[考研类试卷]2010年武汉大学英语专业(基础英语)真题试卷.doc
2010年武汉大学英语专业基础英语真题试卷_真题-无答案
2010年武汉大学英语专业（基础英语）真题试卷(总分98,考试时间90分钟)1. 选词填空Fill in the numbered blanks with proper words. Among the 20 expressions given, only 15 should be used. Make sure the **e in correct forms in terms of both grammar and meaning. know despite significant paragraph prescribe component class common eminent dialect use ridiculous ethic identity melt acknowledge well kitchen list reasonable The concept of culture has been defined many times, and although no definition has achieved universal acceptance, most of the definitions include three central ideas; that culture is passed on from generation to generation, that a culture represents a ready-made【K1】______for living and for making day-to-day decisions, and, finally, that the【K2】______of a culture are accepted by those in the culture as good, and true, and not to be questioned. The eminent anthropologist George Murdock has【K3】______seventy-three items that characterize every【K4】______culture, past and present. The list begins with Age-grading and Athletic sports, runs to Weaning and Weather Control, and includes on the way such items as Calendar, Fire-making, Property Rights, and Tool-making. I would submit that even the most extreme advocate of a culture of poverty viewpoint would readily【K5】______that, with respect to almost all of these items, every American, beyond the first generation immigrant, regardless of race or class, is a member of a【K6】______culture. We all share pretty much the same sports. Maybe poor kids don"t know how to play polo, and rich kids don"t spend time with stickball, but we all know baseball, and football, and basketball. 【K7】______some misguided efforts to raise minor【K8】______to the status of separate tongues, we all, in fact, share the same language. There may be differences in diction and usage, but it would be ridiculous to say that all Americans don"t speak English. We have the calendar, the law, and large numbers of other cultural items in common. It may【K9】______be true that on a few of the seventy-three items there are minor variations between classes, but these kinds of things are really slight variations on a common theme. There are other items that show variability, not in relation to class, but in relation to religion and【K10】______background—funeral customs and cooking, for example. But if there is one place in America where the【K11】______pot is a reality, it is on the 【K12】______stove, in the course of one month, half the readers of this sentence have probably eaten pizza, hot pastrami, and chow mein. Specific differences that might be【K13】______as signs of separate cultural identity are relatively【K14】______within the general unity of American life; they are **mas and semicolons in the【K15】______and pages of American life.1. 【K1】2. 【K2】3. 【K3】4. 【K4】5. 【K5】6. 【K6】7. 【K7】8. 【K8】9. 【K9】10. 【K10】11. 【K11】12. 【K12】13. 【K13】14. 【K14】15. 【K15】2. 翻译1. Paraphrase the following idiomatic expressions.(5 x 2 = 10 %)rub shoulders with2. the lion"s share3. throw in the towel4. take the floor5. burn the candle at both ends6. Paraphrase the following sentences.(5 x4 =20%)It seems to me I have talked to them always with one foot raised in flight.7. From them all Mark Twain gained a keen perception of the human race, of the difference between what people claim to be and what they really are.8. They vote their political hunches to protect their political hides.9. There is a touch of rough poetry about him.10. United, there is little we cannot do in a host of cooperative venture.3. 阅读理解Jack lay, quiet and unmoving, for thirty minutes while a stranger repeatedly stabbed him with sharp needles, causing blood to pour steadily out of his leg. Jack was getting a tattoo. His friend Tony had recently gotten a tattoo, and Jack was so impressed by Tony"s bravery and his tattoo that he decided to get one too. Getting a tattoo because your friends and peers have them is just one of the reasons why a lot of young people in North America get tattoos. Peer pressure, media influence, and personal expression are some of **mon reasons for wearing tattoos today. The desire to be part of a group, to be accepted by one"s friends or peers, can have a great influence on what a person does. Sometimes, wearing a tattoo can be a sign that you belong to a certain group. Gangs often use special clothes and tattoos to identify their particular group. For example, in one gang all the members may wear green army jackets and have large"Xs" tattooed on their arms. It is not only gangs that have this type of special "uniform". Young people often belong to a certain group of friends. Some of these groups wear only brand-name clothes. Some wear only black clothes. Others wear tattoos. When a person"s friends are all doing something, such as getting a tattoo, that person is more likely to do the same thing, and get a tattoo, too. The media isanother big influence behind the popularity of tattoos in North America. A wide variety of media images show tattoos. Tattoos can be seen on people appearing in commercials selling expensive cars. Famous sports heroes with tattoos are shown in magazines. Fashion models are often seen in magazines and on TV wearing designer clothes that show their bodies tattooed with detailed and colorful patterns. These media images link tattoos to ideas of wealth, success, and status. As a result, many people decide to get a tattoo for its fashion and status value. It is not always the influence of other people or the media that results in a person getting a tattoo. Many people decide to wear tattoos in order to express their artistic nature, their beliefs, or their feelings—in other words, to show their individuality. A musician in a rock band may get a tattoo of a guitar on the arm. Some environmentalists may tattoo pictures of endangered animals on their shoulders. Lovers may tattoo each others" names over their hearts. A tattoo can be a public sign to show what is important in a person"s life. As you can see, there are many reasons why young North Americans get tattoos. A tattoo can be part of a group"s uniform. It can be a sign of fashion. It can be an expression of individuality. The decision to get a tattoo is most often a result of the influence of friends or media or the desire to express oneself. For Jack, it was a mixture of all three.1. According to the essay, media images are linked to______. Choose all that apply.A. wealthB. statusC. successD. debt2. Jack was stabbed for thirty minutes with a needle because______.A. he was getting a nose ringB. he was getting his ears piercedC. he was getting acupunctureD. he was getting a tattoo3. According to the essay, some people get tattoos because______.A. they think it is fashionableB. they like painC. they think it will wash off in the bathD. they are religious4. According to the essay, Jack thinks people who get tattoos are______.A. cowardlyB. braveC. old fashionedD. nitwits5. What is NOT the reason for Jack"s getting a tattoo?A. The influence of friends.B. The influence of media.C. A desire to express himself.D. A desire to stay healthy.Brendan"s best friend is Tip. Tip and Brendan are inseparable. They teach each other things and they look after each other. Tip has helped Brendan become more responsible, more caring, and a better friend. Brendan is a nine-year-old boy, and Tip is a ten-year-old dog. Brendan and Tip are an example of how owning a dog can have a positive effect on a child"s development. Having a dog develops a child"s sense of responsibility, broadens his capacity for empathy, and teaches the nature of friendship. Having a dog helps a child learn how to act responsibly. As a dog owner, the child must take care of the animal"s daily needs. The dog must be fed and exercised every day.A dog is completely dependent on its owner for all its needs, including the need for good healthand a safe environment. Therefore, being responsible for a dog also means taking care of the dog so that it stays healthy. Furthermore, the owner must take responsibility for the safety of the dog and the safety of the people it comes into contact with. If the child forgets any of these duties and responsibilities, or ignores any of the dog"s needs, the dog will suffer. This teaches the child that his responsibility to the dog is more important than his desire to play with his toys, talk on the phone, or watch TV. This is true not only for the care of a dog, but also for the care of oneself, another person, or one"s job. Learning how to take responsibility for the health and welfare of a dog leads to learning how to take responsibility for oneself. Another lesson that a child can learn from having a dog is how to be empathetic. Empathy is the ability to put oneself in another person"s, or in this case, another creature"s, situation and imagine that person"s or creature"s feelings or problems. A dog cannot express itself with speech, so its owner must learn how to interpret its behaviour. The child must learn to understand what the dog"s behaviour means. Is the dog frightened, aggressive, or sick? The child needs to understand what is going on in the dog"s mind. Understanding a situation from the dog"s perspective helps the child understand why the dog is behaving in a certain way and what the dog needs. The result of learning to read a dog"s behaviour is that the child develops empathy. By learning how to empathize with a dog, the child also learns how to empathize with other people. This leads to the child becoming a more considerate and caring person. Being considerate and caring are important characteristics in a good friend. One of the most significant benefits of owning a dog is the example of true friendship that a dog provides. A dog gives unconditional love to its owner. A dog will not stop loving its owner because of a little anger, indifference, or neglect. The dog will patiently for its owner to pat its head and say a few kind words. This acceptance of the negative qualities and appreciation for the positive qualities of its owner provide a wonderful model of how to be a good friend. A child soon realizes that his dog will always listen to him, will always be ready to play with him, will always protect him, and will always forgive him. A child who has learned to be even half as good a friend to others as his dog is to him will have learned of the most valuable lessons in life. These are some of the most important lessons a child will ever learn. The benefits of owning a dog will last the child"s entire lifetime. The understanding and appreciation of responsibility, empathy, and friendship that a child develops from the experience of having a dog will help him or her grow into a reliable, caring, and mature adult.6. A child learns how to be responsible for a dog by______.A. taking care of the dog"s daily needsB. becoming dependent on the dogC. taking away a safe environmentD. feeding the dog weekly7. Learning how to care for a dog can help children______.A. to choose the dog over playingB. to ignore the dog"s needsC. to get welfareD. to take care of themselves8. Which of the following is a positive result of learning how to interpret a dog"s behavior?A. Becoming empathetic.B. Being thoughtless.C. Becoming arrogant.D. Becoming selfish.9. As far as loyalty is concerned, which of the following is NOT true?A. The dog will protect people.B. The dog neglects its owner.C. The dog offers unconditional love.D. The dog is able to tolerate the negative qualities of humans.10. Which of the following is a positive result of learning how to interpret a dog"s behavior?A. Becoming arrogant.B. Being thoughtless.C. Becoming empathetic.D. Becoming selfish.This year 2008 , Americans elect on a new president on November 4th. It"s an important event that happens once every four years. Currently, the president is always elected from one of the two main parties in the United States; the Republicans and the Democrats. There are other presidential candidates. However, it is unlikely that any of these"third party"candidates will win. It certainly hasn"t happened in the last one hundred years. In order to become the presidential nominee of a party, the candidate must win the primary election. Primary elections are held throughout each state in the United States in the first half of any election year. Then, the delegates attend their party convention in order to nominate their chosen candidate. Usually, as in this election, it"s clear who will be the nominee. However, in the past parties have been divided and choosing a nominee has been a difficult process. Once the nominees have been selected, they campaign throughout the country. A number of debates are usually held in order to better understand the candidates" points of view. These points of view often reflect their party"s platform. A party platform is best described as the general beliefs and policies a party holds. Candidates cross the country by plane, bus, train or by car giving speeches. These speeches are often called "stump speeches". In the 19th century candidates would stand on tree stumps to deliver their speeches. These stump speeches repeat the candidate"s basic views and aspirations for the country. They are repeated many hundred of times by each candidate. Many people believe that campaigns in the United States have become too negative. Each night you can see many attack ads on the television. These short ads contain sound bites which often distort the truth, or something the other candidate has said or done. Another recent problem has been voter turnout. There is often less than 60% turnout for national elections. Some people don"t register to vote, and some registered voters don"t show up at the voting booths. This angers many citizens who feel that voting is the most important responsibility of any citizen. Others point out that not voting is expressing an opinion that the system is broken. The United States maintains an extremely old, and some say inefficient, voting system. This system is called the Electoral College. Each state is assigned electoral votes based on the number of senators and representatives that state has in Congress. Each state has two Senators. The number of representatives is determined by the states population but is never less than 1 percent. The electoral votes are decided by the popular vote in each state. One candidate wins all of the electoral votes in a state. In other words, Oregon has 8 electoral votes. If 1 million people vote for the Republican candidate and one million and ten people vote for the Democratic candidate, ALL 3 electoral votes go to the democratic candidate. Many people feel that this system should be abandoned.11. What is the " third party" ?A. The Republicans.B. The Democrats.C. Neither of the two main parties.D. Either the opponents or the supporters.12. When are primaries held?A. During the second half of the election year.B. During the previous year to the election.C. During the first half of the election year.D. During the second half of the election year.13. What is the main purpose of the debates?A. Raising money for the election.B. Helping to understand the candidates" points of view.C. To attract advertising.D. Helping the audience and voters to make their decision.14. What is a stump speech?A. The standard speech given by a nominee many times.B. A special speech for a particular group.C. A speech about the forest.D. The improvised speech made by candidates while traveling.15. What is an attack ad?A. An advertisement which presents a nominee"s point of view on an issue.B. A type of election fad.C. A type of party platform.D. An advertisement which contains a sound bite which distorts the truth.Learning a language is not for everyone. Some people find it very difficult and stressful; others actually enjoy the mental challenge and still others(although these are rare people)find it easy to learn a foreign language. Recently, there has been a lot of interest in trying to define the characteristics of a " good" language learner. Here are four examples—can you select the person who is likely to make the best language learner from these descriptions of their needs and personalities? Perhaps it is best to take a typical example at the outset. Fred Brown had to retire last year because of a bad heart. He went to Spain for a holiday and decided he liked the country and the people so much that he would like to learn the language. He already speaks good French and a little Italian and he thinks these will give him a head start in learning another Latin language. He sees language leaning as a detective game; He hunts for cines and likes to find the answers himself. He knows that language learning is hard work, but he gives himself a little to learn each day. He listens to himself and usually knows when he has made a mistake. He knows exactly what sort of Spanish he wants to learn and is only interested in that. Mary Green has friends in Athens and she has been to Greece several times. Through her friends she met a Greek working in London and now they are engaged to be married. They plan to live in London but she feels she must learn Greek to talk to her future in-laws. She is going to Greek cookery classes as well. She says she is "hopeless at languages" and she hated the French teacher at school. She thinks language is all about talking and she tries to experiment with the language she knows:She takes risks. She is rather lazy about reading Greek and "switches off" when she sees it written down. She finds the classes a bit boring because she is not learning the things she wants to leambut she has not spoken to the teacher about this. In total contrast to someone who has the need to integrate into a family situation, however, is John Freeman. John"s company is starting to sell sportswear in France next May and John will have to visit Marseilles four times a year. There will be a local agent so he will not have to negotiate in French. He has been to France on holiday three times and knows a few words already. He enjoyed the sunshine but doesn"t really like foreigners:" They"re all a funny lot. " He is a very precise person who always likes to be accurate and doesn"t like to make a fool of himself. He does not speak any other languages and is motivated to learn French because of his work. He knows that language can be described as a series of rules and he tries hard to learn the system. He likes the teacher to translate so that he can be sure he has understood exactly what every word means. He is not interested in wasting his time guessing. He has not thought about what kind of French he needs to learn. Jane Smith, on the other hand, hasn"t even started work so she won"t have the strong motivation that working in a language gives people who are trying to sell their products. However, she doesn"t think that foreigners are strange people and she isn"t frightened of making mistakes because " it"s all a bit of fun". She has now finished her first school examinations and, although she is going on to study science in the 6th Form, she doesn"t want to forget the German she has studied. She can"t bear writing, though, and is impatient with herself when she makes grammatical mistakes. She doesn"t really know why she is continuing to leam and she has already said that if her German studies take up too much of her time, she will drop them and focus on "real" work. All of these learners have their own reasons and they are all different in how they approach the task and what they think learning is all about. The experts" view is that people who have a clear idea of the reasons for learning will do well and, on that basis, Fred Brown, John Freeman and Mary Green are clearly advantaged. However, it is also true that those who take risks and experiment do well and regular exposure to the language do well and here, of courses, John and Mary may have the edge over people like Jane. There"s also a case to be made that for those who enjoy learning and don"t care too much about making mistakes, success **e easily.16. The person with the lowest motivation is probably______.A. JaneB. FredC. JohnD. Mary17. John Freeman is learning French______.A. because he needs to go to MarseillesB. only for professional reasonsC. to integrate into the French **munityD. to be able to make business deals in French18. Mary Green is learning Greek because______.A. she needs it for professional reasonsB. she is going to cookery classes in GreekC. she wants to be able to talk to her familyD. she wants to live in Greece19. Fred, John and Mary have an advantage because______.A. they aren"t afraid to experimentB. they know what they want to learnC. they understand the structure of languageD. they know why they are learning the language20. Contact with native speakers helps you to learn, so______.A. Fred will be at a definite disadvantageB. Jane will have an advantageC. Jane and John will be at a disadvantageD. John and Mary will have an advantage4. 