建筑学毕业专业外文翻译文献doc资料
建筑学专业毕业设计方案外文翻译二44
毕业设计英文资料翻译Tran slati on ofthe En glish Docume nts for Graduati on Desig n课题名称_____________________________________院< 系）_____________________________________专业 _____________________________________姓名 _____________________________________学号 _____________________________________起讫日期 _____________________________________指导教师 _____________________________________2018 年2月25日原文:Abstract：Gree n buildi ng refers to do its best to maximize con servati on of resources (en ergy, land, water, and wood> , protecti ng the environment and reduce polluti on in its life cycle. Provide people with healthy, appropriate and efficient use of space, and nature in harmony symbiosis buildings. Idescribed more details of green building design ' notion, green building ' design, as well as the sig ni fica nee of the concept of gree n buildi ng and improve the effect iven ess an alysis of the exter nal effects of gree n buildi ng measures,Key words green buildings。
建筑设计中英文对照外文翻译文献
建筑设计中英文对照外文翻译文献On the other hand, there is a significant amount ofliterature in the field of architecture design that is writtenin foreign languages. While it may not be as readily accessible for non-native speakers, there are many benefits to exploring literature in other languages. For example, architects who are fluent in multiple languages can have a broader understanding of different cultural approaches to architecture. By reading literature in foreign languages, architects can gain insights into design concepts and practices that may not be covered in English-language sources. This can lead to a more diverse and innovative approach to design.However, one challenge with accessing literature in foreign languages is the accuracy of translations. Architecture is a technical field with specific terminology, and it is important to ensure that translations accurately convey the intended meaning. In some cases, the translation of technical terms and concepts may not accurately convey their full meaning, which can lead to misunderstandings or confusion. Architects who rely on translated literature should be cautious and ensure they verify the accuracy of the translations with experts in the field.Despite these challenges, it is essential for architects to explore literature in multiple languages to stay informed and to gain a global perspective on architecture design. By consideringboth English and foreign language translated literature, architects can access a wider range of resources and insights. Additionally, architects should consider collaborating with colleagues who are fluent in different languages to ensure accurate translation and interpretation of foreign language sources.In conclusion, architecture design is a field that benefits from accessing literature in multiple languages. English provides a wealth of resources and is the global language of academia. However, architects who can access and read literature in foreign languages can gain new perspectives and insights into different cultural approaches to design. While caution should be taken to verify the accuracy of translations, architects should explore literature in multiple languages to broaden their understanding and enhance their creative problem-solving skills.。
(完整版)建筑学本科外文翻译毕业设计论文
本科毕业设计外文翻译题目：德黑兰城市发展学院: 城市建设学院专业: 建筑学学号:学生姓名:指导教师:日期: 二零一一年六月First Chapter：Development of the city of TehranAli MadanipourTehran :the making of a metropolis，First Chapter：Development New York John Wiley，1998，page five to page eleven。
第一章：德黑兰市的发展阿里.马丹妮普尔德黑兰：一个大都市的建造，第一章：德黑兰市的发展，阿1998，第五页到第十一页。
德黑兰市的发展全市已长成了一定的规模性和复杂性，以这样的程度，空间管理需要另外的手段来处理城市组织和不断发展的复杂性，并为城市总体规划做准备。
第二次世界大战后，在盟军占领国家的期间，有一个时期的民主化，在冷战时开始的政治紧张局势之后，它们互相斗争对石油的控制权。
这个时期已经结束于1953年，结果是由政变产生了伊朗王，那个后来担任了25年的行政君主的人。
随着高出生率和农村向城市迁移，德黑兰和其他大城市增长加剧甚至比以前更快地。
到1956年，德黑兰的人口上升到150万，到了1966至300万， 1976至450万，其规模也从1934年46平方公里到1976年的250平方公里。
从石油行业的收入增长创造的盈余资源，需要流通和经济的吸收。
50年代中期，特别是在工业化的驱动下德黑兰许多大城市有了新工作。
20世纪60年代的土地改革释放了大量来自农业的农村人口，这是不能吸收的指数人口增长。
这种新的劳动力被吸引到城市：到新的产业，到似乎始终蓬勃发展建筑界，去服务不断增长公共部门和官僚机构。
德黑兰的角色是国家的行政，经济，文化中心，它坚定而巩固地通往外面的世界。
德黑兰战后的城市扩张，是在管制、私营部门的推动，投机性的发展下进行的。
房屋一直供不应求，并有大量可用的富余劳动力和资本，因此在德黑兰建筑行业蓬勃发展，土地和财产的价格不断上涨。
建筑方面的英文文献.1doc_secret
本科毕业论文外文文献及译文文献、资料题目：SYSTEMS INTEGRATION 文献、资料来源：International Journal文献、资料发表（出版）日期：2005.5.30院（部）：城市建设学院专业：建筑环境与设备工程专业班级：4姓名：XXX学号：指导教师：翻译日期：中文译文：动应力下304L不锈钢振动时效的成效评估摘要振动时效是一种程序，通过动应力振动的方式来减少残余应力。
目前，定时和定量考核振动时效的成效问题十分重要，荷载或动应力在振动时效期间对焊接结构减少残余应力有直接影响。
本文论述了304L不锈钢振动时效期间焊接试样的循环应力应变及儒变机制。
根据实验结果，提出了残余应力对动应力松弛的数学模型，此模型用于评价制造HT—7U Tokamak焊接结构振动时效的影响。
残余应力测量值与计算值之间的差额约为11%，结果表明，采用动态应力振动时效效果评价是实用的。
关键词：振动时效；残余应力；荷载；动态应力；焊接1 引言振动时效表示动应力下残余应力的减少量，虽然已广泛应用了40多年的振动时效机理仍在调查中，但振动时效的定量考核依然是一个十分重要的问题。
一般来说，振动时效处理机附属于要求应力松弛结构的偏心大电机，相结合的动态应力和残余应力可超过材料的屈服强度，从而引发局部塑性变形和应力松弛。
残余应力的减少影响了振动块的自然特性，振动时效效果往往根据比较前后振动时效振动响应曲线[2]来评估，例如移频共振[3]。
但这种方法的有效性，虽然于振动时效后很快步入但却只是定性评价。
定量评价结果可以通过测量振动时效前后同一点处的残余应力得出。
可采用钻孔和XRD两种方法测量焊接残余应力但复杂而费时，由于两种测量方法必需同时采用，故这种评估方法并不常用。
焊接结构振动时效期间评价残余应力的减少需要一种简单而且定性的方法。
残余应力是没有外部载荷情况下自我平衡的内应力。
焊接结构振动时效期间，循环应力或动态应力对结构减少残余应力有直接影响。
建筑外文文献及翻译(参考模板)
外文原文Study on Human Resource Allocation in Multi-Project Based on the Priority and the Cost of ProjectsLin Jingjing , Zhou GuohuaSchoolofEconomics and management, Southwest Jiao tong University ,610031 ,China Abstract----This paper put forward the a ffecting factors of project’s priority. which is introduced into a multi-objective optimization model for human resource allocation in multi-project environment . The objectives of the model were the minimum cost loss due to the delay of the time limit of the projects and the minimum delay of the project with the highest priority .Then a Genetic Algorithm to solve the model was introduced. Finally, a numerical example was used to testify the feasibility of the model and the algorithm.Index Terms—Genetic Algorithm, Human Resource Allocation, Multi-project’s project’s priority .1.INTRODUCTIONMore and more enterprises are facing the challenge of multi-project management, which has been the focus among researches on project management. In multi-project environment ,the share are competition of resources such as capital , time and human resources often occur .Therefore , it’s critical to schedule projects in order to satisfy the different resource demands and to shorten the projects’ duration time with resources constrained ,as in [1].For many enterprises ,the human resources are the most precious asset .So enterprises should reasonably and effectively allocate each resource , especially the human resource ,in order to shorten the time and cost of projects and to increase the benefits .Some literatures have discussed the resource allocation problem in multi-project environment with resources constrained. Reference [1] designed an iterative algorithm and proposeda mathematical model of the resource-constrained multi-project scheduling .Basedon work breakdown structure (WBS) and Dantzig-Wolfe decomposition method ,a feasible multi-project planning method was illustrated , as in [2] . References [3,4]discussed the resource-constrained project scheduling based on Branch Delimitation method .Reference [5] put forward the framework of human resource allocation in multi-project in Long-term ,medium-term and short-term as well as research and development(R&D) environment .Basedon GPSS language, simulation model of resources allocation was built to get the project’s duration time and resources distribution, as in [6]. Reference [7] solved the engineering project’s resources optimization problem using Genetic Algorithms. These literatures reasonably optimized resources allocation in multi-project, but all had the same prerequisite that the project’s importance is the same to each other .This paper will analyze the effects of project’s priority on human resource allocation ,which is to be introduced into a mathematical model ;finally ,a Genetic Algorithm is used to solve the model.2.EFFECTS OF PROJECTS PRIORITY ON HUMAN RESOUCE ALLOCATIONAND THE AFFECTING FACTORS OF PROJECT’S PRIORITYResource sharing is one of the main characteristics of multi-project management .The allocation of shared resources relates to the efficiency and rationality of the use of resources .When resource conflict occurs ,the resource demand of the project with highest priority should be satisfied first. Only after that, can the projects with lower priority be considered.Based on the idea of project classification management ,this paper classifies the affecting factors of project’s priority into three categories ,as the project’s benefits ,the complexity of project management and technology , and the strategic influence on the enterprise’s future development . The priority weight of the project is the function of the above three categories, as shown in (1).W=f(I,c,s…) (1)Where w refers to project’s priority weight; I refers to the benefits of th e project; c refers to the complexity of the project, including the technology and management; s refers to the influence of the project on enterprise .The bigger the values of the three categories, the higher the priority is.3.HUMAN RESOURCE ALLOCATION MODEL IN MULTI-PROJECTENVIRONMENT3.1Problem DescriptionAccording to the constraint theory, the enterprise should strictly differentiate the bottleneck resources and the non-bottleneck resources to solve the constraint problem of bottleneck resources .This paper will stress on the limited critical human resources being allocated to multi-project with definite duration times and priority.To simplify the problem, we suppose that that three exist several parallel projects and a shared resources storehouse, and the enterprise’s operation only involves one kind of critical human resources. The supply of the critical human resource is limited, which cannot be obtained by hiring or any other ways during a certain period .when resource conflict among parallel projects occurs, we may allocate the human resource to multi-project according to project’s priorities .The allocation of non-critical independent human resources is not considered in this paper, which supposes that the independent resources that each project needs can be satisfied.Engineering projects usually need massive critical skilled human resources in some critical chain ,which cannot be substituted by the other kind of human resources .When the critical chains of projects at the same time during some period, there occur resource conflict and competition .The paper also supposes that the corresponding network planning of various projects have already been established ,and the peaks of each project’s resources demand have been optimized .The delay of the critical chain will affect the whole project’s duration time .3.2 Model HypothesesThe following hypotheses help us to establish a mathematical model:(1)The number of mutually independent projects involved in resourceallocation problem in multi-project is N. Each project is indicated withQ i,while i=1,2, … N.(2)The priority weights of multi-project have been determined ,which arerespectively w1,w 2…w n .(3) The total number of the critical human resources is R ,with r k standingfor each person ,while k=1,2, …,R(4) Δk i = ⎩⎨⎧others toprojectQ rcer humanresou i k 01(5) Resources capturing by several projects begins on time. t E i is theexpected duration time of project I that needs the critical resources tofinish some task after time t ,on the premise that the human resourcesdemand can be satisfied .tAi is the real duration time of project I thatneeds the critical resource to finish some task after time t .(6) According to the contract ,if the delay of the project happens the dailycost loss due to the delay is △c i for pro ject I .According to the project’simportance ,the delay of a project will not only cause the cost loss ,butwill also damage the prestige and status of the enterprise .(while thelatent cost is difficult to quantify ,it isn’t considered in this articletemporarily.)(7) From the hypothesis (5) ,we can know that after time t ,the time-gapbetween the real and expected duration time of project I that needs thecritical resources to finish some task is △t i ,( △t i =t A i -t E i ). For thereexists resources competition, the time –gap is necessarily a positivenumber.(8) According to hypotheses (6) and (7), the total cost loss of project I is C i(C i = △t i * △C i ).(9) The duration time of activities can be expressed by the workload ofactivities divided by the quantity of resources ,which can be indicatedwith following expression of t A i =ηi / R i * ,.In the expression , ηi refersto the workload of projects I during some period ,which is supposed tobe fixed and pre-determined by the project managers on project planningphase ; R i * refers to the number of the critical human resources beingallocated to projects I actually, with the equation Ri * =∑=Rk ki 1δ existing. Due to the resource competition the resourcedemands of projects with higherPriorities may be guarantee, while those projects with lower prioritiesmay not be fully guaranteed. In this situation, the decrease of theresource supply will lead to the increase of the duration time of activitiesand the project, while the workload is fixed.3.3 Optimization ModelBased on the above hypotheses, the resource allocation model inmulti-project environment can be established .Here, the optimizationmodel is :F i =min Z i = min∑∑==Ni i N i Ci 11ω =min i i Ni i N i c t ∆∆∑∑==11ω (2) =min ∑∑==N i i N i 11ω )E i R i ki i t - ⎝⎛∑=1δη i c ∆ 2F =min Z 2=min ()i t ∆=min )E i R i ki i t -⎝⎛∑=1δη (3) Where wj=max(wi) ,(N j i 3,2,1,=∀) (4)Subject to : 0∑∑==≤R k ki N i 11δ=R (5)The model is a multi-objective one .The two objective functions arerespectively to minimize the total cost loss ,which is to conform to theeconomic target ,and to shorten the time delay of the project with highestpriority .The first objective function can only optimize the apparenteconomic cost ;therefore the second objective function will help to makeup this limitation .For the project with highest priority ,time delay will damage not only the economic benefits ,but also the strategy and the prestige of the enterprise .Therefore we should guarantee that the most important project be finished on time or ahead of schedule .4.SOLUTION TO THE MULTI-OBJECTIVE MODEL USING GENETICALGORITHM4.1The multi-objective optimization problem is quite common .Generally ,eachobjective should be optimized in order to get the comprehensive objective optimized .Therefore the weight of each sub-objective should be considered .Reference [8] proposed an improved ant colony algorithm to solve this problem .Supposed that the weights of the two optimizing objectives are αand β ,where α+β=1 .Then the comprehensive goal is F* ,where F*=αF1+βF2.4.2The Principle of Genetic AlgorithmGenetic Algorithm roots from the concepts of natural selection and genetics .It’s a random search technique for global optimization in a complex search space .Because of the parallel nature and less restrictions ,it has the key features of great currency ,fast convergence and easy calculation .Meanwhile ,its search scope is not limited ,so it’s an effective method to solve the resource balancing problem ,as in [9].The main steps of GA in this paper are as follow:(1)EncodingAn integer string is short, direct and efficient .According to thecharacteristics of the model, the human resource can be assigned to be acode object .The string length equals to the total number of humanresources allocated.(2)Choosing the fitness functionThis paper choose the objective function as the foundation of fitnessfunction .To rate the values of the objective function ,the fitness of then-th individual is 1/n。
建筑学毕业设计外文翻译
毕业设计外文资料翻译学院：建筑工程学院专业：建筑学姓名：学号：外文出处：World Architecture ( 用外文写)附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
注：请将该封面与附件装订成册。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文定制：3种生态建筑学摘要：挪威的许多城市在过去的40年间经历了持续不断的转变。
