常用规划英文词汇
英文简历常用词汇
英文简历常用词汇在英文简历中使用一些常用而有力的词汇可以帮助突出你的专业技能和工作经验。
以下是一些常用的英文简历词汇：1. Achieved (取得)2. Implemented (实施)3. Managed (管理)4. Developed (开发)5. Coordinated (协调)6. Led (领导)7. Executed (执行)8. Designed (设计)9. Improved (改进)10. Collaborated (合作)11. Analysed (分析)12. Resolved (解决)13. Initiated (发起)14. Innovated (创新)15. Facilitated (促进)16. Negotiated (谈判)17. Implemented (实施)18. Trained (培训)19. Monitored (监控)20. Evaluated (评估)21. Generated (生成)22. Budgeted (预算)23. Market Research (市场研究)24. Client Relations (客户关系)25. Strategic Planning (战略规划)26. Time Management (时间管理)27. Detail-oriented (注重细节)28. Problem-solving (解决问题)29. Adaptable (适应性强)30. Team Player (团队合作)31. Multitasking (多任务处理)32. Results-driven (以结果为导向)33. Effective Communication (有效沟通)34. Strong Work Ethic (强烈职业道德)35. Self-motivated (自我激励)36. Flexible (灵活)37. Proactive (主动积极)38. Analytical Skills (分析能力)39. Creativity (创造力)40. Strategic Thinker (战略思维)请根据个人的实际经验和职业目标适度选择这些词汇，以确保简历更加突出和有吸引力。
景观设计常用英语词汇
景观设计阶段常用英语词汇设计常用：规划planning月艮务范围scope of services工作范围scope of work开发的可行性规划development feasibility planning景观规划landscape planning总体规划master planning草图sketch/rough map平面plan剖面section立面elevation透视perspective示意图diagram容积率coverage城市设计urban design/civic design区域规划regional planning步行车由ped axis总体规划general planning/master planning分区规划district planning近期建设规划immediate plan城市详细规划detailed planning控制性详细规control detailed planning修建性详细规划site plan居住区规划residential district planning城市化urbanization城市生态urban ecology可持续发展sustainable development项目竣工project closeout项目会议project meetings项目检查project observation项目登记project records项目规模project scale主入口大门main entrance gate主要入口main entrance岗亭(车行&人行)guard house(for vehicle&pedestrian)次入口大门2nd entrance gate次要入口secondary entrance人流量visitors flowrate车流量vehicle flowrate商业中心入口entrance to shopping ctr.水景water feature小型露天剧场mini amphi-theatre迎宾景观welcoming feature观景木台timber deck(viewing)竹园bamboo garden漫步广场walkway plaza露天咖啡廊out door cafe巨大迎宾水景grand welcoming feature瀑布叠水cascading waterfalls木桥timber bridge历史文化名城保护规划Plan of Preservation of Historic Cities 旧城改建urban redevelopment开发区development area城市化水平urbanization level城市群agglomeration城镇体系urban system卫星城satellite town城市基础设施urban infrastructure居民点settlement市municipality/city生态基础设施ecological infrastructure牧场pasture市域administrative region of a city商业区commercial district行政中心administration center商业街commercial street科技园technological region校园规划campus planning城市中心区urban center district居住单元flat历史地段history district民政区域civil district水警区waters guard district居住区规划residential district planning护林区ranger district工业区industrial district林木种子公园tree seed orchard快速公路thruway城市美学urban esthetics游憩空间esplanade系统工程systems engineering城市更新理论urban renewal theory吊桥hanging bridge休憩台地(低处)lounging terrace(lower)休憩台地(高处)lounging terrace(upper)特色踏步feature stepping stone野趣小溪river wild儿童乐园children's playground旱冰道slide羽毛球场badminton court旱景dry landscape旱喷泉dry fountain观景台viewing deck游泳池swimming pool嬉水池wading pool儿童泳池children's pool蜿蜒水墙winding wall石景雕塑rock sculpture中心广场central plaza健身广场exercise plaza桥bridge交流广场meditating plaza趣味树阵tree battle formation停车场paring area特色花架trellis雕塑小道sculpture trail(高尔夫)轻击区putting green高尔夫球会所golf clubhouse每栋建筑入口entrance paving to unit篮球场basketball court网球场tennis court阶梯坐台terracing seatwall种植槽planter广场main plaza森林forest瀑布waterfall石景园rockery garden旱溪dry stream凉亭pavilion户外淋浴outdoor shower拉膜结构tensile structure台阶stair高尔夫球车停车场parking(golf car)健身站exercise station晨跑小路jogging footpath车道driveway人行道sidewalk人行漫步道promenade瀑布及跳舞喷泉(入口广场)waterfall and dancing fountain(entry plaza)特色入口entry feature石景广场rockery plaza植物的抗寒性plant hardiness植物的死亡率plant mortality种植planting建筑空间architecture居U院show place;theater茶楼（馆）caff；tea shop专卖店monopolistic shop博物馆museum电影院cinema/movie house商场emporium/shopping mall体育馆palaestra青少年宫callan house/children,s palace 图书馆library棋牌室relaxation room健身房gymnasium书店book store客厅parlor阳台balcony浴室bathroom橱柜cabinet合院式建筑courtyard building餐厅dining-room/dining hall入口entrance厨房kitchen屋顶roof小孩房kid room儿童游乐室/玩具室dollhouse起居室living room门廊porch更衣室change room休息室pavilion私家花园private garden居民resident共享地带shared zone工人房servants hall比例scale元素element会议中心conference center园林景观view of the garden 乔木arbor/trees灌木shrub草本植物herbaceous plants藤本植物liana灌木shrubs铺石band stone地下车库car park bellow曲线形铺地curved paving bands标志牌(sign)courtyard identification sign 庭院courtyard步道footpath园桥garden bridge园林garden and park种草和铺草皮seeding and sodding种植现状planting conditions种植设计planting design种植要求planting requirements砌石natural cut stone铺地pave亭,阁pavilion榭pavilion on terrace植被planting花坛planting beds大广场plaza台platform栈道deck promenade灯柱pole lights小水池pool雕塑sculpture小广场small square小水景small water feature林荫树shade trees楼storied building小溪流stream行道树street trees踏石stepping stone踏步terrace steps木制平台timber deck草坪grass草皮turf园廊veranda空地void水景waterscape园墙wall in garden滨水地区waterfront 茶亭tea house木亭log cabin遮阳亭shade structure 水岸edge湾bay渡口ferry挡土墙retaining wall 人行道pavement卵石pebble半岛peninsula公园规划park planning园林总体规划garden master planning总平面规划site planning园林保留地reserve garden园林规划图garden planning map园林规划说明书garden planning direction城市公园系统urban park system公园分布distribution of parks公园类型park type,park category公园间距distance between parks公园形式park styles园林分区garden zoning安静休息区tranquil rest area儿童活动区children playing space儿童游戏场children playground体育运动区sports activities area野餐区picnic place散步区pedestrian space群众集会区mass meeting square观赏植物区ornamental plants area观赏温室区display greenhouse area/display conservatory area 草坪区lawn space绿荫区shade tree section历史古迹区historical relics area青少年活动区youngsters activities area诱鸟区bird sanctuary area钓鱼区fishing center野营区camp site游人中心visitors center服务中心service center探险游乐场adventure ground文化活动区cultural activities area游览区excursion area/open-to-public area非游览区no-admittance area办公区administrative area办公园区office parks服务区service center动休息区dynamic rest space静休息区static rest space娱乐演出区entertaining performance place公园道路park road公园水陆面积比率land-water ratio游人容纳量visitors capacity绿化greening,planting绿地/绿化带greenbelt环境绿化environmental greening城市绿化urban virescence城市绿化系统urban green space system绿化覆盖率percentage of greenery coverage城市绿化覆盖率urban green coverage工厂绿化factory greening/landscaping within factory 广场绿化landscaping of square居住区绿化landscaping of residential area公共建筑绿化landscaping around public building室内绿化indoor garden街道绿化street greening/street planting车行道绿化driveway greening分车带绿化dividing stripe greening人行道绿化sidewalk greening群众绿化mass planting movement郊区绿化suburban greening公路绿化highway greening铁路绿化railway greening/railway planting阳台绿化balcony greening窗台绿化window-sill greening屋顶绿化roof greening垂直绿化vertical greening攀缘绿化climber greening桥头绿化bridgehead greening绿地green space绿地系统green space system城市绿地系统规划urban green space system planning 城市绿地urban green space绿地规划程序planning procedure of the green space 绿地布局green space layout绿地率ratio of green space绿地面积green area绿地资源green space resource绿地效果green space effect公共绿地public green space公共绿地定额public green space quota公共绿地指标public green space norm单位绿地unit green area街道广场绿地street and square green area居住区绿地residential quarter green area防护绿地green buffer/green area for environmental protection 郊区绿地suburban green space街坊绿地residential block green belt附属绿地attached green space专用绿地specified green space生产绿地productive plantation area绿地类型type of green space环状绿型annular green space块状绿地green plot点状绿地green spot放射状绿地radiate green space楔状绿地wedge-shaped green space缓冲绿地buffer green space防音绿地noise proof green space吸引圈attractive circle吸引距离attractive distance有效半径effective radius空间规划space planning形象规划image plan实施规划implementary plan必要生活空间necessary living space余暇生活空间leisure time living space利用频度usage frequency树种规划planning of trees and shrubs苗圃nursery谷底植栽场improved vegetation&wild life堤岸种植bank planting生态环境系统人类生态环境human ecological environment自然系统natural system自然资源natural resource自然保护conservation of nature自然保存natural preservation环境保护environmental protection环境容量environment capacity环境适宜性environment fitness环境空气质量标准ambient air quality共生symbiosis互惠共生mutualism公害public nuisance生态绝灭ecological extinction生态系统ecosystem生态圈ecosphereendangered plant / threatened plant major community artificial community green revolution outdoor recreation resource wilderness environment system modern environment system country life-pattern 生态灾难 ecological disaster 环境质量 environmental quality 环境压力 environment stress 生命维持系统life-support system 反馈系统 feedback system 自养生物autotroph 异养生物heterotroph 食物链foodchain 生物圈biosphere 濒危植物 主体群落 人工群落 绿色革命 户外娱乐资源 原始环境系统 近代环境系统 乡村生活模式 烟害 smoke pollution / fume pollution 雾害 fog pollution 霜害 frost injury 水污染 water pollution 土壤污染 soil pollution / soil contamination 园林小气候 garden microclimate 环境保护植物 environmental conservation plant 引气候调节 climatic regulation 自动调节机能homeostasis 生态平衡 ecological homeostasis 森林生态系统forest ecosystem 草原生态系统prairie ecosystem 滞尘植物 dust holding plant 野生生物迁徙wildlife migration 现状植被 树木保护 地形测量 入侵物种 环境修复 环境影响分析 environmental impact analysis 外来植物物种exotic plant species 生态影口向 ecological impact 经济影响 economic impact 边缘栖息地edge habitat 边缘限制 edge restraint 人工湿地 constructed wetlands 气候带 climate zones existing vegetation tree protection topographic survey invasive species environmental modification自然资源natural resources园林地形改造topographical reform of garden土山earth piled hill/artificial mound彳段山rockery,artificial rockwork太湖石Taihu Lake stone/water modelled stone 黄石yellowish brown stone人造假山石artificial stone/man-made stone孤赏石monolith/standing stone掇山piled stone hill/hill making叠石stones laying板石flag stone散点石scattered stone抱角石corner stone屋基石foundation stone排衙石guard stone屏石screen stone石岸rock bank石阶stone steps汀步stepping stone on water surface附壁石stone appended to wall石花台stone flower bed石凳stone bench假山石挡土墙rock retaining wall干砌石dry stone wall假山石楼梯rock stairway石亭stone pavilion石洞stone cavern石窟grotto置石stone arrangement/stone layout拱石arch stone拱顶石key stone砖和混凝土砌块墙brick and concrete block walls 石头墙stone walls木头和金属栅栏wood and metal fences园林水景water scenes of garden水体water body水面water surface水池pool水塘pond喷泉fountain喷水池fountain pool涉水池wading pool倒影池mirror pool/reflecting pool睡莲池water-lily pool喷水管布置piping schema钓鱼塘fishing pond高水位池塘high water table pond池边坐人矮墙seat wall surrounded pool隐头喷泉secret fountain岛园island garden半岛园peninsula garden小岛isle瀑布waterfall小瀑布cascade湖lake矶rock projecting over water水帘洞water curtain cave壁泉wall fountain饮水喷头drinking fountain园桥garden bridge拱桥arch bridge石板桥stone slab bridge木板桥plank bridge圆木桥log bridge亭桥pavilion bridge曲桥zigzag bridge植物配植plant arrangement树木配植arrangement of trees and shrubs 群植group planting/mass planting孤植specimen planting/isolated planting 丛植clump planting组植group planting林植forest planting列植linear planting对植opposite planting/coupled planting 环植circular planting带植belt planting散植scattered planting/loose planting边缘种植edge planting边界种植boundary planting整形种植architectural planting基础种植foundation planting角隅种植corner planting景框种植planting as enframent门卫种植guard planting篱恒种植fence planting障景种植screen planting背景种植background planting林下种植underwood planting路边种植roadside planting绿篱hedge树墙espalier庭荫树shade tree园景树specimen tree风景林amenity forest/ornamental forest 行道树avenue tree,street tree纪念林memorial forest整型树topiary tree花篱flower hedge刺篱thorny plants hedge常绿绿篱evergreen hedge落叶绿篱deciduous hedge高篱high hedge沟中边篱hah-hah fence图案矮篱pattern dwarf hedge迷宫绿篱labyrinth hedge整剪绿篱clipped hedge自然式花篱natural flowering hedge边篱boundary fence园篱garden fence/garden hedge纯林pure forest混交林mixed forest林间隙地open space in woodland杂木林spinney树冠覆盖面tree canopy草坪lawn整形草坪formal lawn开花草坪flowering lawn牧场草坪meadowy land路边花坛roadside flower bed带状花坛ribbon flower bed时钟花坛flower clock盆栽花坛potted flower bed/basined flower bed高设花台raised flower bed毛毡花坛carpet bed镶嵌花坛mosaic bed铺石花坛paved bed灌木花坛shrub bed图案花坛群parterre草药花坛herbaceous flower bed花结花坛knot bed整形花坛formal flower bed活动花坛movable flower bed花境flower border花桶flower tub植树箱planting box瓶饰garden vase灌木花境shrub border混合花境mixed border园林道路设计garden road design,garden path design漫步路trail/footway小径alley,path川草坪岛lawn island安全岛traffic island/refuge island转弯曲度turning curvature转弯半径turning radius踏面landing pitch步石stepping stone涉水踏步wading step错车甫路crazy paving path随意组合方石板路flag stone path paved at random花纹路pattern path林荫路mall林荫大道boulevard花园路parkway林间小道path in woodland种植池planting bed树池保护格栅tree grate树干保护套栏tree guard树池坐凳矮墙seatwall-surrounded planting路面线纹score line铺装，路面pavement柔性铺装，柔性路面flexible pavement刚性铺装，刚性路面rigid pavement道路pavements铺路材料，铺路机，铺石人paver铺装，铺路paving城市街道urban street道路roads道路设计要素roadway design elements道路尺寸roadway dimensions步行标准pedestrian standards平均步行距离average walking distance现状测量的线路测量route survey a survey of existing 道路定线测量alignment of route survey基础，路基subbase传统园林建筑traditional garden building 凉亭summer shelter活树亭arbor/tent arbor蘑菇亭mushroom pavilion茅亭thatched