For instance, if a homing pigeon is to navigate with its Sun compass, its clock must be properly set by cues provided by the daylight/darkness cycle.
13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
Because the internal signals that regulate waking and going to sleep tend to align themselves with these external cues, the external clock appears to dominate the internal clock.
Where would the sentence best fit?
题型：句子插入题，答案是(B)。
解析：待插入句中的关键词these external cues，说明插入点之前必须有these后面的名词external cues。
所以B和D有可能是答案，但D之后的this drift与前文的drift衔接紧密，排除，所以答案是B。
而且待插入句说internal dominate external，紧接着B之后说this synchronization，这种同步与待插入句对应，也说明B正确。
以上就是小编带来的托福阅读笔记之TPO13 Biological Clocks，希望能够和备考的大家一起学习。
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