进入后工业时期，各种管制和政府控制逐步撤销，这些新自由主义的手段与石油经济共同促生了日益官僚主义的建筑行业环境。
然而，人们还是能辨认出那些在设法满足外部复杂条件的同时，仍然表现出建筑学特质的项目。
本文探讨了量身定制的建筑设计方式如何在挪威的3种城市生态环境中展开的过程——即临近大尺度水面的峡湾环境、在现有空间肌理中进行中等尺度改造的城市环境、以及在城市郊区进行小尺度住宅设计的山区环境。
关键词：挪威城市, 建筑生态学，城市化正文：在最近的40年间。
挪威经济经历了某种程度的持续增长过程。
石油经济对发展产生了重要的推动作用，从而影响了挪威的城市演进过程。
同时，后工业化进程也与新自由主义的管制解除和政府战略交织在一起。
这些背景因素在建筑领域共同产生了数量丰富的建设项目，如滨水开发区的建设、对现有城市空间肌理进行的更新、对旧工业综合设施的改造，以及城市周边别墅区建筑密度增加的过程等等。
尽管从高度专业化的理论框架来审视，这些项目尺度不一、类型纷杂，它们却仍有一些共同的特点——也就是，它们的建筑师除了需要应对工艺和(建筑)工业体系的挑战之外，还不得不展现出另一方面能力，以满足(司法和法律上)越来越官僚主义的特权要求。
尽管如此，我们还是能够分辨出那些在挪威的特定城市环境下，在想方设法适应外部的复杂条件、完成定制设计过程的同时，还能够隐约显现出建筑学特征的项目。
本文探讨了在这些设计项目中，为业主度身定制的方式是如何在 3 种具体的建筑生态学条件下逐一展开的——具体包括大型滨水区域的地产开发项目、在中等规模的现有城市环境的改造项目，以及在城市郊区进行的小尺度住宅设计项目。
建筑设计毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献
毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献Architecture StructureWe have and the architects must deal with the spatial aspect of activity, physical, and symbolic needs in such a way that overall performance integrity is assured. Hence, he or she well wants to think of evolving a building environment as a total system of interacting and space forming subsystems. Is represents a complex challenge, and to meet it the architect will need a hierarchic design process that provides at least three levels of feedback thinking: schematic, preliminary, and final.Such a hierarchy is necessary if he or she is to avoid being confused , at conceptual stages of design thinking ,by the myriad detail issues that can distract attention from more basic consideration s .In fact , we can say that an architect’s ability to distinguish the more basic form the more detailed issues is essential to his success as a designer .The object of the schematic feed back level is to generate and evaluate overall site-plan, activity-interaction, and building-configuration options .To do so the architect must be able to focus on the interaction of the basic attributes of the site context, the spatial organization, and the symbolism as determinants of physical form. This means that ,in schematic terms ,the architect may first conceive and model a building design as an organizational abstraction of essential performance-space in teractions.Then he or she may explore the overall space-form implications of the abstraction. As an actual building configuration option begins to emerge, it will be modified to include consideration for basic site conditions.At the schematic stage, it would also be helpful if the designer could visualize his or her options for achieving overall structural integrity and consider the constructive feasibility and economic of his or her scheme .But this will require that the architect and/or a consultant be able to conceptualize total-system structural options in terms of elemental detail .Such overall thinking can be easily fed back to improve the space-form scheme.At the preliminary level, the architect’s emphasis will shift to the elaboration of his or her more promising schematic design options .Here the architect’s structural needs will shift toapproximate design of specific subsystem options. At this stage the total structural scheme is developed to a middle level of specificity by focusing on identification and design of major subsystems to the extent that their key geometric, component, and interactive properties are established .Basic subsystem interaction and design conflicts can thus be identified and resolved in the context of total-system objectives. Consultants can play a significant part in this effort; these preliminary-level decisions may also result in feedback that calls for refinement or even major change in schematic concepts.When the designer and the client are satisfied with the feasibility of a design proposal at the preliminary level, it means that the basic problems of overall design are solved and details are not likely to produce major change .The focus shifts again ,and the design process moves into the final level .At this stage the emphasis will be on the detailed development of all subsystem specifics . Here the role of specialists from various fields, including structural engineering, is much larger, since all detail of the preliminary design must be worked out. Decisions made at this level may produce feedback into Level II that will result in changes. However, if Levels I and II are handled with insight, the relationship between the overall decisions, made at the schematic and preliminary levels, and the specifics of the final level should be such that gross redesign is not in question, Rather, the entire process should be one of moving in an evolutionary fashion from creation and refinement (or modification) of the more general properties of a total-system design concept, to the fleshing out of requisite elements and details.To summarize: At Level I, the architect must first establish, in conceptual terms, the overall space-form feasibility of basic schematic options. At this stage, collaboration with specialists can be helpful, but only if in the form of overall thinking. At Level II, the architect must be able to identify the major subsystem requirements implied by the scheme and substantial their interactive feasibility by approximating key component properties .That is, the properties of major subsystems need be worked out only in sufficient depth to very the inherent compatibility of their basic form-related and behavioral interaction . This will mean a somewhat more specific form of collaboration with specialists then that in level I .At level III ,the architect and the specific form of collaboration with specialists then that providing for all of the elemental design specifics required to produce biddable construction documents .Of course this success comes from the development of the Structural Material.1.Reinforced ConcretePlain concrete is formed from a hardened mixture of cement ,water ,fine aggregate, coarse aggregate (crushed stone or gravel),air, and often other admixtures. The plastic mix is placed and consolidated in the formwork, then cured to facilitate the acceleration of the chemical hydration reaction lf the cement/water mix, resulting in hardened concrete. The finished product has high compressive strength, and low resistance to tension, such that its tensile strength is approximately one tenth lf its compressive strength. Consequently, tensile and shear reinforcement in the tensile regions of sections has to be provided to compensate for the weak tension regions in the reinforced concrete element.It is this deviation in the composition of a reinforces concrete section from the homogeneity of standard wood or steel sections that requires a modified approach to the basic principles of structural design. The two components of the heterogeneous reinforced concrete section are to be so arranged and proportioned that optimal use is made of the materials involved. This is possible because concrete can easily be given any desired shape by placing and compacting the wet mixture of the constituent ingredients are properly proportioned, the finished product becomes strong, durable, and, in combination with the reinforcing bars, adaptable for use as main members of any structural system.The techniques necessary for placing concrete depend on the type of member to be cast: that is, whether it is a column, a bean, a wall, a slab, a foundation. a mass columns, or an extension of previously placed and hardened concrete. For beams, columns, and walls, the forms should be well oiled after cleaning them, and the reinforcement should be cleared of rust and other harmful materials. In foundations, the earth should be compacted and thoroughly moistened to about 6 in. in depth to avoid absorption of the moisture present in the wet concrete. Concrete should always be placed in horizontal layers which are compacted by means of high frequency power-driven vibrators of either the immersion or external type, as the case requires, unless it is placed by pumping. It must be kept in mind, however, that over vibration can be harmful since it could cause segregation of the aggregate and bleeding of the concrete.Hydration of the cement takes place in the presence of moisture at temperatures above 50°F. It is necessary to maintain such a condition in order that the chemical hydration reaction can take place. If drying is too rapid, surface cracking takes place. This would result in reduction of concrete strength due to cracking as well as the failure to attain full chemical hydration.It is clear that a large number of parameters have to be dealt with in proportioning a reinforced concrete element, such as geometrical width, depth, area of reinforcement, steel strain, concrete strain, steel stress, and so on. Consequently, trial and adjustment is necessary in the choice ofconcrete sections, with assumptions based on conditions at site, availability of the constituent materials, particular demands of the owners, architectural and headroom requirements, the applicable codes, and environmental reinforced concrete is often a site-constructed composite, in contrast to the standard mill-fabricated beam and column sections in steel structures.A trial section has to be chosen for each critical location in a structural system. The trial section has to be analyzed to determine if its nominal resisting strength is adequate to carry the applied factored load. Since more than one trial is often necessary to arrive at the required section, the first design input step generates into a series of trial-and-adjustment analyses.The trial-and –adjustment procedures for the choice of a concrete section lead to the convergence of analysis and design. Hence every design is an analysis once a trial section is chosen. The availability of handbooks, charts, and personal computers and programs supports this approach as a more efficient, compact, and speedy instructional method compared with the traditional approach of treating the analysis of reinforced concrete separately from pure design.2. EarthworkBecause earthmoving methods and costs change more quickly than those in any other branch of civil engineering, this is a field where there are real opportunities for the enthusiast. In 1935 most of the methods now in use for carrying and excavating earth with rubber-tyred equipment did not exist. Most earth was moved by narrow rail track, now relatively rare, and the main methods of excavation, with face shovel, backacter, or dragline or grab, though they are still widely used are only a few of the many current methods. To keep his knowledge of earthmoving equipment up to date an engineer must therefore spend tine studying modern machines. Generally the only reliable up-to-date information on excavators, loaders and transport is obtainable from the makers.Earthworks or earthmoving means cutting into ground where its surface is too high ( cuts ), and dumping the earth in other places where the surface is too low ( fills). Toreduce earthwork costs, the volume of the fills should be equal to the volume of the cuts and wherever possible the cuts should be placednear to fills of equal volume so as to reduce transport and double handlingof the fill. This work of earthwork design falls on the engineer who lays out the road since it is the layout of the earthwork more than anything else which decides its cheapness. From the available maps ahd levels, the engineering must try to reach as many decisions as possible in the drawing office by drawing cross sections of the earthwork. On the site when further information becomes available he can make changes in jis sections and layout,but the drawing lffice work will not have been lost. It will have helped him to reach the best solution in the shortest time.The cheapest way of moving earth is to take it directly out of the cut and drop it as fill with the same machine. This is not always possible, but when it canbe done it is ideal, being both quick and cheap. Draglines, bulldozers and face shovels an do this. The largest radius is obtained with thedragline,and the largest tonnage of earth is moved by the bulldozer, though only over short distances.The disadvantages of the dragline are that it must dig below itself, it cannot dig with force into compacted material, it cannot dig on steep slopws, and its dumping and digging are not accurate.Face shovels are between bulldozers and draglines, having a larger radius of action than bulldozers but less than draglines. They are anle to dig into a vertical cliff face in a way which would be dangerous tor a bulldozer operator and impossible for a dragline. Each piece of equipment should be level of their tracks and for deep digs in compact material a backacter is most useful, but its dumping radius is considerably less than that of the same escavator fitted with a face shovel.Rubber-tyred bowl scrapers are indispensable for fairly level digging where the distance of transport is too much tor a dragline or face shovel. They can dig the material deeply ( but only below themselves ) to a fairly flat surface, carry it hundreds of meters if need be, then drop it and level it roughly during the dumping. For hard digging it is often found economical to keep a pusher tractor ( wheeled or tracked ) on the digging site, to push each scraper as it returns to dig. As soon as the scraper is full,the pusher tractor returns to the beginning of the dig to heop to help the nest scraper.Bowl scrapers are often extremely powerful machines;many makers build scrapers of 8 cubic meters struck capacity, which carry 10 m ³ heaped. The largest self-propelled scrapers are of 19 m ³struck capacity ( 25 m ³ heaped )and they are driven by a tractor engine of 430 horse-powers.Dumpers are probably the commonest rubber-tyred transport since they can also conveniently be used for carrying concrete or other building materials. Dumpers have the earth container over the front axle on large rubber-tyred wheels, and the container tips forwards on most types, though in articulated dumpers the direction of tip can be widely varied. The smallest dumpers have a capacity of about 0.5 m ³, and the largest standard types are of about 4.5 m ³. Special types include the self-loading dumper of up to 4 m ³ and the articulated type of about 0.5 m ³. The distinction between dumpers and dump trucks must be remembered .dumpers tip forwards and the driver sits behind the load. Dump trucks are heavy, strengthened tipping lorries, the driver travels in front lf the load and the load is dumped behind him, so they are sometimes called rear-dump trucks.3.Safety of StructuresThe principal scope of specifications is to provide general principles and computational methods in order to verify safety of structures. The “ safety factor ”, which according to modern trends is independent of the nature and combination of the materials used, can usually be defined as the ratio between the conditions. This ratio is also proportional to the inverse of the probability ( risk ) of failure of the structure.Failure has to be considered not only as overall collapse of the structure but also asunserviceability or, according to a more precise. Common definition. As the reaching of a “ limit state ” which causes the construction not to accomplish the task it was designed for. Ther e are two categories of limit state :(1)Ultimate limit sate, which corresponds to the highest value of the load-bearing capacity. Examples include local buckling or global instability of the structure; failure of some sections and subsequent transformation of the structure into a mechanism; failure by fatigue; elastic or plastic deformation or creep that cause a substantial change of the geometry of the structure; and sensitivity of the structure to alternating loads, to fire and to explosions.