pavilion竹亭bamboo pavilion茶亭tea booth/tea kiosk回廊cloister水廊corridor on water曲廊zigzag veranda扒山廊sloping gallery楼廊two-storied gallery画舫painted pleasure boat石舫stone boat不击舟immovable pleasure boat诗条石poem-engraved stone slab月洞门moon gate园林露天剧场open garden theater园林露天舞池open garden dancing place露天音乐台outdoor music stand眺望台prospect deck繁殖温室plant propagation greenhouse展览温室public conservatory月池new-moon pool园林小品small garden ornaments磁砖壁画painted tile mural tablet园椅garden chair/garden seat园凳garden bench园桌garden table园灯garden lamp日规sundial鸟浴bird bath鸟舍bird cottage/nestle box鸟笼bird cage,bird coop悬篮hanging basket野鸟喂食器bird feeder额匾horizontal inscribed board楹联couplet written on scroll/couplet on pillar引露天烤炉open barbecue树棚living-tree pergola花架pergola花格架trellis,treillage点景牌楼naming pailou/decorated archway扶手栏杆handrail坐凳栏杆seat rail石碑stone tablet/stele园林施工garden layout/garden construction种植工程planting engineering大树移植big tree transplanting裸根移植bare root transplanting土球移植ball transplanting沟植trench planting假植heeling in/temporary planting播种草坪seeding lawn铺草皮块草坪sodding lawn假山工程rockery engineering掇山五法five methods"of rock piling等分平衡法method of making the rock equa-tional and balanced前轻后重法method of making the front part of rock lighter than the back part 上轻下重法method of lowering the center of gravity of rocks纹理统一法method of unifying the rock veins石料统一法method of unifying the rock mate-rials观赏植物观赏树木ornamental tree and shrub观叶植物foliage plant观果植物fruit-effect plant观枝干植物plants with ornamental trunks and branches 指示植物indicating plant主景植物accent plant耐湿植物damp tolerant plant抗风植物wind-resistant plant耐盐碱植物saline-alkali tolerant plan耐盐植物salt tolerant plants市花city flower市树city tree国花national flower国树national tree芳香植物fragrant plant抗污染植物pollution resistant plant环保植物environment protecting plant高山植物alpine plant岩生植物rock plant攀缘植物climbing plant/climber地被植物ground cover plant阴生植物shade plant装饰植物decorative plant装缘植物edging plant绿篱植物hedge plant草坪植物lawn plant/lawn grass花坛植物bedding plant球根植物bulbous plant宿根植物perennial plant/perennial水生植物aquatic plant/hydrophyte旱生植物xerophyte沼泽植物bog plant,swamp plant室内装饰植物indoor decorative plant/house plant切花cut flower垂枝植物pendulous plant/weeping plant缠绕植物twiner/twinning plant针叶植物needle-leaved plant阔叶植物broad-leaved plant斑叶植物variegate-leaved plant松柏植物conifer常绿植物evergreen plant半常绿植物semi-evergreen plant不耐寒植物tender plant半耐寒植物half-hardy plant耐寒植物hardy plant耐旱植物drought enduring plant盆栽植物container plants有害植物hazardous plants有毒植物noxious plants地被植物ground covers有毒植物noxious plants丛生植物package plants观赏动物ornamental animal观赏鸟类ornamental bird观赏兽类ornamental beast观赏昆虫类ornamental insect山石材料stone material昆山石Kunshan stone钟乳石stalactite灵壁石Lingbi stone英德石Yingde stone青石Qing stone宣石Xuan stone房山石Fangshan stone花园garden专类花园specified flower garden花园木寸garden village园林城市landscape garden city蔷薇园rose garden松柏园conifer garden球根园bulb garden宿根园perennial garden假山园rock garden/Chinese rockery狩猎场hunting ground街心花园street crossing center garden小游园petty street garden水景园water garden铺地园paved garden野趣园wild plants botanical garden野生植物园wild plants garden乡趣园rustic garden盆景园penjing garden,miniature landscape 动物园zoo/zoological garden墓园cemetery garden沼泽园bog and marsh garden水生植物园aquatic plants garden学校园school garden室内花园indoor garden芳香花园fragrant garden盲人花园garden for the blind日艺园Japanese garden公共花园public garden屋顶花园roof garden私家花园private garden庭院花园courtyard garden前庭front yard,forecourt后庭backyard,rear yard中庭patio厨园kitchen yard沉［床］园sunken garden窗园window garden墙园wall garden宅园home garden台地园terrace garden冬园winter garden切花园cut flower garden屋顶花园roof garden后花园back yard garden公园park,public park城市公园city park,urban park区公园regional park儿童公园children park体育公园sports park森林公园forest park纪念公园memorial park烈士纪念公园martyr memorial park综合公园comprehensive park文化公园cultural park文化休憩公园cultural and recreation park 中央公园central park天然公园natural park海滨公园seaside park/seabeach park古迹公园historic site park河滨公园riverside park湖滨公园lakeside park路边公园roadside park/street park娱乐公园amusement park雕塑公园sculpture park休憩公园recreation park疗养公园sanatorium park国家公园national park邻里公园neighborhood park特种公园special park植物园botanical garden植物公园abeled plants park高山植物园alpine garden热带植物园tropical plants garden药用植物园medical plants garden/herb garden 风景landscape,scenery自然景观natural landscape人文景观human landscape/scenery of humanities 草原景观prairie landscape山岳景观mountain landscape/alpine landscape地理景观geographical landscape湖泊景观lake view郊区景观suburban landscape地质景观geological landscape喀斯特景观karst landscape植物景观plants landscape/flora landscape中国园林史中国古典园林classical Chinese garden中国传统园林traditional Chinese garden中国古代园林ancient Chinese garden中国山水园Chinese mountain and water garden帝王宫苑imperial palace garden皇家园林royal garden私家园林private garden江南园林garden on the Yangtze Delta西方园林史西方古典园林western classical garden英国式园林English style garden中英混合式园林Anglo-Chinese style garden意大利式园林Italian style garden西班牙式园林Spanish style garden法兰西式园林French style garden勒诺特尔式园林Le Notre's style garden文艺复兴庄园Renaissance style villa洛可可式园林Rococo style garden巴洛克式园林Baroque style garden庄园manor/villa garden廊柱园peristyle garden/patio绿廊xystus迷阵maze,labyrinth典型中西园林灵囿Ling You Hunting Garden灵沼Ling Zhao Water Garden灵台Ling Tai Platform Garden阿房宫E-Pang Palace上林苑Shang-Lin Yuan未央宫Wei-Yang Palace洛阳宫Luoyang Palace华清官Hua-Qing Palace艮岳Gen Yue Imperial Garden圆明园Yuan-Ming Yuan Imperial Garden颐和园Yi-He Yuan Imperial Garden/Summer Palace 承德避暑山庄Chengde Imperial Summer Resort苏州园林Suzhou traditional garden悬园Hanging Garden英国皇家植物园Royal Botanical Garden/Kew garden 凡尔赛宫苑Versailles Palace Park枫丹白露宫园 Fontainebleau Palace Garden 风景资源调查 landscape resource evaluation 风景学 scenicology风景规划 landscape plan风景设计 landscape design游览路线touring route旅游资源 tourism resource旅游地理 tourism geography旅游地质 tourism geology历史名城 famous historical city文化名城 famous cultural city文化遗址 ancient cultural relic天然博物馆 natural open museum 风景地貌 natural geomorphology 造型地貌 imaginative geomorphologic figuration 风景区 scenic spot / scenic area风景名胜 famous scenery / famous scenic site 特异景观风景区 specific natural scenes area 民族风俗风景区 scenic spot of minority customs 高山风景区 alpine scenic spot海滨风景区 seabeach scenic spot 森林风景区 forest scenic spot高山草甸风景区 alpine tundra landscape spot 峡谷风景区 江河风景区 湖泊风景区 温泉风景区 瀑布风景区 禁伐禁猎区 封山育林区 天池风景区 自然保护区 科学保护区 天然纪念物natural monument生物圈保护区 biosphere protection area valley scenic spotriver landscape district lake round scenic spot hot spring scenic spot waterfall scenic spot region forbidden to tree cutting and hunting region closed for afforestation crater lake scenic spot nature protection area protection area for scientific research 园林形式garden style规整式园林 formal garden style非规整园林 informal garden style 几何式园林 geometric garden style 自然式园林 natural garden style混合式园 mixed garden style近代巴洛克式园林modern Baroque style马克斯抽象园林R.B.Marx abstract garden园林艺术景view,scenery/feature远景distant view近景nearby view障景obstructive scenery,blocking view借景borrowed scenery/view borrowing对景opposite scenery/view in opposite place缩景miniature scenery/abbreviated scenery漏景leaking through scenery框景enframed scenery尾景terminal feature主景main feature副景secondary feature配景objective view夹景vista line,vista前景front view背景background景序order of sceneries景点feature spot/view spot仰视景观upward landscape俯视景观downward landscape季相景观seasonal phenomena气象景观meteorological diversity scenery视野visual field秋色fall color/autumn color园林空间garden space开敞空间wide open space/wide space封闭空间enclosure space意境artistic conception,poetic imagery苍古antiquity空灵spaciousness/airiness动观in-motion viewing静观in-position viewing视错觉visual illusion园林艺术布局artistic layout of garden对称平衡symmetrical balance不对称平衡asymmetrical balance左右对称bilateral symmetry辐射对称radial symmetry透景线perspective line轴线axis/axial line主车由main axis副轴auxiliary axis暗轴hidden axis/invisible axis树冠线skyline园林色彩艺术art of garden colors单色谐调monochromatic harmony复色谐调compound chromatic harmony对比色突出contrast colors accent近似色谐调approximate colors harmony暖色warm color冷色cool color色感color sense道路系统approach system,road system环形道路系统circular road system方格形道路系统latticed road system放射形道路系统radiate road system自然式道路系统informal road system规整式道路系统formal road system混合式道路系统mixed style road system机动车交通系统vehicular circulation systems园区管理游人调查visitors investigation游人统计visitors statistics游人分析garden visitors analysis游人管理visitors management导游图tourist map导游食军说tour descri ption and direction劳动管理labour management物资管理material handling,goods handling设备管理equipment management/facility management 财务管理financial management安全管理safety management环境监测environmental monitor植物养护管理plant maintenance and management园林技术管理garden technical management质量管理quality management园貌维修garden feature maintenance植物整形修剪plant trimming and pruning植物病虫防治disease and insect control园林管理规划management plan游人意见处理treatment of visitors opinions游人规则visitors regulation园内交通管理traffic control in park园外交通管理traffic control out of park entrance汽车停车规则parking rules自行车停放规则bicycle parking rules开放时间opening time日常清洁卫生管理daily sanitation and hygiene management 园林设备garden equipment园林机械garden machine园林工具garden instrument/garden implement花坛分界隔板plastic bed divider种植容器planting container圆木桩log peg喷射装置jet bubbler滴灌trickle irrigator/drip irrigator环动喷灌器circle sprinkler圆筒喷灌器rotor sprinkler自控器automatic controller管端喷灌器hose end sprinkler固定喷灌器stationary sprinkler喷雾喷灌器mist sprinkler/spray head sprinkler喷灌覆盖面sprinkler coverage草坪加肥器lawn feeder施肥喷灌器combined feeder and sprinkler液肥混合调配器liquid fertilizer mixer-proportioner滴水喷头emitter/dripper水土保持塑料网erosion control plastic net苗木包装材料nursery stock package material麻布袋burlap bag铁丝篮wire basket篮状种植器basket container塑料苗木桶plastic nurserican播种盘seed tray网孔盆mesh pot含肥泥炭盆fertile peat pot盆栽机potting machine换盆机repotting machine再生纸种植器reclaimed paper container纤维育苗器wood fiber plant grower泥炭压制播种饼peat seeding pellet/peat seeding starter 松土除草机cultivator旋转锄rotary hoe切叶机foliage cutter翻地犁uncovering plough盖土机mounted spreader前悬装土机front mounted loader后缀装土机rear mounted loader旋轴剪草机spindle mower栽植机planting machine植物覆盖plant mulching覆盖物分散机mulch spreader种子液肥喷洒机hydro seeder修枝剪pruning shear播种器garden seeder球根种植器bulb planter土壤酸度探测器pH-value computer巴效分析器fertilizer analyzer嫁接刀grafting knife温室设备greenhouse equipment盆栽灌水系统pot watering system温室气候控制器greenhouse climate controller 温室覆盖greenhouse covering喷雾自控系统automatic mist control system 二氧化碳发生器C02generator温度报警钟temperature alarm游览车park sightseeing bus引剪草机lawn mower动力剪草机power lawnmower畜力剪草机horse lawnmower手推剪草机hand lawnmower专用词：美国规划师协会（APA）American Planning Association环境影响报告书（EIS）environmental impact statement国家环境政策法案（NEPA）National Environmental Policy Act国家污染物排放削减（NPDES）the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System 地理信息系统（GIS）Geographic Information System景观系数（KL）Landscape Coefficient（KL）土地保护局水土保持局的径流曲线数值法SCS Runoff Curve Number Method州环境政策法案（SEPAs）state environmental policy acts水相关污水处理wastewater treatment用水需求water demand水景，水体特征water feature喷灌泵display pumps蒸发evaporation水景效果water effects水质Water Quality水质容积water quality volume水源保护water resource protection水源water resource给水water supply流域watershed泄水孔weep hole湿滞留池wet detention ponds水压pressure灰水graywater循环使用的水recycled water地表水surface water地表水供应surface water supplies雨水蓄积，暴雨蓄积stormwater storage雨水排水管storm sewers雨水管理，暴雨管理stormwater management雨水高峰排放量stormwater peak discharge雨水径流系数stormwater runoff coefficients雨水径流估算stormwater runoff estimating雨水蓄积stormwater storage喷头选择和布置head selection and layout沉淀率，喷水速率precipitation rate咸水（海水）侵入saltwater intrusion砂滤池，砂滤层sand filters市政排水系统sewer systems municipal地表水膜，水膜浅流，层流，片流sheet flow循环水recycled water（地下水）补给沟渠recharge trenches地下水保护groundwater protection地下水补给groundwater recharge地下水资源，地下水储量groundwater resources饮用水potable water降雨，降水量precipitation自然排水道natural drainageways暴雨stormwater湿度，含水量，水汽含量moisture content市政NE水系统municipal sewer systems灌溉irrigation灌溉池塘irrigation ponds灌溉系统irrigation systems灌溉水源sources of irrigation water耗水量低的滴灌系统low-volume drip system渗透床infiltration beds渗透池infiltration ponds渗透井infiltration wells雨水渗透stormwater infiltration不渗透地面比例impervious surface ratio法式排水French drains基座处排水，立足点排水footing drains结冻-融化周期frost-thaw cycle结冻深度，冰冻深度frost depth滤器，滤池，过滤,滤水filter strips过滤filtration过滤系统filtration systems雨水径流［量］stormwater runoff估算水流量estimating water flows土壤水分蒸发蒸腾损失总量速率evapotranspiration rate 不连续的非渗透地面disconnected imperviousness排水drainage排水系统drainage system饮用水drinking water干滞池dry detention ponds涵洞,暗沟，管道culverts雨水的输送技术stormwater conveyance techniques连续的非渗透地面connected imperviousness雨水沟渠，槽，渠道channels/stormwater环流模式circulation patterns城市河流urban streams地下排水subdrain水泵pumps水库构筑物，蓄水池，贮器reservoir structures分散式污水处理系统on-site treatment systems造价相关估算/费用估算estimate/cost estimate估算类型types of estimate详细估算（偏差幅度最小的估算）defined estimate设备估算equipment estimate分析估算analysis estimate报价估算roposal estimate控制估算control estimate初期控制估算interim control estimate/initial control estimate批准的控制估算initial approved cost核定估算check estimate首次核定估算first check estimate二次核定估算production check estimate人工时估算man hour estimate造价估算cost estimating造价累计cost plus人工费labor costs材料费用material cost直接材料费用direct material cost设备费用equipment cost设备购买费用purchased cost of equipment设备人工费equipment crew costs散装材料费用bulk material cost散装材料购买费用purchased cost of bulk material施工费用construction cost施工人工费用labor cost/construction force cost设备安装人工费用labor cost associated with equipment散装材料施工安装人工费用labor cost associated with bulk materials 人工时估算定额standard manhours施工人工时估算定额standard labor manhours标准工时定额standard hours劳动生产率labor productivity/productivity factor/productivity ratio 修正的人工时估算值adjusted manhours人工时单价manhours rate施工监督费用cost of construction supervision施工间接费用cost of contraction indirects分包合同费用subcontract cost现场施工分包合同费用field subcontract cost公司本部费用home office cost公司管理费用overhead非工资费用non payroll。