英译汉1. Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese.(30 %)The strategic nature of the threat now posed by human civilization to the global environment and the strategic nature of the threat to human civilization now posed by changes in the global environment present us with a similar set of challenges and false hopes. Some argue that a new ultimate technology, whether unclear power or genetic engineering will solve the problem. Others hold that only a drastic reduction of our reliance on technology can improve the conditions of life—a simplistic notion at best. But the real solution will be found in reinventing and finally healing the relationship between civilization and the earth. This can only be accomplished by undertaking a careful reassessment of all the factors that led to the relatively recent dramatic change in the relationship. The transformation of the way we relate to the earth will of course involve new technologies, but the key changes will involve new ways of thinking about the relationship itself.2. As we listen today to the arguments about bilingual education, we ought to think ourselves back into the shoes of the Saxon peasant. The new ruling class had built a cultural barrier against him by building their French against his own language. There must have been a great deal of cultural humiliation felt by the English when they revolted under Saxon leaders like Hereward the Wake. "The King"s English"—if the term had existed then—had become French. And here in American now, 900 years later, we are still the heirs to it.3. The diversity gives endless color to the city, so that walking in it is a constant education in slights and smells. There is a wonderful variety of places to eat or shop, and though the most successful of such places are likely to be touristy **promises, they too have genuine roots. Other American cities have ethnic turfs jealously defended, but not, I think, such an admixture of groups, thrown together in such jarring juxtapositions. In the same way, avenues of high-rise luxury in New York must be celebrated along with its treasures of art and music. **bination is unstable; it produces friction, or an uneasy forbearance that sometimes becomes a real toleration.5. 写作1. There is a famous saying by Henry Peter Brougham:" Education makes a people easy to lead, but difficult to drive; easy to govern, but impossible to enslave. " You are supposed to write a composition of about 300 words on the topic: Education. In the first part of **position, you should present your thesis statement; in the second part, you should support the thesis statement with details; and in the last part, you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion. Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and diction. Please write your response on the answer sheet.。
2010年考研英语真题及答案
2010年考研英语真题及答案真题部分：Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Is Feeling the Real Skill?A fundamental difference between our brain and a computer is the size of our working memory. Working memory holds the 1_______ (1) we need to think and make sense of the world. A bit like the whiteboard we have2_______ (2) school, it's where we do our mental 3_______ (3). But crucially, our working memory has a severely limited capacity: it can hold only four items at 4_______ (4). By contrast, the long-term memory at our fingertips via Google is 5_______ (5).The notion that 6_______ (6) it is to "download information" nowadays ruins the cerebral fun. After 7_______ (7) we have four items in our working memory or fewer, the space is 8_______ (8) for daydreams, fantasies and emotion. An obsession with 9_______ (9) multitudes of facts and figures challenges our brain's ability to learn, as well as how much it can deal 10_______ (10) partly because it's usually uninteresting despite the onslaught 11_______ (11) compelling facts.In addition, 12_______ (12) heavy reliance on technology is forcing radical changes to a century-old system of 13_______ (13) that may notwork properly. We will need to teach people differently if heavy use of Google is 14_______ (14) our mental approach. A good lesson for education is to ensure learners are curious and engaged and to 15_______ (15) the chance for them to find answers.0. A. notion B. information C. imagination D. fiction1. A. aspect B. measure C. truth D. thought2. A. left on B. bought from C. written on D. brought up3. A. show B. work C. process D. effect4. A. once B. yet C. even D. instead5. A. bare B. limited C. vast D. everlasting6. A. easy B. common C. difficult D. ironic7. A. occasional B. occasionally C. occasion D. occasions8. A. left B. driven C. taken D. given9. A. learning B. memorizing C. forgetting D. sharing10. A. of B. into C. with D. for11. A. at B. on C. of D. for12. A. this B. that C. a D. an13. A. marking B. studying C. examination D. assessment14. A. to change B. changing C. to have changed D. to be changing15. A. limit B. take C. keep D. set参考答案：0. A 1. D 2. C 3. B 4. A5. C6. C7. D8. A9. B10. A 11. C 12. B 13. D 14. B15. CSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1There are two classic neurological accounts of how you recognize your home. One says you look for a particular place surrounded by a globally unique set of buildings in an overall configuraTION that is familiar. The other says you come in by one of the roads that lead up to your front door. Each theory is about equally correct, which necessarily means each is about equally wrong—for reasons we shall come to.Then after you park—it’s only now that you feel you have really come home. You open the front door. And you step in. There is no flash of lightning, no sudden, overpowering sensation that says “this is home, I definitely know that…”—in fact, the sensation is so weak and unremarkablethat it would not even pass most psychologists’ test for “awareNESS”. Your sense of you and your sense of home come together in the end, we suggest, only by good organization of the interaction of several different areas of the brain.The particular way the familiar street geometry fits together around your home may indeed form a key part of the representation of home place in your brain. But surely this information reaches your brain only after the composition and layout of the buildings have been spatially coded by the areas that subserve perception of shape, tracings and layout? Then again, how could you, even in principle, perceive the streets around your home layout and location, without the functioning of your long-term memory and your personality-mood-system?And in what format does this memory of place exist? It obviously includes the ability to recognize and recall particular street sequences, but does it also include the ability to monitor your speed and keep track of how far you have moved through the world?What, for example, is the home place in the reference frame of the dynamic optic flow that you see as you walk or drive on the streets around your house? It would surely be an absurd proposition to suggest that the mathematical model of the optic flow should be used to retain and recall your memory of place?Our point, then, is that we expect both theories of landmark recognition to be correct and at the same time not to be correct. Home is a bit like pornography: a marriage of Flemish property porn, soft pornography ofbuildings and space, of streets as well as buildings, and some hardporn that comes in from the optic flow of moving around.16. The author argues that both neurological accounts of recognition of home are equally wrong because _______.A. their approaches are globally uniqueB. they are based on the same kind of reasoningC. all psychologists agree that they are unreliableD. each only focuses on one piece of the puzzle17. The author suggests that the sense of being at home is not immediately recognizable because _______.A. it is not a true awarenessB. people have difficulty organizing their interactionsC. it involves the activation of several brain areasD. it is not supported by psychologists' tests18. According to the text, how do people recognize the familiar geometry of the streets around their home?A. By perceiving their relationship to the house firstB. By tracking their speed as they move along the streetsC. By recalling the layout of the buildings in the areaD. By monitoring their long-term memory and mood19. The author suggests that the memory of place is not limited to recalling street sequences but also involves _______.A. recognition of the optic flowB. frequent monitoring of locationC. understanding of mathematical modelsD. perception of shape and layout20. The final sentence of the text suggests that the memory of home consists of _______.A. a collection of buildings and streetsB. a mixture of visual and emotional experiencesC. a series of mathematical and spatial equationsD. a combination of different neurological approaches参考答案：16. D 17. C 18. C 19. A 20. BPart BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 21-25, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)The Coming Golden AgeEconomic forecasting is a mug's game．But if the next ten years are like the 1990s or the 1950s，even the most cautious fund manager will need to position themselves furiously for the coming golden age.Between 1948-73 the world economy grew at an underlying rate of 4% a year；trade grew at twice that rate．The sheer amounts of people being conned into borrowing huge amounts of money set the scene for a financial crisis．But the reaction to the recession has set the stage for the coming boom．The acceleration of globalization over the past 18 months strongly suggests that the persistent trends of the past 30 years will carry on．Oil and commodities aside，the prices of goods have been falling ever since Richard Nixon ended the gold standard in 1971．The Internet boom of the late 1990s helped damp down inflation still further．We are thus in a world economy where the 7 billionth consumer is about to join our club in China．And the 8 billionth consumer is 30-40 years away，in Africa．China and India have absorbed at least 300 million people intothe market–oriented economy over the past 20 years．China and India are going to surprise on the upside，for years．Efficiency gains and per capita income growth in these two countries will emerge as the two big drivers of the world economy．So why do investors think high productivity and low inflation are bad news for shares? We think the productive use of facilities and labourtranslates into high profits．If 4% trend growth is back，say hello to profit margins around the world at least 20% higher in the next decade than in the previous one．The coming golden age is going to be very good indeed for profits．21．However A．The accelerating trend of globalization22．Furthermore B．Per capita income in Asian emerging markets 23．Meanwhile C．The current low inflation environment24．Moreover D．Efficiency gains in the global economy25．Thus E．The rising affluence of consumers in emerging markets参考答案：21. D 22. B 23. E 24. A 25. CSection III TranslationPart ADirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)The presence of carefully selected plants inside malls, workplaces, and other buildings where people spend a lot of time can help create healthier, more pleasant environments. This is not just an aesthetic judgment; the effect has been proven in numerous studies. For example, in a Seattle office building, workers with a view of trees took fewer sick days and made fewer errors in their work than those without such a view. Other studies in hospitals and workplaces have found plants have similar effects, including enabling people to recover more quickly from surgery, improve concentration, and reduce stress.参考答案：商场、工作场所和其他人们长时间待在的建筑物内安置精心选取的植物可以帮助营造更健康、更愉悦的环境。
2010年考研英语一真题及参考答案解析
2010年考研英语一Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank.and mark[A]，[B]，[C]or[D]on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)In 1924 American National Research Council sent to engineer to supervise a series of experiments at a telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lighting __1__ workers productivity. Instead，the studies ended__2__ giving their name to the “Hawthorne effect” the extremely influential idea the very__3__to being experimented upon changed subjects’ behaviorThe idea arose because of the__4__behavior of the women in theplant.According to __5__of the experiments their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not __6__what was done in the experiment. __7__something was changed productivity rose . A(n) __8__ that they were being experimented upon seemed to be __9__to alter workers' behavior __10__ itselfAfter several decades，the same data were __11__to econometric the analysis Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store 12 the descriptions on record，no systematic __13__was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lightingIt turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have let to __14__interpretation of what happened.__15__，lighting was always changed on a Sunday When work started again on Monday, output __16__ rose compared with the previous Saturday and __17__ to rise for the next couple of days __18__ ，a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday, workers __19__to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case，before __20__a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged “Hawthorne effect” is hard to pin down1.[A] affected [B]achieved [C]extracted [D]restored2. [A]at [B]up [C]with [D]off3. [A]truth [B]sight [C]act [D]proof4. [A]controversial [B]perplexing [C]mischievous [D]ambiguous5. [A]requirements [B]explanations [C]accounts [D]assessments6. [A]conclude [B]matter [C]indicate [D]work7. [A]as far as [B]for fear that [C]in case that [D]so long as8. [A]awareness [B]expectation [C]sentiment [D]illusion9. [A]suitable [B]excessive [C]enough [D]abundant10. [A]about [B]for [C]on [D]by11. [A]compared [B]shown [C]subjected [D]conveyed12. [A]contrary to [B]consistent with [C]parallel with [D]peculiar to13.[A]evidence [B]guidance [C]implication [D]source14.[A]disputable [B]enlightening [C]reliable [D]misleading15.[A]In contrast [B]For example [C]In consequence [D]As usual16. [A]duly [B]accidentally [C]unpredictably [D]suddenly17. [A]failed [B]ceased [C]started [D]continued20.[A]breaking [B]climbing [C]surpassing [D]hittingSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing[A]，[B]，[C]or[D].Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Text 1Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in mostbig-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a calling,and were proud to be published in the daily press. “So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journ alism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define ‘journalism’ as ‘a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are.’”Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England’s foremost classical-music critics, a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.Is there any chance that Cardus’s criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.21. It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that[A] arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers.[B] English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews.[C] high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers.[D] young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies.22. Newspaper reviews in England before World War II were characterized by[A] free themes.[B] casual style.[C] elaborate layout.[D] radical viewpoints.23. Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?[A] It is writers' duty to fulfill journalistic goals.[B] It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.[C] Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.[D] Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.24. What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?[A] His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.[B] His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.[C] His style caters largely to modern specialists.[D] His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.25. What would be the best title for the text?[A] Newspapers of the Good Old Days[B] The Lost Horizon in Newspapers[C] Mournful Decline of Journalism[D] Prominent Critics in MemoryText 2Over the past decade, thousands of patents have seen granted for what are called business methods.Amazon com received one for its“one-click”onlin e payment system Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy.One inventor patented a technique for lying a box。
