十二天突破英汉翻译 笔记导图
十二天突破英汉翻译笔记
第一天突破英文中定语从句的翻译（一）在中国古代汉语中的后置定语：中国疆域之辽阔，人口之众多，资源之丰富。
China has a vast territory,a large population and plentiful resources.英文中一个词修饰另一个词的时候存在前置和后置两种情况（属于以a-开头的形容词做定语的时候都要后置）所有的词组和句子在修饰一个单词的时候都是后置，而没有前置，这样也引起了英文中后置的定语从句4英文中的介词可以翻成中文里的方位副词的动词There is a book on the desk. 桌上有本书。
The teacher came into the classroom with a book and a dog.老师带着一本书和一只狗……5中文：先出主语+废话（包括定语，状语，补语和插入语等）+最重要成分英文：先出主语+最重要成分+废话（包括定语，状语，补语和插入语等）6 英译汉的三部曲：断句（读起来不通顺重新断句），翻译和重读定语从句的翻译方法：前置译法：一般8个单词（包括8个单词）以下定语从句前置，但是如果放在中心词的前面难以，那么句子会更加冗长，放在后面也未尝不可后置译法：多于8个单词后置。
定语从句翻译后置方法中，需要译出关系词，在翻译的过程中就是要将它们翻译为具体的名词，而不是置之不理。
非限制性定语从句需要后置译法，且翻译关系词句首译法7循环套用1：中心词+定语1+定语1的定语2+定语2的定语3+……翻译方法看长度，如果三个定语一样长，根据经验判断把前两个放在一起翻译：定语1+2=3 前两者放在一起翻译定语1=2+3 后两者放在一起翻14循环套用2：中心词+定语1+定语1的定语2翻译时：2+1+含有中心词的句子8一般来说，一个人或是一群人的后面出现了一个动词，动词后面有宾语从句，即使不认识这个单词，我们都会把这个词翻译成“认为”9some翻译为“某些”，而不是“一些”，因为科学家在表达某种观点时都不存在不确定性28some kind of 某些10 which有时指前面整个句子；14 有时定语从句远离先行词；Where“在那里”11 prior to（主张多用）=before 新中国建立以前：prior to the foundation of the People’s Republic of China“其”是中文专门用来表示第三人称的词。
2024版考研英语翻译方法思维导图
考研英语翻译方法思维导图CONTENTS •introduction•Overview of English Translation Methods for Postgraduate Entrance Examination•The application of mind mapping in English translation forCONTENTS•Common errors and avoidance methods in English translation for postgraduate entrance exams•Practical Practice and Analysis of English Translation forintroduction01Cultivate translation thinking: Through learning and training, cultivate candidates' translationthinking, improve their sensitivity and expression ability to the English language.Improve the English translation ability of the postgraduate entrance examination: By learningand practicing various translation methods, improve the scoring ability of candidates in the English translation section of the postgraduate entrance examination.Response to exam requirements: Provide effective preparation strategies and methods for theEnglish translation section of the postgraduate entranceexamination, based on the exam requirements and scoring standards.Purpose and backgroundApplicable scopeGraduate English Exam CandidatesSuitable for all candidates taking the postgraduate English exam, especiallythose who need to achieve high scores in the translation section.English learnersIt also has certain reference value for English learners who hope to improve theirEnglish translation ability and language proficiency.Translation practitionersFor those engaged in translation work, practical translation methods and skillscan be provided to help them better complete translation tasks.Overview of English Translation Methods for Postgraduate Entrance02Literal translation methodWord translationPreserve the original words in the translation without violating the language norms of the original textand without causing erroneous associations.Structural transformationWhen the structure of English sentences is inconsistent with that of Chinese sentences, structuraltransformation is required to make the translation conform to Chinese expression habits.Omitting and supplementingAccording to Chinese expression habits, omit or supplement some redundant or missinginformation in the original text.Free translation methodWhen translating, pay attention to the fluency and readability of the translation to make it conform to Chinese expression habits.Keep the translation fluentWhen translating, the first step is to understand the deep meaning of the original text and the author's true intention.Understanding the meaning of the original textdon't stick to the words and structures of the original text, use words andstructures that conform to Chinese expression habits to express the original meaning.Get rid of the original formPersonal