常用规划英文词汇
居住密度( Residential density )居住区内的人口数或住房套数与居住区面积之比，分毛密度与净密度两种。
毛密度指单位面积上的人口数或住户房套数与居住区总面积（包括住房用地及公共服务设施，道路和人行道）。
而净密度则仅按住房用地计算。
在xx，居住密度有三个主要指标：（1）居住人口密度；（2）居住建筑面积密度；（3）居住面积密度。
高层高密度( High-rise/high density )在一块土地上建造多栋高层建筑，而其间或四周只余较小空间或小块空地，该块土地上的居住密度因而很高。
这种作法常在可建造用地的比较紧张的城市中采用，例如香港。
高层低密度( High-rise/low density )住房建设的一种方法，即建造一栋或数栋供多户居住的高层公寓楼，而将建设用地的大部分留作空地或绿地。
建筑面积比( Floor-area ratio )在美国，指控制建筑物体积的指标，即将允许的总建筑面积以用地面积的倍数表示。
例如，在一万五千平方英尺的土地上，如建筑面积比为2，即表示其上所建的总建筑面积不得超过三万平方英尺。
在英国其相应指标称“容积率”和“建筑面积指标”。
居住建筑面积( Residential floor area )在中国，指居住建筑的全部建筑面积，即各层外墙皮内的全部楼面积，包括各居住单元的居住面积、辅助面积、公共面积和结构所占的面积。
建筑高度( Building height )建筑物垂直方向的大小，以层数或尺寸（英尺或米）计。
市区的建筑高度一般有规定。
，根据住宅建筑设计规范，一至三层为低层，四至六层为多层，七至九层为中高层，十至三十层为高层。
建筑红线( Building line )按地方建筑规范的规定，建筑物外立面所不能超出的界线。
xx设计与历史性建筑保护城市设计( Urban design )指确定一个城市的活动与目标的总体空间布局，使其具有吸引力并使人感到赏心悦目。
城市设计复杂过程中在于以城市的实体安排与居民的社会心理健康的相互关系为重点。
质量工程师必须知道的英语词汇
质量工程师必须知道的英语词汇1.PDCA：Plan、Do、Check、Action 策划、实施、检查、处置2.PPAP：Production PartApproval Process生产件批准程序3.APQP：Advanced ProductQuality Planning产品质量先期策划4.FMEA：Potential FailureMode and Effects Analysis 潜在失效模式及后果分析5.SPC：Statistical ProcessControl统计过程控制6.MSA：Measurement SystemAnalysis 测量系统控制7.CP：Control Plan 控制计划8.QSA：Quality SystemAssessment 质量体系评定9.PPM：Parts Per Million 每百万零件不合格数10.QM：Quality Manua质量手册11.QP：Quality Procedure质量程序文件/Quality Planning质量策划/Quality Plan 质量计划12.CMK：机器能力指数13.CPK：过程能力指数14.CAD：Computer-AidedDesign 计算机辅助能力设计15.OEE：Overall Equipment Effectiveness 设备总效率16.QFD：Quality FunctionDeployment质量功能展开17.FIFO：First in, First out先进先出18.COPS：Customer OrientedProcesses顾客导向过程19.TCQ：Time、Cost、Quality时间、成本、质量20.MPS：Management Processes管理性过程21.SPS：Support Processes支持性过程22.TQM：Total QualityManagement全面质量管理23.PQA：Product QualityAssurance产品质量保证（免检）24.QP-QC-QI：质量三步曲，质量计划－质量控制－质量改进25.QAF：Quality AssuranceFile质量保证文件26.QAP：Quality AssurancePlan质量保证计划27.PFC：Process Flow Chart过程流程图28.QMS：Quality ManagementSystems质量管理体系29.JIT：Just In Time准时（交货）30.ERP：EnterpriseRequirement Planning企业需求计划31.QC：Quality Control 质量控制32.QA：Quality Audit 质量审核/QalityAssurance 质量保证33.IQC：In Come QualityControl 进货质量控制34.IPQC：In Process QualityControl 过程质量控制35.FQC：Final QualityControl 成品质量控制36.OQC：Out Quality Control 出货质量控制37.4M1E：Man、Machine、Material、Method、Environment 人、机、料、法、环38.5W1H：Why、What、Who、When、Where、How 为何/做什么/谁做/时间/地点/如何做39.6S：Seiri、Seiton、Seiso、Seiketsu、Shitsuke、Safety 整理、整顿、清扫、清洁、素养、安全40.TRI值：Total Record Injury（三种）可记录工伤值41.SMART：精明原则，SpecificMeasurable Achievable Result Oriented Timed（具体的描述、可以测量的、可以通过努力实现的、有结果导向性的、有时间性的）——————企业常用英文缩写——————1.5S：5S管理 2.ABC：作业制成本制度（Activity-BasedCosting）3.ABB：实施作业制预算制度（Activity-BasedBudgeting）4.ABM：作业制成本管理（Activity-BaseManagement）5.APS：先进规画与排程系统（AdvancedPlanning and Scheduling）6.ASP：应用程序服务供货商（ApplicationService Provider）7.ATP：可承诺量（Available ToPromise）8.AVL：认可的供货商清单（ApprovedVendor List）9.BOM：物料清单（Bill OfMaterial）10.BPR：企业流程再造（BusinessProcess Reengineering）11.BSC：平衡记分卡（BalancedScoreCard）12.BTF：计划生产（Build ToForecast）13.BTO：订单生产（Build To Order）14.CPM：要径法（Critical PathMethod）15.CPM：每一百万个使用者会有几次抱怨（Complaintper Million）16.CRM：客户关系管理（CustomerRelationship Management）17.CRP：产能需求规划（CapacityRequirements Planning）18.CTO：客制化生产（ConfigurationTo Order）19.DBR：限制驱导式排程法（Drum-Buffer-Rope）20.DMT：成熟度验证（DesignMaturing Testing）21.DVT：设计验证（DesignVerification Testing）22.DRP：运销资源计划（DistributionResource Planning）23.DSS：决策支持系统（DecisionSupport System）24.EC：设计变更/工程变更（EngineerChange）25.EC：电子商务（ElectronicCommerce）26.ECRN：原件规格更改通知（EngineerChange Request Notice）27.EDI：电子数据交换（ElectronicData Interchange）28.EIS：主管决策系统（ExecutiveInformation System）29.EMC：电磁相容（ElectricMagnetic Capability）30.EOQ：基本经济订购量（EconomicOrder Quantity）31.ERP：企业资源规划（EnterpriseResource Planning）32.FAE：应用工程师（FieldApplication Engineer）33.FCST：预估（Forecast）34.FMS：弹性制造系统（FlexibleManufacture System）35.FQC：成品质量管理（Finish orFinal Quality Control）36.IPQC: 制程质量管理（In-ProcessQuality Control）37.IQC：进料质量管理（IncomingQuality Control）38.ISO：国际标准组织（InternationalOrganization for Standardization）39.ISAR：首批样品认可（InitialSample Approval Request）40.JIT：实时管理（Just In Time）41.KM：知识管理（KnowledgeManagement）42.L4L：逐批订购法（Lot-for-Lot）43.LTC：最小总成本法（Least TotalCost）44.LUC：最小单位成本（Least UnitCost）45.MES：制造执行系统（ManufacturingExecution System）46.MO：制令（Manufacture Order）47.MPS：主生产排程（MasterProduction Schedule）48.MRO：请修（购）单（MaintenanceRepair Operation）49.MRP：物料需求规划（MaterialRequirement Planning）50.MRPII：制造资源计划（ManufacturingResource Planning）51.NFCF：更改预估量的通知Notice forChanging Forecast52.OEM：委托代工（OriginalEquipment Manufacture）53.ODM：委托设计与制造（OriginalDesign & Manufacture）54.OLAP：在线分析处理（On-LineAnalytical Processing）55.OLTP：在线交易处理（On-LineTransaction Processing）56.OPT：最佳生产技术（OptimizedProduction Technology）57.OQC：出货质量管理（Out-goingQuality Control）58.PDCA：PDCA管理循环（Plan-Do-Check-Action）59.PDM：产品数据管理系统（ProductData Management）60.PERT：计划评核术（ProgramEvaluation and Review Technique）61.PO：订单（Purchase Order）62.POH：预估在手量（Product onHand）63.PR：采购申请（PurchaseRequest）64.QA：品质保证（QualityAssurance）65.QC：质量管理（Quality Control）66.QCC：品管圈（Quality ControlCircle）67.QE：品质工程（QualityEngineering）68.RCCP：粗略产能规划（Rough CutCapacity Planning）69.RMA：退货验收（ReturnedMaterial Approval）70.ROP：再订购点（Re-Order Point）71.SCM：供应链管理（Supply ChainManagement）72.SFC：现场控制（Shop FloorControl）73.SIS：策略信息系统（StrategicInformation System）74.SO：订单（Sales Order）75.SOR：特殊订单需求（Special OrderRequest）76.SPC：统计制程管制（StatisticProcess Control）77.TOC：限制理论（Theory ofConstraints）78.TPM：全面生产管理（TotalProduction Management）79.TQC：全面质量管理（Total QualityControl）80.TQM：全面品质管理（Total QualityManagement）81.WIP：在制品（Work In Process）——————部门名称的专有名词——————QS:Quality system品质系统CS:Coutomer Sevice 客户服务QC:Quality control品质管理IQC:Incoming quality control 进料检验LQC:Line Quality Control 生产线品质控制IPQC:In process quality control 制程检验FQC:Final quality control 最终检验OQC:Outgoing quality control 出货检验QA:Quality assurance 品质保证SQA:Source(supplier) Quality Assurance 供应商品质保证(VQA)CQA：Customer Quality Assurance客户质量保证PQA rocess Quality Assurance 制程品质保证QE:Quality engineer 品质工程CE:component engineering零件工程EE:equipment engineering设备工程ME:manufacturing engineering制造工程TE:testing engineering测试工程PPE roduct Engineer 产品工程IE:Industrial engineer 工业工程ADM: Administration Department行政部RMA:客户退回维修CSDI:检修PC:producing control生管MC:mater control物管GAD: General Affairs Dept总务部A/D: Accountant /Finance Dept会计LAB: Laboratory实验室DOE:实验设计HR:人资PMC:企划RD:研发W/H:仓库SI:客验PD: Product Department生产部PA:采购(PUR: Purchaing Dept)SMT:Surface mount technology 表面粘着技术MFG:Manufacturing 制造MIS:Management information system 资迅管理系统DCC:document control center 文件管制中心——————场内作业中的专有名词——————QT:Quality target品质目标 QP:Quality policy目标方针 QI:Quality improvement品质改善 CRITICAL DEFECT:严重缺点（CR） MAJOR DEFECT:主要缺点（MA） MINOR DEFECT:次要缺点（MI） MAX:Maximum最大值 MIN:Minimum最小值 DIA iameter直径 DIM imension尺寸 LCL:Lower control limit 管制下限 UCL:Upper control limit管制上限 EMI:电磁干扰 ESD:静电防护 EPA:静电保护区域 ECN:工程变更 ECO:Engineering change order工程改动要求（客户） ECR:工程变更需求单 CPI:Continuous Process Improvement 连续工序改善 Compatibility：兼容性 Marking：标记 DWG rawing图面 Standardization：标准化 Consensus：一致 Code：代码 ZD:Zero defect零缺点 Tolerance：公差 Subject matter：主要事项 Auditor：审核员 BOM:Bill of material物料清单 Rework：重工 ID：identification识别,鉴别,证明 PILOT RUN: (试投产) FAI:首件检查 FPIR：First Piece Inspection Report首件检查报告 FAA:首件确认 SPC：统计制程管制 CP: capability index（准确度） CPK: capability index of process(制程能力) PMP:制程管理计划（生产管制计划） MPI:制程分析 DAS efects Analysis System 缺陷分析系统 PPB：十亿分之一 Flux：助焊剂 P/N:料号 L/N：Lot Number批号 Version：版本 Quantity：数量 Valid date：有效日期 MIL-STD：Military-Standard军用标准 ICT: In Circuit Test (线路测试) ATE：Automatic Test Equipment自动测试设备 MO: Manafacture Order生产单 T/U: Touch Up (锡面修补) I/N:手插件 P/T:初测 F/T: Function Test (功能测试-终测) AS 组立 P/K:包装 TQM:Total quality control全面品质管理 MDA:manufacturing defect analysis制程不良分析(ICT) RUN-IN:老化实验 HI-pot：高压测试 FMI：Frequency Modulation Inspect高频测试 DPPM: Defect Part PerMillion (不良率的一种表达方式：百万分之一) 1000PPM即为0.1% Corrective Action: (CAR改善对策) ACC：允收 REJ:拒收 S/S：Sample size抽样检验样本大小 SI-SIV：Special I-Special IV特殊抽样水平等级 CON：Concession / Waive特采 ISO:国际标准化组织 ISA：Industry Standard Architecture工业标准体制结构 OBA:开箱稽核 FIFO:先进先出 PDCA:管理循环 Plan do check action计划，执行，检查，总结 WIP:在制品（半成品） S/O: Sales Order (业务订单) P/O: Purchase Order (采购订单) P/R: Purchase Request (请购单) AQL:acceptable quality level允收品质水准 LQL;Limiting quality level最低品质水准 QVL:qualified vendor list合格供应商名册 AVL ：认可的供货商清单(Approved Vendor List) QCD: Quality cost delivery（品质，交期，成本） MPM:Manufacturing project management 制造专案管理 KPI:Key performance indicate重要绩效指标 MVT:Manufacturing Verification Test制造验证试产 Q/R/S：Quality/Reliability/Service质量/可靠度/服务 STL:ship to line （料到上线） NTF:No trouble found误判 CIP:capacity improvement plan（产能改善计划） MRB:material review board（物料审核小组） MRB:Material reject bill退货单 JIT:just in time（即时管理） 5S:seiri seiton seiso seiketsu shitsuke （整理，整顿，清扫，清洁，修养） SOP:standard operation process （标准作业程序） SIP:Specification inspection process制程检验规格 TOP: Test Operation Process (测试作业流程) WI: working instruction（作业指导书） SMD:surface mounting device（表面粘着原件） FAR:failure aualysis report故障分析报告 CAR:Corrective action report改善报告 BPR：企业流程再造(Business Process Reengineering) ISAR ：首批样品认可(Initial Sample Approval Request)- JIT：实时管理(Just InTime) QCC ：品管圈(Quality Control Circle) EngineeringDepartment (工程部) TQEM: Total Quality Environment Management (全面品质环境管理) PD: Production Department (制造) LOG: Logistics (后勤支持) Shipping: (进出口) AOQ：Average Output Quality平均出货质量 AOQL：Average Output Quality Level平均出货质量水平 FMEA：failure model effectiveness analysis失效模式分析 CRB: Change Review Board (工程变更会议) CSA：Customer Simulate Analysis客户模拟分析 SQMS：Supplier Quality Management System供应商品质管理系统 QIT: Quality Improvement Team 品质改善小组 QIP：Quality Improvement Plan品质改善计划 CIP：Continual Improvement Plan持续改善计划 M.Q.F.S: Material Quality Feedback Sheet (来料品质回馈单) SCAR: Supplier Corrective Action Report (供货商改善对策报告) 8D Sheet: 8 Disciplines sheet ( 8D单) PDCA：PDCA(Plan-Do-Check-Action) (管理循环) MPQ: Material Packing Quantity (物料最小包装量) DSCN: Delivery Schedule Change Notice (交期变更通知) QAPS: Quality Assurance Process Sheet (品质工程表) DRP ：运销资源计划(Distribution Resource Planning) DSS：决策支持系统(Decision Support System) EC ：电子商务(Electronic Commerce) EDI ：电子资料交换(Electronic Data Interchange) EIS ：主管决策系统(Excutive Information System) ＥＲＰ：企业资源规划(Enterprise Resource Planning) FMS ：弹性制造系统(Flexible Manufacture System) KM ：知识管理(Knowledge Management) 4L ：逐批订购法(Lot-for-Lot) LTC ：最小总成本法(Least Total Cost) LUC ：最小单位成本(Least Unit Cost) MES ：制造执行系统(Manufacturing Execution System) MPS ：主生产排程(Master Production Schedule) MRP ：物料需求规划(Material Requirement Planning) MRPⅡ：制造资源计划(Manufacturing Resource Planning) OEM ：委托代工(Original Equipment Manufacture) ODM ：委托设计与制造(Original Design & Manufacture) OLAP：线上分析处理(On-Line Analytical Processing) OLTP：线上交易处理(On-Line Transaction Processing) OPT ：最佳生产技术(Optimized Production Technology) PDCA：PDCA管理循环(Plan-Do-Check-Action) PDM：产品数据管理系统(Product Data Management)) RCCP：粗略产能规划(Rough Cut Capacity Planning) SCM ：供应链管理(Supply Chain Management) SFC ：现场控制(Shop Floor Control) TOC：限制理论(Theory of Constraints) TQC ：全面品质管制(Total Quality Control) FYI/R:for your information/reference仅供参考 ASAP:尽快 S/T:Standard time标准时间 TPM:total production maintenance：全面生产保养 ESD Wrist strap：静电环 IT:information technology信息技术，资讯科学 CEO：Chief Executive Officer执行总裁 COO：Chief Operaring Officer首席业务总裁 SWOT：Strength,Weakness,Opportunity,Threat 优势﹐弱点﹐机会﹐威胁 Competence：专业能力 Communication：有效沟通 Cooperation：统御融合 Vibration Testing：振动测试 IDP：Individual Development Plan个人发展计划 MRP：Material Requirement Planning物料需求计划 MAT'S：Material材料 LRR：Lot Rejeet Rate批退率 ATIN：Attention知会 3C：Computer ,Communication , Consumer electronic 消费性电子 5W1H：When , Where , Who , What , Why , Ho 5M: Man , Machine , Material , Method , Measurement 人,机器,材料,方法,测量 4MIE: Man,Material,Machine,Method,Environment 人力,物力,财务,技术,时间(资源) 