2010年考研英语一试题及答案（完整版）
2010年考研英语一试题及答案（完整版）历年真题包含了考研经常的考的考点，摸透真题就能了解出题的整个脉络和方向，所以在考研的艰辛路上，真题绝对是您制胜的武器，考研频道为收集到了各个公共课和专业课的历年真题，欢迎收藏(CTRL+D)。
2010年考研英语(一)试题Section I Use of English In 1924 American' National Research Council sent to engineer to supervise a series of experiments at a telephone-parts factory called the Hawhtore Plant near Chicago It hoped they would learn how stop-floor Egnting __1__ workors productivity Instead，the studies ended__2__ giving the ir name to the―Hawhthome effect‖the extremely inflentlcel ldea the veey__3__to bemg expenmented upon changed subjects’behaviorThe idea arose because of the__4__behavior of the women in the plato.Accordmg to __5__of the cxpetmems.their.houriy output rose when hghtmg was increased.but also when it was dimmed. It did not __6__what was done in the expenment. __7__sometmg was changed.produchnty rose A(n) __8__ that they were bemg experimented upon seemed to be __9__t0 alterworkers' bchamor __10__ uself After several decades，the salile data were __11__to econometric the analysis Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store j2一the descnpuons on record，no systematic __13__was foundthat lcvcls of produchxnty wererelated to changes in lightingIt turns out that peculiar way of conducting the c~enments may be have let to __14__interpretation of what happed.__15__，tighring was always changed on a Sunday When work started again on Monday, output __16__ rose compared with theprevious Saturday and __17__ to rise for the next couple of days __18__ , a comparison with data for weeks whenthere was no expenmentation showed that output always went up On Monday, workers __19__to be duigent for the first few days of the week in any case，before __21__a plateau and then slackening off This suggests that the alleged‖ Hawthorne effect―is hard to ptn down1.[A] affected [B]achieved [C]exlracted [D]restored2 [A]at [B]up [C]with [D]Off3 [A]Wuth [B]sight [C]act [D]proof4.[A]convoversial [B]perplexing [c]mischieous [D]ambiguous5.[A]reqtttrents [B]cxplanalions [C]accounts [D]assements6[A]conclude [B]matter [C]indicate [D]work 7[A]as faras[B]for fearthat [C]in casethat [D]so long as8.[A]awarerress [B]expectation [C]sentiment [D]illusion9.[A]suitale [B]excessive [C]enough[D]abundant10.[A]about [B]for [C]on [D]by11[A]compared [B]shown [C]subjected[D]conveyed12.[A]contrary to [B]consistent with [C]parallel with[D]pealliar to13.[A]evidence [B]guidance [C]implication [D]source14.[A]disputable [B]enlightening [C]retiable[D]wasleadmg15.[A]In contast [B]For example [C]In consequence [D]As usual16.[A]duly [B]accidentally [C]unpredictably[D]suddenly17.[A]failed [B]ceased [C]started[D]continued20.[A]breaking [B]chrnbing [C]surpassmg [D]。
2010英语一真题(后附答案详解)
2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark[A],[B],[C]or[D]on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)In 1924 America's National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of industrial experiments at a large telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago.It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lighting 1 workers' productivity.Instead,the studies ended 2 giving their name to the"Hawthorne effect",the extremely influential idea that the very 3 to being experimented upon changed subjects' behavior.The idea arose because of the 4 behavior of the women in the Hawthorne plant.According to 5 of the experiments,their hourly output rose when lighting was increased,but also when it was dimmed.It did not 6 what was done in the experiment; 7 something was changed,productivity rose.A(n) 8 that they were being experimented upon seemed to be 9 to alter workers' behavior 10 itself.After several decades,the same data were 11 to econometric the analysis.Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store 12 the descriptions on record,no systematic 13 was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have let to 14 interpretation of what happened. 15 ,lighting was always changed on a Sunday.When work started again on Monday,output 16 rose compared with the previous Saturday and 17 to rise for the next couple of days. 18 ,a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday,workers 19 to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case,before 20 a plateau and then slackening off.This suggests that the alleged"Hawthorne effect"is hard to pin down.Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Text 1Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century,perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in mostbig-city newspapers.Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews.To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II,at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared.In those far-off days,it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered.Theirs was a serious business,and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly,like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman,could be trusted to know what they were about.These men believed in journalism as a calling,and were proud to be published in the daily press.“So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,”Newman wrote,“that I am tempted to define‘journalism’ as‘a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are.’”Unfortunately,these critics are virtually forgotten.Neville Cardus,who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975,is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket.During hislifetime,though,he was also one of England’s foremost classical-music critics,a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography(1947)became a best-seller.He was knighted in 1967,the first music critic to be so honored.Yet only one of his books is now in print,and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.Is there any chance that Cardus’s criticism will enjoy a revival?The prospect seems remote.Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death,and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized.Moreover,the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.21.It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that[A]arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers.[B]English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews.[C]high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers.[D]young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies.22.Newspaper reviews in England before World War II were characterized by[A]free themes.[B]casual style.[C]elaborate layout.[D]radical viewpoints.23.Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?[A]It is writers 'duty to fulfill journalistic goals.[B]It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.[C]Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.[D]Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.24.What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?[A]His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.[B]His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.[C]His style caters largely to modern specialists.[D]His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.25.What would be the best title for the text?[A]Newspapers of the Good Old Days[B]The Lost Horizon in Newspapers[C]Mournful Decline of Journalism[D]Prominent Critics in MemoryText 2Over the past decade,thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business received one for its"one-click"online payment system.Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy.One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box.Now the nation's top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents,which have been controversial ever since they were firstauthorized 10 years ago.In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz the U.S.court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents.In re Bilski,as the case is known,is"a very big deal",says Dennis D.Crouch of the University of Missouri School of law.It"has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents."Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face,because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with its 1998 decision in theso-called state Street Bank case,approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets.That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings,initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive rights to specific types of online ter,more established companies raced to add such patents to their files,if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch.In 2005,IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them.Similarly,some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents for financial products,even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market.The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court's judges,rather than a typical panel of three,and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should"reconsider"its state street Bank ruling.The Federal Circuit's action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent st April,for example the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for"inventions"that are obvious.The judges on the Federal circuit are"reacting to the anti-patent trend at the Supreme Court",says Harold C.Wegner,a patent attorney and professor at George Washington University Law School.26.Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of[A]their limited value to business[B]their connection with asset allocation[C]the possible restriction on their granting[D]the controversy over their authorization27.Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?[A]Its ruling complies with the court decisions[B]It involves a very big business transaction[C]It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit[D]It may change the legal practices in the U.S.28.The word"about-face"(Line 1,Para 3)most probably means[A]loss of good will[B]increase of hostility[C]change of attitude[D]enhancement of dignity29.We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents[A]are immune to legal challenges[B]are often unnecessarily issued[C]lower the esteem for patent holders[D]increase the incidence of risks30.Which of the following would be the subject of the text?[A]A looming threat to business-method patents[B]Protection for business-method patent holders[C]A legal case regarding business-method patents[D]A prevailing trend against business-method patentsText 3In his book The Tipping Point,Malcolm Gladwell argues that social epidemics are driven in large part by the acting of a tiny minority of special individuals,often called influentials,who are unusually informed,persuasive,or well-connected.The idea is intuitively compelling,but it doesn't explain how ideas actually spread.The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible sounding but largely untested theory called the"two step flow of communication":Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else.Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influencethe influentials,those selected people will do most of the work for them.The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks,brands,or neighborhoods.In many such cases,a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing,promoting,or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention.Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trendsIn their recent work,however,some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed.In fact,they don't seem to be required of all.The researchers'argument stems from a simple observing about social influence,with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey—whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media,not interpersonal,influence—even the most influential members of a population simply don't interact with that many others.Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who,according to the two-step-flow theory,are supposed to drive social epidemics by influencing their friends and colleagues directly.For a social epidemic to occur,however,each person so affected,must then influence his or her own acquaintances,who must in turn influence theirs,and so on;and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential.If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant,for example,the cascade of change won't propagate very far or affect many people.Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence,the researchers studied the dynamics of populations manipulating a number of variables relating of populations,manipulating a number of variables relating to people's ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced.Our work shows that the principal requirement for what we call"global cascades"–the widespread propagation of influence through networks–is the presence not of a few influentials but,rather,of a critical mass of easily influenced people.31.By citing the book The Tipping Point,the author intends to[A]analyze the consequences of social epidemics[B]discuss influentials' function in spreading ideas[C]exemplify people's intuitive response to social epidemics[D]describe the essential characteristics of influentials.32.The author suggests that the"two-step-flow theory"[A]serves as a solution to marketing problems[B]has helped explain certain prevalent trends[C]has won support from influentials[D]requires solid evidence for its validity33.What the researchers have observed recently shows that[A]the power of influence goes with social interactions[B]interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media[C]influentials have more channels to reach the public[D]most celebrities enjoy wide media attention34.The underlined phrase"these people"in paragraph 4 refers to the ones who[A]stay outside the network of social influence[B]have little contact with the source of influence[C]are influenced and then influence others[D]are influenced by the initial influential35.what is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence?[A]The eagerness to be accepted[B]The impulse to influence others[C]The readiness to be influenced[D]The inclination to rely on othersText 4Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public.Behind the scenes,they have been taking aim at someone else:the accountingstandard-setters.Their rules,moan the banks,have forced them to report enormous losses,and it's just not fair.These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay,not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.Unfortunately,banks' lobbying now seems to be working.The details may beunknowable,but the independence of standard-setters,essential to the proper functioning of capital markets,is being compromised.And,unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers,reviving the banking system will be difficult.After a bruising encounter with Congress,America's Financial Accounting Standards Board(FASB)rushed through rule changes.These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statement.Bob Herz,the FASB's chairman,cried out against those who"question our motives."Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls"the use of judgment by management."European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board(IASB)do likewise.The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning,but the pressure to fold when it completes it reconstruction of rules later this year is strong.Charlie McCreevy,a European commissioner,warned the IASB that it did"not live in a political vacuum"but"in the real word"and that Europe could yet develop different rules.It was banks that were on the wrong planet,with accounts that vastly overvalued assets.Today they argue that market prices overstate losses,because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets,not the likely extent of bad debts.The truth will not be known for years.But bank's shares trade below their book value,suggesting that investors are skeptical.And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses,yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.To get the system working again,losses must be recognized and dealtwith.America's new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive.Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters.The FASB and IASB have been exactlythat,cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions,for example,against hostility from special interests.But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions.36.Bankers complained that they were forced to[A]follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules[B]collect payments from third parties[C]cooperate with the price managers[D]reevaluate some of their assets.37.According to the author,the rule changes of the FASB may result in[A]the diminishing role of management[B]the revival of the banking system[C]the banks' long-term asset losses[D]the weakening of its independence38.According to Paragraph 4,McCreevy objects to the IASB's attempt to[A]keep away from political influences.[B]evade the pressure from their peers.[C]act on their own in rule-setting.[D]take gradual measures in reform.39.The author thinks the banks were"on the wrong planet"in that they[A]misinterpreted market price indicators[B]exaggerated the real value of their assets[C]neglected the likely existence of bad debts.