(2)Service limit states, which are functions of the use and durability of the structure. Examples include excessive deformations and displacements without instability; early or excessive cracks; large vibrations; and corrosion.Computational methods used to verify structures with respect to the different safety conditions can be separated into:(1)Deterministic methods, in which the main parameters are considered as nonrandom parameters.(2)Probabilistic methods, in which the main parameters are considered as random parameters.Alternatively, with respect to the different use of factors of safety, computational methods can be separated into:(1)Allowable stress method, in which the stresses computed under maximum loads are compared with the strength of the material reduced by given safety factors.(2)Limit states method, in which the structure may be proportioned on the basis of its maximum strength. This strength, as determined by rational analysis, shall not be less than that required to support a factored load equal to the sum of the factored live load and dead load ( ultimate state ).The stresses corresponding to working ( service ) conditions with unfactored live and dead loads are compared with prescribed values ( service limit state ) . From the four possible combinations of the first two and second two methods, we can obtain some useful computational methods. Generally, two combinations prevail:(1)deterministic methods, which make use of allowable stresses.(2)Probabilistic methods, which make use of limit states.The main advantage of probabilistic approaches is that, at least in theory, it is possible to scientifically take into account all random factors of safety, which are then combined to define the safety factor. probabilistic approaches depend upon :(1) Random distribution of strength of materials with respect to the conditions of fabrication and erection ( scatter of the values of mechanical properties through out the structure );(2) Uncertainty of the geometry of the cross-section sand of the structure ( faults andimperfections due to fabrication and erection of the structure );(3) Uncertainty of the predicted live loads and dead loads acting on the structure;(4)Uncertainty related to the approximation of the computational method used ( deviation of the actual stresses from computed stresses ).Furthermore, probabilistic theories mean that the allowable risk can be based on several factors, such as :(1) Importance of the construction and gravity of the damage by its failure;(2)Number of human lives which can be threatened by this failure;(3)Possibility and/or likelihood of repairing the structure;(4) Predicted life of the structure.All these factors are related to economic and social considerations such as：(1) Initial cost of the construction;(2) Amortization funds for the duration of the construction;(3) Cost of physical and material damage due to the failure of the construction;(4) Adverse impact on society;(5) Moral and psychological views.The definition of all these parameters, for a given safety factor, allows construction at the optimum cost. However, the difficulty of carrying out a complete probabilistic analysis has to be taken into account. For such an analysis the laws of the distribution of the live load and its induced stresses, of the scatter of mechanical properties of materials, and of the geometry of the cross-sections and the structure have to be known. Furthermore, it is difficult to interpret the interaction between the law of distribution of strength and that of stresses because both depend upon the nature of the material, on the cross-sections and upon the load acting on the structure. These practical difficulties can be overcome in two ways. The first is to apply different safety factors to the material and to the loads, without necessarily adopting the probabilistic criterion. The second is an approximate probabilistic method which introduces some simplifying assumptions ( semi-probabilistic methods ) .文献翻译建筑师必须从一种全局的角度出发去处理建筑设计中应该考虑到的实用活动，物质及象征性的需求。
建筑英文文献及翻译
建筑英文文献及翻译第一篇：建筑英文文献及翻译外文原文出处: NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C: Environmental Security, 2009, Increasing Seismic Safety by Combining Engineering Technologies and Seismological Data, Pages 147-149动力性能对建筑物的破坏引言：建筑物在地震的作用下，和一些薄弱的建筑结构中，动力学性能扮演了一个很重要的角色。
特别是要满足最基本的震动周期，无论是在设计的新建筑，或者是评估已经有的建筑，使他们可以了解地震的影响。
许多标准(例如：欧标，2003；欧标，2006)，建议用简单的表达式来表达一个建筑物的高度和他的基本周期。
这样的表达式被牢记在心，得出标定设计(高尔和乔谱拉人，1997)，从而人为的低估了标准周期。
因为这个原因，他们通常提供比较低的设计标准当与那些把设计基础标准牢记在心的人(例：乔普拉本和高尔，2000)。
当后者从已进行仔细建立的数字模型中得到数值(例：克劳利普和皮诺，2004；普里斯特利权威，2007)。
当数字估计与周围震动测量的实验结果相比较，有大的差异，提供非常低的周期标准(例：纳瓦洛苏达权威，2004)。
一个概述不同的方式比较确切的结果刊登在马西和马里奥(2008)；另外，一个高级的表达式来指定更有说服力的坚固建筑类型，提出了更加准确的结构参数表(建筑高度，开裂，空隙填实，等等)。
联系基础和上层建筑的震动周期可能发生共振的效果。
这个原因对于他们的振动，可能建筑物和土地在非线性运动下受到到破坏，这个必须被重视。
通常，结构工程师和岩土工程师有不同的观点在共振作用和一些变化的地震活动。
结构工程师们认为尽管建筑物和土壤的自振周期和地震周期都非常的接近。
但对于建筑物周期而言，到底是因为结构还是非结构造成的破坏提出了疑问。
建筑学毕业设计外文翻译
本科生毕业设计外文资料翻译专业建筑学班级092班姓名XXX指导教师XXX所在学院XXX附件 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文学校建筑规划设计漫谈在校园内的功能和各种需求亦趋向于多元化，在规划、设计中必须要找出一种合适的方法来适应、符合现在及未来的世界潮流需要。
1、学校的功能和秩序学校特别是高等学校的功能相对来说是比较复杂的，在规划设计中要充分考虑到学校中的功能分区和教学的秩序，才能做到有合理的设计和良好的规划。
教学区是校园的核心，是校园建设中的最关键的部分。
学校中的一切其它功能均是围绕其进行的。
教学区的布局主要有组团式与网络式两种主要设计方法。
组团式便于院系相对独立地组织教学活动与进行管理，更能适应建校周期较长而分期施工的现实。
“院落”是是中国传统的建筑布局形式，由建筑所围成的庭院形成社交性的公共空间，也有利于学校中的交流。
网络式的发展规划有利于不同的科系在今后的发展中专业更新与规模调整，并可灵活调节教学用房的使用性质，因此被现代的新型校园规划布局所偏爱，它利于目前国内的大学院校、院系合并和学科调整的教学改革大趋势。
学生宿舍生活区是大学校园内又一个重要的组成部分，无论改革后学生生活区社会化管理落实的力度有多大，还是由于扩招形式的“不是数着床板招生”的局面到何种程度，在目前的实际情况下，新建的大学校园仍然需要规划好学生生活区的建设。
当然要充分考虑到如何便于社会化的管理，有利于形成独立的管理系统，为以后的发展留有可能性。
2、学校的交通组织高等学校交通组织中，首要的是要体现以人为本的思想。
根据教师、学生的心理及行为方式研究各种道路组织、形态和层次，创造一个满足校园使用者的物质和精神上要求的校园环境。
现代校园要求建筑物之间能联络方便、尽量通畅、便捷。
为此，各类建筑物的设计，多采用集中式的布局，建筑群体也多以成团的方式组合，尽量减少楼间的距离几交通路线。
各个相对独立的区域之间，也尽量打通分割界限，室内外都设有方便的连廊和通道，使建筑群体在整体上能联络通畅，达到提高和保证交通、交流、传递、沟通之最佳的效率。
建筑学毕业外文翻译
（2016届）毕业设计文献翻译题目：姓名：学院：专业：建筑学班级：学号：指导教师：导师学科：导师职称：教务处制年月日嘉兴学院外文文献翻译译文1外文题目： Analysis of and Study on the Difficulties in the Fire Protection Design of Large Commercial Complex专业班级：学生姓名：学号：一、外文原文AbstractFire properties of the large commercial complex has been summarized. Based on the fact that there are contradictions between what is required for the large commercial complex in the fire code and the real application in practice, difficulties in fire protection of designing large commercial complex have been analyzed.Key words:large commercial complex; fire protection design; difficulty; research status1. IntroductionIn recent years, more and more large commercial complexes have appeared in China. These complexes integrate different businesses into on large building, where customers can do shopping, eat or enjoy themselves. According to the statistics, nearly 200 large complexes in China now have indoor walking street, with different kinds of shops standing along both sides. And what’s more, the indoor walking street shares the large space with the atrium.Generally speaking, the large commercial complex is multi-functional with high fire load and large assembly of people. The mechanism of the occurrence of fire is different from that of the ordinary buildings and the fire loss is also heavier. As a result, this kind of commercial complex needs higher fire safety. However, the current national fire code only gives the minimum requirements. No specific fire safety objectives are provided.Therefore, it is quite important to understand the design and research status of the large commercial complex and to provide safe, reasonable and economical fire design method.2.Characteristics of large commercial complex fire2.1 High fire occurrenceThere are heavy fire loads inside the large commercial complex, which include merchandises like clothes, shoes, hats and combustible decorations. It is widely recognized that electricity is the important factor to cause fire hazard. Therefore, to provide electricity among these combustibles is very dangerous. However, in the large commercial complex, electric systems and equipment are installed to provide electricity for lighting, ventilating and air conditioning. If there is short circuit, spark, poor contact or long time electrifying of the lights or electric heater, fire may be caused. In addition, other factors like improper welding, lighted cigarette ends or arson can cause fire too.2.2 Quick spread of fire and smokeIf fire occurs in a large commercial complex, it can spread very quickly and grow into a large fire in a short time, while the shelter of the rack usually decrease the sensitivity of the fire detection system and cause delay. As a result, fire can’t be detected and controlled timely. The other reason for quick fire spreading is that the vertical space formed by the atrium and escalators in the complex may help fire and smoke to spread to the whole building.2.3 Large casualties and property lossThe large commercial complex usually accommodates valuable merchandises and facilities. Once there is a fire, big property loss is inevitable. And what’s more fatal is that there are usually large assemblies present. The heavy smoke with CO, CO2, NOx, HCN not only affects the safeand quick evacuation of the people, but also put them in danger. According to the statistics of Japan and UK, the percentage of deaths caused by suffocation in the fire can be as high as 78.9%. As a result of a complicated layout, large assembly of people, long time to evacuate, the large commercial complex is susceptible to fatal fire accidents which usually suffer heavy casualties. For example, on Sept. 30, 1997, a fire occurred in a supermarket on the third floor of a shopping mall in Changchun, Jilin province. It caused 11 deaths and 2 injuries. The burning area reached 4500m2 and most of the commodities inside the supermarket were burnt. The direct property loss was RMB 14,611,000 Yuan.3.Analysis of difficulties in fire protection design of large commercial complexComparing with the ordinary building, the commercial complex is large and usually multi-functional. During the construction, new materials, technologies and structures are employed, which often bring about difficulties in its fire protection design.3.1 There are no applicable requirements for the fire protection design of the complex in the current national fire codeFor the fire protection design of a large commercial complex, the current national standard has covered the following points:（1）the building style and the distribution of business operations inside the complex;（2 ）the style of the indoor walking street;（3 ）how to determine the fire load of the complex;（4）if the walking street inside the complex can be used as a safe evacuation area? If yes, what kind of conditions should be provided;（5）the occupancy density, fire fighting equipment, smoke control pattern as well as other important design parameters;（6）the size and separation of the shops along the both sides of the walking street.3.2 There are limitations in the fire code for the fire designing of the large commercial complexHere just gives an example to illustrate the limitation. The requirements for the evacuation of the people in “Code for design of shop buildings”JGJ48-88 can’t meet the need of the evacuation system of the large commercial complex. Personnel convert quantity in JGJ48-88 is based on the business area and the area of the storage, which is totally unfit for the new layout of a complex with modern ideas and novelties. The evacuation width calculated according to the method given in JGJ48-88 is usually too big. As a result, more staircases will be required, which not only brings great difficulties in the designing of the evacuation system, but also create enormous waste. At the same time, the layout, structure as well as the aesthetic quality of the complex will be affected too.[68~70] Therefore, it is improper to determine the evacuation width or other parameters according to the calculation method given in the current standard.3.3 Some of the requirements in the current code can’t be implemented easily in the fire protection design of large commercial complex（1）Fire compartmenttion.It is required in the current fire code that the fire compartment of the commercial buildings shall not be larger than 5000m2. However, the building area of a large commercial complex is usually as big as hundreds of thousands of square meters. If the fire compartment is divided strictly according to the requirements of the fire code, many many fire compartments, staircases and exits will be provided. The result of this is that the arrangements of the business area will be greatly affected and the function of the complex will be completely limited.（2）Fire separation.The typical problem for the fire protection design of large commercial complex is that its travel distance and evacuation width can’t meet the requirements of the code.“Code for design of building fire protection and prevention”GB 50016-2006 requires that the linear distance between any point in the shopping areas inside the Class A and Class B buildings and the nearest exit should not be larger than 30m; when the building is protected completely by sprinkler system, the maximum safe travel distance shall be 37.5m; the end of the staircase on the first floor shall be provided with exit directly leading to outdoor or shall be enlarged. When the building is not more than 4 stories, the exit directly leading to outdoor can be located at the place that is not more than 15m away from the staircase. But in practice, it is not enough for large commercial complex to provide emergency staircases only at the periphery of the building because the complex is usually quite long and deep. Therefore, more staircases shall be provided in the middle. According to the requirements of the fire code, these staircases in the middle part of the building must have exits directly leading to the outdoor, which is completely out of the question.“Code for fire protection design of tall buildings” GB 50045-95(2005 edition) requires that the linear distance between any point in the shopping areas and the nearest exit should not be larger than 30m. In practice, the emergency staircases of the high-rise commercial buildings are also provided at the periphery of the building. The linear distance between the least favorable point to the nearest staircase is often larger than 30m. But in order to meet the requirement of the tall building code, staircases in the middle of the building must be provided. However, the staircases in the middle of the building can’t directly lead to outside.（3）Fire fighting.Both “Code for design of building fire protection and prevention”and “Code for fire protection design of tall buildings” require that wherethe length of the building along the street is more that 150m or the total length of the building is more than 220m, a well situated fire vehicle access shall be provided to cross the building. For large commercial complex, it is quite difficult to provide fire vehicle access to cut the building apart. Therefore, in practice, many designers propose to use the walking street as the fire vehicle access, but it can’t meet the fire fighting need of the fire vehicles.4.Current research status at home and abroadCurrently in China, the researches on the fire protection design of large commercial complex mainly focus on the analysis of some fire protection system.Zhao Hualiang analyzed the commonly used index and parameters of evacuation design. Parameters used for design of evacuation system of large commercial complex such as number of people, evacuation width, travel distance as well as emergency lighting have been discussed.Aim at the difficulties in designing of the fire partition in commercial construction, Zheng Yanqiu analyzed the general requirements for the design of the sunk plaza, fire compartment, protected evacuation passage and atrium. The application of cesium and kalium fire protection glass and toughened glass protected by water sprinkler as the fire partition was also studied.Guo Jinjun and Zhao Lijun introduced the difficulties in the designing of water based fire fighting systems as well as the solution.Guo Xiaolong and Wang Lingjian introduced a method to solve the problem of fire separation of a large commercial complex as well as atrium smoke extraction by separating inner atrium and horizontal sliding skylight.