7M1I: Manpower , Machine , Material , Method, Market , Management , Money , Information 人力，机器，材料，方法, 市场，管理，资金，资讯Accuracy 准确度 Action 行动 Activity 活动 Analysis Covariance 协方差分析 Analysis of Variance 方差分析 Approved 承认 Attribute 计数值 Average 平均数 Balance sheet 资产负债对照表 Binomial 二项分配 Brainstorming Techniques 脑力风暴法 Cause and Effect Matrix 因果图(鱼骨图) CL:Center Line 中心线 Check Sheets 检查表 Complaint 投诉 Conformity 合格（符合） Control 控制 Control chart 控制(管制)图 Correction 纠正 Correlation Methods 相关分析法 CPI: continuouse Process Improvement 连续工序改善 Cross Tabulation Tables 交叉表 CS: Customer Sevice 客（户）服（务）中心 DSA: Defects Analysis System 缺陷分析系统 Data 数据Description:品名 DCC: Document Control Center 文控中心 Decision 决策、判定 Defects per unit 单位缺点数 Description 描述 Device 装置 Do 执行 DOE: Design of Experiments 实验设计 Element 元素 Engineering recbnology 工程技 Environmental 环境 Equipment 设备 Estimated accumulative frequency 计算估计累计数 E Equipment Variation 设备变异 External Failure 外部失效,外部缺陷 FA: Failure Analysis 失效分析 Fact control 事实管理 Fatigue 疲劳 FMEA: Failure Mode and Effect Analysis失效模式与效果分析 FP First-Pass Yield （第一次通过）合格率 FQA: Final Quality Assurance 最终品质保证 FQC: Final Quality control 最终品质控制 Gauge system 测量系统 Grade 等级 Histogram 直方图 Improvement 改善 Initial review 先期审查 Inspection 检验 Internal Failure 内部失效、内部缺陷 IPQC: In Process Quality Control 制程品质控制 IQC: Incomming Quality Control 来料品质控制 IS International Organization for Standardization 国际标准化组织 LCL: Lower Control limit 管制下限 LQC: Line Quality Control 生产线品质控制 LSL: Lower Size Limit 规格下限 Machine 机械 Manage 管理 Materials 物料 Measurement 测量 Median 中位数 MSA: Measurement System Analysis 测量系统分析 Occurrence 发生率 Operation Instruction 作业指导书 Organization 组织 Parto 柏拉图 PPM artsper Million （百万分之）不良率 Plan 计划 Policy 方针 Population 群体 PQA: Process Quality Assurance 制程品质保证 Practice 实务(践) Prevention 预防 Probability 机率 Probability density function 机率密度函数 Procedure 流程 Process 过程 Process capability analysis 制程能力分析（图） Process control and Process capability制程管制与制程能力 Product 产品 Production 生产 Projects 项目 QA: Quality Assurance 品质保证 QC: Quality Control 品质控制 QE: Quality Engineering 品质工程 QFD: Quality Function Desgin 品质机能展开(法) Quality 质量 Quality manual 品质手册 Quality policy 品质政策(质量方针) Random experiment 随机试验 Random numbers 随机数 R:Range 全距（极差） Reject 拒收 Repair 返修 Repeatusility 再现性 Reproducibility 再生性Requirement 要求 Responsibilities 职责 Review 评审 Reword 返工 Rolled yield 直通率 RPN: Risk Priority Number 风险系数 Sample 抽样,样本 Sample space 样本空间 Sampling with replacement 放回抽样 Sampling without replacement 不放回抽样 Scatter diagram 散布图分析 Scrap 报废 Simple random sampling 简单随机取样 Size 规格 SL: Size Line 规格中心线 Stratified random sampling 分层随机抽样 SOP: Standard Operation Procedure 标准作业书 SPC: Statistical Process Control 统计制程管制 Specification 规范 SQA: Source(Supplier) Quality Assurance 供货商品质保证 Stage sampling 分段随机抽样 Standard Deviation 标准差 Sum of squares 平方和 Taguchi-method 田口(试验)方法 Theory 原理 TQC: Total Quality Control 全面品质控制 TQM: Total Quality Management 全面品质管理 Traceablity 追溯 Training 培训 UCL: Upper Control Limit 管制（控制）上限 USL: Upper Size Limit 规格上限 Validation 确认 Variable 计量值 Verification 验证 Version 版本 VOC: Voice of Customer 客户需求 VOE: Voice of Engineer 工程需求 Inventory stock report:庫存清单报告 Sales order report:出货报告。
建筑常用英语词汇
建筑常用英语词汇Chinese restaurant中餐厅civil air defense人防classical order古典柱式Client甲方coat room衣帽间,cloak room行李寄存处coffee咖啡厅color match配色color system色彩系统common room,community room公共活动室computer room电子计算机房Concept&Master Planning概念及总规划Conceptual Design概念设计conference room会议室constructivism构成主义Contact联系Cornice飞檐corridor走廊cottage农舍courtyard house庭院式住宅Dentil齿饰department部门Design Basis设计基础Design Code设计规范Design Deliverable设计成果Design Institution设计院Design Narrative设计说明Design Principle设计原则Design Proposal设计方案Design Reference设计参考Design Schedule设计流程表Design Task设计任务Detail大样(建筑专用)dining room餐室Dormer天窗dormitory宿舍Double-hung window双悬窗Drawing图，图纸Eave屋檐Elevation立面elevator apartment电梯式公寓entrance hall门厅entertainment center娱乐中心entrance入口environment protection环保environment环境environmental art环境艺术epidemic prevention防疫Exchange交流expressionism表现主义exterior decoration外部装饰exterior-corridor type apartment外廊式公寓FAR容积率Final Design最终设计fire protection消防fire-fighting防火floor楼层Frieze横条frontage屋前空地functional space功能空间functionalism功能主义gallery画廊，游廊General Positioning总体定位General Site Profile现场条件Gothic architecture哥特式建筑Grading Design竖向规划图Grading Planning竖向规划Greek architecture古希腊建筑Green ratio绿地率Green System Planning绿地系统规划ground floor底层Guest Room客房gymnasium健身Hand-drawing手绘hanging cabinet吊柜highrise building高层建筑hightech architecture高技术建筑historical building preservation古建筑保护hotel office building酒店式办公楼house for the lderly老年公寓Illustrative Site Plan规划总平面图Image Positioning形象定位Image意向图片Incoming收到independent office独立办公室information desk问询处interior decoration室内装饰Interior室内International Style国际风格Islamic architecture伊斯兰建筑janitor's room值班室key designer主要设计师kitchen厨房Land for industrial use工业用地land parcel地块Land Use Planning用地规划landmark地标Landscape Analysis Diagram景观分析图Landscape Design景观设计large suite大套间light court/light well天井living room起居室Location Map区位分析图mail/distribution room收发室maisonette两层独立公寓mannerism手法主义Massing model体块模型Master Plan总平面图Material材料，素材medium-sized meeting room中型会议室Meeting Center会议中心metabolism新陈代谢主义mezzanine夹层Model Company模型公司Model模型Modeling建模modernism现代主义Moulding造型multi-family house多户住宅multi-functional facilities多功能设施Multifunctional restaurant多功能餐厅Multi-paned多格的multiple-use building综合楼multistory building多层建筑Muntin门扇中梃；门中梃national style民族风格neoclassicism新古典主义neorationalism新理性主义nursing home养老院office building办公建筑Office Complex办公综合体one-story house,bungalow平房open space开敞空间organic architecture有机建筑Outgoing发出Overall Controlling Detailed Planning控制性详细规划Overall Planning总规划平面图overhang骑楼Overhang突起Pane窗格pedestrian circulation人行流线Perspective透视图phase1一期Plan平面图Planning Principles规划原则point block点式住宅post-modernism后现代主义Presentation汇报professional designer专业设计师Project assistant项目助理project manager项目经理Project Scale项目规模Project Schedule项目流程表Projecting伸出property management room物业管理用房Publication Center出版中心Radius半径reading room阅览室reception前台，接待Red Line用地红线Regulation规章Renaissance architecture文艺复兴建筑Rendering Company效果图公司Rendering手绘，效果图residential building居住建筑rest space休息空间revivalism复古主义Rococo architecture洛可可建筑Roman architecture古罗马建筑Romanesque architecture罗曼式建筑roof slab楼板row house,terrace house联排式住宅sanitation卫生设施Sash窗扇Section剖面图service room服务间service/residential apartment酒店式公寓shopping center购物中心single family house/SF独户住宅single-story building单层建筑Site Condition Analysis场地条件分析Site Photo现场照片skip-floor apartment跃层式公寓skyscraper摩天楼slab block板式住宅small-sized meeting room小型会议室Soft Copy电子文件solar building太阳能建筑space configuration空间构图standard room标准间stepped house,terraced house台阶式住宅storage room储藏室street-front building perspective沿街建筑透视图structuralism结构主义study书房sub-basement半地下室substation/transformation substation变电间super highrise building超高层建筑support system支撑体系surface parking地面停车Technical Index技术指标telephone exchange room电话总机房terrace/deck平台toilet厕所top floor顶层Total Building Area总建筑面积Total Site Area总用地面积Traffic Analysis Diagram交通分析图Training Center培训中心transportation运输typical building perspective典型建筑透视图Unit Type户型Urban Planning城市规划vehicle circulation车行流线Vehicle Entrance车行入口vernacular architecture乡土建筑Vertical垂直的villa别墅VIP Room贵宾室wall unit,case unit壁柜washroom卫生间water heater room开水间youth apartment青年公寓Parapet女儿墙Parapet Displacement女儿墙位移Pieced Parapet镂空女儿墙Parapet Gutter女儿墙天沟。
IT常用英文词汇
第一部分、计算机算法常用术语中英对照Data Structures 基本数据结构Dictionaries 字典Priority Queues 堆Graph Data Structures 图Set Data Structures 集合Kd-Trees 线段树Numerical Problems 数值问题Solving Linear Equations 线性方程组Bandwidth Reduction 带宽压缩Matrix Multiplication 矩阵乘法Determinants and Permanents 行列式Constrained and Unconstrained Optimization 最值问题Linear Programming 线性规划Random Number Generation 随机数生成Factoring and Primality T esting 因子分解/质数判定Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic 高精度计算Knapsack Problem 背包问题Discrete Fourier Transform 离散Fourier变换Combinatorial Problems 组合问题Sorting 排序Searching 查找Median and Selection 中位数Generating Permutations 排列生成Generating Subsets 子集生成Generating Partitions 划分生成Generating Graphs 图的生成Calendrical Calculations 日期Job Scheduling 工程安排Satisfiability 可满足性Graph Problems -- polynomial 图论-多项式算法Connected Components 连通分支Topological Sorting 拓扑排序Minimum Spanning Tree 最小生成树Shortest Path 最短路径Transitive Closure and Reduction 传递闭包Matching 匹配Eulerian Cycle / Chinese Postman Euler回路/中国邮路Edge and Vertex Connectivity 割边/割点Network Flow 网络流Drawing Graphs Nicely 图的描绘Drawing Trees 树的描绘Planarity Detection and Embedding 平面性检测和嵌入Graph Problems -- hard 图论-NP问题Clique 最大团Independent Set 独立集Vertex Cover 点覆盖Traveling Salesman Problem 旅行商问题Hamiltonian Cycle Hamilton回路Graph Partition 图的划分Vertex Coloring 点染色Edge Coloring 边染色Graph Isomorphism 同构Steiner Tree Steiner树Feedback Edge/Vertex Set 最大无环子图Computational Geometry 计算几何Convex Hull 凸包Triangulation 三角剖分Voronoi Diagrams Voronoi图Nearest Neighbor Search 最近点对查询Range Search 范围查询Point Location 位置查询Intersection Detection 碰撞测试Bin Packing 装箱问题Medial-Axis Transformation 中轴变换Polygon Partitioning 多边形分割Simplifying Polygons 多边形化简Shape Similarity 相似多边形Motion Planning 运动规划Maintaining Line Arrangements 平面分割Minkowski Sum Minkowski和Set and String Problems 集合与串的问题Set Cover 集合覆盖Set Packing 集合配置String Matching 模式匹配Approximate String Matching 模糊匹配Text Compression 压缩Cryptography 密码Finite State Machine Minimization 有穷自动机简化Longest Common Substring 最长公共子串Shortest Common Superstring 最短公共父串DP——Dynamic Programming——动态规划recursion ——递归第二部分、编程词汇A2A integration A2A整合abstract 抽象的abstract base class (ABC)抽象基类abstract class 抽象类abstraction 抽象、抽象物、抽象性access 存取、访问access level访问级别access function 访问函数account 账户action 动作activate 激活active 活动的actual parameter 实参adapter 适配器add-in 插件address 地址address space 地址空间address-of operator 取地址操作符ADL (argument-dependent lookup)ADO(ActiveX Data Object)ActiveX数据对象advancedaggregation 聚合、聚集algorithm 算法alias 别名align 排列、对齐allocate 分配、配置allocator分配器、配置器angle bracket 尖括号annotation 注解、评注API (Application Programming Interface) 应用(程序)编程接口app domain (application domain)应用域application 应用、应用程序application framework 应用程序框架appearance 外观append 附加architecture 架构、体系结构archive file 归档文件、存档文件argument引数(传给函式的值)。
景观设计常用英语词汇
景观设计阶段常用英语词汇设计常用：规划planning服务范围scope of services工作范围scope of work开发的可行性规划development feasibility planning景观规划landscape planning总体规划master planning草图sketch / rough map平面plan剖面section立面elevation透视perspective示意图diagram容积率coverage城市设计urban design / civic design区域规划regional planning步行轴ped axis总体规划general planning / master planning分区规划district planning近期建设规划immediate plan城市详细规划detailed planning控制性详细规control detailed planning修建性详细规划site plan居住区规划residential district planning城市化urbanization城市生态urban ecology可持续发展sustainable development项目竣工project closeout项目会议project meetings项目检查project observation项目登记project records项目规模project scale主入口大门main entrance gate主要入口main entrance岗亭(车行&人行) guard house (for vehicle& pedestrian )次入口大门2nd entrance gate次要入口secondary entrance人流量visitors flowrate车流量vehicle flowrate商业中心入口entrance to shopping ctr.