[D]denied booking losses in their sale of assets.40.The author's attitude towards standard-setters is one of[A]satisfaction.[B]skepticism.[C]objectiveness[D]sympathyPart BDirections:For Questions 41-45,choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A-G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text.Paragraph E has been correctly placed.There is one paragraph which does not fit in with the text.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10 points)[A]The first and more important is the consumer's growing preference for eating out;the consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005.This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year across Europe,compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent.Meanwhile,as the recession is looming large,people are getting anxious.They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.[B]Retail sales of food and drink in Europe's largest markets are at a standstill,leaving European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow.Most leading retailers have already tried e-commerce,with limited success,and expansion abroad.But almost all have ignored the big,profitable opportunity in their own backyard:the wholesale food and drink trade,which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need.[C]Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drink market?Definitely not.The functioning of the market is based on flexible trends dominated by potential buyers.In other words,it is up to the buyer,rather than the seller,to decide what to buy.At any rate,this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic and international consumers,regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold.[D]All in all,this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could profitably apply their scale,existing infrastructure and proven skills in the management of product ranges,logistics,and marketing intelligence.Retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits thereby.At least,that is how it looks as a whole.Closer inspection reveals important differences among the biggest national markets,especially in their customer segments and wholesale structures,as well as the competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories.Big retailers must understand these differences before they can identify the segments of European wholesaling in which their particular abilities might unseat smaller but entrenched competitors.New skills and unfamiliar businessmodels are needed too.[E]Despite variations in detail,wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely examined—France,Germany,Italy,and Spain—are made out of the same building blocks.Demand comes mainly from two sources:independent mom-and-pop grocery stores which,unlike large retail chains,are too small to buy straight from producers,and food service operators that cater to consumers when they don't eat at home.Such food service operators range from snack machines to large institutional catering ventures,but most of these businesses are known in the trade as"horeca":hotels,restaurants,and cafes.Overall,Europe's wholesale market for food and drink is growing at the same sluggish pace as the retail market,but thefigures,when added together,mask two opposing trends.[F]For example,wholesale food and drink sales come to$268 billion in France,Germany,Italy,Spain,and the United Kingdom in 2000—more than 40 percent of retail sales.Moreover,average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail;wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often;and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate.[G]However,none of these requirements should deter large retailers(and even some large good producers and existing wholesalers)from trying their hand,for those that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains.41→42→43→44→E→45Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10 points)One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value.Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and,if its stability depends on its integrity,they are entitled to continuance.When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and,if we happen to love it.We invert excuses to give it economic importance.At the beginning of century songbirds were supposed to be disappearing.(46)Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them.the evidence had to be economic in order to be valid.It is painful to read these round about accounts today.We have no land ethic yet,(47)but we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right,regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fish-eating birds.(48)Time was when biologists somewhat over worded the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak,or that they prey only on"worthless"species.Some species of tree have been read out of the party by economics-minded foresters because they grow too slowly,or have too low a sale vale to pay as timber crops.(49)In Europe,where forestry is ecologically more advanced,thenon-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community,to be preserved as such,within reason.To sum up:a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided.(50)It tends to ignore,and thus eventually to eliminate,many elements in the land community that lack commercial value,but that are essential to its healthy functioning.It assumes,falsely,I think,that the economic parts of the biotic clock will function without the uneconomic parts.SectionⅢWritingPart A51.Directions:You are supposed to write for the postgraduate association a notice to recruit volunteers for an international conference on globalization,you should conclude the basic qualification of applicant and the other information you think relative.You should write about 100 words.Do not sign your own name at the end of thee"postgraduate association"instead.Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing.In your essay,you should1)describe the drawing briefly,2)explain its intended meaning,and then3)give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2.(20 points)答案解析Section I Use of English1.【答案】[A]【解析】A项affect意思是"影响，感动"；B项achieve意思是"达成，完成"；C项extract意思是"提取，榨出"；D项restore是"恢复，重建".这句话的意思是：他们想通过实验探究车间照明是如何影响工人的生产率的，所以答案是A。
2010年考研英语一真题(word版)
绝密★启用前2010 年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）（科目代码：201）☆考生注意事项☆1.答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号,并涂写考生编号信息点。
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不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。
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超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。
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5.考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。
（以下信息考生必须认真填写）Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)In 1924 America’s National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of experiments at a telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how shop-floor lighting 1 workers’ productivity. Instead, the studies ended 2 giving their name to the “Hawthorne effect,” the extremely influential idea that the very 3 of being experimented upon changed subjects’ behavior.The idea arose because of the 4 behavior of the women in the plant. According to 5 of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not 6 what was done in the experiment; 7 something was changed, productivity rose. A(n) 8 that they were being experimented upon seemed to be 9 to alter workers’behavior 10 itself.After several decades, the same data were 11 to econometric analysis. The Hawthorne experiments had another surprise in store. 12 the descriptions on record, no systematic 13 was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.It turns out that the peculiar way of conducting the experiments may have led to 14 interpretations of what happened. 15 , lighting was always changed on a Sunday. When work started again on Monday, output 16 rose compared with the previous Saturday and 17 to rise for the next couple of days. 18 , a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Mondays. Workers 19 to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case, before 20 a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged “Hawthorne effect” is hard to pin down.1. [A] affected [B] achieved [C] extracted [D] restored2. [A] at [B] up [C] with [D] off3. [A] truth [B] sight [C] act [D] proof4. [A] controversial [B] perplexing [C] mischievous [D] ambiguous5. [A] requirements [B] explanations [C] accounts [D] assessments6. [A] conclude [B] matter [C] indicate [D] work7. [A] as far as [B] for fear that [C] in case that [D] so long as8. [A] awareness [B] expectation [C] sentiment [D] illusion9. [A] suitable [B] excessive [C] enough [D] abundant10.[A] about [B] for [C] on [D] by11.[A] compared [B] shown [C] subjected [D] conveyed12.[A] Contrary to [B] Consistent with [C] Parallel with [D] Peculiar to13.[A] evidence [B] guidance [C] implication [D] source14.[A] disputable [B] enlightening [C] reliable [D] misleading15. [A] In contrast [B] For example [C] In consequence [D] As usual16.[A] duly [B] accidentally [C] unpredictably [D] suddenly17.[A] failed [B] ceased [C] started [D] continued18.[A] Therefore [B] Furthermore [C] However [D] Meanwhile19.[A] attempted [B] tended [C] chose [D] intended20.[A] breaking [B] climbing [C] surpassing [D] hitting Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily pre ss. “So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism, ” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define ‘journalism’ as ‘a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are ’.”Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England’s foremost classical-music critics, and a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.Is there any chance that Cardus’s criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.21.It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that[A]arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers.[B]English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews.[C]high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers.[D]young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies.22.Newspaper reviews in England before World War II were characterized by[A]free themes.[B]casual style.[C]elaborate layout.[D]radical viewpoints.23.Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?[A]It is writers’ duty to fulfill journalistic goals.[B]It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.[C]Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.[D]Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.24.What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?[A]His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.[B]His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.[C]His style caters largely to modern specialists.[D]His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.25.What would be the best title for the text?[A]Newspapers of the Good Old Days[B]The Lost Horizon in Newspapers[C]Mournful Decline of Journalism[D]Prominent Critics in MemoryText 2Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods. received one for its “one-click” online payment system. Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box.Now the nation’s top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago. In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In re Bilski, as the case is known, is “a very big deal,” says Dennis D. Crouch of the University of Missouri School of Law. It “has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents.”Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the Federal Circuit itself that introduced such patents with its 1998 decision in the so-called State Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging Internet companies trying to stake out exclusive rights to specific types of online transactions. Later, more established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents, despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment firms armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal Circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court’s judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should “reconsider” its State Street Bank ruling.The Federal Circuit’s action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the Supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example, the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for “inventions” that are obvious. The judges on the Federal Circuit are “reacting to the anti-patent trend at the Supreme Court,” says Harold C. Wegner, a patent attorney and professor at George Washington University Law School.26.Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of[A]their limited value to businesses.[B]their connection with asset allocation.[C]the possible restriction on their granting.[D]the controversy over their authorization.27.Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?[A]Its ruling complies with the court decisions.[B]It involves a very big business transaction.[C]It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit.[D]It may change the legal practices in the U.S.28.The word “about-face” (Line 1, Para. 3) most probably means[A]loss of goodwill.[B]increase of hostility.[C]change of attitude.[D]enhancement of dignity.29.We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents[A]are immune to legal challenges.[B]are often unnecessarily issued.[C]lower the esteem for patent holders.[D]increase the incidence of risks.30.Which of the following would be the subject of the text?[A]A looming threat to business-method patents.[B]Protection for business-method patent holders.[C]A legal case regarding business-method patents.[D]A prevailing trend against business-method patents.Text 3In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell argues that “social epidemics” are driven in large part by the actions of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well connected. The idea is intuitively compelling, b ut it doesn’t explain how ideas actually spread.The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible-sounding but largely untested theory called the “two-step flow of communication”: Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those select people will do most of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods. In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trends.In their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. In fa ct, they don’t seem to be required at all.The researchers’ argument stems from a simple observation about social influence: With the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey –whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence –even the most influential members of a population simply don’t interact with that many others. Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics, by influencing their friends and colleagues directly. For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential. If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example, the cascade of change won’t propagate very far or affect many people.Building on this basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of social influence by conducting thousands of computer simulations of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to people’s ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced. They found that the principal requirement for what is called “global cascades” –the widespread propagation of influence through networks –is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people.31.By citing the book The Tipping Point, the author intends to[A]analyze the consequences of social epidemics.[B]discuss influentials’ function in spreading ideas.[C]exemplify people’s intuitive response to social epidemics.[D]describe the essential characteristics of influentials.32.The author suggests that the “two-step-flow theory”[A]serves as a solution to marketing problems.[B]has helped explain certain prevalent trends.[C]has won support from influentials.[D]requires solid evidence for its validity.33.What the researchers have observed recently shows that[A]the power of influence goes with social interactions.[B]interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media.[C]influentials have more channels to reach the public.[D]most celebrities enjoy wide media attention.34.The underlined phrase “these people” in Paragraph 4 refers to the ones who[A]stay outside the network of social influence.[B]have little contact with the source of influence.[C]are influenced and then influence others.[D]are influenced by the initial influential.35.What is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence?[A]The eagerness to be accepted.[B]The impulse to influence others.[C]The readiness to be influenced.[D]The inclination to rely on others.Text 4Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standard-setters. Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and it’s just not fair. These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.Unfortunately, banks’ lobbying now seems to be working. The details may be unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised. And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult.After a bruising encounter with Congress, America’s Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) rushed through rule changes. These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statements. Bob Herz, the FASB’s chairman, cried out against those who “question our motives.” Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobbying group politely calls “the use of judgment by management.”European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise. The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes its reconstruction of rules later this year is strong. Charlie McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did “not live in a political vacuum” but “in the real world” and that Europe could yet develop different rules.It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets. Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts. The truth will not be known for years. But banks’ shares trade below their book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical. And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with. America’s new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions, for example, against hostility from special interests. But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions.36.Bankers complained that they were forced to[A]follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules.[B]collect payments from third parties.[C]cooperate with the price managers.[D]reevaluate some of their assets.37.According to the author, the rule changes of the FASB may result in[A]the diminishing role of management.[B]the revival of the banking system.[C]the banks’ long-term asset losses.[D]the weakening of its independence.38.According to Paragraph 4, McCreevy objects to the IASB’s attempt to[A]keep away from political influences.[B]evade the pressure from their peers.[C]act on their own in rule-setting.[D]take gradual measures in reform.39.The author thinks the banks were “on the wrong planet” in that they[A]misinterpreted market price indicators.[B]exaggerated the real value of their assets.[C]neglected the likely existence of bad debts.[D]denied booking losses in their sale of assets.40.The author’s attitude towards standard-setters is one of[A]satisfaction.[B]skepticism.[C]objectiveness.[D]sympathy.Part BDirections:For questions 41-45, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A-G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraph E has been correctly placed. There is one paragraph which does not fit in with the text. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)[A]The first and more important is the consumer’s growi ng preference for eating out:the consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005. This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year across Europe, compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent. Meanwhile, as the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious. They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.[B]Retail sales of food and drink in Europe’s largest markets are at a standstill,leaving European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow. Most leading retailers have already tried e-commerce, with limited success, and expansion abroad. But almost all have ignored the big, profitable opportunity in their own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need.[C]Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food anddrink market? Definitely not. The functioning of the market is based on flexible trends dominated by potential buyers. In other words, it is up to the buyer, rather than the seller, to decide what to buy. At any rate, this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic and international consumers, regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold.[D]All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could profitablyapply their gigantic scale, existing infrastructure, and proven skills in the management of product ranges, logistics, and marketing intelligence. Retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits thereby. At least, that is how it looks as a whole. Closer inspection reveals important differences among the biggest national markets,especially in their customer segments and wholesale structures, as well as the competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories. Big retailers mustunderstand these differences before they can identify the segments of European wholesaling in which their particular abilities might unseat smaller but entrenched competitors. New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed too.[E] Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have beenclosely examined – France, Germany, Italy and Spain – are made out of the same building blocks. Demand comes mainly from two sources: independent mom-and-pop grocery stores which, unlike large retail chains, are too small to buy straight from producers, and food service operators that cater to consumers when they don’t eat at home. Such food service operators range from snack machines to large institutional catering ventures, but most of these businesses are known in the trade as “horeca”：hotels, restaurants, and cafés. Overall, Europe’s wholesale market for food and drink is growing at the same sluggish pace as the retail market, but the figures, when added together, mask two opposing trends.[F ] For example, wholesale food and drink sales came to ＄ 268 billion in France,Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom in 2000 – more than 40 percent of retail sales. Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often; and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate.[G] However, none of these requirements should deter large retailers (and even somelarge food producers and existing wholesalers) from trying their hand, for those that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains.→ → → → E 44. 43. 42. 45.41.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value. Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and, if its stability depends on its integrity, they are entitled to c ontinuance.When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and, if we happen to love it, we invent excuses to give it economic importance. At the beginning of the century songbirds were supposed to be disappearing. (46) Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them. The evidence had to be economic in order to be valid.It is painful to read these roundabout accounts today. We have no land ethic yet, (47)but we have at least drawn nearer the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fish-eating birds.(48)Time was when biologists somewhat overworked the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on “worthless” species. Here again, the evidence had to be economic in order to be valid. It is only in recent years that we hear the more honest argument that predators are members of the community, and that no special interest has the right to exterminate them for the sake of benefit, real or fancied, to itself.Some species of trees have been “read out of the party” by economics-minded foresters because they grow too slowly, or have too low a sale value to pay as timber crops. (49) In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the noncommercial tree species are recognized as members of the native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason. Moreover, some have been found to have a valuable function in building up soil fertility. The interdependence of the forest and its constituent tree species, ground flora, and fauna is taken for granted.To sum up: a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided. (50) It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning. It assumes, falsely, that the economic parts of the biotic clock will function without the uneconomic p arts.Section III WritingPart A51.Directions:You are supposed to write for the Postgraduates’ Association a notice to recruit volunteers for an international conference on globalization. The notice should include the basic qualifications for applicants and the other information which you think is relevant.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the notice. Use “Postgraduates’ Association” instead. (10 points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1)describe the drawing briefly,2)explain its intended meaning, and3)give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2010年英语一真题答案Section Ⅰ Use of English1.A2.B3.C4.B5.C6.B7.D8.A9.C 10.D 11.C 12.A 13.A 14.D 15.B 16.A 17.D 18.C 19.B 20.DSectionⅡReading ComprehensionPart AText 1 21~25 B A D A B Text 2 26~30 C D C B AText 3 31~35 B D A C C Text 4 36~40 A D C B DPart B41.B 42.F 43.D 44.G 45.APart C46.科学家们急忙赶来挽救，但提出的证据显然站不住脚，其大意是，如果鸟类不能控制昆虫的数量，昆虫便会吞噬我们人类。
2010年考研英语真题答案（英语一）
2010年考研英语真题答案（英语一）选择考研的人们都是勇士，考研的复习是一个漫长的过程，中间还会有一道道的坎，有时候咬咬牙过了就是另外一片新天地，加油!考研人!考研频道和您一起奋斗!一. 知识运用题答案1--5 ABCBC 6--10 BDACD 11--15 CAADB 16--20 ADCBD二. 阅读Part A选择题答案21--25 BCDAA 26--30 DDCBA 31--35 BDACC 36--40 ADCBA三. 新题型段落排序题答案41--45 BFDGA四. 翻译参考译文46.科学家们提出一些明显站不住脚的证据迅速来拯救，其大意是：如果鸟类无法控制害虫，那么这些害虫就会吃光我们人类。
47. 但我们至少几乎也承认这样一点：不管鸟类是否给我们带来经济上的好处，但鸟类作为生物其固有的权利应该继续存在。
48. 曾几何时，生物学家们有点过度使用这个证据，即这些物种通过杀死体质弱者来保持猎物的正常繁衍或者这些生物捕杀的仅仅是毫无价值的物种。
49. 在欧洲，林业在生态方面更加发达，无商业价值的树种被看作是原生森林群落的一部分，而得到合理的保护。
50. 这一系统易于忽视，因而最终会消除掉这个土地共同体里的许多要素(成员)，虽然这些要素(成员)缺乏商业价值，但这些要素(成员)对这个共同体的健康运行来说是必要的。
五. 大小作文参考范文51.小作文部分参考范文Directions:You are supposed to write for the Postgraduates’ Association a notice to recruit volunteers for an international conference on globalization, you should conclude the basicqualification of applicant and the other information you think relative。
考研英语2010年真题
考研英语2010年真题Ⅰ.听力(共两节，满分30分)第一节(共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分)听下面5段对话。
每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。
听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。
每段对话仅读一遍。
1.Why can’t the woman go to the cinema with the man?A.She will have a discussion about her cousin’s education.B.She would ask her cousin to go there.C.She will have a talk with her cousin.2.How much will the man pay for those tickets?A.4 dollars.B.8 dollars.C.12 dollars.3.What happened to the woman’s brother?A.He had a car accident.B.He cared for his sister.C.He attended the class.4.What did Mr.Black ask the woman to do?A.To type something important.B.To see an interesting movie.C.To send a notice to him.5. What’s the possible relationship between the two speakers?A.Passenger and driver.B.Husband and wife.C.Guide and visitor.第二节(共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分)听下面5段对话或独白。
2010年考研英语真题及答案完整解析
2010年考研英语真题与答案解析从2010年开始，全国硕士研究生入学考试的英语试卷分为了英语（一）和英语（二）。
英语（一）即原统考“英语”。
英语（二）主要是为高等院校和科研院所招收专业学位硕士研究生而设置的具有选拔性质的统考科目。
英语一考试形式、考试内容与试卷结构（一）考试形式考试形式为笔试。
考试时间为180分钟。
满分为100分。
试卷包括试题册和答题卡。
答题卡分为答题卡1和答题卡2。
考生应将1~45题的答案按要求填涂在答题卡1上，将46~52题的答案写在答题卡2上。
（二）考试内容试题分三部分，共52题，包括英语知识运用、阅读理解和写作。
第一部分英语知识运用该部分不仅考查考生对不同语境中规范的语言要素（包括词汇、表达方式和结构）的掌握程度，而且还考查考生对语段特征（如连贯性和一致性等）的辨识能力等。
共20小题，每小题0.5分，共10分。
在一篇240~280词的文章中留出20个空白，要求考生从每题给出的4个选项中选出最佳答案，使补全后的文章意思通顺、前后连贯、结构完整。
考生在答题卡1上作答。
第二部分阅读理解该部分由A、B、C三节组成，考查考生理解书面英语的能力。
共30小题，每小题2分，共60分。
A节（20小题）：主要考查考生理解主旨要义、具体信息、概念性含义，进行有关的判断、推理和引申，根据上下文推测生词的词义等能力。
要求考生根据所提供的4篇（总长度约为1600词）文章的内容，从每题所给出的4个选项中选出最佳答案。
考生在答题卡1上作答。
B节（5小题）：主要考查考生对诸如连贯性、一致性等语段特征以及文章结构的理解。
本部分有3种备选题型。
每次考试从这3种备选题型中选择一种进行考查。
考生在答题卡1上作答。
备选题型有：1）本部分的内容是一篇总长度为500~600词的文章，其中有5段空白，文章后有6~7段文字。
要求考生根据文章内容从这6~7段文字中选择能分别放进文章中5个空白处的5段。
2）在一篇长度约500~600词的文章中，各段落的原有顺序已被打乱，要求考生根据文章的内容和结构将所列段落（7~8个）重新排序，其中有2~3个段落在文章中的位置已给出。
2010年考研英语真题及答案完整解析
2010年考研英语真题与答案解析从2010年开始，全国硕士研究生入学考试的英语试卷分为了英语（一）和英语（二）。
英语（一）即原统考“英语”。
英语（二）主要是为高等院校和科研院所招收专业学位硕士研究生而设置的具有选拔性质的统考科目。
英语一考试形式、考试内容与试卷结构（一）考试形式考试形式为笔试。
考试时间为180分钟。
满分为100分。
试卷包括试题册和答题卡。
答题卡分为答题卡1和答题卡2。
考生应将1~45题的答案按要求填涂在答题卡1上，将46~52题的答案写在答题卡2上。
（二）考试内容试题分三部分，共52题，包括英语知识运用、阅读理解和写作。
第一部分英语知识运用该部分不仅考查考生对不同语境中规范的语言要素（包括词汇、表达方式和结构）的掌握程度，而且还考查考生对语段特征（如连贯性和一致性等）的辨识能力等。
共20小题，每小题0.5分，共10分。
在一篇240~280词的文章中留出20个空白，要求考生从每题给出的4个选项中选出最佳答案，使补全后的文章意思通顺、前后连贯、结构完整。
考生在答题卡1上作答。
第二部分阅读理解该部分由A、B、C三节组成，考查考生理解书面英语的能力。
共30小题，每小题2分，共60分。
A节（20小题）：主要考查考生理解主旨要义、具体信息、概念性含义，进行有关的判断、推理和引申，根据上下文推测生词的词义等能力。
要求考生根据所提供的4篇（总长度约为1600词）文章的内容，从每题所给出的4个选项中选出最佳答案。
考生在答题卡1上作答。
B节（5小题）：主要考查考生对诸如连贯性、一致性等语段特征以及文章结构的理解。
本部分有3种备选题型。
每次考试从这3种备选题型中选择一种进行考查。
考生在答题卡1上作答。
备选题型有：1）本部分的内容是一篇总长度为500~600词的文章，其中有5段空白，文章后有6~7段文字。
要求考生根据文章内容从这6~7段文字中选择能分别放进文章中5个空白处的5段。
2）在一篇长度约500~600词的文章中，各段落的原有顺序已被打乱，要求考生根据文章的内容和结构将所列段落（7~8个）重新排序，其中有2~3个段落在文章中的位置已给出。
2010年武汉大学翻译硕士英语考研真题及其答案解析
财教创办北大、人大、中、北外授 训营对视频集、一一保分、、小班2010年武汉大学翻译硕士英语真题答案育明教育梁老师提醒广大考生:历年考研真题资料是十分珍贵的,研究真题有利于咱们从中分析出题人的思路和心态,因为每年专业课考试不管在题型还是在内容上都有很高的相似度，考研学子们一定要重视.有什么疑问可以随时联系育明教育梁老师,我会为根据各位考生的具体情况提供更加有针对性的指导。
4，Because fuel supplies are finite and many people are wasteful, we will have to install ___ solar heating device in our home. 正确答案是some type of ，some 是表示某一种而不是某一些，比如some certain reason ，就是表示“某个特定的原因”，但为何不能填some type of a 呢？solar heating device 不表示单数吗？英语中是没有of+不定冠词（a/an ）的表达的，of 后面加的一般都是限定性的名词性词组。
所以不能用你所说的some type of a ……这种表达。
solar heating device 是单数没错，所以前面用了一个单数的量词a/some type of ...来修饰。
其实some(某个) type of 就像a piece of cake 一块蛋糕，用法一样，cake 前面也没有再用到a 。
希望能帮你理解清楚~.~v 16，5. 真题：Drive straight ahead, and then you will see a ___ to the Shanghai-NanjingExpressway.v A sign B mark C signal D boardv sign 标志，符号，路标。
指具有一定含义的任何有形或无形的标志。
武汉大学研究生英语期末考试2010级试卷
English Examination for Graduates (Paper A)20111229I. Listening Comprehension （20%）Directions：In this part，you are going to listen to four passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions。
Both the passages and the questions will be read only once。
After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C，and D。
Then mark your answer on the Answer Sheet。
Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.1.A。
He read a lot of books on management。
B. He made every step safe enough。
C。
He prepared himself well beforehand。
D。
He had knowledge for the next phase。
2. A. news reporter B。
American dreamC. lucky boyD. poor child3.A。
generals B。
committees C。
armies D. schools4.A。
reading different books B。
attending seminarsC。
listening to audiotapes D。
learning on one’s own5. A. face—to—face contact B。
2010年考研英语一真题及参考答案解析
2010年考研英语一Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank.and mark[A]，[B]，[C]or[D]on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)In 1924 American National Research Council sent to engineer to supervise a series of experiments at a telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lighting __1__ workers productivity. Instead，the studies ended__2__ giving their name to the “Hawthorne effect” the extr emely influential idea the very__3__to being experimented upon changed subjects’ behaviorThe idea arose because of the__4__behavior of the women in theplant.According to __5__of the experiments their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not __6__what was done in the experiment. __7__something was changed productivity rose . A(n) __8__ that they were being experimented upon seemed to be __9__to alter workers' behavior __10__ itselfAfter several decades，the same data were __11__to econometric the analysis Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store 12 the descriptions on record，no systematic __13__was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lightingIt turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have let to __14__interpretation of what happened.__15__，lighting was always changed on a Sunday When work started again on Monday, output __16__ rose compared with the previous Saturday and __17__ to rise for the next couple of days __18__ ，a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday, workers __19__to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case，before __20__a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged “Hawthorne effect” is hard to pin down1.[A] affected [B]achieved [C]extracted [D]restored2. [A]at [B]up [C]with [D]off3. [A]truth [B]sight [C]act [D]proof4. [A]controversial [B]perplexing [C]mischievous [D]ambiguous5. [A]requirements [B]explanations [C]accounts [D]assessments6. [A]conclude [B]matter [C]indicate [D]work7. [A]as far as [B]for fear that [C]in case that [D]so long as8. [A]awareness [B]expectation [C]sentiment [D]illusion9. [A]suitable [B]excessive [C]enough [D]abundant10. [A]about [B]for [C]on [D]by11. [A]compared [B]shown [C]subjected [D]conveyed12. [A]contrary to [B]consistent with [C]parallel with [D]peculiar to13.[A]evidence [B]guidance [C]implication [D]source14.[A]disputable [B]enlightening [C]reliable [D]misleading15.[A]In contrast [B]For example [C]In consequence [D]As usual16. [A]duly [B]accidentally [C]unpredictably [D]suddenly17. [A]failed [B]ceased [C]started [D]continued20.[A]breaking [B]climbing [C]surpassing [D]hittingSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing[A]，[B]，[C]or[D].Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points) Text 1Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in mostbig-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. “So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted t o define ‘journalism’ as ‘a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are.’”Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is nowknown solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England’s foremost classical-music critics, a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.Is there any chance that Cardus’s criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.21. It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that[A] arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers.[B] English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews.[C] high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers.[D] young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies.22. Newspaper reviews in England before World War II were characterized by[A] free themes.[B] casual style.[C] elaborate layout.[D] radical viewpoints.23. Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?[A] It is writers' duty to fulfill journalistic goals.[B] It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.[C] Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.[D] Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.24. What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?[A] His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.[B] His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.[C] His style caters largely to modern specialists.[D] His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.25. What would be the best title for the text?[A] Newspapers of the Good Old Days[B] The Lost Horizon in Newspapers[C] Mournful Decline of Journalism[D] Prominent Critics in MemoryText 2Over the past decade, thousands of patents have seen granted for what are called business methods.Amazon com received one for its“one-click”online payment systemMerrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy.One inventor patented a technique for lying a box。
2010年武汉大学英语专业(英美文学)真题试卷.doc