names, place names, brand names, and other proprietary terms: For such vocabulary, transliteration is generally used to express the original pronunciation in similar Chinese Some common vocabulary: In some cases, transliteration can also be used to enhance the readability and interest of the translation.Abbreviations and abbreviations: For suchvocabulary, transliteration can also be used toexpress the original pronunciation incorresponding Chinese characters. transliterationWhen translating, retain the image metaphors and rhetorical devices in the original text to make the translation more vivid and vivid.When the image in the originaltext cannot find a correspondingexpression in Chinese, themethod of image conversion canbe used to express the originalmeaning with an image thatconforms to Chinese expressionhabits.In some cases, in order to betterexpress the original meaning andenhance the expressive power ofthe translation, new imagemetaphors and rhetorical devicescan be created.Preserve the original image Image conversion Creating newimagesForm translation methodThe application of mind mapping in English translation for postgraduate03•Definition: A mind map is a graphical thinking tool that visualizes complex information and thinking processes through elements such as graphics, lines, and colors.characteristicVisualization: Using elements such as graphics and colors to make information more intuitive and easy to understand.Flexibility: Mind maps can be adjusted in structure and content as needed, making it easy for users to modify and improve. Structured: A mind map focuses on the central theme and radiates multiple sub themes outward, forming a clear hierarchical structure.Improving translation efficiency By using mind maps, one canquickly organize the structure of an article, locate key information, and improve translation speed and accuracy.要点一要点二Enhanced memoryeffectMind maps visualize important information and key points during the translation process, helping to deepen memory.Developing logical thinkingThe hierarchical structure of mind maps helps to cultivate the logical thinking ability of translators, making translation more accurate and fluent.要点三The advantages of mind mapping in translating English for postgraduate entrance examsHow to use mind maps to translate English for postgraduate entrance exams•Preparation: Familiarize oneself with the topic and backgroundknowledge of the article, understand relevant vocabulary andexpressions.•Create a mind map: Determine the central theme, which is the title orcore content of the article to be translated, and radiate multiple subthemes outward, including article structure, key information, importantvocabulary, etc.•Improve mind map: Gradually fill in each part of the mind mapaccording to the content of the article, add detailed information andrelated examples to make the mind map more rich and complete.•Using mind maps for translation: Based on the hierarchical structureand information prompts of mind maps, gradually translate to ensureaccuracy and fluency. At the same time, the mind map can be adjustedand improved at any time to adapt to changes in the translationprocess.Translation skills and strategies for postgraduate entrance examination04Carefully read the original text andunderstand the main idea and paragraphs of the article.Pay attention to the contextual meaning of vocabulary and avoid misinterpretation.Analyze sentence structure and grasp thelogical relationship between sentences.Understand the language styles of different literary genres, such as technology, literature,business, etc.9字9字9字9字Understand the original meaning and grasp the language styleChoose appropriate vocabulary and phrases to accurately