水景water feature小型露天剧场mini amphi-theatre迎宾景观welcoming feature观景木台timber deck (viewing)竹园bamboo garden漫步广场walkway plaza露天咖啡廊out door cafe巨大迎宾水景grand welcoming feature瀑布叠水cascading waterfalls木桥timber bridge历史文化名城保护规划Plan of Preservation of Historic Cities 旧城改建urban redevelopment开发区development area城市化水平urbanization level城市群agglomeration城镇体系urban system卫星城satellite town城市基础设施urban infrastructure居民点settlement市municipality / city生态基础设施ecological infrastructure牧场pasture市域administrative region of a city商业区commercial district行政中心administration center商业街commercial street科技园technological region校园规划campus planning城市中心区urban center district居住单元flat历史地段history district民政区域civil district水警区waters guard district居住区规划residential district planning护林区ranger district工业区industrial district林木种子公园tree seed orchard快速公路thruway城市美学urban esthetics游憩空间esplanade系统工程systems engineering城市更新理论urban renewal theory吊桥hanging bridge休憩台地（低处）lounging terrace (lower)休憩台地（高处）lounging terrace (upper)特色踏步feature stepping stone野趣小溪river wild儿童乐园children's playground旱冰道slide羽毛球场badminton court旱景dry landscape旱喷泉dry fountain观景台viewing deck游泳池swimming pool嬉水池wading pool儿童泳池children's pool蜿蜒水墙winding wall石景雕塑rock sculpture中心广场central plaza健身广场exercise plaza桥bridge交流广场meditating plaza趣味树阵tree battle formation停车场paring area特色花架trellis雕塑小道sculpture trail(高尔夫)轻击区putting green高尔夫球会所golf clubhouse每栋建筑入口entrance paving to unit篮球场basketball court网球场tennis court阶梯坐台terracing seatwall种植槽planter广场main plaza森林forest瀑布waterfall石景园rockery garden旱溪dry stream凉亭pavilion户外淋浴outdoor shower拉膜结构tensile structure台阶stair高尔夫球车停车场parking ( golf car )健身站exercise station晨跑小路jogging footpath车道driveway人行道sidewalk人行漫步道promenade瀑布及跳舞喷泉（入口广场）water fall and dancing fountain (entry plaza) 特色入口entry feature石景广场rockery plaza植物的抗寒性plant hardiness植物的死亡率plant mortality种植planting建筑空间architecture剧院show place; theater茶楼（馆）caff；tea shop专卖店monopolistic shop博物馆museum电影院cinema / movie house商场emporium / shopping mall体育馆palaestra青少年宫callan house / children’s palace 图书馆library棋牌室relaxation room健身房gymnasium书店book store客厅parlor阳台balcony浴室bathroom橱柜cabinet合院式建筑courtyard building餐厅dining-room / dining hall入口entrance厨房kitchen屋顶roof小孩房kid room儿童游乐室/玩具室dollhouse起居室living room门廊porch更衣室change room休息室pavilion私家花园private garden居民resident共享地带shared zone工人房servants hall比例scale元素element会议中心conference center园林景观view of the garden乔木arbor / trees灌木shrub草本植物herbaceous plants藤本植物liana灌木shrubs铺石band stone地下车库car park bellow曲线形铺地curved paving bands标志牌(sign) courtyard identification sign 庭院courtyard步道footpath园桥garden bridge园林garden and park种草和铺草皮seeding and sodding种植现状planting conditions种植设计planting design种植要求planting requirements砌石natural cut stone铺地pave亭，阁pavilion榭pavilion on terrace植被planting花坛planting beds大广场plaza台platform栈道deck promenade灯柱pole lights小水池pool雕塑sculpture小广场small square小水景small water feature林荫树shade trees楼storied building小溪流stream行道树street trees踏石stepping stone踏步terrace steps木制平台timber deck草坪grass草皮turf园廊veranda空地void水景waterscape园墙wall in garden滨水地区waterfront 茶亭tea house木亭log cabin遮阳亭shade structure 水岸edge湾bay渡口ferry挡土墙retaining wall 人行道pavement卵石pebble半岛peninsula公园规划park planning园林总体规划garden master planning总平面规划site planning园林保留地reserve garden园林规划图garden planning map园林规划说明书garden planning direction城市公园系统urban park system公园分布distribution of parks公园类型park type, park category公园间距distance between parks公园形式park styles园林分区garden zoning安静休息区tranquil rest area儿童活动区children playing space儿童游戏场children playground体育运动区sports activities area野餐区picnic place散步区pedestrian space群众集会区mass meeting square观赏植物区ornamental plants area观赏温室区display greenhouse area / display conservatory area 草坪区lawn space绿荫区shade tree section历史古迹区historical relics area青少年活动区youngsters activities area诱鸟区bird sanctuary area钓鱼区fishing center野营区camp site游人中心visitors center服务中心service center探险游乐场adventure ground文化活动区cultural activities area游览区excursion area / open-to-public area非游览区no-admittance area办公区administrative area办公园区office parks服务区service center动休息区dynamic rest space静休息区static rest space娱乐演出区entertaining performance place公园道路park road公园水陆面积比率land-water ratio游人容纳量visitors capacity绿化greening, planting绿地/绿化带greenbelt环境绿化environmental greening城市绿化urban virescence城市绿化系统urban green space system绿化覆盖率percentage of greenery coverage城市绿化覆盖率urban green coverage工厂绿化factory greening / landscaping within factory 广场绿化landscaping of square居住区绿化landscaping of residential area公共建筑绿化landscaping around public building室内绿化indoor garden街道绿化street greening / street planting车行道绿化driveway greening分车带绿化dividing stripe greening人行道绿化sidewalk greening群众绿化mass planting movement郊区绿化suburban greening公路绿化highway greening铁路绿化railway greening / railway planting阳台绿化balcony greening窗台绿化window-sill greening屋顶绿化roof greening垂直绿化vertical greening攀缘绿化climber greening桥头绿化bridgehead greening绿地green space绿地系统green space system城市绿地系统规划urban green space system planning 城市绿地urban green space绿地规划程序planning procedure of the green space 绿地布局green space layout绿地率ratio of green space绿地面积green area绿地资源green space resource绿地效果green space effect公共绿地public green space公共绿地定额public green space quota公共绿地指标public green space norm单位绿地unit green area街道广场绿地street and square green area居住区绿地residential quarter green area防护绿地green buffer / green area for environmental protection 郊区绿地suburban green space街坊绿地residential block green belt附属绿地attached green space专用绿地specified green space生产绿地productive plantation area绿地类型type of green space环状绿型annular green space块状绿地green plot点状绿地green spot放射状绿地radiate green space楔状绿地wedge-shaped green space缓冲绿地buffer green space防音绿地noise proof green space吸引圈attractive circle吸引距离attractive distance有效半径effective radius空间规划space planning形象规划image plan实施规划implementary plan必要生活空间necessary living space余暇生活空间leisure time living space利用频度usage frequency树种规划planning of trees and shrubs苗圃nursery谷底植栽场improved vegetation & wild life堤岸种植bank planting生态环境系统人类生态环境human ecological environment自然系统natural system自然资源natural resource自然保护conservation of nature自然保存natural preservation环境保护environmental protection环境容量environment capacity环境适宜性environment fitness环境空气质量标准ambient air quality共生symbiosis互惠共生mutualism公害public nuisance生态绝灭ecological extinction生态系统ecosystem生态圈ecosphere生态灾难ecological disaster环境质量environmental quality环境压力environment stress生命维持系统life-support system反馈系统feedback system自养生物autotroph异养生物heterotroph食物链foodchain生物圈biosphere濒危植物endangered plant / threatened plant 主体群落major community人工群落artificial community绿色革命green revolution户外娱乐资源outdoor recreation resource原始环境系统wilderness environment system 近代环境系统modern environment system乡村生活模式country life-pattern烟害smoke pollution / fume pollution雾害fog pollution霜害frost injury水污染water pollution土壤污染soil pollution / soil contamination园林小气候garden microclimate环境保护植物environmental conservation plant 引气候调节climatic regulation自动调节机能homeostasis生态平衡ecological homeostasis森林生态系统forest ecosystem草原生态系统prairie ecosystem滞尘植物dust holding plant野生生物迁徙wildlife migration现状植被existing vegetation树木保护tree protection地形测量topographic survey入侵物种invasive species环境修复environmental modification环境影响分析environmental impact analysis外来植物物种exotic plant species生态影响ecological impact经济影响economic impact边缘栖息地edge habitat边缘限制edge restraint人工湿地constructed wetlands气候带climate zones自然资源natural resources园林地形改造topographical reform of garden土山earth piled hill / artificial mound假山rockery, artificial rockwork太湖石Taihu Lake stone / water modelled stone 黄石yellowish brown stone人造假山石artificial stone / man-made stone孤赏石monolith / standing stone掇山piled stone hill / hill making叠石stones laying板石flag stone散点石scattered stone抱角石corner stone屋基石foundation stone排衙石guard stone屏石screen stone石岸rock bank石阶stone steps汀步stepping stone on water surface附壁石stone appended to wall石花台stone flower bed石凳stone bench假山石挡土墙rock retaining wall干砌石dry stone wall假山石楼梯rock stairway石亭stone pavilion石洞stone cavern石窟grotto置石stone arrangement / stone layout拱石arch stone拱顶石key stone砖和混凝土砌块墙brick and concrete block walls 石头墙stone walls木头和金属栅栏wood and metal fences园林水景water scenes of garden水体water body水面water surface水池pool水塘pond喷泉fountain喷水池fountain pool涉水池wading pool倒影池mirror pool / reflecting pool睡莲池water-lily pool喷水管布置piping schema钓鱼塘fishing pond高水位池塘high water table pond池边坐人矮墙seat wall surrounded pool隐头喷泉secret fountain岛园island garden半岛园peninsula garden小岛isle瀑布waterfall小瀑布cascade湖lake矶rock projecting over water水帘洞water curtain cave壁泉wall fountain饮水喷头drinking fountain园桥garden bridge拱桥arch bridge石板桥stone slab bridge木板桥plank bridge圆木桥log bridge亭桥pavilion bridge曲桥zigzag bridge植物配植plant arrangement树木配植arrangement of trees and shrubs 群植group planting / mass planting孤植specimen planting / isolated planting 丛植clump planting组植group planting林植forest planting列植linear planting对植opposite planting / coupled planting 环植circular planting带植belt planting散植scattered planting / loose planting边缘种植edge planting边界种植boundary planting整形种植architectural planting基础种植foundation planting角隅种植corner planting景框种植planting as enframent门卫种植guard planting篱恒种植fence planting障景种植screen planting背景种植background planting林下种植underwood planting路边种植roadside planting绿植绿篱hedge树墙espalier庭荫树shade tree园景树specimen tree风景林amenity forest / ornamental forest 行道树avenue tree, street tree纪念林memorial forest整型树topiary tree花篱flower hedge刺篱thorny plants hedge常绿绿篱evergreen hedge落叶绿篱deciduous hedge高篱high hedge沟中边篱hah-hah fence图案矮篱pattern dwarf hedge迷宫绿篱labyrinth hedge整剪绿篱clipped hedge自然式花篱natural flowering hedge边篱boundary fence园篱garden fence / garden hedge纯林pure forest混交林mixed forest林间隙地open space in woodland杂木林spinney树冠覆盖面tree canopy草坪lawn整形草坪formal lawn开花草坪flowering lawn牧场草坪meadowy land花坛flower bed路边花坛roadside flower bed带状花坛ribbon flower bed时钟花坛flower clock盆栽花坛potted flower bed / basined flower bed高设花台raised flower bed毛毡花坛carpet bed镶嵌花坛mosaic bed铺石花坛paved bed灌木花坛shrub bed图案花坛群parterre草药花坛herbaceous flower bed花结花坛knot bed整形花坛formal flower bed活动花坛movable flower bed花境flower border花桶flower tub植树箱planting box瓶饰garden vase灌木花境shrub border混合花境mixed border园林道路设计garden road design, garden path design漫步路trail / footway小径alley, path川草坪岛lawn island安全岛traffic island / refuge island转弯曲度turning curvature转弯半径turning radius踏面landing pitch步石stepping stone涉水踏步wading step错铺路crazy paving path随意组合方石板路flag stone path paved at random花纹路pattern path林荫路mall林荫大道boulevard花园路parkway林间小道path in woodland种植池planting bed树池保护格栅tree grate树干保护套栏tree guard树池坐凳矮墙seatwall-surrounded planting路面线纹score line铺装，路面pavement柔性铺装，柔性路面flexible pavement刚性铺装，刚性路面rigid pavement道路pavements铺路材料，铺路机，铺石人paver铺装，铺路paving城市街道urban street道路roads道路设计要素roadway design elements道路尺寸roadway dimensions步行标准pedestrian standards平均步行距离average walking distance现状测量的线路测量route survey a survey of existing 道路定线测量alignment of route survey基础，路基subbase传统园林建筑traditional garden building凉亭summer shelter活树亭arbor / tent arbor蘑菇亭mushroom pavilion茅亭thatched pavilion竹亭bamboo pavilion茶亭tea booth / tea kiosk回廊cloister水廊corridor on water曲廊zigzag veranda扒山廊sloping gallery楼廊two-storied gallery画舫painted pleasure boat石舫stone boat不击舟immovable pleasure boat诗条石poem-engraved stone slab月洞门moon gate园林露天剧场open garden theater园林露天舞池open garden dancing place露天音乐台outdoor music stand眺望台prospect deck繁殖温室plant propagation greenhouse展览温室public conservatory月池new-moon pool园林小品small garden ornaments磁砖壁画painted tile mural tablet园椅garden chair / garden seat园凳garden bench园桌garden table园灯garden lamp日规sundial鸟浴bird bath鸟舍bird cottage / nestle box鸟笼bird cage, bird coop悬篮hanging basket野鸟喂食器bird feeder额匾horizontal inscribed board楹联couplet written on scroll / couplet on pillar引露天烤炉open barbecue树棚living-tree pergola花架pergola花格架trellis, treillage点景牌楼naming pailou / decorated archway扶手栏杆handrail坐凳栏杆seat rail石碑stone tablet / stele园林施工garden layout / garden construction种植工程planting engineering大树移植big tree transplanting裸根移植bare root transplanting土球移植ball transplanting沟植trench planting假植heeling in / temporary planting播种草坪seeding lawn铺草皮块草坪sodding lawn假山工程rockery engineering掇山五法five methods" of rock piling等分平衡法method of making the rock equa-tional and balanced前轻后重法method of making the front part of rock lighter than the back part 上轻下重法method of lowering the center of gravity of rocks纹理统一法method of unifying the rock veins石料统一法method of unifying the rock mate-rials观赏植物观赏树木ornamental tree and shrub观叶植物foliage plant观果植物fruit-effect plant观枝干植物plants with ornamental trunks and branches 指示植物indicating plant主景植物accent plant耐湿植物damp tolerant plant抗风植物wind-resistant plant耐盐碱植物saline-alkali tolerant plan耐盐植物salt tolerant plants市花city flower市树city tree国花national flower国树national tree芳香植物fragrant plant抗污染植物pollution resistant plant环保植物environment protecting plant高山植物alpine plant岩生植物rock plant攀缘植物climbing plant / climber地被植物ground cover plant阴生植物shade plant装饰植物decorative plant装缘植物edging plant绿蓠植物hedge plant草坪植物lawn plant / lawn grass花坛植物bedding plant球根植物bulbous plant宿根植物perennial plant / perennial水生植物aquatic plant / hydrophyte旱生植物xerophyte沼泽植物bog plant, swamp plant室内装饰植物indoor decorative plant / house plant切花cut flower垂枝植物pendulous plant / weeping plant缠绕植物twiner / twinning plant针叶植物needle-leaved plant阔叶植物broad-leaved plant斑叶植物variegate-leaved plant松柏植物conifer常绿植物evergreen plant半常绿植物semi-evergreen plant不耐寒植物tender plant半耐寒植物half-hardy plant耐寒植物hardy plant耐旱植物drought enduring plant盆栽植物container plants有害植物hazardous plants有毒植物noxious plants地被植物ground covers有毒植物noxious plants丛生植物package plants观赏动物ornamental animal观赏鸟类ornamental bird观赏兽类ornamental beast观赏昆虫类ornamental insect山石材料stone material昆山石Kunshan stone钟乳石stalactite灵壁石Lingbi stone英德石Yingde stone青石Qing stone宣石Xuan stone房山石Fangshan stone花园garden专类花园specified flower garden花园村garden village园林城市landscape garden city蔷薇园rose garden松柏园conifer garden球根园bulb garden宿根园perennial garden假山园rock garden / Chinese rockery狩猎场hunting ground街心花园street crossing center garden小游园petty street garden水景园water garden铺地园paved garden野趣园wild plants botanical garden野生植物园wild plants garden乡趣园rustic garden盆景园penjing garden, miniature landscape 动物园zoo / zoological garden墓园cemetery garden沼泽园bog and marsh garden水生植物园aquatic plants garden学校园school garden室内花园indoor garden芳香花园fragrant garden盲人花园garden for the blind日艺园japanese garden公共花园public garden屋顶花园roof garden私家花园private garden庭院花园courtyard garden前庭front yard, forecourt后庭back yard, rear yard中庭patio厨园kitchen