2010年武汉大学英语专业（英美文学）真题试卷(总分：24.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、填空题(总题数：4，分数：8.00)1.Two men fight a duel in the border region of England and Scotland and the loser causes more shame than pain to his aged father with his loss because his loss is considered not a loss of his own but a loss of the nation. Answer; " 1" by 2（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________2.With its hero traveling into different places with different companions the story discusses the features of each stage of human life. Answer; " 1" by 2（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________3.Lord Murchison tells of his love experience with a young woman who is mysterious in her actions. Answer; " 1" by 2（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________4.Arsat, after successfully running away with the woman of his ruler, is troubled deep at heart by the thought that he had left his brother in the midst of enemies to die. Answer; " 1" by 2（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________二、单项选择题(总题数：5，分数：10.00)5.In one sense ______ wrote all his life about one theme, which is neatly summed up in the famous phrase "grace under pressure" , and created one hero who acts that theme out.（分数：2.00）A.F. S. FitzgeraldB.Ernest HemingwayC.William FaulknerD.Sinclair Lewis6.The poetic style Walt Whitman devised is now called______, that is, poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme.（分数：2.00）A.free verseB.blank verseC.lyricD.epic7.America"s greatest playwright for the first half of the 20th century is ______.（分数：2.00）A.Arthur MillerB.Tennessee WilliamsC.Eugene O"NeillD.Edward Albee8.In the light of American ______, man is living in a cold, indifferent, and essentially Godless world, and is no longer free in any sense of the word.（分数：2.00）A.PuritanismB.RomanticismC.RealismD.Naturalism9.The term______mainly refers to those young American expatriate writers caught in the war and cut off from the old values and yet unable to come to terms with the new era after World War I when civilization had gone mad.（分数：2.00）A.The Beat GenerationB.The Lost GenerationC.postwar realistsD.local colorists三、分析题(总题数：3，分数：6.00)10.Based on The Waste Land, discuss the features of T. S. Eliot"s poetry and his contribution to Modernist literature.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 11.Give a summary of Mrs. Warren"s Profession and then briefly discuss Bernard Shaw"s social criticism through this play.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________12.Essay Question on American Literature.(20 points)" An innocent man in a different world" isa recurrent theme, and perhaps one of the most important themes, in American literature. Write a short essay on it by taking for example at least two American literary works, of whatsoever genres.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________。
2010年武汉大学二外英语考研真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2010年武汉大学二外英语考研真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. 2. 3. 4. 5.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)I doubt anyone with cross-cultural experience can read Osland and Bird’ s article without remembering a moment when careful cross-cultural preparation had to be jettisoned. The moment that came to my mind was meeting a Japanese colleague on a visit to the United States. Instead of the formality and reserve I expected, he kicked off his shoes, tucked his feet under him in a chair. And leaned close to me conspiratorially saying: “ So what is it really like here at corporate headquarters?” His behavior made no sense within my “sophisticated stereotype” of Japanese culture, but we nonetheless found common ground and developed a good relationship. Overtime, I came to realize that he was a free spirit whose exuberant personality overrode his cultural group norms. Osland and Bird’ s model is helpful in explaining this and other paradoxical experiences, and it looks as if it has broader application than traditional expatriate training. This is important because companies like mine, Kodak, have people of many nationalities who lead multicultural teams, work on multi-country projects, and travel monthly outside their home countries. In any year, they may work in Paris, Shanghai, Istanbul, Moscow, or Buenos Aires with colleagues from different set of countries. It is impossible for these global travelers to remember a sophisticated stereotype for each culture they encounter, much less develop a deep understanding of each. Kodak has also gone beyond traditional cultural training by addressing multiculturalism from a team perspective. In this regard, we developed a workbook for leaders managing global teams. The workbook explains in simple terms the roles of team members and team leaders in different cultures using Hofstede’s cultural dimension of hierarchy/equality, individualism/collectivism, task/relationship, and risk avoidance/risk comfort. But the workbook also offers the following advice, which is consistent with Osland and Bird’ s thesis: “Because a team member comes from a country where a particular orientation exists does not mean that she will necessarily embody that orientation. Cross cultural tools are not flawlessly predictive, so be prepared for individual surprises and contradictions. “1．The purpose for the author in describing his experience with a Japanese is to show______.A．people’s stereotypes of culture might be different from realityB．how informal and rude his Japanese colleague isC．what a sophisticated stereotype people have on Japanese cultureD．people’ s personality plays an important role in forming cultural norms正确答案：A解析：由第一段第三句“Instead of the formality and reserve I expected…”可知日本同事在旅途中的行为与作者对日本人的传统观念大不相同。
2010年考研英语一真题及参考答案解析
2010年考研英语一Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank.and mark[A]，[B]，[C]or[D]on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)In 1924 American National Research Council sent to engineer to supervise a series of experiments at a telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lighting __1__ workers productivity. Instead，the studies ended__2__ giving their name to the “Hawthorne effect” the extr emely influential idea the very__3__to being experimented upon changed subjects’ behaviorThe idea arose because of the__4__behavior of the women in theplant.According to __5__of the experiments their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not __6__what was done in the experiment. __7__something was changed productivity rose . A(n) __8__ that they were being experimented upon seemed to be __9__to alter workers' behavior __10__ itselfAfter several decades，the same data were __11__to econometric the analysis Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store 12 the descriptions on record，no systematic __13__was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lightingIt turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have let to __14__interpretation of what happened.__15__，lighting was always changed on a Sunday When work started again on Monday, output __16__ rose compared with the previous Saturday and __17__ to rise for the next couple of days __18__ ，a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday, workers __19__to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case，before __20__a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged “Hawthorne effect” is hard to pin down1.[A] affected [B]achieved [C]extracted [D]restored2. [A]at [B]up [C]with [D]off3. [A]truth [B]sight [C]act [D]proof4. [A]controversial [B]perplexing [C]mischievous [D]ambiguous5. [A]requirements [B]explanations [C]accounts [D]assessments6. [A]conclude [B]matter [C]indicate [D]work7. [A]as far as [B]for fear that [C]in case that [D]so long as8. [A]awareness [B]expectation [C]sentiment [D]illusion9. [A]suitable [B]excessive [C]enough [D]abundant10. [A]about [B]for [C]on [D]by11. [A]compared [B]shown [C]subjected [D]conveyed12. [A]contrary to [B]consistent with [C]parallel with [D]peculiar to13.[A]evidence [B]guidance [C]implication [D]source14.[A]disputable [B]enlightening [C]reliable [D]misleading15.[A]In contrast [B]For example [C]In consequence [D]As usual16. [A]duly [B]accidentally [C]unpredictably [D]suddenly17. [A]failed [B]ceased [C]started [D]continued20.[A]breaking [B]climbing [C]surpassing [D]hittingSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing[A]，[B]，[C]or[D].Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points) Text 1Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in mostbig-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. “So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted t o define ‘journalism’ as ‘a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are.’”Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is nowknown solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England’s foremost classical-music critics, a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.Is there any chance that Cardus’s criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.21. It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that[A] arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers.[B] English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews.[C] high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers.[D] young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies.22. Newspaper reviews in England before World War II were characterized by[A] free themes.[B] casual style.[C] elaborate layout.[D] radical viewpoints.23. Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?[A] It is writers' duty to fulfill journalistic goals.[B] It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.[C] Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.[D] Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.24. What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?[A] His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.[B] His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.[C] His style caters largely to modern specialists.[D] His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.25. What would be the best title for the text?[A] Newspapers of the Good Old Days[B] The Lost Horizon in Newspapers[C] Mournful Decline of Journalism[D] Prominent Critics in MemoryText 2Over the past decade, thousands of patents have seen granted for what are called business methods.Amazon com received one for its“one-click”online payment systemMerrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy.One inventor patented a technique for lying a box。
2010年考研英语真题(含答案解析)
2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)In 1924 America's National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of industrial experiments at a large telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lighting大1家workers' productivity. Instead, the studies ended 大2家giving their name to the "Hawthorneeffect", the extremely influential idea that the very 大3家to being experimented upon changed subjects' behavior.The idea arose because of the 大4家behavior of the women in the Hawthorne plant. According to 大5家of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not 大6家what was done in the experiment; 大7家something was changed, productivity rose. A(n) 大8家that they were being experimented upon seemed to be 大9家to alter workers' behavior 大10家itself.After several decades, the same data were 大11家to econometric the analysis. Hawthorne experiments hasanother surprise store 大12家the descriptions on record, no systematic 大13家was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have let to 大14家interpretation of whathapped. 大15家, lighting was always changed on a Sunday. When work started again on Monday, output大16家rose compared with the previous Saturday and 17 to rise for the next couple of days. 大18家, a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday, workers 大19家to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case, before 大20家 a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged "Hawthorne effect" is hard to pin down.1. [A] affected [B] achieved [C] extracted [D] restored2. [A] at [B] up [C] with [D] off3. [A] truth [B] sight [C] act [D] proof4. [A] controversial [B] perplexing [C] mischievous [D] ambiguous5. [A] requirements [B] explanations [C] accounts [D] assessments6. [A] conclude [B] matter [C] indicate [D] work7. [A] as far as [B] for fear that [C] in case that [D] so long as8. [A] awareness [B] expectation [C] sentiment [D] illusion9. [A] suitable [B] excessive [C] enough [D] abundant10. [A] about [B] for [C] on [D] by11. [A] compared [B] shown [C] subjected [D] conveyed12. [A] contrary to [B] consistent with [C] parallel with [D] peculiar to13. [A] evidence [B] guidance [C] implication [D] source14. [A] disputable [B] enlightening [C] reliable [D] misleading15. [A] In contrast [B] For example [C] In consequence [D] As usual16. [A] duly [B] accidentally [C] unpredictably [D] suddenly17. [A] failed [B] ceased [C] started [D] continued18. [A] Therefore [B] Furthermore [C] However [D] Meanwhile19. [A] attempted [B] tended [C] chose [D]intended20. [A] breaking [B] climbing [C] surpassing [D] hittingSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. “So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define ‘journalism’ as ‘a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to w riters who are.’”Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lif etime, though, he was also one of England’s foremost classical-music critics, a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.Is there any chance that Cardus’s criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.21. It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that[A] arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers.[B] English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews.[C] high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers.[D] young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies.22. Newspaper reviews in England before World War II were characterized by[A] free themes.[B] casual style.[C] elaborate layout.[D] radical viewpoints.23. Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?[A] It is writers' duty to fulfill journalistic goals.[B] It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.[C] Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.[D] Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.24. What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?[A] His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.[B] His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.[C] His style caters largely to modern specialists.[D] His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.25. What would be the best title for the text?[A] Newspapers of the Good Old Days[B] The Lost Horizon in Newspapers[C] Mournful Decline of Journalism[D] Prominent Critics in MemoryText 2Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods. received one for its "one-click" online payment system. Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box.Now the nation's top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago. In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz the U.S. court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In re Bilski, as the case is known , is "a very big deal", says Dennis D. Crouch of the University of Missouri School of law. It "has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents." Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so-called state Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive rights to specific types of online transactions. Later, move established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court's judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should "reconsider" its state street Bank ruling. The Federal Circuit's action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example the justices signaled that too manypatents were being upheld for "inventions" that are obvious. The judges on the Federal circuit are "reacting to the anti-patent trend at the Supreme Court", says Harold C. Wegner, a patent attorney and professor at George Washington University Law School.26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of[A] their limited value to business[B] their connection with asset allocation[C] the possible restriction on their granting[D] the controversy over authorization27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?[A] Its ruling complies with the court decisions[B] It involves a very big business transaction[C] It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit[D] It may change the legal practices in the U.S.28. The word "about-face" (Line 1, Para 3) most probably means[A] loss of good will[B] increase of hostility[C] change of attitude[D] enhancement of dignity29. We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents[A] are immune to legal challenges[B] are often unnecessarily issued[C] lower the esteem for patent holders[D] increase the incidence of risks30. Which of the following would be the subject of the text?[A] A looming threat to business-method patents[B] Protection for business-method patent holders[C] A legal case regarding business-method patents[D] A prevailing trend against business-method patentsText 3In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell argues that social epidemics are driven in large part by the acting of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well-connected. The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn't explain how ideas actually spread.The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible sounding but largely untested theory called the "two step flow of communication": Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those selected people will do most of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods. In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trendsIn their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. In fact, they don't seem to be required of all.The researchers' argument stems from a simple observing about social influence, with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey—whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence—even the most influential members of a population simply don't interact with that many others. Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics by influencing their friends and colleagues directly. For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected, must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential. If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example from the initial influential prove resistant, for example the cascade of change won't propagate very far or affect many people. Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of populations manipulating a number of variables relating of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to people's ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced. Our work shows that the principal requirement for what we call "global cascades"– the widespread propagation of influence through networks – is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people, each of whom adopts, say, a look or a brand after being exposed to a single adopting neighbor. Regardless of how influential an individual is locally, he or she can exert global influence only if this critical mass is available to propagate a chain reaction.31. By citing the book The Tipping Point, the author intends to[A] analyze the consequences of social epidemics[B] discuss influentials' function in spreading ideas[C] exemplify people's intuitive response to social epidemics[D] describe the essential characteristics of influentials.32. The author suggests that the "two-step-flow theory"[A] serves as a solution to marketing problems[B] has helped explain certain prevalent trends[C] has won support from influentials[D] requires solid evidence for its validity33. What the researchers have observed recently shows that[A] the power of influence goes with social interactions[B] interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media[C] influentials have more channels to reach the public[D] most celebrities enjoy wide media attention34. The underlined phrase "these people" in paragraph 4 refers to the ones who[A] stay outside the network of social influence[B] have little contact with the source of influence[C] are influenced and then influence others[D] are influenced by the initial influential35. what is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence?[A] The eagerness to be accepted[B] The impulse to influence others[C] The readiness to be influenced[D] The inclination to rely on othersText 4Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standard-setters. Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and it's just not fair. These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.Unfortunately, banks' lobbying now seems to be working. The details may be unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised. And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult.After a bruising encounter with Congress, America's Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) rushed through rule changes. These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statement. Bob Herz, the FASB's chairman, cried out against those who "question our motives." Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls "the use of judgment by management."European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise. The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes it reconstruction of rules later this year is strong. Charlie McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did "not live in a political vacuum" but "in the real word" and that Europe could yet develop different rules. It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets. Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts. The truth will not be known for years. But bank's shares trade below their book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical. And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with. America's new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions, for example, against hostility from special interests. But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions.36. Bankers complained that they were forced to[A] follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules[B] collect payments from third parties[C] cooperate with the price managers[D] reevaluate some of their assets.37. According to the author , the rule changes of the FASB may result in[A] the diminishing role of management[B] the revival of the banking system[C] the banks' long-term asset losses[D] the weakening of its independence38. According to Paragraph 4, McCreevy objects to the IASB's attempt to[A] keep away from political influences.[B] evade the pressure from their peers.[C] act on their own in rule-setting.[D] take gradual measures in reform.39. The author thinks the banks were "on the wrong planet" in that they[A] misinterpreted market price indicators[B] exaggerated the real value of their assets[C] neglected the likely existence of bad debts.[D] denied booking losses in their sale of assets.40. The author's attitude towards standard-setters is one of[A] satisfaction.[B] skepticism.[C] objectiveness[D] sympathyPart BDirections:For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A-G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraph E has been correctly placed. There is one paragraph which does not fit in with the text. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points)[A] The first and more important is the consumer's growing preference for eating out; the consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005. This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year across Europe, compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent. Meanwhile, as the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious. They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.[B] Retail sales of food and drink in Europe's largest markets are at a standstill, leaving European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow. Most leading retailers have already tried e-commerce, with limited success, and expansion abroad. But almost all have ignored the big, profitable opportunity in their own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need.[C] Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drink market? Definitely not. The functioning of the market is based on flexible trends dominated by potential buyers. In other words, it is up to the buyer, rather than the seller, to decide what to buy .At any rate, this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic and international consumers, regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold.[D] All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could profitably apply their scale, existing infrastructure and proven skills in the management of product ranges, logistics, and marketing intelligence. Retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits thereby. At least, that is how it looks as a whole. Closer inspection reveals important differences among the biggest national markets, especially in their customer segments and wholesale structures, as well as the competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories. Big retailers must understand these differences before they can identify the segments of European wholesaling in which their particular abilities might unseat smaller but entrenched competitors. New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed too.[E] Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely examined—France, Germany, Italy, and Spain—are made out of the same building blocks. Demand comes mainly from two sources: independent mom-and-pop grocery stores which, unlike large retail chains, are two small to buy straight from producers, and food service operators that cater to consumers when they don't eat at home. Such food service operators range from snack machines to large institutional catering ventures, but most of these businesses are known in the trade as "horeca": hotels, restaurants, and cafes. Overall, Europe's wholesale market for food and drink is growing at the same sluggish pace as the retail market, but the figures, when added together, mask two opposing trends.[F] For example, wholesale food and drink sales come to $268 billion in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom in 2000—more than 40 percent of retail sales. Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often; and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate.[G] However, none of these requirements should deter large retailers (and even some large good producers and existing wholesalers) from trying their hand, for those that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains.41→42→43→44→E→45Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value. Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and, if its stability depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance.When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and, if we happen to love it .We invert excuses to give it economic importance. At the beginning of century songbirds were supposed to be disappearing. (46) Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them. the evidence had to be economic in order to be valid.It is painful to read these round about accounts today. We have no land ethic yet, (47) but we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fish-eating birds. (48) Time was when biologists somewhat over worded the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on "worthless" species.Some species of tree have been read out of the party by economics-minded foresters because they grow too slowly, or have too low a sale vale to pay as timber crops. (49) In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such,within reason.To sum up: a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided. (50) It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning. It assumes, falsely, I think, that the economic parts of the biotic clock will function without the uneconomic parts.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51. Directions:You are supposed to write for the postgraduate association a notice to recruit volunteers for an international conference on globalization, you should conclude the basic qualification of applicant and the other information you think relative.You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "postgraduate association" instead.Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案46.科学家们提出一些明显站不住脚的证据迅速来拯救，其大意是：如果鸟类无法控制害虫，那么这些害虫就会吃光我们人类。
2010年考研英语一试题及答案（完整版）
2010年考研英语一试题及答案（完整版）历年真题包含了考研经常的考的考点，摸透真题就能了解出题的整个脉络和方向，所以在考研的艰辛路上，真题绝对是您制胜的武器，考研频道为收集到了各个公共课和专业课的历年真题，欢迎收藏(CTRL+D)。
2010年考研英语(一)试题Section I Use of English In 1924 American' National Research Council sent to engineer to supervise a series of experiments at a telephone-parts factory called the Hawhtore Plant near Chicago It hoped they would learn how stop-floor Egnting __1__ workors productivity Instead，the studies ended__2__ giving their name to the―Hawhthome effect‖the extremely inflentlcel ldea the veey__3__to bemg expenmented upon changed subjects’behaviorThe idea arose because of the__4__behavior of the women in the plato.Accordmg to __5__of the cxpetmems.their.houriy output rose when hghtmg was increased.but also when it was dimmed. It did not __6__what was done in the expenment. __7__sometmg was changed.produchnty rose A(n) __8__ that they were bemg experimented upon seemed to be __9__t0 alterworkers' bchamor __10__ uself After several decades，the salile data were __11__to econometric the analysis Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store j2一the descnpuons on record，no systematic __13__was foundthat lcvcls of produchxnty wererelated to changes in lightingIt turns out that peculiar way of conducting the c~enments may be have let to __14__interpretation of what happed.__15__，tighring was always changed on a Sunday When work started again on Monday, output __16__ rose compared with theprevious Saturday and __17__ to rise for the next couple of days __18__ , a comparison with data for weeks whenthere was no expenmentation showed that output always went up On Monday, workers __19__to be duigent for the first few days of the week in any case，before __21__a plateau and then slackening off This suggests that the alleged‖ Hawthorne effect―is hard to ptn down1.[A] affected [B]achieved [C]exlracted [D]restored2 [A]at [B]up [C]with [D]Off3 [A]Wuth [B]sight [C]act [D]proof4.[A]convoversial [B]perplexing [c]mischieous [D]ambiguous5.[A]reqtttrents [B]cxplanalions [C]accounts [D]assements6[A]conclude [B]matter [C]indicate [D]work 7[A]as faras[B]for fearthat [C]in casethat [D]so long as8.[A]awarerress [B]expectation [C]sentiment [D]illusion9.[A]suitale [B]excessive [C]enough[D]abundant10.[A]about [B]for [C]on [D]by11[A]compared [B]shown [C]subjected[D]conveyed12.[A]contrary to [B]consistent with [C]parallel with[D]pealliar to13.[A]evidence [B]guidance [C]implication [D]source14.[A]disputable [B]enlightening [C]retiable[D]wasleadmg15.[A]In contast [B]For example [C]In consequence [D]As usual16.[A]duly [B]accidentally [C]unpredictably[D]suddenly17.[A]failed [B]ceased [C]started[D]continued20.[A]breaking [B]chrnbing [C]surpassmg [D]。
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[考研类试卷]2010年武汉大学英语专业（基础英语）真题试卷一、选词填空0 Fill in the numbered blanks with proper words. Among the 20 expressions given, only 15 should be used. Make sure the words come in correct forms in terms of both grammar and meaning.know despite significant paragraph prescribe component classcommon eminent dialect use ridiculous ethic identity meltacknowledge well kitchen list reasonableThe concept of culture has been defined many times, and although no definition has achieved universal acceptance, most of the definitions include three central ideas; that culture is passed on from generation to generation, that a culture represents a ready-made 【K1】______for living and for making day-to-day decisions, and, finally, that the【K2】______of a culture are accepted by those in the culture as good, and true, and not to be questioned. The eminent anthropologist George Murdock has【K3】______seventy-three items that characterize every【K4】______culture, past and present. The list begins with Age-grading and Athletic sports, runs to Weaning and Weather Control, and includes on the way such items as Calendar, Fire-making, Property Rights, and Tool-making. I would submit that even the most extreme advocate of a culture of poverty viewpoint would readily【K5】______that, with respect to almost all of these items, every American, beyond the first generation immigrant, regardless of race or class, is a member of a【K6】______culture. We all share pretty much the same sports. Maybe poor kids don't know how to play polo, and rich kids don't spend time with stickball, but we all know baseball, and football, and basketball. 【K7】______some misguided efforts to raise minor【K8】______to the status of separate tongues, we all, in fact, share the same language. There may be differences in diction and usage, but it would be ridiculous to say that all Americans don't speak English. We have the calendar, the law, and large numbers of other cultural items in common. It may【K9】______be true that on a few of the seventy-three items there are minor variations between classes, but these kinds of things are really slight variations on a common theme. There are other items that show variability, not in relation to class, but in relation to religion and【K10】______background—funeral customs and cooking, for example. But if there is one place in America where the【K11】______pot is a reality, it is on the【K12】______stove, in the course of one month, half the readers of this sentence have probably eaten pizza, hot pastrami, and chow mein. Specific differences that might be【K13】______as signs of separate cultural identity are relatively【K14】______within the general unity ofAmerican life; they are cultural commas and semicolons in the【K15】______and pages of American life.1 【K1】2 【K2】3 【K3】4 【K4】5 【K5】6 【K6】7 【K7】8 【K8】9 【K9】10 【K10】11 【K11】12 【K12】13 【K13】14 【K14】15 【K15】二、翻译16 Paraphrase the following idiomatic expressions.(5 x 2 = 10 %)rub shoulders with17 the lion's share18 throw in the towel19 take the floor20 burn the candle at both ends21 Paraphrase the following sentences.(5 x4 =20%)It seems to me I have talked to them always with one foot raised in flight.22 From them all Mark Twain gained a keen perception of the human race, of the difference between what people claim to be and what they really are.23 They vote their political hunches to protect their political hides.24 There is a touch of rough poetry about him.25 United, there is little we cannot do in a host of cooperative venture.三、阅读理解25 Jack lay, quiet and unmoving, for thirty minutes while a stranger repeatedly stabbed him with sharp needles, causing blood to pour steadily out of his leg. Jack was getting a tattoo. His friend Tony had recently gotten a tattoo, and Jack was so impressed by Tony's bravery and his tattoo that he decided to get one too. Getting a tattoo because your friends and peers have them is just one of the reasons why a lot of young people in North America get tattoos. Peer pressure, media influence, and personal expression are some of the common reasons for wearing tattoos today.The desire to be part of a group, to be accepted by one's friends or peers, can have a great influence on what a person does. Sometimes, wearing a tattoo can be a sign that you belong to a certain group. Gangs often use special clothes and tattoos to identify their particular group. For example, in one gang all the members may wear green army jackets and have large"Xs" tattooed on their arms. It is not only gangs that have this type of special "uniform". Young people often belong to a certain group of friends. Some of these groups wear only brand-name clothes. Some wear only black clothes. Others wear tattoos. When a person's friends are all doing something, such as getting a tattoo, that person is more likely to do the same thing, and get a tattoo, too.The media is another big influence behind the popularity of tattoos in North America.A wide variety of media images show tattoos. Tattoos can be seen on people appearing in commercials selling expensive cars. Famous sports heroes with tattoos are shown in magazines. Fashion models are often seen in magazines and on TV wearing designer clothes that show their bodies tattooed with detailed and colorful patterns. These media images link tattoos to ideas of wealth, success, and status. As a result, many people decide to get a tattoo for its fashion and status value.It is not always the influence of other people or the media that results in a person getting a tattoo. Many people decide to wear tattoos in order to express their artistic nature, their beliefs, or their feelings—in other words, to show their individuality. A musician in a rock band may get a tattoo of a guitar on the arm. Some environmentalists may tattoo pictures of endangered animals on their shoulders. Lovers may tattoo each others' names over their hearts. A tattoo can be a public sign to show what is important in a person's life.As you can see, there are many reasons why young North Americans get tattoos. A tattoo can be part of a group's uniform. It can be a sign of fashion. It can be an expression of individuality. The decision to get a tattoo is most often a result of the influence of friends or media or the desire to express oneself. For Jack, it was a mixture of all three.26 According to the essay, media images are linked to______. Choose all that apply. （A）wealth（B）status（C）success（D）debt27 Jack was stabbed for thirty minutes with a needle because______.