express the original meaning.Use various sentence structures to make the translation more natural and fluent in expression.Pay attention to the collocation and usage of vocabulary, and avoid Chinglish.Maintain the coherence and consistency of the translation to avoid contradictions or repetition.Pay attention to selecting words and sentences, and maintain language fluency0102Omitting methodOmitting redundant or unnecessary information from the original text.Additional …Add necessaryvocabulary or phrases tomake the translationmore complete.TranslationmethodTransformingvocabulary or phrasesfrom the original textinto another form ofexpression.TranslationmethodSplit long sentencesinto multiple shortsentences to make thetranslation clearer andeasier to understand.Comprehensivemethodcomprehensively applythe above techniques tomake the translationmore accurate, fluent,and natural.030405Mastering translation skills to improve translation efficiencyCommon errors and avoidance methods in English translation for 0501 02 03Vocabulary errorsincluding confusion of word meanings, improper vocabulary combinations, etc.Grammar errorserrors in tense, voice, subject verb consistency, etc.Lack of cultural background knowledgeTranslation errors caused by lack of understanding of relevant cultural backgrounds.Common types of errorsError Cause AnalysisLack of solid language foundationInaccurate and proficient mastery of vocabulary and grammar.Lack of cultural background knowledgeInsufficient understanding of the cultural background in the relevant field.Improper translation skills and methodsLack of necessary translation skills and methods, resulting in low translationquality.Strengthen language basic training: improve vocabulary and grammar level, and enhance language perception ability.Expand culturalbackground knowledge:Widely read variousEnglish original works,newspapers andmagazines, etc., andaccumulate knowledge inrelated fields.Mastering translationskills and methods: Learnand master varioustranslation skills andmethods, such asaddition translation,omission translation,conversion method, etc.,to improve translationaccuracy and fluency.Do more practice andsimulation tests: Throughextensive practice andsimulation tests, improvetranslation speed andaccuracy, cultivatetranslation thinking andadaptability.Discussion on Avoidance MethodsPractical Practice and Analysis ofEnglish Translation for06•Review and Analysis of 2022 True QuestionsTitle OverviewTranslation difficulties and techniques Reference translation and rating•Review and Analysis of 2021 True QuestionsTitle OverviewTranslation difficulties and techniques Reference translation and rating•Trend analysis of past real test questionsReview and Analysis of Historical True Questions Change in question typeDistribution of examinationpointsDifficulty changesSimulated Question 1 Topic displayTranslation ideas guidance•Reference translation and self-evaluationSimulated Question 2Topic display Translation ideas guidance•Reference translation and self-evaluation•Simulated question threeTopic displayTranslation ideas guidanceReference translation and self-evaluationWord Meaning Selection Techniques Determine word meaning based on contextPay attention to the phenomenon of polysemy in a wordSentence structureanalysis techniquesIdentifyingsentencebackbone andmodifying Strategies for handling complex sentence patternsSkills for applying cultural background knowledge Understanding the culturaldifferences between Chinaand the WestProperly applyingbackground knowledge toassist translation谢谢您的聆听THANKS2024/1/2541。
十二天突破英汉翻译笔记
《十二天突破英汉翻译》学习笔记（1）定语从句结构调整问题武峰老师在这一章对定语从句讲得较细，感觉主要是两大个难点：一是 which 和 that 的指代对象判断，二是如何捋顺中文表达。
第二个难点集中在定语从句译成汉语后的位置，放前面还是后面。