yard沉[床]园sunken garden窗园window garden墙园wall garden宅园home garden台地园terrace garden冬园winter garden切花园cut flower garden屋顶花园roof garden后花园back yard garden公园park, public park城市公园city park, urban park区公园regional park儿童公园children park体育公园sports park森林公园forest park纪念公园memorial park烈士纪念公园martyr memorial park综合公园comprehensive park文化公园cultural park文化休憩公园cultural and recreation park 中央公园central park天然公园natural park海滨公园seaside park / seabeach park古迹公园historic site park河滨公园riverside park湖滨公园lakeside park路边公园roadside park / street park娱乐公园amusement park雕塑公园sculpture park休憩公园recreation park疗养公园sanatorium park国家公园national park邻里公园neighborhood park特种公园special park植物园botanical garden植物公园abeled plants park高山植物园alpine garden热带植物园tropical plants garden药用植物园medical plants garden / herb garden 风景landscape, scenery自然景观natural landscape人文景观human landscape / scenery of humanities 草原景观prairie landscape山岳景观mountain landscape / alpine landscape 地理景观geographical landscape湖泊景观lake view郊区景观suburban landscape地质景观geological landscape喀斯特景观karst landscape植物景观plants landscape / flora landscape中国园林史中国古典园林classical Chinese garden中国传统园林traditional Chinese garden中国古代园林ancient Chinese garden中国山水园Chinese mountain and water garden帝王宫苑imperial palace garden皇家园林royal garden私家园林private garden江南园林garden on the Yangtze Delta西方园林史西方古典园林western classical garden英国式园林English style garden中英混合式园林Anglo-Chinese style garden意大利式园林Italian style garden西班牙式园林Spanish style garden法兰西式园林French style garden勒诺特尔式园林Le Notre’s style garden文艺复兴庄园Renaissance style villa洛可可式园林Rococo style garden巴洛克式园林Baroque style garden庄园manor / villa garden廊柱园peristyle garden / patio绿廊xystus迷阵maze, labyrinth典型中西园林灵囿Ling You Hunting Garden灵沼Ling Zhao Water Garden灵台Ling Tai Platform Garden阿房宫E-Pang Palace上林苑Shang-Lin Yuan未央宫Wei-Yang Palace洛阳宫Luoyang Palace华清官Hua-Qing Palace艮岳Gen Yue Imperial Garden圆明园Yuan-Ming Yuan Imperial Garden颐和园Yi-He Yuan Imperial Garden / Summer Palace 承德避暑山庄Chengde Imperial Summer Resort苏州园林Suzhou traditional garden悬园Hanging Garden英国皇家植物园Royal Botanical Garden / Kew garden 凡尔赛宫苑Versailles Palace Park枫丹白露宫园Fontainebleau Palace Garden风景资源调查landscape resource evaluation风景学scenicology风景规划landscape plan风景设计landscape design游览路线touring route旅游资源tourism resource旅游地理tourism geography旅游地质tourism geology历史名城famous historical city文化名城famous cultural city文化遗址ancient cultural relic天然博物馆natural open museum风景地貌natural geomorphology造型地貌imaginative geomorphologic figuration风景区scenic spot / scenic area风景名胜famous scenery / famous scenic site特异景观风景区specific natural scenes area民族风俗风景区scenic spot of minority customs高山风景区alpine scenic spot海滨风景区seabeach scenic spot森林风景区forest scenic spot高山草甸风景区alpine tundra landscape spot峡谷风景区valley scenic spot江河风景区river landscape district湖泊风景区lake round scenic spot温泉风景区hot spring scenic spot瀑布风景区waterfall scenic spot禁伐禁猎区region forbidden to tree cutting and hunting封山育林区region closed for afforestation天池风景区crater lake scenic spot自然保护区nature protection area科学保护区protection area for scientific research天然纪念物natural monument生物圈保护区biosphere protection area园林形式garden style规整式园林formal garden style非规整园林informal garden style几何式园林geometric garden style自然式园林natural garden style混合式园mixed garden style近代巴洛克式园林modern Baroque style马克斯抽象园林R.B. Marx abstract garden园林艺术景view, scenery / feature远景distant view近景nearby view障景obstructive scenery, blocking view借景borrowed scenery / view borrowing对景opposite scenery / view in opposite place缩景miniature scenery / abbreviated scenery漏景leaking through scenery框景enframed scenery尾景terminal feature主景main feature副景secondary feature配景objective view夹景vista line, vista前景front view背景background景序order of sceneries景点feature spot / view spot仰视景观upward landscape俯视景观downward landscape季相景观seasonal phenomena气象景观meteorological diversity scenery视野visual field秋色fall color / autumn color园林空间garden space开敞空间wide open space / wide space封闭空间enclosure space意境artistic conception, poetic imagery苍古antiquity空灵spaciousness / airiness动观in-motion viewing静观in-position viewing视错觉visual illusion园林艺术布局artistic layout of garden对称平衡symmetrical balance不对称平衡asymmetrical balance左右对称bilateral symmetry辐射对称radial symmetry透景线perspective line轴线axis / axial line主轴main axis副轴auxiliary axis暗轴hidden axis / invisible axis树冠线skyline园林色彩艺术art of garden colors单色谐调monochromatic harmony复色谐调compound chromatic harmony对比色突出contrast colors accent近似色谐调approximate colors harmony暖色warm color冷色cool color色感color sense道路系统approach system, road system环形道路系统circular road system方格形道路系统latticed road system放射形道路系统radiate road system自然式道路系统informal road system规整式道路系统formal road system混合式道路系统mixed style road system机动车交通系统vehicular circulation systems园区管理游人调查visitors investigation游人统计visitors statistics游人分析garden visitors analysis游人管理visitors management导游图tourist map导游解说tour descri ption and direction劳动管理labour management物资管理material handling, goods handling设备管理equipment management / facility management 财务管理financial management安全管理safety management环境监测environmental monitor植物养护管理plant maintenance and management园林技术管理garden technical management质量管理quality management园貌维修garden feature maintenance植物整形修剪plant trimming and pruning植物病虫防治disease and insect control园林管理规划management plan游人意见处理treatment of visitors opinions游人规则visitors regulation园内交通管理traffic control in park园外交通管理traffic control out of park entrance汽车停车规则parking rules自行车停放规则bicycle parking rules开放时间opening time日常清洁卫生管理daily sanitation and hygiene management 园林设备garden equipment园林机械garden machine园林工具garden instrument / garden implement花坛分界隔板plastic bed divider种植容器planting container圆木桩log peg喷射装置jet bubbler滴灌trickle irrigator / drip irrigator环动喷灌器circle sprinkler圆筒喷灌器rotor sprinkler自控器automatic controller管端喷灌器hose end sprinkler固定喷灌器stationary sprinkler喷雾喷灌器mist sprinkler / spray head sprinkler喷灌覆盖面sprinkler coverage草坪加肥器lawn feeder施肥喷灌器combined feeder and sprinkler液肥混合调配器liquid fertilizer mixer-proportioner滴水喷头emitter / dripper水土保持塑料网erosion control plastic net苗木包装材料nursery stock package material麻布袋burlap bag铁丝篮wire basket篮状种植器basket container塑料苗木桶plastic nurserican播种盘seed tray网孔盆mesh pot含肥泥炭盆fertile peat pot盆栽机potting machine换盆机repotting machine再生纸种植器reclaimed paper container纤维育苗器wood fiber plant grower泥炭压制播种饼peat seeding pellet / peat seeding starter松土除草机cultivator旋转锄rotary hoe切叶机foliage cutter翻地犁uncovering plough盖土机mounted spreader前悬装土机front mounted loader后缀装土机rear mounted loader旋轴剪草机spindle mower栽植机planting machine植物覆盖plant mulching覆盖物分散机mulch spreader种子液肥喷洒机hydro seeder修枝剪pruning shear播种器garden seeder球根种植器bulb planter土壤酸度探测器pH-value computer巴效分析器fertilizer analyzer嫁接刀grafting knife温室设备greenhouse equipment盆栽灌水系统pot watering system温室气候控制器greenhouse climate controller 温室覆盖greenhouse covering喷雾自控系统automatic mist control system 二氧化碳发生器C02 generator温度报警钟temperature alarm游览车park sightseeing bus引剪草机lawn mower动力剪草机power lawnmower畜力剪草机horse lawnmower手推剪草机hand lawnmower专用词：美国规划师协会(APA) American Planning Association环境影响报告书（EIS）environmental impact statement国家环境政策法案（NEPA）National Environmental Policy Act国家污染物排放削减（NPDES）the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System 地理信息系统（GIS）Geographic Information System景观系数（KL）Landscape Coefficient(KL)土地保护局水土保持局的径流曲线数值法SCS Runoff Curve Number Method州环境政策法案（SEPAs）state environmental policy acts水相关污水处理wastewater treatment用水需求water demand水景，水体特征water feature喷灌泵display pumps蒸发evaporation水景效果water effects水质Water Quality水质容积water quality volume水源保护water resource protection水源water resource给水water supply流域watershed泄水孔weep hole湿滞留池wet detention ponds水压pressure灰水graywater循环使用的水recycled water地表水surface water地表水供应surface water supplies雨水蓄积，暴雨蓄积stormwater storage雨水排水管storm sewers雨水管理，暴雨管理stormwater management雨水高峰排放量stormwater peak discharge雨水径流系数stormwater runoff coefficients雨水径流估算stormwater runoff estimating雨水蓄积stormwater storage喷头选择和布置head selection and layout沉淀率，喷水速率precipitation rate咸水（海水）侵入saltwater intrusion砂滤池，砂滤层sand filters市政排水系统sewer systems municipal地表水膜，水膜浅流，层流，片流sheet flow循环水recycled water（地下水）补给沟渠recharge trenches地下水保护groundwater protection地下水补给groundwater recharge地下水资源，地下水储量groundwater resources饮用水potable water降雨，降水量precipitation自然排水道natural drainageways暴雨stormwater湿度，含水量，水汽含量moisture content市政排水系统municipal sewer systems灌溉irrigation灌溉池塘irrigation ponds灌溉系统irrigation systems灌溉水源sources of irrigation water耗水量低的滴灌系统low-volume drip system渗透床infiltration beds渗透池infiltration ponds渗透井infiltration wells雨水渗透stormwater infiltration不渗透地面比例impervious surface ratio法式排水French drains基座处排水，立足点排水footing drains结冻-融化周期frost-thaw cycle结冻深度，冰冻深度frost depth滤器，滤池，过滤，滤水filter strips过滤filtration过滤系统filtration systems雨水径流[量] stormwater runoff估算水流量estimating water flows土壤水分蒸发蒸腾损失总量速率evapotranspiration rate 不连续的非渗透地面disconnected imperviousness排水drainage排水系统drainage system饮用水drinking water干滞池dry detention ponds涵洞，暗沟，管道culverts雨水的输送技术stormwater conveyance techniques连续的非渗透地面connected imperviousness雨水沟渠，槽，渠道channels / stormwater环流模式circulation patterns城市河流urban streams地下排水subdrain水泵pumps。
关于计划的英语作文高级词汇
关于计划的英语作文高级词汇英文回答：Advanced Vocabulary in Planning.1. Comprehensive: A comprehensive plan takes into account all relevant factors and aspects, ensuring aholistic and well-rounded approach.2. Granular: Granular planning involves breaking down a plan into smaller, more manageable components, enabling a detailed and focused execution.3. Adaptive: An adaptive plan anticipates potential changes and incorporates mechanisms to adjust and respond effectively to unforeseen circumstances.4. Synergistic: A synergistic plan leverages the collective impact of different elements, creating a more impactful outcome than the sum of its parts.5. Outcome-oriented: Outcome-oriented planning focuses on achieving specific, measurable, and desired results, ensuring accountability and clear targets.6. Iterative: Iterative planning involves cyclical steps of planning, implementation, evaluation, and refinement, promoting continuous improvement.7. Scenario-based: Scenario-based planning creates multiple possible futures and develops strategies for navigating each scenario, fostering adaptability and resilience.8. Stakeholder-centric: Stakeholder-centric planning prioritizes the needs and interests of all stakeholders, fostering collaboration and buy-in.9. Technology-enabled: Technology-enabled planning utilizes tools and software to streamline, automate, and enhance the planning process, improving efficiency and accuracy.10. Ethics-based: Ethics-based planning incorporates ethical considerations into decision-making, ensuring plans are responsible, sustainable, and align with organizational values.中文回答：1. 全面，全面计划考虑所有相关因素和方面，确保全面和完善的方法。
交通规划课程英文词汇
11
traffic distributor 交通分配器
53
equipment
运输设备
12 traffic group
交通记录磁道 54
组
passing sight distance 超车视距
13 traffic data
交通资料
55 advisory speed
推荐车速
traffic
delay 交 通 延 迟 预 测
59 internal traffic
域内交通
18 traffic coefficient 运输系数
60 diver aptitude
驾驶适应性
19 traffic noise
交通噪音
61 crosswalk
人行横道
20 Traffic cator 21 traffic hub
方向转向指示 62
器
transport
road width
all or nothing 全 有 全 无 分 配
86
94 road capacity
assignment method 方法
means
of
87
交通设施
transportation
95 road network
88 intersection chart 交织图
4
traffic capacity
交通(容)量
46 transport chain
运输系统
5
traffic system
交通系统
47 transport chain
运输系统
6
traffic test
行车试验
48 transport cost
管理学常用词汇中英文对照表