“Code for fire protection design of large commercial complex in Chongqing” provides a method to calculate the width of exit and series of parameters that are applicable for Chongqing city. In the code, theconcept of calculating the width of the exit based on the fire compartment was put forward for the first time. The requirements that the exit can be borrowed or shared by the adjoining fire compartments are provided and the calculation method to calculate this kind of exit is given. For the shopping malls with quite many stories above ground, this local code of Chongqing introduces the concept of “refuge space”, which provides favorable conditions for the emergent evacuation of the people.Aiming at the problems in the requirement of the fire code-“if the building area of an underground shopping mall is larger than 20000m2, fire wall shall be used to separate it and there shall be no openings in the fire wall”, Kang Dasheng and Wang Jinling suggested to provide a so-called “open fire isolating area” (sunk space) and “closed fire isolating area” . They also suggested to provide an emergency passageway less than 55m long on the first underground floor to directly lead to the outside of the building. For those large space areas like the atrium and indoor walking street, they suggested to install intelligent sprinkler system especially for large space areas.The above mentioned researches mainly focus on the problems in the design of the commercial buildings. Solutions from the experiences during design, review and construction have been proposed, but they are not complete and thorough. The results can’t be generalized.Some foreign building and fire codes have some requirements for the fire protection of commercial buildings. For example, building code of Canada, fire code of Singapore, building code of New Zealand and the “Uniform Building Code” of NFPA etc. However, these requirements are mainly applicable to ordinary shops, not the large commercial complexes in China.5. ConclusionIn order to solve so many practical problems encountered in the fire protection design of the large commercial complex, to evaluate the fire safety performance of this kind of building scientifically, and to define the scientific, reasonable and economic fire safety system, it is necessary to study the key technology of fire protection based on the practical fire loads and occupant density in the large commercial complex in China. Through this research, the related technical requirements of fire protection design were determined, and the scientific, reasonable and economical method of fire protection design was proposed. It is very important to understand the method and to prevent the occurrence of fire so as to safeguard the life safety and reduce property loss.References[1]Fire Bureau of MPS. Anthology of disastrous fire cases of China,2008.[2]LI Yin-qing. Performance Design for Building Fire Protection. Beijing: Chemical Industry Press.2005.141~171.[3]LI Yu. Study on Performance-based Fire Protection Design of Large Shopping Centre. MA thesis of Xi’an University of Architecture & Technology,2005.[4]ZOU He. The key technology research for performance-based design of underground commercial building. Engineering Master Degree Dissertation of Chongqing University,2007.[5]LI Xin, GU Yu. Discussion on the problems in the evacuation design of large commercial complex.. Fire Technology and Products Information,2007,12,31~33.[6]Chongqing Construction Committee. DBJ 50-054-2006 Code for fire protection design of large-scale commercial buildings of Chongqing,2006.[7]HUO Ran, YUAN Hong-yong. Performance-based Fire Protection Design and Analysis.Hefei:Anhui Science & Technology Publishing House, 2003.[8]ZHAO Wei. Evaluation of performance-based design on giant commercial building.Fire Science and Technology, 2009,28(11),817~819.[9]The Ministry of Public Security of the People’s Republic of China. GB50016-2006 Code of Design on Building Fire Protection and Prevention. Beijing: China Planning Press,2006.[10]The Ministry of Public Security of the People’s Republic of China. GB50045-95 Code for fire protection design of tall buildings(2005Edition).Beijing: China Planning Press,2005.[11]Civil Air Defence Office of China, The Ministry of Public Security of the People’s Republic of China. GB 50098-2009 Code for fire protection design of civil air defense works. Beijing:China Planning Press,2009.[12]Central-south Architectural Design Institute. Code for Design of Shop Buildings(draft) JGJ 48-88. Beijing:China Architecture & Building Press,1988.[13]LIN Feng. Studies on the Fire Safe of Large-scale Commercial Buildings. MA thesis of Xi’an University of Architecture & Technology,2009.[14]ZHAO Hua-liang. Discussion on Safe Evacuation from Commercial Buildings.Fire Technology and roducts Information,2005,2,9~11.[15]JING Jian-sheng, NI Zhao-peng, ZHUANG Jing-yi. Calculation method of the number of safe egress occupants in commercial building.Fire Science and Technology,2003,22(5),351~353.[16]ZHANG Shu-ping, JING Ya-jie. Research of evacuation crowd in the business hall of large department stores. Fire Science and Technology,2004,23(2),133~136.[17]QI Xiao-xia, PAN Jing. Research of evacuation crowd in the large specialized stores. Fire Science and Technology,2005,24(1),60~64.[18]YAN Xiao-long,WANG Ling-jian. Fire protection design of large-scale commercial building. Fire Science and Technology,2007.26(5),523~525.[19]ZHENG Yan-qiu. Analysis of fire protection separate design in commercial construction [J]. Fire Science and Technology,2009,28(1),43~46.[20]GUO Jin-jun, ZHAO Li-jun. Design difficulties and solutions for water fire-extinguishing system in the mall [J]. Water & Wastewater Engineering,2008,7(34),86~88.[21]GUO Sheng-you, LIU Mei-mei. Idea and characteristic of code for the fire prevention design of large-scale commercial buildings of Chongqing [J]. Fire Science and Technology, 2007, 26(1), 49~51.[22]KANG Da-sheng, WANG Jin-ling. The Measures of Large-Scale Shop Fire Prevention Designing [J]. Journal of Chinese People's Armed Police Force Academy,2008,24(10),15~17.[23]National Research Council of Canada.National Building Code of Canada[S].2005ˈVolume 1.[24]Singapore Civil Defence Force.Singapore Fire Code[S].[25]NFPA. NFPA1 Fire Code 2009 Edition[S],2009.[26]R.L.P. Custer & B. J. Meacham. Introduction To Performance based Fire Safety. National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA, 1997.[27]SFPE engineering guide to performance–based fire protection:analysis and design of buildings.First Edition,National Fire Protection Association,Society of Fire Protection Engineers,USA,2000.[28]British Standards Institution. Draft British standard BSDD240 fire safety engineering in building,Part l: Guide to the application office safety engineering Principles,1997.[29]Building Code of Australia, Australia Building Code Board, October 1996.[30]Hadjisophocleous GV,Benichou N.Development of performance-based codes, performance criteria and fire safety engineering methods.International Journal on Engineering Performance-based Fire Code, 2000, 2(4), 127~142.二、翻译结果分析与研究大型商业综合体中消防难点的设计摘要总结了大型商业综合体的火灾特性。
建筑设计中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：Housing Problems and Options for the Elderly 1. IntroductionHousing is a critical element in the lives of older persons. The affordability of housing affects the ability of the elderly to afford other necessities of life such as food and medical care. Housing that is located near hospitals and doctors, shopping, transportation, and recreational facilities can facilitate access to services that can enhance the quality of life. Housing can also be a place of memories of the past and a connection to friends and neighbors. Housing with supportive features and access to services can also make it possible for persons to age in place. In this session, we will be examining housing problems andoptions for the elderly. Along the way, we will be testing your housing IQ with a series of questions and exercises.2. Housing Situation of Older PersonsHow typical is the housing situation of the olders?We will begin by examining five areas :（1）Prevalence of home ownership （2）Length of stay in current residence （3）Living arrangements （4）Attachments of older persons to where they live （5）Moving behavior.With whom older persons live can influence housing affordability, space needs, and the ability to age in place. About 54% of older persons live with their spouses, 31% live alone, almost 13% live with related persons other than their spouse and about 2% live with unrelated persons. With increasing age, older persons (primarily women) are more likely to live alone or with a relative other than a spouse. Frail older women living alone are the persons most likely to reside in homes with ‘extra’ rooms and to need both physically supportive housing features and services to "age in place". This segment of the population is also the group most likely to move to more supportive housing settings such as assisted living.Many older persons have strong psychological attachments to their homes related to length of residence. The home often represents the place where they raised their children and a lifetime of memories. It is also a connection to an array of familiar persons such as neighbors and shopkeepers as well as near by places including houses of worship, libraries and community services. For manyolder persons, the home is an extension of their own personalities which is found in the furnishings . In addition, the home can represent a sense of economic security for the future, especially for homeowners who have paid off their mortgages. For owners, the home is usually their most valuable financial asset. The home also symbolizes a sense of independence in that the resident is able to live on his or her own. For these types of reasons, it is understandable that in response to a question about housing preferences, AARP surveys of older persons continue to find that approximately 80% of older persons report that what they want is to "stay in their own homes and never move." This phenomena has been termed the preference to "age in place."Although most older persons move near their current communities, some seek retirement communities in places with warmer weather in the southwest, far west and the south.3. The Federal Government's Housing Programs for the ElderlyThe federal government has had two basic housing strategies to address housing problems of the elderly. One strategy, termed the "supply side" approach, seeks to build new housing complexes such as public housing and Section 202 housing for older persons. Public housing is administered by quasi-governmental local public housing authorities. Section 202 Housing for the elderly and disabled is sponsored by non-profit organizations including religious and non-sectarian organizations. Approximately 1.5 million olderpersons or 3% of the elderly population live in federally assisted housing, with about 387,000 living in Section 202 housing. Over time, the government has shifted away from such new construction programs because of the cost of such housing, the problems that a number of non-elderly housing programs have experienced, and a philosophy that the government should no longer be directly involved with the building of housing. Section 202 housing, a very popular and successful program, is one of the few supply-side programs funded by the federal government, although the budget allocation during the last ten years has allowed for the construction of only about 6,000 units per year compared to a high of almost 20,000 units in the late 1970s. Instead of funding new construction, federal housing initiatives over the last decade have emphasized ‘demand side’ subsidies that provide low-income renters with a certificate or a voucher that they can use in a variety of multiunit settings, including apartments in the private sector that meet rental and condition guidelines. These vouchers and certificates are aimed at reducing excessive housing costs. Some certificates are termed ‘project based’ subsidies and are tied to federally subsidized housing such as Section 202. Because housing programs are not an entitlement, however, supply-side and demand side programs together are only able to meet the needs of about 1/3 of elderly renters who qualify on the basis of income.While advocates for housing have been trying to hold on to the existing programs in the face of huge budget cuts at HUD, much of the attention has been shifting towards meeting the shelter and service needs of the frail elderly. This emphasis reflects the increasing number of older persons in their eightiesand nineties who need a physically supportive environment linked with services. This group of older persons includes a high percentage of older residents of public and Section 202 housing. Initially built for independent older persons who were initially in the late sixties and early seventies, this type of housing now includes older persons in their eighties and nineties, many of whom have aged in place. Consequently, the government is faced with creating strategies to bring services into these buildings and retrofit them to better suit the needs of frail older persons. A major initiative of the early 1990s, which may be stalled by current budget problems at HUD, has been for the federal government to pay for service coordinators to assess the needs of residents of government assisted housing complexes and link them with services. As of 1998, there were approximately 1,000 service coordinators attached to government assisted housing complexes across the country.4. The Housing Continuum: A Range of Options for ElderlyA long-standing assumption in the field of housing has been that as persons become more frail, they will have to move along a housing continuum from one setting to another. As the figure on housing options suggests, along this continuum are found a range of housing options including single family homes, apartments, congregate living, assisted living, and board and care homes (Kendig & Pynoos, 1996). The end point of the housing continuum has been thenursing home. These options vary considerably in terms of their availability, affordability, and ability to meet the needs of very frail older persons.The concept of a continuum of supportive care is based on the assumption that housing options can be differentiated by the amount and types of services offered; the supportiveness of the physical setting in terms of accessibility, features, and design; and the competency level of the persons to whom the housing is targeted. The figure on housing options indicates how such options generally meet the needs of older persons who are categorized,as independent, semi-dependent and dependent. Semi-dependent older persons can be thought of as needing some assistance from other persons with instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) such as cooking, cleaning, and shopping. In addition to needing assistance with some IADLs, dependent older persons may require assistance with more basic activities such as toileting, eating and bathing. Although semi-dependent and dependent older persons can be found throughout the housing continuum, independent older persons are very unlikely to reside in housing types such as assisted living specifically designed and equipped to meet the needs of frail older persons unless their spouses require these needs.Although the continuum of housing identifies a range