武老师“不主改变句子结构，不然容易引起句子的歧义”，不过，武老师也主“八个单词以下的定语从句前置，多于八个单词的句子则是后置”。
例如：Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an enviornment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for apropriate response will experience greater intellectual development.行为主义者认为，一个孩子如果生长在有很多刺激的环境里，而这些环境促进了其适当反应能力的发展，那么这个孩子就会有着更大的知识发展。
个人感觉，看分析虽然有帮助，不过最有效的办法还是多读类似的译例，看多了自然就明白该怎么处理更灵活。
可以到英语文摘、英语世界等杂志里找类似的句子。
另外学英语或者学翻译也可以用一种专题式的方式，比如集中一个周，专门整理这样一个点。
（2） Suggest 和 Assume 等词引导观点时，一般译为“认为”即可。
个人比较支持这种译法，如果不是特别追求100%信达，这样译至少不会太生硬。
（3）适当增加“而”、“所以”等词，让句子逻辑更明显。
第二章部分，序号接上篇：（4）谓语动词的过渡：过渡前：I support you.过渡后：I give you my support个人理解：所谓过渡，即原来【一个动词】可以表达的意思，现在用【一个动词再加一个名词】。
可以理解为把动词换成短语，换成长一点儿、雅一点儿的表达。
（5）It 结构翻译It is often saidthat人们常说It is reportedthat 据报道It is supposedthat 人们推测（6）方位与地名West Africa 西非，这种表示人为划分的行政区域。
武峰十二天笔译笔记总结
十二天突破英汉翻译笔记一总述1英译汉翻译步骤断句，翻译，重读译文2英译汉四种句子类型3中英文的三大差异1）中文善于用短句，且用逗号隔开英文善于用长句，不用标点2）中文善于用动词，属于动态性语言英文善于用名词，属于静态性语言3）中文是意合语言，所以句与句之间的连词比较少英文是形合语言，所以句与句之间的连词较多4英汉互译中的四大规律1）动词的过渡英译汉强势动词代替弱势动词两大要求：一个句子出现有主次关系的两个动词主要动词已经发变体且直译不通顺时，只翻译强势动词汉译英弱势动词代替强势动词2）抽象名词的翻译若有动词词根，译为动词若无动词词根，增加一个动词3）增词与减词英译汉四种增词方法增评论性词（出现在文学作品中）增对象词和范围词增范畴词增动词自然增词法（宾语前缺少动词）人为增词法（抽象名词的增词）4) 汉译英时谓语动词的层次性根据词与词，句与句之间的逻辑关系，判断动词的重要性最主要的动词作为核心谓语次要的动词作为非谓语动词或从句再次的动词作为介词最不重要的动词不翻译5汉译英换主语1）主语是偏正短语时，将“偏”做主语2）在中文里找到隐藏主语3）无主语句子用被动语态就近原则6汉译英四字短语的翻译AABB=ABABAB=ABABCD=解释二定语从句的翻译1定语的位置中文：被修饰词之前英文：1）词修饰另一个词：大部分前置 a beautiful city形容词修饰不定代词时后置something importantAlive，asleep，alike等作定语时后置 a cat alive过去分词作定语时可以后置 a child adopted2）句子修饰一个词：全部后置2定语从句译成汉语后的位置：八前九后3非限定性英语从句后置译法需要译出关系词4定语从句的循环套用：后置译法中心词+定1+定2+定3+…（定1修饰中心词定2修饰定1…）根据定语长度把定1和定2放在一起翻译或者把定2和定3放在一起翻译5只有两个定语的循环套用：句首译法先翻译定2，再翻译定1，最后翻译含有中心词的句子6定语从句的并列套用：后置译法，且关系词至只翻译一次7定语从句翻译技巧：用好“即”、“这”、“而” 和破折号中心词+定1+定2+定3+…（定语都修饰中心词）三非谓语动词的翻译1若非谓语动词位于一个句子的最前面，就找主语若非谓语动词位于一个名词的后面，就按照定语从句的方法翻译2主谓偏正（adj的n）结构句子翻译不通时可以互相转换3 分词的独立结构（有分词，有名词或代词）当做主谓结构翻译四被动语态的翻译1被动语态的四中翻译方法1）被动变主动（没有by sb施动者时可以用）2）找替代词受到遭到为…所是由…来v（是由鸟类来运输）让…给3）科技文献中用“可以”4）有被不用被六代词的翻译1）代词指明要点2）不抽象不具体代词的间隔翻译法：多个代词同时指代同一个东西，奇数译为代词，偶数译为具体七形容词和副词的翻译1用其延伸含义2形容词副词互相转换3长的形容词和副词翻译成一个短句7其它翻译技巧总结1 not…because(表示原因的词例如by)…引导的是从句时，不否定转移引导的是短语时，要否定转移2 英译汉时，英文中的介词翻译成动词或方位词3 主语与废话的关系中文：主语+废话+主句英文：废话+主语+主句主语+主句+废话4 suggest that…/assume that…引导观点时翻译成认为5 some可以翻译成“某些”6 事实与评论的关系中文：先事实后评论（比较级也属于评论）英文：先评论后事实7 插入语表示观点时需要提到句首翻译，例如It is often said that…人们常说…8 分词位于句首时，先找主语再进行翻译9 中文：时间+地点英文：地点+时间英译汉方式在句首时，先翻译方式方式时间地点都在后面时，方式放在中间翻译10 when可以翻译为在….时 drive可以翻译成“让”11 时间位于句首时，译为状语12 同位语从句译为主谓结构或者顶针（重译法）13主句过长单独成句14 同指现象只翻译一次15 中文中的关联词双双出现。
《十二天突破英汉翻译》笔记总结
《十二天突破英汉翻译》笔记总结《十二天突破英汉翻译：笔译篇》笔记总结一、中英三大差异：中文：英文：短句，多标点长句，少标点动态（强势动词）静态（弱势动词、名词）意合（“竹竿”型）形合（“葡萄”型，连词）二、四大规律：①谓语动词的过渡：a. 英译中时，主次关系动词翻译过来不通顺，应该把主要动词翻译成强势动词，而次要动词过渡为弱势动词一般省略。
b. 中译英时，用弱势动词过渡到强势动词。
例：我支持你。
不应该翻译（笔译）为”I support you.” 而是”I give you my support.”②抽象名词的译法：有动词词根就译为动词，没有就增动词。
③增词与减词：主要原则“英译汉增词，汉译英减词” a.增减评论性词（在文学翻译中常见）；b.增减范围词和对象词；c. 增减范畴词（方式、方法、水平、问题、途径等等）；d.增减动词：第一，自然增词法：在宾语前缺少动词时，我们就按照中文的习惯进行增词。
例：He wears a coat, a hat and a scarf. 他穿着一件上衣，戴着一顶帽子，系着一个围脖。
第二，人为增词法：是由抽象名词造成的增词。
例：The samples of soil from various depths are examined for traces of oil. 从不同的深度采集出土壤样本，然后进行检测，看看有没有油。
④中译英时谓语动词的层次性：因为中文是动态性语言，所以句子中的动词较多，而英文是静态性语言，名词、非谓语动词、从句和介词较多，所以英文的一个句子只有一个谓语，而不是多个动词构成的谓语。
由此看来，我们要在纷繁复杂的动词中判断出哪个动词更重要，哪个动词重要和哪个动词不重要。
一般来说，先发生的动词更加重要，而后发生的动作不是那么重要。
因此根据动词的重要性先后顺序，可以依次译为核心谓语动词、非谓语动词、介词、不译。
三、两个步骤：①中译英：断句、翻译、重读②英译中：找谓语、找连词、翻译、重读四、一个原则：当翻译时句子不通顺，应该采取重新断句，再不行就要考虑偏正短语的主谓译法或者主谓的偏正译法。
十二天突破英汉翻译笔记
19世纪下半叶的中国历史就这样充满了屈辱。
In the second half of the nineteenth century, China's history was full of such humuliations.
第三天的标题是《英文中非谓语动词的翻译》，第四天的标题是《被动语态的翻译（一）》。
（9） 英文中时间状语和地点状语同时存在，译为汉语时先说时间，再说地点。
（10）时间状语位于句首，无论英译汉还是汉译英，都处理为状语。（即避免 of 结构）
The farmer of 1800, using a hand sickle, could hope to cut a fifth of a hectare of wheat a day.