（1）目标 mission/ objective集体目标 group objective内部环境 internal environment外部环境 external environment计划 planning组织 organizing人事 staffing领导 leading控制 controlling步骤 process原理 principle方法 technique经理 manager总经理 general manager行政人员 administrator主管人员 supervisor企业 enterprise商业 business产业 industry公司 company效果 effectiveness效率 efficiency企业家 entrepreneur权利 power职权 authority职责 responsibility科学管理 scientific management现代经营管理 modern operational management 行为科学 behavior science生产率 productivity激励 motivate动机 motive法律 law法规 regulation经济体系 economic system管理职能 managerial function产品 product服务 service利润 profit满意 satisfaction归属 affiliation自我实现 self-actualization人力投入 human input盈余 surplus收入 income成本 cost资本货物 capital goods机器 machinery设备 equipment建筑 building存货 inventory（2）经验法 the empirical approach人际行为法 the interpersonal behavior approach集体行为法 the group behavior approach协作社会系统法 the cooperative social systems approach 社会技术系统法 the social-technical systems approach 决策理论法 the decision theory approach数学法 the mathematical approach系统法 the systems approach随机制宜法 the contingency approach管理任务法 the managerial roles approach经营法 the operational approach人际关系 human relation心理学 psychology态度 attitude压力 pressure冲突 conflict招聘 recruit鉴定 appraisal选拔 select培训 train报酬 compensation授权 delegation of authority协调 coordinate业绩 performance考绩制度 merit system表现 behavior下级 subordinate偏差 deviation检验记录 inspection record误工记录 record of labor-hours lost产品质量 quality of products先进技术 advanced technology 顾客服务 customer service策略 strategy结构 structure(3)领先性 primacy普遍性 pervasiveness忧虑 fear忿恨 resentment士气 morale解雇 layoff批发 wholesale零售 retail程序 procedure规则 rule规划 program预算 budget共同作用 synergy大型联合企业 conglomerate资源 resource购买 acquisition增长目标 growth goal专利产品 proprietary product竞争对手 rival晋升 promotion管理决策 managerial decision商业道德 business ethics有竞争力的价格 competitive price 供货商 supplier小贩 vendor利益冲突 conflict of interests派生政策 derivative policy开支帐户 expense account批准程序 approval procedure病假 sick leave休假 vacation工时 labor-hour机时 machine-hour资本支出 capital outlay工资率 wage rate税收率 tax rate股息 dividend现金状况 cash position资金短缺 capital shortage总预算 overall budget资产负债表 balance sheet可行性 feasibility投入原则 the commitment principle 投资回报 return on investment生产能力 capacity to produce实际工作者 practitioner最终结果 end result业绩 performance个人利益 personal interest福利 welfare市场占有率 market share创新 innovation生产率 productivity利润率 profitability社会责任 public responsibility董事会 board of director组织规模 size of the organization组织文化 organizational culture目标管理 management by objectives 评价工具 appraisal tool激励方法 motivational techniques控制手段 control device个人价值 personal worth优势 strength弱点 weakness机会 opportunity威胁 threat个人责任 personal responsibility顾问 counselor定量目标 quantitative objective定性目标 qualitative objective可考核目标 verifiable objective优先 priority工资表 payroll（4）政策 policy灵活性 discretion多种经营 diversification评估 assessment一致性 consistency应变策略 consistency strategy公共关系 public relation价值 value抱负 aspiration偏见 prejudice审查 review批准 approval主要决定 major decision分公司总经理 division general manager 资产组合距阵 portfolio matrix明星 star问号 question mark现金牛 cash cow赖狗 dog采购 procurement人口因素 demographic factor地理因素 geographic factor公司形象 company image产品系列 product line合资企业 joint venture破产政策 liquidation strategy紧缩政策 retrenchment strategy战术 tactics(5)追随 followership个性 individuality性格 personality安全 safety自主权 latitude悲观的 pessimistic静止的 static乐观的 optimistic动态的 dynamic灵活的 flexible抵制 resistance敌对 antagonism(6)激励 motivation潜意识 subconscious地位 status情感 affection欲望 desire压力 pressure满足 satisfaction自我实现的需要 needs for self-actualization 尊敬的需要 esteem needs归属的需要 affiliation needs安全的需要 security needs生理的需要 physiological needs维持 maintenance保健 hygiene激励因素 motivator概率 probability强化理论 reinforcement theory反馈 feedback奖金 bonus股票期权 stock option劳资纠纷 labor dispute缺勤率 absenteeism人员流动 turnover奖励 reward(7)特许经营 franchise热诚 zeal信心 confidence鼓舞 inspire要素 ingredient忠诚 loyalty奉献 devotion作风 style品质 trait适应性 adaptability进取性 aggressiveness热情 enthusiasm人际交往能力 interpersonal skills行政管理能力 administrative ability智力 intelligence专制式领导 autocratic leader民主式领导 democratic leader自由放任式领导 free-rein leader管理方格图 the managerial grid工作效率 work efficiency服从 obedience领导行为 leader behavior支持型领导 supportive leadership参与型领导 participative leadership指导型领导 instrumental leadership成就取向型领导 achievement-oriented leadership。
人力资源管理英文词汇
HCMS体系文件重点英文词汇一、人力资源规划部分Workforce plan 人力资源规划Talent Acquisition Procedure 人才获取规程staff allocation plan 人员安置计划Business plan 商业/经营计划Talent reserve 人才储备Temporary staff 临时人员Part-time staff 兼职人员Criteria 标准Head hunting agency 猎头公司The special recruitment conference 专场招聘会Staffing specialist 人员配置专员Preliminary interview 初试Interview on the professional field 专业领域面试Re-examination 复试Probation period 试用期Job grade 职级Job band 职等Converse 转正Critical position succession plan 关键岗位继任计划Predefined objective 预定目标Demission 离职Static distribution 静态分布job description 职位说明书job evaluation 职位评估STAR（Situation/ Task Action Problem Result Problem）interviewing and analysis method STAR面试和分析方法二、能力发展部分Competency Development Resource Repository 能力发展资源库courseware 课件serving age司龄job competency criteria assessment 职位任职资格评估Technical Competency Dictionary专业能力词典Process Ability Dictionary 过程能力词典Job-specific Competency Dictionary 职位差异能力词典Employee Competency Information Database员工能力信息库Competency community能力社区Project Excising项目锻炼course syllabus 课程大纲courseware 课件training agency 培训机构authentication institute 认证机构competency framework 能力框架Competency Management Group能力管理小组competency analysis 能力分析Competency-based Process基于能力的过程Job Competency Criteria职位任职资格标准kick-off meeting 启动会议competency dimensionality 能力维度knowledge engineering 知识工程Process Analysis 过程分析Behavior Event Interviewing 行为事件访谈competency structure hierarchy 能力结构层次excellent, good, qualified, Improved, Disqualified表现优秀、表现良好、表现合格、表现有待改进、表现极不合格entry, working, advanced, expert基础层、工作层、高级层、专家层competency category, competency item, competency levels, level description and features of typical behavior能力簇群、能力项、能力层次、层次描述、典型行为特征表现Training Demand Form 培训需求表Training Tracking Summary Form培训跟踪汇总表Training Register Form培训报名表Training Waiver Proof培训免修证明demand survey 需求调查Degree attendance 学位进修graduation dissertation 论文答辩training agreement 培训协议Personal File 档案Dispatched Training 外派培训Reimbursement condition 报销条件job category 职位类别Peer group assessments同行小组评审junior software engineer, software engineer, advisory software engineer 、senior software engineer 初级软件工程师、软件工程师、高级软件工程师、资深软件工程师Competency Cultivating System 能力培养体系三、绩效与激励部分KPI（Key Performance Indicator，定量指标）关键业绩指标GS（Goal Setting，定性指标）performance appraisal 绩效考核position obligation 岗位职责In-Service Staff 在职员工Line manager 直接主管career development plan 职业发展规划compensation strategy 薪酬策略evaluation index 评价指标nominate 提名regional/ outpost subsidies 地区补贴/驻外补贴recognition and reward 表彰和奖励award-presentation meeting 颁奖大会employees' turn-over analysis 员工流失分析Comprehensive Compensation 全面薪酬Fixed income固定收入Legal Benefits法定福利House Reserve Fund 住房公积金Traffic subsidy交通补贴Laying-off 失业Work Injury工伤Medicare医疗Procreating 生育Enterprise Annual Pension企业年金Physical Exam 体检Funeral Condolence Pension丧葬抚慰金Home-return Fare 探亲路费Fresh-graduates Settlement Fee应届毕业生安家费Vacation with Salary 带薪假期Anti-radiation Clothing防辐射服regional subsidy 地区补贴owner awareness 主人翁意识Star Employees 明星员工Excellent Intern Postgraduates 优秀实习研究生Special Contribution Team特殊贡献团队Excellent Team Awards优秀团队奖Timely Recognition即时表彰四、团队与文化部分Organizational Culture Manual 企业文化手册Employee Manual员工手册Press Conference记者招待会work logs 工作日志conflict management 冲突管理。
建筑常用英语词汇
建筑常用英语词汇Chinese restaurant 中餐厅civil air defense 人防classical order 古典柱式Client 甲方coat room衣帽间,cloak room行李寄存处coffee 咖啡厅color match 配色color system 色彩系统common room, community room 公共活动室computer room 电子计算机房Concept & Master Planning 概念及总规划Conceptual Design 概念设计conference room 会议室constructivism 构成主义Contact 联系Cornice 飞檐corridor 走廊cottage 农舍courtyard house 庭院式住宅Dentil 齿饰department 部门Design Basis 设计基础Design Code 设计规范Design Deliverable 设计成果Design Institution 设计院Design Narrative 设计说明Design Principle 设计原则Design Proposal 设计方案Design Reference设计参考Design Schedule 设计流程表Design Task 设计任务Detail 大样(建筑专用)dining room 餐室Dormer 天窗dormitory 宿舍Double-hung window 双悬窗Drawing 图，图纸Eave 屋檐Elevation 立面elevator apartment 电梯式公寓entrance hall 门厅entertainment center 娱乐中心entrance入口environment protection 环保environment 环境environmental art 环境艺术epidemic prevention 防疫Exchange 交流expressionism 表现主义exterior decoration 外部装饰exterior-corridor type apartment 外廊式公寓FAR 容积率Final Design 最终设计fire protection 消防fire-fighting 防火floor 楼层Frieze 横条frontage 屋前空地functional space 功能空间functionalism 功能主义gallery 画廊，游廊General Positioning 总体定位General Site Profile 现场条件Gothic architecture 哥特式建筑Grading Design 竖向规划图Grading Planning 竖向规划Greek architecture 古希腊建筑Green ratio 绿地率Green System Planning 绿地系统规划ground floor 底层Guest Room 客房gymnasium 健身Hand-drawing 手绘hanging cabinet 吊柜highrise building 高层建筑hightech architecture 高技术建筑historical building preservation 古建筑保护hotel office building 酒店式办公楼house for the lderly 老年公寓Illustrative Site Plan 规划总平面图Image Positioning 形象定位Image 意向图片Incoming 收到independent office 独立办公室information desk 问询处interior decoration 室内装饰Interior 室内International Style 国际风格Islamic architecture 伊斯兰建筑janitor's room 值班室key designer 主要设计师kitchen 厨房Land for industrial use 工业用地land parcel 地块Land Use Planning 用地规划landmark 地标Landscape Analysis Diagram 景观分析图Landscape Design 景观设计large suite 大套间light court/light well 天井living room 起居室Location Map 区位分析图mail/distribution room 收发室maisonette 两层独立公寓mannerism 手法主义Massing model 体块模型Master Plan 总平面图Material 材料，素材medium-sized meeting room 中型会议室Meeting Center 会议中心metabolism 新陈代谢主义mezzanine 夹层Model Company 模型公司Model 模型Modeling 建模modernism 现代主义Moulding 造型multi-family house 多户住宅multi-functional facilities 多功能设施Multifunctional restaurant 多功能餐厅Multi-paned 多格的multiple-use building 综合楼multistory building 多层建筑Muntin 门扇中梃；门中梃national style 民族风格neoclassicism 新古典主义neorationalism 新理性主义nursing home 养老院office building 办公建筑Office Complex 办公综合体one-story house, bungalow 平房open space 开敞空间organic architecture 有机建筑Outgoing 发出Overall Controlling Detailed Planning 控制性详细规划Overall Planning 总规划平面图overhang 骑楼Overhang 突起Pane 窗格pedestrian circulation 人行流线Perspective 透视图phase 1 一期Plan 平面图Planning Principles 规划原则point block 点式住宅post-modernism 后现代主义Presentation汇报professional designer 专业设计师Project assistant 项目助理project manager 项目经理Project Scale 项目规模Project Schedule 项目流程表Projecting 伸出property management room 物业管理用房Publication Center 出版中心Radius 半径reading room 阅览室reception 前台，接待Red Line 用地红线Regulation 规章Renaissance architecture 文艺复兴建筑Rendering Company 效果图公司Rendering 手绘，效果图residential building 居住建筑rest space 休息空间revivalism 复古主义Rococo architecture 洛可可建筑Roman architecture 古罗马建筑Romanesque architecture 罗曼式建筑roof slab 楼板row house, terrace house 联排式住宅sanitation 卫生设施Sash 窗扇Section 剖面图service room 服务间service/residential apartment 酒店式公寓shopping center 购物中心single family house/SF 独户住宅single-story building 单层建筑Site Condition Analysis 场地条件分析Site Photo 现场照片skip-floor apartment 跃层式公寓skyscraper 摩天楼slab block 板式住宅small-sized meeting room 小型会议室Soft Copy 电子文件solar building 太阳能建筑space configuration 空间构图standard room 标准间stepped house, terraced house 台阶式住宅storage room 储藏室street-front building perspective 沿街建筑透视图structuralism 结构主义study 书房sub-basement 半地下室substation/transformation substation 变电间super highrise building 超高层建筑support system 支撑体系surface parking 地面停车Technical Index 技术指标telephone exchange room 电话总机房terrace/deck 平台toilet 厕所top floor 顶层Total Building Area 总建筑面积Total Site Area 总用地面积Traffic Analysis Diagram 交通分析图Training Center 培训中心transportation 运输typical building perspective 典型建筑透视图Unit Type 户型Urban Planning 城市规划vehicle circulation 车行流线Vehicle Entrance 车行入口vernacular architecture 乡土建筑Vertical 垂直的villa 别墅VIP Room 贵宾室wall unit, case unit 壁柜washroom 卫生间water heater room 开水间youth apartment 青年公寓Parapet 女儿墙Parapet Displacement 女儿墙位移Pieced Parapet 镂空女儿墙Parapet Gutter 女儿墙天沟。
建筑常用英语词汇
Islamic architecture 伊斯兰建筑 janitor's room 值班室 key designer 主要设计师 kitchen 厨房 Land for industrial use 工业用地 land parcel 地块 Land Use Planning 用地规划 landmark 地标 Landscape Analysis Diagram 景观分析图 Landscape Design 景观设计 large suite 大套间 light court/light well 天井 living room 起居室 Location Map 区位分析图 mail/distribution room 收发室
maisonette 两层独立公寓 mannerism 手法主义 Massing model 体块模型 Master Plan 总平面图 Material 材料，素材 medium-sized meeting room 中型会议室 Meeting Center 会议中心 metabolism 新陈代谢主义 mezzanine 夹层 Model Company 模型公司 Model 模型 Modeling 建模 modernism 现代主义 Moulding 造型 multi-family house 多户住宅
functional space 功能空间 functionalism 功能主义 gallery 画廊，游廊 General Positioning 总体定位 General Site Profile 现场条件 Gothic architecture 哥特式建筑 Grading Design 竖向规划图 Grading Planning 竖向规划 Greek architecture 古希腊建筑 Green ratio 绿地率 Green System Planning 绿地系统规划 ground floor 底层 Guest Room 客房 gymnasium 健身 Hand-drawing 手绘
土木工程类英文专业词汇
土木工程类英文专业词汇土木工程是一个涉及土地开发、设计、建造和维护的复杂领域。
在这个领域中，有许多具有专业性、特定含义和用途的英文术语。
掌握这些专业词汇对于在这个领域工作或学习的人来说非常必要。
本文将介绍土木工程常用的英语专业词汇。