of housing types, there is increasing recognition that frail older persons do not necessarily have to move from one setting to another if they need assistance. Semi-dependent or dependent older persons can live in a variety of settings, including their own homes and apartments, if the physical environment is made more supportive, caregivers are available to provide assistance and affordable services areaccessible.5. ConclusionsHousing plays a critical role in the lives of older persons. Most older homeowners who function independently express a high level of satisfaction with their dwelling units. However, high housing costs, especially for renters, remain a financial burden for many older persons and problems associated with housing condition persist especially for low- income renters and persons living in rural areas. Federal housing programs such as public housing, Section 202 housing, and Section 8 housing certificates have only been able to address the basic housing problems of only about one-third of eligible older persons because of limited budgets. Moreover, a shortage of viable residential options exists for frail older persons. Up until the last decade, housing for the elderly was conceived of primarily as shelter. It has become increasingly recognized that frail older persons who needed services and physically supportive features often had to move from their homes or apartments to settings such as board and care or nursing homes to receive assistance. Over time, however, the concept of a variety of housing types that can be linked has replaced the original idea of the continuum of housing. It is possible for frail older persons to live in a variety of existing residential settings, including their own homes and apartments with the addition of services and home modifications. Consequently, the last decade has seen a number of efforts to modify homes, add service coordinators to multi-unit housing and create options such as accessory and ECHO units. Although thesestrategies have been enhanced by a somewhat greater availability of home care services, Medicaid policy still provides incentives to house frail older persons in nursing homes. The most visible development in the field of housing for frail older persons has been the growth of private sector assisted living which is now viewed by many state governments as a residential alternative to nursing homes. The AL movement itself has raised a number of regulatory and financing issues that cross-cut housing and long term care such as what constitutes a residential environment, insuring that residents can age in place, accommodating resident preferences, protecting the rights of individuals and insuring quality of care. Nevertheless, the emergence of AL along with a wider range of other housing options holds out the promise that older persons will have a larger range of choices among living arrangements.译文：老年人的住宅问题与选择一、简介住宅在老年人生活的极为重要。
建筑类外文文献及中文翻译资料讲解
forced concrete structure reinforced with anoverviewReinSince the reform and opening up, with the national economy's rapid and sustained development of a reinforced concrete structure built, reinforced with the development of technology has been great. Therefore, to promote the use of advanced technology reinforced connecting to improve project quality and speed up the pace of construction, improve labor productivity, reduce costs, and is of great significance.Reinforced steel bars connecting technologies can be divided into two broad categories linking welding machinery and steel. There are six types of welding steel welding methods, and some apply to the prefabricated plant, and some apply to the construction site, some of both apply. There are three types of machinery commonly used reinforcement linking method primarily applicable to the construction site. Ways has its own characteristics and different application, and in the continuous development and improvement. In actual production, should be based on specific conditions of work, working environment and technical requirements, the choice of suitable methods to achieve the best overall efficiency.1、steel mechanical link1.1 radial squeeze linkWill be a steel sleeve in two sets to the highly-reinforced Department with superhigh pressure hydraulic equipment (squeeze tongs) along steel sleeve radial squeeze steel casing, in squeezing out tongs squeeze pressure role of a steel sleeve plasticity deformation closely integrated with reinforced through reinforced steel sleeve and Wang Liang's Position will be two solid steel bars linkedCharacteristic: Connect intensity to be high, performance reliable, can bear high stress draw and pigeonhole the load and tired load repeatedly.Easy and simple to handle, construction fast, save energy and material, comprehensive economy profitable, this method has been already a large amount of application in the project.Applicable scope : Suitable for Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳgrade reinforcing bar (including welding bad reinfor cing bar ) with ribbing of Ф 18- 50mm, connection between the same diameter or different diameters reinforcing bar .1.2must squeeze linkExtruders used in the covers, reinforced axis along the cold metal sleeve squeeze dedicated to insert sleeve Lane two hot rolling steel drums into a highly integrated mechanical linking methods.Characteristic: Easy to operate and joining fast and not having flame homework , can construct for 24 hours , save a large number of reinforcing bars and energy. Applicable scope : Suitable for , set up according to first and second class antidetonation requirement -proof armored concrete structure ФⅡ, Ⅲgrade reinforcing bar with ribbing of hot rolling of 20- 32mm join and construct live.1.3 cone thread connectingUsing cone thread to bear pulled, pressed both effort and self-locking nature, undergo good principles will be reinforced by linking into cone-processing thread at the moment the value of integration into the joints connecting steel bars.Characteristic: Simple , all right preparatory cut of the craft , connecting fast, concentricity is good, have pattern person who restrain from advantage reinforcing bar carbon content.Applicable scope : Suitable for the concrete structure of the industry , civil buil ding and general structures, reinforcing bar diameter is for Фfor the the 16- 40mm one Ⅱ, Ⅲgrade verticality, it is the oblique to or reinforcing bars horizontal join construct live.conclusionsThese are now commonly used to connect steel synthesis methods, which links technology in the United States, Britain, Japan and other countries are widely used. There are different ways to connect their different characteristics and scope of theactual construction of production depending on the specific project choose a suitable method of connecting to achieve both energy conservation and saving time limit for a project ends.钢筋混凝土结构中钢筋连接综述改革开放以来，随着国民经济的快速、持久发展，各种钢筋混凝土建筑结构大量建造，钢筋连接技术得到很大的发展。
建筑工程外文文献(含翻译)
外文文献：Construction of the competition and competition strategy Engineering and construction firms from the United States dominated the global market for many decades but recent world events have altered their position.To investigate the driving forces and trends that will affect engineering and construction competition in the next decade, a research project, called the "Anatomy of Construction Competition in the Year 2000", was sponsored by the Construction Industry Institute's Construc—tion 2000 Task Force— The project examined the factors that affect competitiveness, including the following, The shaping of corporate capabilities; vertical integration and horizontal expansion to increase corporate capabilities and market share, including acquisition and mergers by offshore conglomerates and the acquisition of foreign firms by U. S. companies.Financing options； the role of privatization， build-own-transfer projects， and the nature of project financing in future markets，Management, organization， and structure; future management and organizational approaches, structures, and techniques to attract personnel to perform in a global competitive environment.Work force characteristics; future availability of engineering and construction workers at the professional and craft levels.Technological issues：how technology will affect competition and be used to offset work force shortages.Research Objectives and ScopeThis research project's goal is to collect information， to adapt to the 2000 and the engineering construction after adjustment，formulate strategies needed to provide insight and formulate 2000 engineering construction of possible development plan. This study reviewed the project construction process of history, current development trend， to determine the impact of the industry, and the impetus to the future industrial enterprises are related to reshape the ability, privatisation and financing methods of potential function and management, organization structure, methods for future development direction。
建筑学毕业设计外文翻译
毕业设计----翻译论文玻璃纤维时代超耐用的框架使如今的窗户可持续发展、高能源效率及美观过去木制窗户几乎无处不在，但随着技术的进步，产生了一系列有更好的替代品。
在1980年代后期的开发中，为满足更高性能和更低维护的需求，玻璃纤维窗户逐渐成为人们关注的重点。
由AAMA/WDMA 2009/2010美国工业市场研究显示，在2005年至2009年，经济从高峰到低谷的经济不景气时期，对窗户种类的需求下降了惊人的44.8%，但与此同时玻璃纤维窗户种类增长了近一倍，市场份额从1.6%的达到3.1%。
随着全球的建筑运动带动对可持续产品的全生命周期低消耗的需求越来越多，预计市场份额到2013年将达到4.3%。
随着越来越多的主流门窗制造商为了建筑的新建或改建，引入建筑玻璃纤维生产线，产品在一系列节能细节上越来越齐全，包括低辐射氩填充中空玻璃及各种可单扇或双挂窗扇窗户及到多种复杂的可选择配置的窗户。
本文将讨论玻璃窗户的未来，并且对玻璃纤维窗户和其他材料窗户提供了一个比较与分析。
还包括将对指定相应的玻璃纤维窗户做专门和设计考虑的总结。
玻璃纤维窗户细节据（一个非盈利网站，其唯一的使命是鼓励用可持续材料精心打造建筑）的调查“在某些情况下，使用玻璃纤维作为窗户结构材料，比其他材料更好，诸如木材，塑料或金属。
”作为一个相对新生的产品，玻璃纤维窗框有很多类型。
其中主要有全玻璃纤维结构，包含了传统的木结构的强度、稳定性和玻璃纤维低维护的特点。
这些窗户使用工业用的外观颜色，使之与传统涂色木窗类似。
最近，制造商也引进了一种窗户生产线，通过玻璃纤维的生产过程，其复杂轮廓的不仅满足窗户外观需要的，而且与内部天然木材相结合。
对家具的档次、洁净度、垂直纹理的道格拉斯冷杉、红木或其他材料用钉子或短孔连接、电涂层表面光洁度和内置系统，这一系列在细节上的把握，能提高能源效率和窗户使用寿命。
玻璃纤维：它是什么及它是怎样制作的？玻璃纤维是一种强化纤维的复合结构材料，而一般玻璃，只是由树脂基体束缚在一起组成的。
建筑学毕业设计的外文文献及译文
建筑学毕业设计的外文文献及译文文献、资料题目：《Advanced Encryption Standard》文献、资料发表（出版）日期:2004.10.25系（部）：建筑工程系生：陆总LYY外文文献：Modern ArchitectureModern architecture, not to be confused with Contemporary architecture1, is a term given to a number of building styles with similar characteristics, primarily the simplification of form and the elimination of ornament. While the style was conceived early in the 20th century and heavily promoted by a few architects, architectural educators and exhibits, very few Modern buildings were built in the first half of the century. For three decades after the Second World War, however, it became the dominant architectural style for institutional and corporate building.1. OriginsSome historians see the evolution of Modern architecture as a social matter, closely tied to the project of Modernity and hence to the Enlightenment, a result of social and political revolutions.Others see Modern architecture as primarily driven by technological and engineering developments, and it is true that the availability of new building materials such as iron, steel, concrete and glass drove the invention of new building techniques as part of the Industrial Revolution. In 1796, Shrewsbury mill owner Charles Bage first used his "fireproof design, which relied on cast iron and brick with flag stone floors. Such construction greatly strengthened the structure of mills, which enabled them to accommodate much bigger machines. Due to poor knowledge of iron's properties as a construction material, a number of early mills collapsed. It was not until the early 1830s that Eaton Hodgkinson introduced the section beam, leading to widespread use of iron construction, this kind of austere industrial architecture utterly transformed the landscape of northern Britain, leading to the description, πDark satanic millsπof places like Manchester and parts of West Yorkshire. The Crystal Palace by Joseph Paxton at the Great Exhibition of 1851 was an early example of iron and glass construction; possibly the best example is the development of the tall steel skyscraper in Chicago around 1890 by William Le Baron Jenney and Louis Sullivan∙ Early structures to employ concrete as the chief means of architectural expression (rather than for purely utilitarian structure) include Frank Lloyd Wright,s Unity Temple, built in 1906 near Chicago, and Rudolf Steiner,s Second Goetheanum, built from1926 near Basel, Switzerland.Other historians regard Modernism as a matter of taste, a reaction against eclecticism and the lavish stylistic excesses of Victorian Era and Edwardian Art Nouveau.Whatever the cause, around 1900 a number of architects around the world began developing new architectural solutions to integrate traditional precedents (Gothic, for instance) with new technological possibilities- The work of Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright in Chicago, Victor Horta in Brussels, Antoni Gaudi in Barcelona, Otto Wagner in Vienna and Charles Rennie Mackintosh in Glasgow, among many others, can be seen as a common struggle between old and new.2. Modernism as Dominant StyleBy the 1920s the most important figures in Modern architecture had established their reputations. The big three are commonly recognized as Le Corbusier in France, and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Walter Gropius in Germany. Mies van der Rohe and Gropius were both directors of the Bauhaus, one of a number of European schools and associations concerned with reconciling craft tradition and industrial technology.Frank Lloyd Wright r s career parallels and influences the work of the European modernists, particularly via the Wasmuth Portfolio, but he refused to be categorized with them. Wright was a major influence on both Gropius and van der Rohe, however, as well as on the whole of organic architecture.In 1932 came the important MOMA exhibition, the International Exhibition of Modem Architecture, curated by Philip Johnson. Johnson and collaborator Henry-Russell Hitchcock drew together many distinct threads and trends, identified them as stylistically similar and having a common purpose, and consolidated them into the International Style.This was an important turning point. With World War II the important figures of the Bauhaus fled to the United States, to Chicago, to the Harvard Graduate School of Design, and to Black Mountain College. While Modern architectural design never became a dominant style in single-dwelling residential buildings, in institutional and commercial architecture Modernism became the pre-eminent, and in the schools (for leaders of the profession) the only acceptable, design solution from about 1932 to about 1984.Architects who worked in the international style wanted to break with architectural tradition and design simple, unornamented buildings. The most commonly used materials are glass for the facade, steel for exterior support, and concrete for the floors and interior supports; floor plans were functional and logical. The style became most evident in the design of skyscrapers. Perhaps its most famous manifestations include the United Nations headquarters (Le Corbusier, Oscar Niemeyer, Sir Howard Robertson), the Seagram Building (Ludwig Mies van der Rohe), and Lever House (Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill), all in New York. A prominent residential example is the Lovell House (Richard Neutra) in Los Angeles.Detractors of the international style claim that its stark, uncompromisingly rectangular geometry is dehumanising. Le Corbusier once described buildings as πmachines for living,∖but people are not machines and it was suggested that they do not want to live in machines- Even Philip Johnson admitted he was πbored with the box∕,Since the early 1980s many architects have deliberately sought to move away from rectilinear designs, towards more eclectic styles. During the middle of the century, some architects began experimenting in organic forms that they felt were more human and accessible. Mid-century modernism, or organic modernism, was very popular, due to its democratic and playful nature. Alvar Aalto and Eero Saarinen were two of the most prolific architects and designers in this movement, which has influenced contemporary modernism.Although there is debate as to when and why the decline of the modern movement occurred, criticism of Modern architecture began in the 1960s on the grounds that it was universal, sterile, elitist and lacked meaning. Its approach had become ossified in a πstyleπthat threatened to degenerate into a set of mannerisms. Siegfried Giedion in the 1961 introduction to his evolving text, Space, Time and Architecture (first written in 1941), could begin ,,At the moment a certain confusion exists in contemporary architecture, as in painting; a kind of pause, even a kind of exhaustion/1At the Metropolitan Museum of Art, a 1961 symposium discussed the question πModern Architecture: Death or Metamorphosis?11In New York, the coup d r etat appeared to materialize in controversy around the Pan Am Building that loomed over Grand Central Station, taking advantage of the modernist real estate concept of πair rights,∖[l] In criticism by Ada Louise Huxtable and Douglas Haskell it was seen to ,,severπthe Park Avenue streetscape and πtarnishπthe reputations of its consortium of architects: Walter Gropius, Pietro Belluschi and thebuilders Emery Roth & Sons. The rise of postmodernism was attributed to disenchantment with Modern architecture. By the 1980s, postmodern architecture appeared triumphant over modernism, including the temple of the Light of the World, a futuristic design for its time Guadalajara Jalisco La Luz del Mundo Sede International; however, postmodern aesthetics lacked traction and by the mid-1990s, a neo-modern (or hypermodern) architecture had once again established international pre-eminence. As part of this revival, much of the criticism of the modernists has been revisited, refuted, and re-evaluated; and a modernistic idiom once again dominates in institutional and commercial contemporary practice, but must now compete with the revival of traditional architectural design in commercial and institutional architecture; residential design continues to be dominated by a traditional aesthetic.