《十二天突破英汉翻译》学习笔记
（1） 定语从句结构调整问题
武峰老师在这一章对定语从句讲得较细，感觉主要是两大个难点：一是 which 和 that 的指代对象判断，二是如何捋顺中文表达。
第二个难点集中在定语从句译成汉语后的位置，放前面还是后面。武老师“不主张改变句子结构，不然容易引起句子的歧义”，不过，武老师也主张“八个单词以下的定语从句前置，多于八个单词的句子则是后置”。例如：
行为主义者认为，一个孩子如果生长在有很多刺激的环境里，而这些环境促进了其适当反应能力的发展，那么这个孩子就会有着更大的知识发展。
个人感觉，看分析虽然有帮助，不过最有效的办法还是多读类似的译例，看多了自然就明白该怎么处理更灵活。可以到英语文摘、英语世界等杂志里找类似的句子。
另外学英语或者学翻译也可以用一种专题式的方式，比如集中一个周，专门整理这样一个点。
《十二天突破英汉翻译(笔译篇)》第六天 突破英文中代词的翻译
《十二天突破英汉翻译（笔译篇）》第六天突破英文中代词的翻译典型例句：1.It may seem strange to put an industrial revolution and t wo political revolutions into the same packet.But thefact is that they were all social revolutions.译文：把一场产业革命和两场政治革命归为一类，这似乎有点奇怪，但是，事实上，这三场革命都是社会革命。
句型：It may seem strange to do ... ，这似乎有点奇怪。
the fact is that 事实上，短语：put ... into the same packet 把... 归为一类industrial revolution 产业革命（这里不能译做：工业革命）2.Two things are outstanding in the creation of the English system of canals，and they characterize all the Industrial Revolution.译文：有两点在修建英国运河网的过程中是非常突出的，而这两点也正是整个产业革命的特点。
句型：Two things are outstanding in the... 有两点在... 的过程中是非常突出的。
3.The canals were arteries of communications: they were not made to carry pleasure boats,but barges.译文：运河是交通的动脉，开凿运河不是为了走游船，而是为了通行驳船。
4.James Brindley was a pioneer in the building of canals or ，as it was then called ‘navigation’.译文：詹姆斯布雷德林是开凿运河的先驱者，人们当时把开凿运河叫做“navigation”。
十二天突破英语语法mobi
十二天突破英语语法mobiMastering English grammar is a journey that requires dedication, patience, and a willingness to learn. For many, the prospect of tackling the complexities of English grammar can be daunting, but with the right approach and a determined mindset, it is possible to achieve a remarkable breakthrough in just twelve days. In this essay, we will explore a step-by-step plan that can help you unlock the secrets of English grammar and transform your language skills.Day 1: Understanding the FundamentalsThe first step in your journey to master English grammar is to establish a strong foundation. Begin by familiarizing yourself with the basic parts of speech: nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, prepositions, and conjunctions. Understand their roles and how they interact within a sentence. Spend time practicing identifying these elements in sample sentences, as this will lay the groundwork for more advanced concepts.Day 2: Diving into Sentence StructureNow that you have a firm grasp of the building blocks of language,it's time to explore sentence structure. Learn about the subject-verb-object (SVO) pattern, which is the most common sentence structure in English. Practice constructing simple sentences following this format, and then gradually introduce more complex structures, such as compound and complex sentences. Understanding how sentences are constructed will help you recognize and correct grammatical errors.Day 3: Mastering Verb TensesVerbs are the backbone of any language, and English has a diverse array of verb tenses to express different time frames and aspects. On this day, focus on learning the present, past, and future tenses, as well as the progressive and perfect forms. Familiarize yourself with the conjugation patterns and practice using these tenses in various contexts.Day 4: Exploring Noun Cases and PluralsEnglish nouns can take on different forms to indicate possession, object, and plurality. Dive into the concepts of singular and plural nouns, as well as the use of possessive nouns and pronouns. Understand the rules for forming regular and irregular plurals, and practice applying these principles in your writing.Day 5: Delving into Adjectives and AdverbsAdjectives and adverbs play a crucial role in adding depth andnuance to your language. On this day, learn about the different types of adjectives, such as descriptive, possessive, and demonstrative. Understand how to use comparative and superlative forms to express degrees of comparison. Explore the various functions of adverbs and how they can modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.Day 6: Navigating Prepositions