1.Civil engineering –土木工程学Civil engineering is a discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the built environment, including buildings, roads, bridges, and other infrastructure.2.Architecture –建筑学Architecture is the art and science of designing and building structures, such as buildings and bridges.3.Planning –规划Planning is the process of making a detailed plan or layout for a project, including determining what resources will be needed to complete the project.4.Surveying –测量Surveying is the process of measuring and mapping the surface of the Earth, including land, water bodies, and buildings.5.Structural engineering –结构工程Structural engineering is a sub-discipline of civil engineering that deals with the design and analysis of structures, such as buildings, bridges, and other infrastructure.6.Geotechnical engineering –岩土工程Geotechnical engineering is a sub-discipline of civil engineering that deals with the study of soil and rock mechanics, and the design and construction of structures that are built on or in the ground.7.Transportation engineering –交通运输工程Transportation engineering is a sub-discipline of civil engineering that dealswith the design and construction of transportation infrastructure, such as roads, highways, and airports.8.Hydrology –水文学Hydrology is the study of water and its movement on the surface of the Earth, including precipitation, streams, rivers, and groundwater.9.Water resources engineering –水资源工程Water resources engineering is a sub-discipline of civil engineering that deals with the study of water resources and the design and construction of structures that manage and distribute water, including dams, reservoirs, and water treatment plants.10.Environmental engineering –环境工程Environmental engineering is a sub-discipline of civil engineering that deals with the study of environmental engineering principles and the design and construction of structures that protect the environment, such as water treatment plants and wastewater treatment plants.11.Construction –建造Construction refers to the process of building structures from design plans and specifications.12.Industrial engineering –工业工程Industrial engineering is a discipline that deals with the optimization of complex processes, systems, and organizations, with the goal of improving efficiency, productivity, and safety.13.Quantity surveying –工程测量Quantity surveying is the process of determining the quantity, cost, and value of materials needed to complete a construction project.14.Building –建筑物Building refers to a structure that is built for a specific purpose, such as a house, office building, or factory.15.Foundation –基础Foundation refers to the part of a structure that is in direct contact with the ground and supports the weight of the structure.16.Reinforcement –钢筋加固Reinforcement refers to the process of adding materials, such as steel bars, to strengthen a structure.17.Retaining wall –挡土墙A retaining wall is a structure that is built to support soil and prevent it from sliding down a slope.18.Roadway –道路A roadway is a paved surface that is designed for vehicles and pedestrians to travel on.19.Bridge –桥梁A bridge is a structure that is built to span a physical obstacle, such as a river or gorge, and provide a safe means of transportation.20.Culvert –排水管A culvert is a structure that is built to allow water to pass under a roadway or other structure.21.Dam –水坝A dam is a structure that is built to control the flow of water and to provide water for human consumption, irrigation, and hydroelectric power.22.Pile –桩A pile is a foundation support structure that is driven into the ground to supporta structure.23.Slab –地板A slab is a flat, horizontal surface that is used as a flooring material or to supporta structure.24.Tunnel –隧道A tunnel is an underground structure that is built for transportation, utilities, or other purposes.25.Asphalt –沥青Asphalt is a sticky, black, and highly viscous liquid that is used as a binder for paving materials.以上就是土木工程类英文专业词汇的介绍，这些专业词汇对于在土木工程领域中工作或学习的人来说都是非常重要的。
人力资源管理英文词汇
HCMS体系文件重点英文词汇一、人力资源规划部分Workforce plan 人力资源规划Talent Acquisition Procedure 人才获取规程staff allocation plan 人员安置计划Business plan 商业/经营计划Talent reserve 人才储备Temporary staff 临时人员Part-time staff 兼职人员Criteria 标准Head hunting agency 猎头公司The special recruitment conference 专场招聘会Staffing specialist 人员配置专员Preliminary interview 初试Interview on the professional field 专业领域面试Re-examination 复试Probation period 试用期Job grade 职级Job band 职等Converse 转正Critical position succession plan 关键岗位继任计划Predefined objective 预定目标Demission 离职Static distribution 静态分布job description 职位说明书job evaluation 职位评估STAR（Situation/ Task Action Problem Result Problem）interviewing and analysis method STAR面试和分析方法二、能力发展部分Competency Development Resource Repository 能力发展资源库courseware 课件serving age司龄job competency criteria assessment 职位任职资格评估Technical Competency Dictionary专业能力词典Process Ability Dictionary 过程能力词典Job-specific Competency Dictionary 职位差异能力词典Employee Competency Information Database员工能力信息库Competency community能力社区Project Excising项目锻炼course syllabus 课程大纲courseware 课件training agency 培训机构authentication institute 认证机构competency framework 能力框架Competency Management Group能力管理小组competency analysis 能力分析Competency-based Process基于能力的过程Job Competency Criteria职位任职资格标准kick-off meeting 启动会议competency dimensionality 能力维度knowledge engineering 知识工程Process Analysis 过程分析Behavior Event Interviewing 行为事件访谈competency structure hierarchy 能力结构层次excellent, good, qualified, Improved, Disqualified表现优秀、表现良好、表现合格、表现有待改进、表现极不合格entry, working, advanced, expert基础层、工作层、高级层、专家层competency category, competency item, competency levels, level description and features of typical behavior能力簇群、能力项、能力层次、层次描述、典型行为特征表现Training Demand Form 培训需求表Training Tracking Summary Form培训跟踪汇总表Training Register Form培训报名表Training Waiver Proof培训免修证明demand survey 需求调查Degree attendance 学位进修graduation dissertation 论文答辩training agreement 培训协议Personal File 档案Dispatched Training 外派培训Reimbursement condition 报销条件job category 职位类别Peer group assessments同行小组评审junior software engineer, software engineer, advisory software engineer 、senior software engineer 初级软件工程师、软件工程师、高级软件工程师、资深软件工程师Competency Cultivating System 能力培养体系三、绩效与激励部分KPI（Key Performance Indicator，定量指标）关键业绩指标GS（Goal Setting，定性指标）performance appraisal 绩效考核position obligation 岗位职责In-Service Staff 在职员工Line manager 直接主管career development plan 职业发展规划compensation strategy 薪酬策略evaluation index 评价指标nominate 提名regional/ outpost subsidies 地区补贴/驻外补贴recognition and reward 表彰和奖励award-presentation meeting 颁奖大会employees' turn-over analysis 员工流失分析Comprehensive Compensation 全面薪酬Fixed income固定收入Legal Benefits法定福利House Reserve Fund 住房公积金Traffic subsidy交通补贴Laying-off 失业Work Injury工伤Medicare医疗Procreating 生育Enterprise Annual Pension企业年金Physical Exam 体检Funeral Condolence Pension丧葬抚慰金Home-return Fare 探亲路费Fresh-graduates Settlement Fee应届毕业生安家费Vacation with Salary 带薪假期Anti-radiation Clothing防辐射服regional subsidy 地区补贴owner awareness 主人翁意识Star Employees 明星员工Excellent Intern Postgraduates 优秀实习研究生Special Contribution Team特殊贡献团队Excellent Team Awards优秀团队奖Timely Recognition即时表彰四、团队与文化部分Organizational Culture Manual 企业文化手册Employee Manual员工手册Press Conference记者招待会work logs 工作日志conflict management 冲突管理。
最新小升初必备英语单词2024个,分类规划
2024最新小升初必备英语单词2024个,分类规划2024最新小升初必备英语单词：分类规划一、家庭成员1、Parents: father, mother2、Siblings: brother, sister3、Grandparents: grandfather, grandmother4、Uncle, aunt: uncle, aunt5、Cousin: cousin二、学校生活1、School subjects: math, science, English, Chinese, etc.2、School objects: book, pencil, pen, desk, chair, etc.3、School activities: play, sports day, cultural festival, etc.三、食品和饮料1、Meat: beef, pork, chicken, lamb2、Vegetables: tomato, potato, onion, carrot3、Fruit: apple, banana, orange, pear4、Drinks: water, juice, coffee, tea四、日常用品1、Clothing: shirt, pants, dress, coat2、Toiletries: toothbrush, toothpaste, comb, razor3、Household items: table, chair, bed, lamp4、Transportation: car, bus, bike, plane五、数字和时间1、Numbers: one, two, three, four, etc.2、Time: hour, minute, second, day, week, month, year3、Seasons: spring, summer, autumn, winter4、Weather: rainy, sunny, cloudy, snowy以上是按照主题分类的2024个英语单词，是小升初必备词汇。
方案单词翻译
方案单词翻译方案在商务和工作场景中是一个常用的词汇，意为“指定的计划或安排，用以解决问题或达到目标”。
在项目管理、市场营销、业务开展等领域中，制定合适的方案至关重要。
下面将为您介绍方案翻译中常用的单词。
1. Plan (计划)计划是最常见的方案翻译，指安排具体事件、行动或项目的详细规划和安排。
2. Scheme (计划；方案)Scheme 也可以用来表示方案或计划，尤其常用于商业或政府的战略性计划。
3. Program (计划；项目)Program 用来指涉及具体目标、步骤和时间表的计划或方案，通常用于科研、教育等领域。
4. Strategy (战略)Strategy 是制定长期目标和方法的计划，在商业战略或国家战略中经常使用。
5. Proposal (建议；提案)Proposal 指提出特定计划或行动的建议或提案。
6. Design (设计)Design 用于指设计方案，强调对事件或产品的整体规划和安排。
7. Approach (方法；途径)Approach 含义更偏向于指解决问题或达到目标的具体方法或途径，在科学研究或市场推广中常用。
8. Option (选项)Option 强调提供多个选择的方案，表示在多个选择中做出决策。
9. Schedule (进度表；日程安排)Schedule 指时间表或日程安排，描述事件或项目的安排和时间安排。
10. Blueprint (蓝图；计划)Blueprint 常用于描述详细的计划或方案，强调细节和全面性。
11. Outline (大纲；概要)Outline 表示方案或计划的概要或大纲，较为简单和概括。
12. Initiative (倡议；计划)Initiative 指发起特定计划或行动的倡议，着重于个人或组织的积极性和主动性。
以上是方案翻译中常用的单词，希望对您有所帮助。
选择合适的单词可以更准确地表达方案的意思，提高沟通和思路清晰度。
请根据具体情况和语境选择最合适的翻译词汇，确保方案的准确性和全面性。
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居住密度( Residential density )居住区内的人口数或住房套数与居住区面积之比，分毛密度与净密度两种。
毛密度指单位面积上的人口数或住户房套数与居住区总面积（包括住房用地及公共服务设施，道路和人行道）。
而净密度则仅按住房用地计算。
在中国，居住密度有三个主要指标：（1）居住人口密度；（2）居住建筑面积密度；（3）居住面积密度。
高层高密度( High-rise/high density )在一块土地上建造多栋高层建筑，而其间或四周只余较小空间或小块空地，该块土地上的居住密度因而很高。
这种作法常在可建造用地的比较紧张的城市中采用，例如香港。
高层低密度( High-rise/low density )住房建设的一种方法，即建造一栋或数栋供多户居住的高层公寓楼，而将建设用地的大部分留作空地或绿地。
建筑面积比( Floor-area ratio )在美国，指控制建筑物体积的指标，即将允许的总建筑面积以用地面积的倍数表示。
例如，在一万五千平方英尺的土地上，如建筑面积比为2，即表示其上所建的总建筑面积不得超过三万平方英尺。
在英国其相应指标称“容积率”和“建筑面积指标”。
居住建筑面积( Residential floor area )在中国，指居住建筑的全部建筑面积，即各层外墙皮内的全部楼面积，包括各居住单元的居住面积、辅助面积、公共面积和结构所占的面积。
建筑高度( Building height )建筑物垂直方向的大小，以层数或尺寸（英尺或米）计。
市区的建筑高度一般有规定。
，根据住宅建筑设计规范，一至三层为低层，四至六层为多层，七至九层为中高层，十至三十层为高层。
建筑红线( Building line )按地方建筑规范的规定，建筑物外立面所不能超出的界线。
城市设计与历史性建筑保护城市设计( Urban design )指确定一个城市的活动与目标的总体空间布局，使其具有吸引力并使人感到赏心悦目。
城市设计复杂过程中在于以城市的实体安排与居民的社会心理健康的相互关系为重点。
通过对空间及意象的处理，创造一种物质环境，既能使居民感到愉快，又能激励其社区精神。
城市景观( Cityscape )城市中由街道、广场、建筑物、园林绿化等形成的外观及气氛。
天际线( Skyline )由许多高大的建筑物在天际形成的轮廓。
为现代化大城市的一个特色，如纽约。
空间布局( Space planning )为提供满足人们居住、舒适和娱乐要求的空间而对建筑物内部的面积使用所做的设计工作。
城市网络( Urban network)在某一地理区域内所有城市相互之间和它们与周围农村地区之间的多方面联系，包括与区域以外其他城市地区的关系。
临街面( Frontage )1、一块土地或房产临街的一面；2、土地房地产沿街的地界长度，以英尺或米度量。
如五十英尺长的临街面。
历史文化名城保护( Conservation of Historic Cultural Cities )指对具有历史、地理、文化和考古等价值的城市进行的保护。
国务院批准确定一些城市为历史文化名城，并有指令性文件，一经确定为历史文化名城后，该城市的总体规划，包括土地利用、工业和点、建筑风格等，都必须以保护其传统文化为主要目标。
1982年经国务院批准，确定北京、西安、扬州、苏州等二十四个城市为历史文化名城。
古建筑保护( Conservation of historic buildings )在中国，指对有历史价值的古代宫殿、寺庙、民居、工程构筑物等进行的保护。
其中一部分位于历史文化名城范围内，如北京的故宫，一部分则不在其中，如河北省的赵州桥以及各地的民居等。
国务院对古建筑保护有专门的指令性文件。
文物古迹保护( Conservation of historic landmarks and sites )在中国，指对有历史价值的文物古迹，无论出土与否，进行的保护，包括墓葬、古代遗址、古刻、工程设施等，如北京的明陵、甘隶省敦煌的石窟。
国务院对文物古迹的保护按国家、省、市、县分级，分别确定重点文物保护单位，并有指令性文件。
历史性建筑保护( Historic preservation )在美国，指对旧建筑物的修复和重新使用，既是保护国家建筑遗产的手段，又是建造新建筑物的替代办法。
1966年的美国国家历史保护法案授权国家园林局拨款保护具有历史意义的市区，遗址和建筑物。
风景名胜保护( Conservation of scenic spots )在中国，指对于优美的自然风景区，包括名山、大川、名泉、瀑布、石林、溶洞等和历史上流传至今的名胜进行保护。
国务院有加强风景名胜保护和加强管理指令性文件，各城市还对于在风景名胜区附近的建设如道路建设、建筑高度、建筑造型与风格等作限制性规定。
历史性市区( Historic district )在美国，指城市中被正式确定为具有历史意义的的部分，该地段不得拆除，必须加以保护并提高受保护产业的价值。
绿带( Greenbelt )指围绕城市，由园林和农田等组成的带状地区。
一般由官方机构规定，用以限制城市的扩展，防止人口稠密的建成区之间连成一片。
城市规划城市规划( Urban planning )指预测城市的发展并管理各项资源以适应其发展的具体方法或过程，以指导已建环境的设计与开发。
传统的城市规划多注意城市地区的实体特征。
现代城市规划则试图研究各种经济、社会和环境因素对土地使用模式的变化所产生的影响，并制订能反映这种连续相互作用的规划。
城市规划通常包括总体规划和详细规划两个阶段。
在一些大中城市，总体规划和详细规划之间增加城市分区规划。
总体规划( Comprehensive planning )指综合性的城市规划。
是确定一个城市的性质、规模、发展方向以及制订城市中各类建设的总体布局的全面环境安排的城市规划。
总体规划还包括选定规划定额指标，制订该市远、近期目标及其实施步骤和措施等工作。
详细规划( Detailed planning )在中国，按城市总体规划的要求，对城市局部地区近期需要建设的房屋建筑、市政工程、园林绿化等作出具体布置的规划，为建筑设计提供依据。
内容包括：选定技术经济指标，提出建筑空间处理要求，确定各项用地的控制性座标、建筑物位置与标高等。
城市分区规划( City district planning )在中国，指根据已编制的城市总体规划所做的市内各局部地区的规划。
各区按不同的功能和性质，有各自的规划。
功能规划( Functional planning )对某些领域[如运输、住房和水质]的需要或活动定出目标，政策和工作程序的规划，通常由政府制订。
住房建设规划( Housing program )指制订出若干年内分年度建造住房的规划，包括居住区和住房建造的数量以及居住水平等多项指标。
实体规划( Physical planning )为开发或改造一个地区而预先做出的设计，把现有一切自然和人为的物质条件纳入规划，加以全面考虑，包括基础设施、房屋建筑、最佳开发战略等。
城市性质( Designated function of a city )在中国城市的总体规划中，根据城市的形成与发展的主导因素确定它在国家和地区的政治、经济、文化中的地位和作用。
竖向规划( Site engineering )对建设场地，按其自然状况，工程特点和使用要求所作的规划。
包括：场地与道路标高的设计，建筑物室内、外地坪的高差等，以便在尽少改变原有地形及自然景色的情况下满足日后居住者的要求，并为良好的排水条件和坚固耐久的建筑物提供基础。
国土规划( Territorial planning )为了开发、利用、管理和保护中国领土以内地上、地下、海洋或大陆架的自然、人力和经济资源而编制的最高一级[在区域规划之上]的规划。
建设场地规划( Site planning )为某一地块的建设所准备的设计和平面布置图、说明书及工程细节，包括对设施的位置、标高、排水、市政设施、道路、人行道、停车场、绿化等细节的考虑。
城市人防规划( Civil defense planning )在中国，指城市总体规划的一个组成部分，内容包括：必不可少的地下设施及其防空通道及安全出入口等的布置，与地面以上建筑物及地下管道网的协调。
这些构筑物平时可用作餐室，尤其是电影院、剧院建筑物的自然冷却系统的冷风源。
城市防灾规划(Disaster planning )城市规划中为抵御地震、洪水、风灾等自然灾害保护人类生命财产而采取预防措施的规划的通称。
城市抗震规划( Seismic planning )城市抗震规划是城市总体规划的组成部分，内容包括：确定城市建设的抗震等级，工程设计的抗震烈度，从地震角度考虑划分可建和不可建用地，建筑物高度，体形与层数的限制，疏散通道，地下建筑的利用，次生灾害的防止及补救措施等。
临界分析(门槛理论)( Threshold analysis )对于在城市成长过程中某些限制其发展的极限或障碍的研究。
根据由波兰人B.马利兹所提出的临界分析理论，这种极限称为发展的临界。
可分为实体上的，指由自然环境造成的；技术上的，指与基础设施系统有关的；结构上的，指城市中某些部分(如市中心)需要重建。
该方法力图通过造价的比较，和对城市扩充的各种可能途径所造成的人口数量的比较，找出最经济的途径来克服一系列极限因素。
用地平衡( Land use banlance )在中国的城市规划中，按土地的使用性质，将全市或局部地区分为工业、农业、居住、道路、绿化等用地；确定各类用地的合宜面积分配与比例关系，编制用地平衡表，从而得出以人为单位的用地面积数，以资分析和比较。
临街面( Frontage )1、一块土地或房产临街的一面；2、土地房地产沿街的地界长度，以英尺或米度量。
如五十英尺长的临街面。
历史文化名城保护( Conservation of Historic Cultural Cities )指对具有历史、地理、文化和考古等价值的城市进行的保护。
国务院批准确定一些城市为历史文化名城，并有指令性文件，一经确定为历史文化名城后，该城市的总体规划，包括土地利用、工业和点、建筑风格等，都必须以保护其传统文化为主要目标。
1982年经国务院批准，确定北京、西安、扬州、苏州等二十四个城市为历史文化名城。
古建筑保护( Conservation of historic buildings )在中国，指对有历史价值的古代宫殿、寺庙、民居、工程构筑物等进行的保护。
其中一部分位于历史文化名城范围内，如北京的故宫，一部分则不在其中，如河北省的赵州桥以及各地的民居等。
国务院对古建筑保护有专门的指令性文件。
文物古迹保护( Conservation of historic landmarks and sites )在中国，指对有历史价值的文物古迹，无论出土与否，进行的保护，包括墓葬、古代遗址、古刻、工程设施等，如北京的明陵、甘隶省敦煌的石窟。