中文译文:现代建筑现代建筑，不被混淆与‘当代建筑’，是一个词给了一些建筑风格有类似的特点，主要的简化形式,消除装饰等.虽然风格的设想早在20世纪,并大量造就了一些建筑师、建筑教育家和展品，很少有现代的建筑物，建于20世纪上半叶.第二次大战后的三十年，但最终却成为主导建筑风格的机构和公司建设.1起源一些历史学家认为进化的现代建筑作为一个社会问题，息息相关的工程中的现代性, 从而影响了启蒙运动，导致社会和政治革命.另一些人认为现代建筑主要是靠技术和工程学的发展，那就是获得新的建筑材料，如钢铁，混凝土和玻璃驱车发明新的建筑技术，它作为工业革命的一部分.1796年，Shrewsbury查尔斯bage首先用他的‘火’的设计，后者则依靠铸铁及砖与石材地板.这些建设大大加强了结构，使它们能够容纳更大的机器.由于作为建筑材料特性知识缺乏,一些早期建筑失败.直到1830年初，伊顿Hodgkinson预计推出了型钢梁，导致广泛使用钢架建设，工业结构完全改变了这种窘迫的面貌,英国北部领导的描述，〃黑暗魔鬼作坊〃的地方如曼彻斯特和西约克郡.水晶宫由约瑟夫paxton的重大展览，1851年,是一个早期的例子, 钢铁及玻璃施工；可能是一个最好的例子，就是1890年由William乐男爵延长和路易沙利文在芝加哥附近发展的高层钢结构摩天楼.早期结构采用混凝土作为行政手段的建筑表达（而非纯粹功利结构），包括建于1906年在芝加哥附近，劳埃德赖特的统一宫，建于1926 年瑞士巴塞尔附近的鲁道夫斯坦纳的第二哥特堂,.但无论原因为何，约有1900多位建筑师，在世界各地开始制定新的建筑方法,将传统的先例（比如哥特式）与新的技术相结合的可能性.路易沙利文和赖特在芝加哥工作,维克多奥尔塔在布鲁塞尔，安东尼高迪在巴塞罗那，奥托瓦格纳和查尔斯景mackintosh格拉斯哥在维也纳，其中之一可以看作是一个新与旧的共同斗争.2现代主义风格由1920年代的最重要人物，在现代建筑里确立了自己的名声.三个是公认的柯布西耶在法国，密斯范德尔德罗和瓦尔特格罗皮乌斯在德国.密斯范德尔德罗和格罗皮乌斯为董事的包豪斯，其中欧洲有不少学校和有关团体学习调和工艺和传统工业技术.赖特的建筑生涯中，也影响了欧洲建筑的现代艺术,特别是通过瓦斯穆特组合但他拒绝被归类与他们.赖特与格罗皮乌斯和Van der德罗对整个有机体系有重大的影响.在1932年来到的重要moma展览,是现代建筑艺术的国际展览，艺术家菲利普约翰逊. 约翰逊和合作者亨利-罗素阁纠集许多鲜明的线索和趋势，内容相似,有一个共同的目的, 巩固了他们融入国际化风格这是一个重要的转折点.在二战的时间包豪斯的代表人物逃到美国，芝加哥，到哈佛大学设计黑山书院.当现代建筑设计从未成为主导风格单一的住宅楼，在成为现代卓越的体制和商业建筑，是学校（专业领导）的唯一可接受的，设计解决方案，从约1932年至约1984 年.那些从事国际风格的建筑师想要打破传统建筑和简单的没有装饰的建筑物。
建筑类外文文献及中文翻译
forced concrete structure reinforced with anoverviewReinSince the reform and opening up, with the national economy's rapid and sustained development of a reinforced concrete structure built, reinforced with the development of technology has been great. Therefore, to promote the use of advanced technology reinforced connecting to improve project quality and speed up the pace of construction, improve labor productivity, reduce costs, and is of great significance.Reinforced steel bars connecting technologies can be divided into two broad categories linking welding machinery and steel. There are six types of welding steel welding methods, and some apply to the prefabricated plant, and some apply to the construction site, some of both apply. There are three types of machinery commonly used reinforcement linking method primarily applicable to the construction site. Ways has its own characteristics and different application, and in the continuous development and improvement. In actual production, should be based on specific conditions of work, working environment and technical requirements, the choice of suitable methods to achieve the best overall efficiency.1、steel mechanical link1.1 radial squeeze linkWill be a steel sleeve in two sets to the highly-reinforced Department with superhigh pressure hydraulic equipment (squeeze tongs) along steel sleeve radial squeeze steel casing, in squeezing out tongs squeeze pressure role of a steel sleeve plasticity deformation closely integrated with reinforced through reinforced steel sleeve and Wang Liang's Position will be two solid steel bars linkedCharacteristic: Connect intensity to be high, performance reliable, can bear high stress draw and pigeonhole the load and tired load repeatedly.Easy and simple to handle, construction fast, save energy and material, comprehensive economy profitable, this method has been already a large amount of application in the project.Applicable scope : Suitable for Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳgrade reinforcing bar (including welding bad reinfor cing bar ) with ribbing of Ф 18- 50mm, connection between the same diameter or different diameters reinforcing bar .1.2must squeeze linkExtruders used in the covers, reinforced axis along the cold metal sleeve squeeze dedicated to insert sleeve Lane two hot rolling steel drums into a highly integrated mechanical linking methods.Characteristic: Easy to operate and joining fast and not having flame homework , can construct for 24 hours , save a large number of reinforcing bars and energy. Applicable scope : Suitable for , set up according to first and second class antidetonation requirement -proof armored concrete structure ФⅡ, Ⅲgrade reinforcing bar with ribbing of hot rolling of 20- 32mm join and construct live.1.3 cone thread connectingUsing cone thread to bear pulled, pressed both effort and self-locking nature, undergo good principles will be reinforced by linking into cone-processing thread at the moment the value of integration into the joints connecting steel bars.Characteristic: Simple , all right preparatory cut of the craft , connecting fast, concentricity is good, have pattern person who restrain from advantage reinforcing bar carbon content.Applicable scope : Suitable for the concrete structure of the industry , civil buil ding and general structures, reinforcing bar diameter is for Фfor the the 16- 40mm one Ⅱ, Ⅲgrade verticality, it is the oblique to or reinforcing bars horizontal join construct live.conclusionsThese are now commonly used to connect steel synthesis methods, which links technology in the United States, Britain, Japan and other countries are widely used. There are different ways to connect their different characteristics and scope of the actual construction of production depending on the specific project choose a suitable method of connecting to achieve both energy conservation and saving time limit for a project ends.钢筋混凝土构造中钢筋连接综述改革开放以来，伴随国民经济旳迅速、持久发展，多种钢筋混凝土建筑构造大量建造，钢筋连接技术得到很大旳发展。
建筑学Modern-Architecture现代建筑大学毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文
毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译文献、资料中文题目：现代建筑文献、资料英文题目：Modern Architecture文献、资料来源：文献、资料发表（出版）日期：院（部）：专业：班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期： 2017.02.14建筑学毕业设计的外文文献及译文文献、资料题目：《Advanced Encryption Standard》文献、资料发表（出版）日期：2004.10.25外文文献：Modern ArchitectureModern architecture, not to be confused with 'contemporary architecture', is a term given to a number of building styles with similar characteristics, primarily the simplification of form and the elimination of ornament. While the style was conceived early in the 20th century and heavily promoted by a few architects, architectural educators and exhibits, very few Modern buildings were built in the first half of the century. For three decades after the Second World War, however, it became the dominant architectural style for institutional and corporate building.1. OriginsSome historians see the evolution of Modern architecture as a social matter, closely tied to the project of Modernity and hence to the Enlightenment, a result of social and political revolutions.Others see Modern architecture as primarily driven by technological and engineering developments, and it is true that the availability of new building materials such as iron, steel, concrete and glass drove the invention of new building techniques as part of the Industrial Revolution. In 1796, Shrewsbury mill owner Charles Bage first used his ‘fireproof’ design, which relied on cast iron and brick with flag stone floors. Such construction greatly strengthened the structure of mills, which enabled them to accommodate much bigger machines. Due to poor knowledge of iron's properties as a construction material, a number of early mills collapsed. It was not until the early 1830s that Eaton Hodgkinson introduced the section beam, leading to widespread use of iron construction, this kind of austere industrial architecture utterly transformed the landscape of northern Britain, leading to the description, "Dark satanic mills" of places like Manchester and parts of West Yorkshire. The Crystal Palace by Joseph Paxton at the Great Exhibition of 1851 was an early example of iron and glass construction; possibly the best example is the development of the tall steel skyscraper in Chicago around 1890 by William Le Baron Jenney and Louis Sullivan. Early structures to employ concrete as the chief means of architectural expression (rather than for purely utilitarian structure) include Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple, built in 1906 near Chicago, and Rudolf Steiner's Second Goetheanum, built from1926 near Basel, Switzerland.Other historians regard Modernism as a matter of taste, a reaction against eclecticism and the lavish stylistic excesses of Victorian Era and Edwardian Art Nouveau.Whatever the cause, around 1900 a number of architects around the world began developing new architectural solutions to integrate traditional precedents (Gothic, for instance) with new technological possibilities. The work of Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright in Chicago, Victor Horta in Brussels, Antoni Gaudi in Barcelona, Otto Wagner in Vienna and Charles Rennie Mackintosh in Glasgow, among many others, can be seen as a common struggle between old and new.2. Modernism as Dominant StyleBy the 1920s the most important figures in Modern architecture had established their reputations. The big three are commonly recognized as Le Corbusier in France, and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Walter Gropius in Germany. Mies van der Rohe and Gropius were both directors of the Bauhaus, one of a number of European schools and associations concerned with reconciling craft tradition and industrial technology.Frank Lloyd Wright's career parallels and influences the work of the European modernists, particularly via the Wasmuth Portfolio, but he refused to be categorized with them. Wright was a major influence on both Gropius and van der Rohe, however, as well as on the whole of organic architecture.In 1932 came the important MOMA exhibition, the International Exhibition of Modern Architecture, curated by Philip Johnson. Johnson and collaborator Henry-Russell Hitchcock drew together many distinct threads and trends, identified them as stylistically similar and having a common purpose, and consolidated them into the International Style.This was an important turning point. With World War II the important figures of the Bauhaus fled to the United States, to Chicago, to the Harvard Graduate School of Design, and to Black Mountain College. While Modern architectural design never became a dominant style in single-dwelling residential buildings, in institutional and commercial architecture Modernism became the pre-eminent, and in the schools (for leaders of the profession) the only acceptable, design solution from about 1932 to about 1984.Architects who worked in the international style wanted to break with architectural tradition and design simple, unornamented buildings. The most commonly used materials are glass for the facade, steel for exterior support, and concrete for the floors and interior supports; floor plans were functional and logical. The style became most evident in the design of skyscrapers. Perhaps its most famous manifestations include the United Nations headquarters (Le Corbusier, Oscar Niemeyer, Sir Howard Robertson), the Seagram Building (Ludwig Mies van der Rohe), and Lever House (Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill), all in New York. A prominent residential example is the Lovell House (Richard Neutra) in Los Angeles.Detractors of the international style claim that its stark, uncompromisingly rectangular geometry is dehumanising. Le Corbusier once described buildings as "machines for living", but people are not machines and it was suggested that they do not want to live in machines. Even Philip Johnson admitted he was "bored with the box." Since the early 1980s many architects have deliberately sought to move away from rectilinear designs, towards more eclectic styles. During the middle of the century, some architects began experimenting in organic forms that they felt were more human and accessible. Mid-century modernism, or organic modernism, was very popular, due to its democratic and playful nature. Alvar Aalto and Eero Saarinen were two of the most prolific architects and designers in this movement, which has influenced contemporary modernism.Although there is debate as to when and why the decline of the modern movement occurred, criticism of Modern architecture began in the 1960s on the grounds that it was universal, sterile, elitist and lacked meaning. Its approach had become ossified in a "style" that threatened to degenerate into a set of mannerisms. Siegfried Giedion in the 1961 introduction to his evolving text, Space, Time and Architecture (first written in 1941), could begin "At the moment a certain confusion exists in contemporary architecture, as in painting; a kind of pause, even a kind of exhaustion." At the Metropolitan Museum of Art, a 1961 symposium discussed the question "Modern Architecture: Death or Metamorphosis?" In New York, the coup d'état appeared to materialize in controversy around the Pan Am Building that loomed over Grand Central Station, taking advantage of the modernist real estate concept of "air rights",[1] In criticism by Ada Louise Huxtable and Douglas Haskell it was seen to "sever" the Park Avenue streetscape and "tarnish" the reputations of its consortium of architects: Walter Gropius, Pietro Belluschi and thebuilders Emery Roth & Sons. The rise of postmodernism was attributed to disenchantment with Modern architecture. By the 1980s, postmodern architecture appeared triumphant over modernism, including the temple of the Light of the World, a futuristic design for its time Guadalajara Jalisco La Luz del Mundo Sede International; however, postmodern aesthetics lacked traction and by the mid-1990s, a neo-modern (or hypermodern) architecture had once again established international pre-eminence. As part of this revival, much of the criticism of the modernists has been revisited, refuted, and re-evaluated; and a modernistic idiom once again dominates in institutional and commercial contemporary practice, but must now compete with the revival of traditional architectural design in commercial and institutional architecture; residential design continues to be dominated by a traditional aesthetic.中文译文：现代建筑现代建筑,不被混淆与'当代建筑' , 是一个词给了一些建筑风格有类似的特点, 主要的简化形式,消除装饰等. 虽然风格的设想早在20世纪,并大量造就了一些建筑师、建筑教育家和展品,很少有现代的建筑物,建于20世纪上半叶. 第二次大战后的三十年, 但最终却成为主导建筑风格的机构和公司建设.1起源一些历史学家认为进化的现代建筑作为一个社会问题, 息息相关的工程中的现代性,从而影响了启蒙运动,导致社会和政治革命.另一些人认为现代建筑主要是靠技术和工程学的发展, 那就是获得新的建筑材料,如钢铁, 混凝土和玻璃驱车发明新的建筑技术,它作为工业革命的一部分. 1796年, shrewsbury查尔斯bage首先用他的'火'的设计, 后者则依靠铸铁及砖与石材地板. 这些建设大大加强了结构,使它们能够容纳更大的机器. 由于作为建筑材料特性知识缺乏,一些早期建筑失败. 直到1830年初,伊顿Hodgkinson预计推出了型钢梁, 导致广泛使用钢架建设，工业结构完全改变了这种窘迫的面貌,英国北部领导的描述, "黑暗魔鬼作坊"的地方如曼彻斯特和西约克郡. 水晶宫由约瑟夫paxton的重大展览, 1851年,是一个早期的例子,钢铁及玻璃施工; 可能是一个最好的例子,就是1890年由William乐男爵延长和路易沙利文在芝加哥附近发展的高层钢结构摩天楼. 早期结构采用混凝土作为行政手段的建筑表达(而非纯粹功利结构) ,包括建于1906年在芝加哥附近,劳埃德赖特的统一宫, 建于1926年瑞士巴塞尔附近的鲁道夫斯坦纳的第二哥特堂,.但无论原因为何, 约有1900多位建筑师,在世界各地开始制定新的建筑方法,将传统的先例(比如哥特式)与新的技术相结合的可能性.路易沙利文和赖特在芝加哥工作,维克多奥尔塔在布鲁塞尔,安东尼高迪在巴塞罗那, 奥托瓦格纳和查尔斯景mackintosh格拉斯哥在维也纳,其中之一可以看作是一个新与旧的共同斗争.2现代主义风格由1920年代的最重要人物,在现代建筑里确立了自己的名声. 三个是公认的柯布西耶在法国, 密斯范德尔德罗和瓦尔特格罗皮乌斯在德国. 密斯范德尔德罗和格罗皮乌斯为董事的包豪斯, 其中欧洲有不少学校和有关团体学习调和工艺和传统工业技术.赖特的建筑生涯中,也影响了欧洲建筑的现代艺术,特别是通过瓦斯穆特组合但他拒绝被归类与他们. 赖特与格罗皮乌斯和Van der德罗对整个有机体系有重大的影响.在1932年来到的重要moma展览,是现代建筑艺术的国际展览,艺术家菲利普约翰逊. 约翰逊和合作者亨利-罗素阁纠集许多鲜明的线索和趋势, 内容相似,有一个共同的目的,巩固了他们融入国际化风格这是一个重要的转折点. 在二战的时间包豪斯的代表人物逃到美国,芝加哥，到哈佛大学设计黑山书院. 当现代建筑设计从未成为主导风格单一的住宅楼，在成为现代卓越的体制和商业建筑, 是学校(专业领导)的唯一可接受的, 设计解决方案,从约1932年至约1984年.那些从事国际风格的建筑师想要打破传统建筑和简单的没有装饰的建筑物。