and ConjunctionsPrepositions and conjunctions are the glue that hold sentences together. Familiarize yourself with the most common prepositions and their usage in phrases and idioms. Understand the different types of conjunctions, such as coordinating, subordinating, and correlative, and practice using them to create more complex and cohesive sentences.Day 7: Mastering Pronoun UsagePronouns are essential for avoiding repetition and maintaining clarity in your writing. Learn about the different types of pronouns, including personal, possessive, reflexive, and demonstrative. Practice using pronouns correctly to replace nouns and maintain consistency in your writing.Day 8: Exploring Passive and Active VoiceThe active and passive voice can have a significant impact on the tone and clarity of your writing. Understand the differences betweenthe two and practice transforming active sentences into passive ones and vice versa. This skill will help you express ideas more effectively and avoid common grammatical errors.Day 9: Understanding Modifiers and PhrasesModifiers, such as adjectives and adverbs, and various types of phrases, including prepositional, participial, and infinitive phrases, can add depth and complexity to your writing. Learn how to use these elements effectively to enhance your sentence structure and convey your ideas more precisely.Day 10: Mastering Punctuation and CapitalizationProper punctuation and capitalization are essential for ensuring your writing is clear, accurate, and professional. Review the rules for using commas, periods, apostrophes, and other punctuation marks. Understand when and how to capitalize proper nouns, titles, and the beginning of sentences.Day 11: Identifying and Correcting Common Grammatical ErrorsNo matter how much progress you've made, it's important to be vigilant in identifying and correcting common grammatical errors. On this day, familiarize yourself with common mistakes, such as subject-verb agreement, pronoun-antecedent agreement, and misplaced modifiers. Practice proofreading and editing your own work to strengthen your grammar skills.Day 12: Integrating and Applying Your KnowledgeThe final day of your twelve-day journey is all about putting your newfound knowledge into practice. Engage in various writing exercises, such as creating short stories, essays, or even business correspondence. Pay close attention to your grammar usage and apply the principles you've learned throughout the past eleven days. Seek feedback from others and continue to refine your skills.Remember, mastering English grammar is a continuous process, and the journey doesn't end here. Keep practicing, reading, and exposing yourself to diverse examples of well-written English. With dedication and a growth mindset, you can unlock the full potential of your language skills and communicate with confidence and clarity.。
十二天突破英语语法mobi
十二天突破英语语法mobiEnglish:"Twelve Days to Breakthrough English Grammar" is a comprehensive and practical guide that helps learners improve their English grammar skills within a short timeframe. The book covers various grammar topics such as sentence structure, verb tenses, articles, prepositions, and more, providing explanations, examples, and exercises to reinforce the concepts. Each day focuses on a specific grammar topic, allowing users to concentrate on one area at a time and gradually build their knowledge and proficiency. The exercises included in the book help learners practice applying the grammar rules in context, ensuring better retention and understanding. Additionally, the book offers tips and tricks to remember grammar rules easily and strategies to avoid common mistakes. With consistent daily practice, learners can see significant improvement in their grammar skills and feel more confident in their English communication abilities. "Twelve Days to Breakthrough English Grammar" is a valuable resource for anyone looking to enhance their grammar proficiency efficiently and effectively.中文翻译:《十二天突破英语语法》是一本全面而实用的指南，可帮助学习者在短时间内提高他们的英语语法技能。