（A）he was getting a nose ring（B）he was getting his ears pierced（C）he was getting acupuncture（D）he was getting a tattoo28 According to the essay, some people get tattoos because______.（A）they think it is fashionable（B）they like pain（C）they think it will wash off in the bath（D）they are religious29 According to the essay, Jack thinks people who get tattoos are______.（A）cowardly（B）brave（C）old fashioned（D）nitwits30 What is NOT the reason for Jack's getting a tattoo?（A）The influence of friends.（B）The influence of media.（C）A desire to express himself.（D）A desire to stay healthy.30 Brendan's best friend is Tip. Tip and Brendan are inseparable. They teach each other things and they look after each other. Tip has helped Brendan become more responsible, more caring, and a better friend. Brendan is a nine-year-old boy, and Tip is a ten-year-old dog. Brendan and Tip are an example of how owning a dog can have a positive effect on a child's development. Having a dog develops a child's sense of responsibility, broadens his capacity for empathy, and teaches the nature of friendship.Having a dog helps a child learn how to act responsibly. As a dog owner, the child must take care of the animal's daily needs. The dog must be fed and exercised every day.A dog is completely dependent on its owner for all its needs, including the need for good health and a safe environment. Therefore, being responsible for a dog also means taking care of the dog so that it stays healthy. Furthermore, the owner must take responsibility for the safety of the dog and the safety of the people it comes into contact with. If the child forgets any of these duties and responsibilities, or ignores any of the dog's needs, the dog will suffer. This teaches the child that his responsibility to the dog is more important than his desire to play with his toys, talk on the phone, or watch TV. This is true not only for the care of a dog, but also for the care of oneself, another person, orone's job. Learning how to take responsibility for the health and welfare of a dog leads to learning how to take responsibility for oneself.Another lesson that a child can learn from having a dog is how to be empathetic. Empathy is the ability to put oneself in another person's, or in this case, another creature's, situation and imagine that person's or creature's feelings or problems. A dog cannot express itself with speech, so its owner must learn how to interpret its behaviour. The child must learn to understand what the dog's behaviour means. Is the dog frightened, aggressive, or sick? The child needs to understand what is going on in the dog's mind. Understanding a situation from the dog's perspective helps the child understand why the dog is behaving in a certain way and what the dog needs. The result of learning to read a dog's behaviour is that the child develops empathy. By learning how to empathize with a dog, the child also learns how to empathize with other people. This leads to the child becoming a more considerate and caring person.Being considerate and caring are important characteristics in a good friend. One of the most significant benefits of owning a dog is the example of true friendship that a dog provides. A dog gives unconditional love to its owner. A dog will not stop loving its owner because of a little anger, indifference, or neglect. The dog will patiently for its owner to pat its head and say a few kind words. This acceptance of the negative qualities and appreciation for the positive qualities of its owner provide a wonderful model of how to be a good friend. A child soon realizes that his dog will always listen to him, will always be ready to play with him, will always protect him, and will always forgive him.A child who has learned to be even half as good a friend to others as his dog is to himwill have learned of the most valuable lessons in life.These are some of the most important lessons a child will ever learn. The benefits of owning a dog will last the child's entire lifetime. The understanding and appreciation of responsibility, empathy, and friendship that a child develops from the experience of having a dog will help him or her grow into a reliable, caring, and mature adult.31 A child learns how to be responsible for a dog by______.（A）taking care of the dog's daily needs（B）becoming dependent on the dog（C）taking away a safe environment（D）feeding the dog weekly32 Learning how to care for a dog can help children______.（A）to choose the dog over playing（B）to ignore the dog's needs（C）to get welfare（D）to take care of themselves33 Which of the following is a positive result of learning how to interpret a dog's behavior?（A）Becoming empathetic.（B）Being thoughtless.（C）Becoming arrogant.（D）Becoming selfish.34 As far as loyalty is concerned, which of the following is NOT true?（A）The dog will protect people.（B）The dog neglects its owner.（C）The dog offers unconditional love.（D）The dog is able to tolerate the negative qualities of humans.35 Which of the following is a positive result of learning how to interpret a dog's behavior?（A）Becoming arrogant.（B）Being thoughtless.（C）Becoming empathetic.（D）Becoming selfish.35 This year 2008 , Americans elect on a new president on November 4th. It's an important event that happens once every four years. Currently, the president is always elected from one of the two main parties in the United States; the Republicans and the Democrats. There are other presidential candidates. However, it is unlikely that any of these"third party"candidates will win. It certainly hasn't happened in the last one hundred years.In order to become the presidential nominee of a party, the candidate must win the primary election. Primary elections are held throughout each state in the United States in the first half of any election year. Then, the delegates attend their party convention in order to nominate their chosen candidate. Usually, as in this election, it's clear who will be the nominee. However, in the past parties have been divided and choosing a nominee has been a difficult process.Once the nominees have been selected, they campaign throughout the country. A number of debates are usually held in order to better understand the candidates' points of view. These points of view often reflect their party's platform. A party platform is best described as the general beliefs and policies a party holds. Candidates cross the country by plane, bus, train or by car giving speeches. These speeches are often called "stump speeches". In the 19th century candidates would stand on tree stumps to deliver their speeches. These stump speeches repeat the candidate's basic views and aspirations for the country. They are repeated many hundred of times by each candidate.Many people believe that campaigns in the United States have become too negative. Each night you can see many attack ads on the television. These short ads contain sound bites which often distort the truth, or something the other candidate has said or done. Another recent problem has been voter turnout. There is often less than 60% turnout for national elections. Some people don't register to vote, and some registered voters don't show up at the voting booths. This angers many citizens who feel that voting is the mostimportant responsibility of any citizen. Others point out that not voting is expressing an opinion that the system is broken.The United States maintains an extremely old, and some say inefficient, voting system. This system is called the Electoral College. Each state is assigned electoral votes based on the number of senators and representatives that state has in Congress. Each state has two Senators. The number of representatives is determined by the states population but is never less than 1 percent. The electoral votes are decided by the popular vote in each state. One candidate wins all of the electoral votes in a state. In other words, Oregon has 8 electoral votes. If 1 million people vote for the Republican candidate and one million and ten people vote for the Democratic candidate, ALL 3 electoral votes go to the democratic candidate. Many people feel that this system should be abandoned.36 What is the " third party" ?（A）The Republicans.（B）The Democrats.（C）Neither of the two main parties.（D）Either the opponents or the supporters.37 When are primaries held?（A）During the second half of the election year.（B）During the previous year to the election.（C）During the first half of the election year.（D）During the second half of the election year.38 What is the main purpose of the debates?（A）Raising money for the election.（B）Helping to understand the candidates' points of view.（C）To attract advertising.（D）Helping the audience and voters to make their decision.39 What is a stump speech?（A）The standard speech given by a nominee many times.（B）A special speech for a particular group.（C）A speech about the forest.（D）The improvised speech made by candidates while traveling.40 What is an attack ad?（A）An advertisement which presents a nominee's point of view on an issue.（B）A type of election fad.（C）A type of party platform.（D）An advertisement which contains a sound bite which distorts the truth.40 Learning a language is not for everyone. Some people find it very difficult and stressful; others actually enjoy the mental challenge and still others(although these are rare people)find it easy to learn a foreign language.Recently, there has been a lot of interest in trying to define the characteristics of a " good" language learner.Here are four examples—can you select the person who is likely to make the best language learner from these descriptions of their needs and personalities?Perhaps it is best to take a typical example at the outset. Fred Brown had to retire last year because of a bad heart. He went to Spain for a holiday and decided he liked the country and the people so much that he would like to learn the language. He already speaks good French and a little Italian and he thinks these will give him a head start in learning another Latin language.He sees language leaning as a detective game; He hunts for cines and likes to find the answers himself. He knows that language learning is hard work, but he gives himself alittle to learn each day. He listens to himself and usually knows when he has made a mistake. He knows exactly what sort of Spanish he wants to learn and is only interested in that.Mary Green has friends in Athens and she has been to Greece several times. Through her friends she met a Greek working in London and now they are engaged to be married. They plan to live in London but she feels she must learn Greek to talk to her future in-laws. She is going to Greek cookery classes as well. She says she is "hopeless at languages" and she hated the French teacher at school. She thinks language is all about talking and she tries to experiment with the language she knows:She takes risks. She is rather lazy about reading Greek and "switches off" when she sees it written down. She finds the classes a bit boring because she is not learning the things she wants to leam but she has not spoken to the teacher about this.In total contrast to someone who has the need to integrate into a family situation, however, is John Freeman. John's company is starting to sell sportswear in France next May and John will have to visit Marseilles four times a year. There will be a local agent so he will not have to negotiate in French. He has been to France on holiday three times and knows a few words already. He enjoyed the sunshine but doesn't really like foreigners:" They're all a funny lot. " He is a very precise person who always likes to be accurate and doesn't like to make a fool of himself. He does not speak any other languages and is motivated to learn French because of his work. He knows that language can be described as a series of rules and he tries hard to learn the system. He likes the teacher to translate so that he can be sure he has understood exactly what every word means. He is not interested in wasting his time guessing. He has not thought about what kind of French he needs to learn.Jane Smith, on the other hand, hasn't even started work so she won't have the strong motivation that working in a language gives people who are trying to sell their products. However, she doesn't think that foreigners are strange people and she isn't frightened of making mistakes because " it's all a bit of fun". She has now finished her first school examinations and, although she is going on to study science in the 6th Form, she doesn't want to forget the German she has studied. She can't bear writing, though, and is impatient with herself when she makes grammatical mistakes.She doesn't really know why she is continuing to leam and she has already said that if her German studies take up too much of her time, she will drop them and focus on "real" work.All of these learners have their own reasons and they are all different in how they approach the task and what they think learning is all about.The experts' view is that people who have a clear idea of the reasons for learning will do well and, on that basis, Fred Brown, John Freeman and Mary Green are clearly advantaged. However, it is also true that those who take risks and experiment do well andregular exposure to the language do well and here, of courses, John and Mary may have the edge over people like Jane.There's also a case to be made that for those who enjoy learning and don't care too much about making mistakes, success can come easily.41 The person with the lowest motivation is probably______.（A）Jane（B）Fred（C）John（D）Mary42 John Freeman is learning French______.（A）because he needs to go to Marseilles（B）only for professional reasons（C）to integrate into the French business community（D）to be able to make business deals in French43 Mary Green is learning Greek because______.（A）she needs it for professional reasons（B）she is going to cookery classes in Greek（C）she wants to be able to talk to her family（D）she wants to live in Greece44 Fred, John and Mary have an advantage because______.（A）they aren't afraid to experiment（B）they know what they want to learn（C）they understand the structure of language（D）they know why they are learning the language45 Contact with native speakers helps you to learn, so______.（A）Fred will be at a definite disadvantage（B）Jane will have an advantage（C）Jane and John will be at a disadvantage（D）John and Mary will have an advantage四、英译汉46 Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese.(30 %)The strategic nature of the threat now posed by human civilization to the global environment and the strategic nature of the threat to human civilization now posed by changes in the global environment present us with a similar set of challenges and false hopes. Some argue that a new ultimate technology, whether unclear power or genetic engineering will solve the problem. Others hold that only a drastic reduction of our reliance on technology can improve the conditions of life—a simplistic notion at best. But the real solution will be found in reinventing and finally healing the relationship between civilization and the earth. This can only be accomplished by undertaking a careful reassessment of all the factors that led to the relatively recent dramatic change in the relationship. The transformation of the way we relate to the earth will of course involve new technologies, but the key changes will involve new ways of thinking about the relationship itself.47 As we listen today to the arguments about bilingual education, we ought to think ourselves back into the shoes of the Saxon peasant. The new ruling class had built a cultural barrier against him by building their French against his own language. There must have been a great deal of cultural humiliation felt by the English when they revolted under Saxon leaders like Hereward the Wake. "The King's English"—if the term hadexisted then—had become French. And here in American now, 900 years later, we are still the heirs to it.48 The diversity gives endless color to the city, so that walking in it is a constant education in slights and smells. There is a wonderful variety of places to eat or shop, and though the most successful of such places are likely to be touristy hybrid compromises, they too have genuine roots. Other American cities have ethnic turfs jealously defended, but not, I think, such an admixture of groups, thrown together in such jarring juxtapositions. In the same way, avenues of high-rise luxury in New York must be celebrated along with its treasures of art and music. The combination is unstable; it produces friction, or an uneasy forbearance that sometimes becomes a real toleration. 五、写作49 There is a famous saying by Henry Peter Brougham:" Education makes a people easy to lead, but difficult to drive; easy to govern, but impossible to enslave. "You are supposed to write a composition of about 300 words on the topic: Education. In the first part of your composition, you should present your thesis statement; in the second part, you should support the thesis statement with details; and in the last part, you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion.Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and diction. Please write your response on the answer sheet.。