建筑工程毕业设计外文翻译英文原文
建筑工程毕业设计外文翻译英文原文The effects of surface preparation on the fracture behavior ofECC/concrete repair systemToshiro Kamada a,*, Victor C. Li ba Department of Civil Engineering, Gifu University, Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japanb Advanced Civil Engineering Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, MI 48109-2125, USAReceived 7 July 1999; accepted 15 May 2000AbstractThis paper presents the influence of surface preparation on thekink-crack trapping mechanism of engineered cementitious composite (ECC)/concrete repair system. In general,surfacepreparation of the substrate concrete is considered essential to achieve a durable repair. In thisexperiment, the ``smooth sur face’’ system showed more desirable behavior in the crack pattern and the crack widths than the ``rough surface’’ system. This demonstrates that the smooth surface system is preferable to the rough surface system, from the view point of obtaining durable repair structure. The special phenomenon of kink-crack trapping which prevents the typical failuremodes of delamination or spalling in repaired systems is best revealed when the substrate concrete is prepared to have a smooth surface prior to repair. This is in contrast to the standard approach when the substrate concrete is deliberately roughened to create better bonding to the new concrete. Ó 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.Keywords: ECC repair system; Kink-crack trapping mechanism; Surface preparation; Durable repair1. IntroductionEngineered cementitious composites (ECCs) [1,2] are high performance fiber-reinforced cement based composite materials designed with micromechanical principles. Micromechanicalparameters associated with fiber, matrix and interface are combined to satisfy a pair of criteria, the first crack stress criterion and steady state cracking criterion [3] to achieve the strain hardening behavior. Micromechanics allows optimization of the composite for high performance while minimizing the amount of reinforcing fibers (generally less than 2-3%). ECC has a tensile strain capacity of up to 6% and exhibits pseudo-strain hardening behavior accompanied by multiple cracking. It also has high ultimate tensile strength (5-10 MPa), modulus of rupture (8-25 MPa), fracture toughness (25-30 kJ/m2) and compressive strength (up to 80 MPa) and strain (0.6%). A typical tensile stress-strain curve is shown in Fig. 1. ECC has its uniqueness not only insuperior mechanical properties in tension or in relatively small amount ofchopped fiber usage but also in micromechanical methodology in material design.The use of ECC for concrete repair was proposed by Li et al. [4], and Lim and Li [5]. In theseexperiments, specimens representative of an actual repair system - bonded overlay of a concrete pavement above a joint, were used. It was shown that the common failure phenomenona ofspalling or delamination in repaired concrete systems were eliminated. Instead, microcracksemanated from the tips of defects on the ECC/concrete interface, kinked into and subsequently were arrested in the ECC material (see Fig. 2, [5]). The tendency for the interface crack to kink into the ECC material depends on the competing driving force for crack extension at differentorientations, and on the competing crack extension resistance along the interface and into the ECC material. A low initial toughness of ECC combined with a high Mode II loading configuration tends to favor kinking. However, if the toughness of ECC remains low after crack kinking, this crack will propagate unstably to the surface, forming a surface spall. This is the typically observed phenomenon associated with brittle concrete and even fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC). In the case of ECC, the kinked crack is trapped or arrested in the ECC material, dueto the rapidly rising toughness of the ECC material. Conceptually, the ECC behaves like a material with strong R-curve behavior, with lowinitial toughness similar to that of cement (0.01 kJ/m2) and high plateau toughness (25-30 kJ/m2). After kinked crack arrest,additional load can drive further crackextension into the interface, followed by subsequent kinking and arrest.Details of the energetics of kink-crack trapping mechanism can befound in [5]. It was pointed out that this kink-crack trapping mechanism could serve as a means for enhancing repaired concrete system durability.In standard concrete repair, surface preparation of the substrate concrete is considered critical in achieving a durable repair [6]. Inthe study of Lim and Li [5], the ECC is cast onto a diamond saw cut surface of the concrete. Hence, the concrete surface is smooth and is expected as a result to produce a low toughness interface. Higherinterface roughness has been associated with higher interface toughnessin bi-material systems [7].In this paper, this particular aspect of the influence of surface preparation on the kink-crack trapping phenomenon is investigated. Specifically, the base concrete surfaces were prepared by threedifferent methods. The first surface was obtained as cut surface byusing a diamond saw (smooth surface), similar to that used in theprevious study [5]. The second one was obtained by applying a lubricanton the smooth surface of the concrete to decrease the bond between thebase concrete and the repair material. This surface was applied only in one test case to examine the effect of weak bond of interface on the fracture behavior of the repaired specimen. The third surface was prepared with a portable scarifier to produce a roughened surface (rough surface) from a diamond saw-cut surface.Regarding the repair materials, the water/cement ratio of ECC was varied to control its toughness and strength. Thus, two different mixtures of ECC were used for the comparison of fracture behavior in both smooth and rough surface case. Concrete and steel fiber-reinforced concrete (SFRC) were also used as control repair materials instead of ECC.2. Experimental procedure2.1. Specimens and test methodsThe specimens in this experiment were designed to induce a defect in the form of aninterfacial crack between the repair material and the base concrete, as well as a joint in thesubstrate. Fig. 3 shows the dimensions of the designed specimen and the loading configuration, and these were the same as those of the previous experiment [5]. This loading condition can provide a stable interface crack propagation condition, when the crack propagates along the interface [8].In this experiment, concrete, SFRC and ECC (with two different W/C ratios) were used as therepair materials. Table 1 illustrates the combinations of the repair material and the surface condition of test specimens. The numbers of specimens are also shown in Table 1. Only in the concrete overlay specimens, a special case where lubricant was smeared on the concrete smooth surface was used.The mix proportions of materials are shown in Table 2. Ordinary mixture proportions wereadopted in concrete and SFRC as controls for comparisons with ECC overlay specimens. The steel fiber for SFRC was ``I.S fiber’’, straight with indented surfaceand rectangular cross-section (0.5* 0.5 mm2), 30 mm in length. An investigation using a steel fiber with hooked ends had already been performed in the previous study [5]. Polyethylene fiber (Trade name Spectra 900) with 19 mm length and 0.038 mm diameter was used for ECC. The elastic modulus, the tensile strength and the fiber density of Spectra 900 were 120 GPa, 2700 MPa and 0.98 g/cm3, respectively. Two different ECCs were used with different water/cement ratios. The mechanical properties of the base concrete and the repair materials are shown in Table 3. The tensile strain capacity of the ECC materials are not measured, but are estimated to be in excess of 3% based on test results of similar materials [2].An MTS machine was used for loading. Load and load point displacement were recorded. The loading rate in this experiment was0.005 mm/s. After the final failure of specimens, interface crack (extension) lengths were measured at both (left and right) sides of a specimen as the distance from a initial notch tip to a propagated crack tip along the interface between the base concrete and the repair material.2.2. Specimen preparationMost of the specimen preparation procedures followed those of the previous work [5]. The base concrete was prepared by cutting a concrete block (see Fig. 4(a)) into four pieces (see Fig. 4(b)) using a diamond saw. Two out of the four pieces were usedfor one smooth surface repairspecimen. In order to make a rough surface, a cut surface was roughened uniformly with ascarifier for 30 s. To prepare a repair specimen in the form of an overlay system, a repair material was cast against either the smooth surface or the rough surface of the base concrete blocks (see Fig. 5). Special attention was paid both to maintain cleanliness and to provide adequate moisture on the base concrete surface just before the casting. In two of the concrete overlay specimens, lubricant was sprayed on the smooth surface just before concrete casting. The initial notch and joint were made by applying a smooth tape on the base concrete before casting the repair materials(see Fig. 4(c)).The specimens were cured for 4 weeks in water. Eventually, the base concrete was cured for a total of 8 weeks, and repair materials were cured for 4 weeks in water. The specimens were dried for 24 h before testing.3. Results and discussion3.1. Comparison of the ECC overlay system with the control systemsFig. 6 shows the representative load-deflection curves in each test case. The overall peak load and deflection at peak load are recorded in Table 4. In the ECC overlay system, the deflections at peak load, which reflect the system ductility, are considerably larger than those of both theconcrete overlay (about one order of magnitude higher) and the SFRC overlay system (over five times). These results show good agreement with the previous results [5]. Moreover, it is clear fromFig. 6 that the energy absorption capacity in the ECC overlay system is much enhanced when it is compared with the other systems. This significant improvement in ductility and in energyabsorption capacity of the ECC overlay system is expected to enhance the durability of repaired structures by resisting brittle failure. The ECC overlay system failed without spalling ordelamination of the interface, whereas, both the concrete and SFRC overlay systems failed by spalling in these experiments (Fig. 7).3.2. Influence of surface preparationBoth in the concrete overlay system and the SFRC overlay system, the peak load and thedeflection at peak load do not show significant differences between smooth surface specimen and rough surface specimen (Table 4). Thetypical failure mode for both overlay systems (for smooth surface) is shown in Fig. 7. In the concrete overlay specimen with lubricant on the interface, delamination between repair concrete and substrate occurred first, followed by a kinked crack which propagates unstably to the surface of the repair concrete. On the other hand, in the concrete overlay system without lubricant, the initial interface crack kinked out from the interface into the repair concrete with a sudden load drop, without any interface delamination. The fractured halves of the specimens separated completely in both smooth surface specimens and rough surfacespecimens. In the SFRC overlay system, the initial interface crack also kinked out into the SFRC and the load decreased gradually in both surface conditions of specimen. In all these repairsystems, a single kink-crack always leads to final failure, and the influence of surface preparation is not reflected in the experimental data. Instead, only the fracture behavior of the repair material (concrete versus SFRC) are revealed in the test data. These specimen failures are characterized bya single kinked crack with immediate softening following elastic response.。
建筑专业毕业设计外文资料翻译
Title:The Poetics of City and Nature：T oward a New Aesthetic for Urban DesignJournal Issue：Places, 6（1)Author:Spirn，Anne WhistonPublication Date:10-01—1989Publication Info：Places，College of Environmental Design, UC BerkeleyCitation:Spirn,AnneWhiston.(1989).ThePoeticsofCityandNature：T owardaNewAestheticforUrban Design。
Places，6（1)，82。
Keywords:places，placemaking,architecture,environment，landscape，urbandesign，publicrealm,planning, design，aesthetic, poetics，Anne Whiston SpirnThe city has been compared to a poem, a sculpture, a machine. But the city is more than a text，and more than an artistic or technological. It is a place where natural forces pulse and millions of people live—thinking,feeling，dreaming,doing。
An aesthetic of urban design must therefore be rooted in the normal processes of nature and of living.I want to describe the dimensions of such an aesthetic。