12天1008英语单词速记
12天1008英语单词速记Title: Mastering 1008 English Words in 12 Days: A Speed Learning Guide.Embarking on a journey to learn 1008 English words in just 12 days may seem like a daunting task, but with the right approach and dedication, it is entirely achievable. This guide aims to provide you with a structured and effective method to achieve this goal. Let's dive into the world of speed learning and unlock the potential of your brain!Day 1: Setting the Foundation.Begin your journey by familiarizing yourself with the first 84 words. Divide them into smaller groups and repeat each group several times throughout the day. Use mnemonic devices, such as acronyms or rhymes, to help you remember the words easily. Make sure to revise the words before moving on to the next set.Day 2: Building Momentum.Add another 84 words to your vocabulary and continue to revise the previous day's words. Try using the words in sentences to deepen your understanding and retention. This practice will help you internalize the meanings and usages of the words.Day 3: Consolidating Knowledge.By day three, you should have accumulated 252 words. Stick to your revision schedule and incorporate the new words into your learning. Consider using flashcards or a mobile app to quiz yourself on the words. This activerecall technique will help solidify the information in your memory.Days 4-6: Accelerating Learning.As you progress through days 4 to 6, add another 252 words each day. Continue to revise older words and practiceusing them in context. Try reading simple articles or stories to put your new vocabulary to use. This will not only enhance your reading comprehension but also help you retain the words better.Days 7-9: Mastering Complexity.By now, you should have covered 756 words. Days 7 to 9 will involve learning more complex words with multiple meanings and usages. Stick to your revision schedule and don't be afraid to refer back to your learning resources when needed. Continue to practice using the words in real-life situations to solidify your understanding.Days 10-11: Refining Your Skills.As you near the end of your journey, focus on refining your vocabulary skills. Review all the words you have learned and identify the ones you struggle with the most. Dedicate extra time to these words, using various techniques such as creating mnemonics or writing sentences with them. Additionally, try challenging yourself byreading more advanced materials that require a rich vocabulary.Day 12: Celebration and Continuation.On day 12, congratulate yourself for achieving your goal of learning 1008 English words in just 12 days! While this is a significant milestone, remember that vocabulary learning is a lifelong process. Continue to revise and expand your vocabulary by reading widely, listening to podcasts, or participating in conversations with native speakers.Throughout your journey, remember to maintain apositive mindset and stay motivated. Challenges may arise, but with persistence and dedication, you can achieve any goal you set for yourself. Good luck on your speed learning adventure!。
十二天突破英汉翻译笔译篇（例句）
十二天突破英汉翻译笔译篇（例句）突破英文中定语从句的翻译On the whole, /such a conclusion can be drawn/ with a certain degree of confidence, /but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude/ towards the test/as the others/ with whom he is being compared,/and only if he was not punished/ by lack of relevant information/which they possessed.:总体上来说，得出这样一种结论需要一定程度的把握，只要假设这个孩子对于测试的态度，和与之相比较的其他孩子的态度相同，也只要他没有因为缺少别的孩子所拥有的相关信息而受到惩罚。
中国作为一个发展中的大国高度重视中美两国之间的友谊。
:As a major developing country, China attaches great importance to the bilateral relations between China and the U.S.Behaviorists suggest that/the child/ who is raised in an environment/ where there are manystimuli/ which develop his or her capacity for appropriate response/ will experience greater intellectual development.:行为主义者认为，一个孩子如果生长在有很多刺激的环境里，而这些刺激促进了其适当反应能力的发展，那么这个孩子就会有着更大的知识发展。