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本科毕业设计（外文翻译）题目居住区交往空间规划与设计院（系部）xxx学院专业名称xx年级班级xx学生姓名xx指导教师xxxx 年xx 月x 日Planning and Design of Association Space of residential DistrictXia dong liang【Abstract】:The association space refers to the indoor and outdoor space for communication between residents.The article presents an overall discussion of the necessity，hierarchy and functionality of association space,with a wish to create positive and healthy association atmosphere and stimulate good communication among residents so that the residential area can become a homeland full of love and harmony．【Keyword】:residential area；association space；necessity；hierarchy；Functionality 【Foreword】：As the housing system reform and the rapid development of real estate, urban residential areas large urban settlements have emerged on the layout of residential buildings, public buildings, public green space, life and living facilities such as roads, to provide urban residents live in the community and The establishment, is an integral part of the city. Exchanges between the living room area residents is to communicate and exchange of indoor and outdoor space.At this stage, people's living standards greatly improved the living environment of continuous improvement district. Developers should not only focus on residential construction and the reasonable comfort, paying greater attention to the construction of residential environment. However, the current environment in the construction of residential areas, they are often the natural ecology of greening the environment is much more to consider, and the promotion of exchanges between the residents of the space environment to consider less, environmental construction can not meet the occupants of the psychological characteristics and needs. From the basic physiological needs gradually to meet the psychological and cultural fields of promoting a higher level, the residential area is not only the function of living, but also people's thinking and feelings of the local exchange. Therefore, the strengthening of exchanges between the residential areas of space construction, increase residential neighbourhood affinity, should be developed in the planning and construction of residential areas should also consider the issue.How to conduct exchanges between the residential areas of space planning and design, improve people's quality of life, the author of his own real estate developmentexperience and try to contact the living room area of need, level of functionality for a Review.1 A residential area of exchanges betweenThe need for space Exchanges between the residential areas to create space for the process, in a sense, is in the course of exchanges between the people and the natural world and define the space environment between the development process.1.1 exchanges create a space to meet the spiritual and cultural needs of residents.Jan • Gaelic in the "contacts and space," a book, the residents will live within the community of contacts divided into three categories: ① necessity of activities (such as school, work, etc.), the participants did not have much choice, subject to very little Material and environmental impact;②spontaneous activities (such as walking, wait-and-see stop, etc.), greatly dependent on the quality of material and the space environment:③social activities (such as children' games, chatting and people-to-people contacts between the passive January 1 simple See, hear, etc.), also, to a certain extent, the impact of material and the space environment. Therefore, the exchanges between the residential area of the space will create a direct impact on the residents of the contacts. As people's living standards gradually improved, the residents of the spiritual and cultural needs arising from the exchanges with the requirements will be getting higher and higher.1.2 Create a space of contacts is the need to maintain traditional family tiesTraditional historical neighborhoods and the living units Daza Yuan on the shape of an objective to maintain and develop the neighborhood family. As the market economy and the development of new residential development and construction, and many residents to move to multi-storey high-rise residential, the link between households and households reduce, and even people are not familiar with the portal. At the same one floor, did not know each other very common phenomenon, the traditional relations in the neighborhood gradually indifferent. Carry forward the traditional virtues, to promote family residential, Healthy demonstration projects in the country has long been proposed for residential "High-quality, new life", which"new life", including guidance on the new concept of living, to guide the new consumer awareness, a new form of exchanges, to form a new management model, and so on five aspects. According to this standard, the exchanges create a space it is very important.1.3 Create a space of contacts is the need to build a harmonious societyResidential area is to build a harmonious society space unit, a harmonious society is an important part. A residential area of a harmonious society can be harmonious. Harmonious residential areas should be a moderate consumption of economic, social management, diversification and harmonious relations between the neighbors, living environment, and with the humanistic spirit and the rich local cultural characteristics of the geographical space. From the hardware side, there should be a scientific and rational planning, good construction quality, improve infrastructure, the complete establishment of contacts, good landscape. From the software side, there should be quality property management, and improve the community-based organizations, the rich cultural atmosphere, good morality. Therefore, the exchanges between the space as an integral part of residential areas, create a far-reaching significance, and China recently and residential real estate will be put on the "build a harmonious family residential district," the objective is consistent.2 residential district-level exchanges between the spaceThe living space planning and construction in accordance with people at different times, different locations, different activities in different levels of privacy, can be divided into private space, semi-private room, semi-public space, public space, the formation of four space-related fields. The level and the field of space will help create a sense of belonging among the residents and enhance the interaction and pro-neighborhood and. People from the private space into the public space, is a gradual process. In this process, after all the residents of different levels of outdoor space, making contacts to become a necessity.2.1 residential building space to create exchangesDwellers in privacy is assured and meet under the premise of hope neighborhood close, harmonious and to mutual exchanges and contacts. Therefore, the need to haveexchanges between the space settings, and create a way as follows:2.11 expand the staircase depthStaircase is home residents in the buffer space, but also public housing tenants upstairs room at the break. The platform is too small to affect the length of stay of residents, not conducive to the exchanges between the residents. Expand the staircase depth, increase platform space, will increase their contacts, exchanges of opportunity.2.12 set up home gardensGarden is home residents into the indoor space for the transition, here, achieved a semi-private room for the transition to private space, residents here can support grass flowers, reception guests. Nanjing-day Hong Villa-home platform into the home in the Garden set up a grill door, both outdoor green landscape will be conducted to the interior of the extension, for two people through the grille gate to create an opportunity for exchange.2.13 expand the unit foyer areaUnit in the entrance foyer area and configure the appropriate expansion of some facilities such as rest stool, reading Newspaper fence. a resident contacts, rest places, and units of the immediate household contacts. Conditional foyer can also do a lobby for households in this exchange, chat.2.14 bottom overheadResidential Design for the elevated bottom of open space and ensure the smooth flow of green space on the ground. Supported by flowers, desk facilities as residents of rest, such as chat room, and in connection with outdoor landscape, easy to create a good atmosphere for exchanges. Even rainy day also will not be affected, adding unlimited life for fun.2.15 set-GalleryGallery of traditional Chinese architecture is a form of construction, is a form can be effective in promoting exchanges between the people of the fun of space incentives, are widely used in modern residential design, such as the Osmanthus flowers Hangzhou City District, Guangzhou Zhuyun Villa And so on. Gallery-factor here is traffic, and the exchange of places, played a role in the integration of the adjacent space, people can chat here, enjoy the sun, and so on.2.16 exchanges of high-rise buildingThe rising high-rise building in the physical environment restrictions on the freedom of the people exchanges, to reduce contact between the residents, the elderly rest, the lack of children' play space. Therefore, the high-rise building in the interval to set up a number of similar exchanges in the Chamber of good will to solve these problems. In this way, for the elderly in the rest of the space, to provide children witha playground, and the promotion of social interaction among residents.2.17 Roof GardenOn the platform set up in the roof garden, an increase of green space, was restored to the construction of the ground. People in this walk, fitness, chat, natural contact, an increase of exchanges between the residents of places to create a multi-level exchanges between the space.2.2 yards, a delegation of the association spaceTo achieve effective settlements between the groups and the exchanges have recognized the need for clear and appropriate areas of the border and logo." China's traditional courtyard space is part of building space, the area is a strong sense of space and border patterns, the neighborhood is to increase exchanges and contacts between the effective means. Beijing DaZayuan the old mode of living, residents of harmonious relations in harmony, a human face. Renowned architect Wu Liangyong design of the Beijing-juer infants alley, inheritance and development of this form of living.Gable wall residential use of the wrong column, platform height difference, changes in residential space, residential settings between Lianlang, plants of the tube, creating a "siege without closure, without dredging through" the group space and formed a semi-private, semi-public The field of space. In the courtyard between the layout desk, the elderly here have a rest and chat each other, no longer feel lonely;reserve some space, children play in the home, mothers can be seen here in the kitchen, children no longer worried about the safety of: Members of mutual Reference , And mutual exchanges, and exchanges are deep-seated. Not only enhance the feelings and prevent the formation of a collective consciousness, to effectively prevent the destruction and crime, security, have been protected.So that more people can enjoy the environmental landscape comfort, more and more developers are good attention to the landscape of the building. Pichu in the group in a space, as a delegation of the public landscape. However, they often re-design of "visual effect" light "social effect." Although the construction of a large number of hardware shops, flower beds, shrubs planted Joe, it lacks some residents to promote exchanges between the rest of the shelters, chairs, and affected the exchanges between the extension of the neighborhood. Therefore, the delegation landscape in the strengthening of public infrastructure construction, and create a space for exchanges, will promote exchanges between the residents of outreach.2.3 exchanges between the public spaces to create spaceBy the semi-public space to public space, people exchanges between the exchanges from the neighborhood to the public exchanges, contacts between the characteristics of exchanges between the decision to create a space for the different practices.2.3.1 open space for public relationsResidential area of central green space is often the area of public venues, as shared by the entire population, is the residential area of the "living room." Here, residents of various gatherings, community activities, fitness. Open space should be designed, without borders and at the same time, various groups in the residential area green space to the center of the road, should be easily accessible, guide the people into public space, to participate in contacts and exchanges.2.3.2 and landscape combine PiecesResidential area of landscape and people's exchanges with the interaction between people in the landscape before the stop watch, the exchanges have the desire, with the landscape, more full of vigor. Therefore, public exchanges between the space and landscape Pieces should be combined, such as sculpture on the square, around the fountain Waterscape layout desk, people appreciate the side of sculpture, fountain, while exchanges and reduce the distance between people. At the same time should play a guiding role in the landscape, emphasizing participation, attractive to flow through the landscape, gathering popularity.3 exchanges between the living room area of the building featuresDifferent groups of people because of their age, occupation, cultural background of different exchanges of the functions of space have different needs. According to the characteristics of different populations and demand for space contacts between the different functions of the building, creating a different theme of space, will help attract people from outside, spontaneous interaction.3.1 exchanges between the functions of space and building occupants should be suited to the age structureChildren naturally active, have a strong sense of curiosity, games and more activities for climbing, jumping, leisure, and playing. Therefore, the venue should be set up in the slides, swings, Leisure Pool, bunkers and other facilities, taking into account the needs of adults to care for children, some blocks in the surrounding layout stool. On the one hand, children in the game was physical and mental exercise, on the other hand, care for the children of people have been exchanges.Young people like sports. Therefore, in order to increase the sports facilities, planning to basketball courts, tennis courts and other sports space. However, it should be far from some residential, so as to avoid interference on the daily life of residents. Like the elderly in the early morning fitness, such as doing Qigong, a tai chi, like the rest of the time playing chess, play cards, chat, feeding birds, such activities. Therefore, to make space in the small square, booths, equipped with platform, tables, chairs and other facilities.3.2 exchanges between the space to take into account the function of building barrier-free facilities layoutExchanges between the living room area is a complex environment, including roads, green space, Pieces, facilities and other environmental factors. Exchanges between the functions of building space in addition to meet the normal use, should give full consideration to the disabled, the elderly vulnerable groups, such as the use of a barrier-free design. Barrier-free environment of space means exchanges with no obstruction and dangerous. If the import unit designed around 1.5 m x 1.5m above the level of space for wheelchair users stay; unit foyer reserved space for wheelchairs and Childs vehicles to facilitate wheelchair and Childs vehicles stored: in public relations to the road space On both sides, who set up blind road trip on the trail for the blindwalking: the sidewalk in the end, a height difference of the junction, a height difference of public platform set up the ramp for wheelchair users access; elderly morning exercises in the square, as far as possible Be flat no height difference, the use of anti-skid surfacing materials: children playing in the park, the use of soft mats and safety warning signs in different exchanges of space, by setting up the Pieces and personalized theme sculpture, to enhance space And the recognition of sexual orientation, and so on.4 ConclusionIn residential areas of planning and construction, we must be people-centered, according to create a functional level and living space area contacts at all levels, from the psychological and physical needs of starting, through the space environment to create, create a positive, healthy exchanges between the atmosphere, Residential area into a harmonious family homes. Meanwhile, the exchanges between the living room area of thinking and innovation, and developers need to continue to carry out exploration.References[1] Yang • Gaelic. Exchanges and space [M]. Beijing: China Building Industry Press.[2] Wang. Living in the community, "the neighborhood exchanges" and "space" of [J], building knowledge, 2004 (3) :13-1 5.[3] Nie Lan Sheng Health, Song Kun. Create a pleasant living space - LJ. Architectural Journal, 1997 (11) :29-31居住区交往空间规划与设计夏良东【摘要】居住区交往空间是居民进行沟通与交流的户内、户外空间：文章从交往空间营造的必要性、层次性、功能性加以综述，旨在通过交往空间的营造，创造出积极、健康的交往氛围，促进居民交往，使居住区成为亲情和谐的家园。