十二天突破英汉翻译笔记
《十二天突破英汉翻译》学习笔记（1）定语从句结构调整问题武峰老师在这一章对定语从句讲得较细，感觉主要是两大个难点：一是which 和that 的指代对象判断，二是如何捋顺中文表达。
第二个难点集中在定语从句译成汉语后的位置，放前面还是后面。
武老师“不主改变句子结构，不然容易引起句子的歧义”，不过，武老师也主“八个单词以下的定语从句前置，多于八个单词的句子则是后置”。
例如：Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an enviornment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for apropriate response will experience greater intellectual development.行为主义者认为，一个孩子如果生长在有很多刺激的环境里，而这些环境促进了其适当反应能力的发展，那么这个孩子就会有着更大的知识发展。
个人感觉，看分析虽然有帮助，不过最有效的办法还是多读类似的译例，看多了自然就明白该怎么处理更灵活。
可以到英语文摘、英语世界等杂志里找类似的句子。
另外学英语或者学翻译也可以用一种专题式的方式，比如集中一个周，专门整理这样一个点。
（2）Suggest 和Assume 等词引导观点时，一般译为“认为”即可。
个人比较支持这种译法，如果不是特别追求100%信达，这样译至少不会太生硬。
（3）适当增加“而”、“所以”等词，让句子逻辑更明显。
第二章部分，序号接上篇：（4）谓语动词的过渡：过渡前：I support you.过渡后：I give you my support个人理解：所谓过渡，即原来【一个动词】可以表达的意思，现在用【一个动词再加一个名词】。
可以理解为把动词换成短语，换成长一点儿、雅一点儿的表达。
（5）It 结构翻译It is often saidthat人们常说It is reportedthat 据报道It is supposedthat 人们推测（6）方位与地名West Africa 西非，这种表示人为划分的行政区域。
武峰十二天突破笔记
《十二天突破英汉翻译》笔记一、定语从句1、 sth. important （adj修饰不定代词）后置 a cat alive （asleep, awake, alike）a child adopted（V过分，可以后置）2、英文中介词可以译为方位副词和动词。
3、中文：先出主语＋废话（定、状、补、插）+最重要成分英文：先出主语＋最重要成分＋废话（定、状、补、插）主语＋废话＋主句4、否定转移：但凡是because或by或表原因的词引导的是（从）句子，它一定不转移；是短语时一定转移。
5、译法：前置、后置、句首译法。
的关系词6、一个人或者一群人后接动词+宾从；则此动词常译为认为。
（suggest, assume）7、英汉互译过程中，为了让句子更加通顺，在不影响句意的情况下可适当增加虚词（如果、而、那么），实词的增减必须要有明确的句意。
8、循环套用：中心词+定1＋定2＋定3＋…＋定n-1＋定n [多个定从套用一定后置]定1＋定2≈定3则将前两者放一起译←三个一样长定1≈定2＋定3则将后两者放一起译9、非限一定后置且译出关系词。
（难在一定要判断关系词）10、long before 在很久之前 before long 不久后11、inferior to 比…低级 superior to 比…高级junior to 比…年轻 senior to 比…年长prior to 在…之前subject to doing 屈服于 object to doing 反对12、非谓语动词位于名词后相当于定从，需按定从处理。
13、abnormally＝extremely 极其的，相当的14、若句子译成中文不通顺则重新断句。
15、并列套用：中心词+定1＋定2＋定3＋…and＋定n后置，且关系词只需译一次16、中文先事实后评论，英文先评论后事实。
（差异一）17、It is often said that…人们常说…… It is believed that…人们认为……It is guessed that…人们猜测…… It is thought that…人们认为……It is supposed that…人们推测……It is reported that…据报道…… According to static, 据统计……18、差异二：中文是动态性语言，善于用动词——强势动词（有感情色彩）、形容词和副词英文是静态性语言，善于用名词——弱势动词（动作）在汉译英过程中，若出现强势动词，翻译为英文时不能直接译成强势动词，要找弱势动词对强势动词进行过渡。
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评论性词：常用于文学作品
③增词（↑）与减词（↓）（E-->汉）
对象词和范围词 范畴词
动词
自然增词法：宾语前缺少动词 人为增词法：抽象名词增词
最重要的作为核心谓语
④谓语动词的层次性（汉-->E）： 判断中文里动词的重要性；
其次作为非谓语动词/从句 再次为介词
最不重要的可不翻译
五、八种译法
前置：≤8词
E-->汉：根据“短前长后”（8词）
位于句首：相当于状语，先找主语 位于名词之后：相当于定从，短前长后
结构：中心词+定1+定2+定3+……+ and +定N 后置译法，关系词只翻译1次
被动变主动：常用于没有宾语的被动语态
③ 被动语态
找“被”的替代词：e.g. “受到”“遭到”“为……所……” 用“可以”替换：常用于科技文献中
省略：不影响中文理解时可用
中英文差别
中分关系：中：先分后总；英：先总后分
主语特点：中：善用人/人的器官；英：善用物品
中文：后置adj + 前置 adj + 后置 n + 前置 n + 中心词
adj 和 n 同时修饰 n，如何排序
英文：前置 adj +前置 n + 中心词 + 后置 n + 后置adj
重要程度：n ＞ adj； 近 ＞ 远 ； 前 ＞ 后
人名、地名翻译：固定 《英语姓名/外国低鸣译名手册》（商务印书馆）
数词：1 <--> 1 ; 一 <--> one
小知识点
中间语：第三种语言，直接照抄
古文：要解释后翻译
英文中的介词（prep）-->中文：方位副词/动词
④ 代词
指明要点：中文不怕重复，要翻译出指代的对象 不具体，不抽象：指代很长的内容时，可概括
多用延伸含义，一般不用原意
⑤ 形容词和副词
形容词与副词词性互换
长的形容词/副词可以翻译成一个短句 e.g. uncomprehending 偏正短语：取“偏”做主语，再想办法处理“正”
⑥ 汉-->E 换主语
在中文里找到“隐藏主语”：主语不明/省略/多个名词时，找到最准确的
三、中英文的三大差异
①长短：中文偏短句，多逗号；英文偏长句，少用标点 ②动静：中文多动词，属于动态性语言；英文多名词，属于静态性语言 ③意形：中文为意合，少连词；英文为形合，多连词
四、英汉互译四大规律
①动词的过渡 ②抽象名词
E-->汉：用强势动词代替弱势动词 汉-->E：用弱势动词代替强势动词 判定：冠词+名词+介词 的名词 方法：①有动词词根，翻译为动词 ②无动词词根，增加动词
后置：＞8词，注意要翻出关系词（引导定从的单词）
常用本位词“这”“这样”“这些”等词
句首：不常用
① 定语从句
特殊情况
循环套用：后一个定语修饰前一个定语
结构A 结构B
中心词+定1+定2+定3+……+定N 看1、2、3长短，最长的单独翻译 中心词+定1+定2 句首译法：定2+定1+中心词
② 非谓语动词
并列套用：所有定语修饰中心词
重译法：当直译造成句子不通顺时，可用一些法重新翻译
一个原则：主谓结构 <--> 偏正结构 “顶真”翻译：常见于同位语中
翻译方法
中文的英文句式：找到中文的主谓宾、按英式表达成句、逐字逐句翻译 同指译法：当两个单词/成分指同一含义，翻译一次就好
同位语：变成主谓结构；“顶真”翻译
插入语翻译：当表达观点是，句首译法；非表达观点，位置不变，“——”连接
十二天突破英汉翻译
一、翻译步骤
E-->汉：①断句 ②翻译 ③重读译文
断句标准：原标点处；从句处；非谓语动词处；介词短语 处；主语过长时（要单独翻译）
汉-->E：①断句 ②找谓语 ③翻译 ④重读译文
二、句子类型（E-->汉)
①长句：无逗号/很少逗号 --> 常规步骤 ②长句：有大量逗号，无须断句 -->先判断句子之间的逻辑关系，再决定翻译顺序，再重读 ③长句：有大量逗号，有大量生词 -->按原顺序翻译，查明生词，重读使通顺 ④短句：无逗号 -->译文要有逗号，“剥洋葱”，先翻译最不重要的，再翻译重要的
无主语的句子，用被动语态翻译，“就（核心动词）近原则” AABB：只翻译AB e.g. 干干净净 clean
⑦ 中文四字短语
ABAB：只翻译AB e.g. 兴高采烈 happy
ABCD：解释含义
直译：拼音/英文直接翻译
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
⑧ “中国特色”词汇
增词：解释含义
注释：页底注释
其他Tips
事实与评论的关系：中：评论+事实；英：事实+评论