笔记法课后作业1(汉英-句子)原文
笔译笔记整理
A:A cathode ray tube is shaped like a large bell.阴极射线管的形状像个大铃铛。
According to semiconductor theory the scientists have developed many new devices in our country since 1970.1970年以来，在我国，科学家们根据半导体理论研制出许多新型的器件。
A failure of a circuit to meet a specification is sometimes caused by bad wiring, especially at high frequencies.线路与技术规范不相符，有时是由于布线不好而引起的，尤其在高频时更是这样。
After all preparations were made, the planes were flown across the pacific to San Francisco.一切准备工作就绪以后，飞机飞越太平洋去旧金山。
After people have learned that magnets attract things, centuries passed before they took note of the fact that magnets sometimes also repel things.人们早已知道了磁铁能吸引别的物体，又过了几百年，才注意磁铁有时也排斥别的物体这一事实。
Almost everyone old enough to remember the raid can recall the thrill and the cheers that swept the country when the news came out that American planes had bombed Tokyo.几乎所有年纪大些能记得这次袭击的人，都可以回忆起当年美机轰炸东京的消息发表时举国上下一片欢腾的情景。
英汉汉英交传口译笔记
英汉汉英交传口译笔记随着全球化进程的不断推进，口译在跨文化交流中的地位越来越突出.英汉汉英笔记法在交替传译中具有不可替代性和不可复制性，对完成高质量、高标准的口译工作至关重要。
本文主要从笔记原则、笔记方法、笔记误区三方面来进行阐述。
标签：汉英英汉交传;口译;笔记原则上讲，原语发布时间超过1分钟译员就必须求助于笔记，因为只有±1分钟之内译员的短时“工作记忆”才起作用。
一个人的短时记忆大约是7±2个模块。
人类的记忆负载有限，在汉英英汉交替传译中，面对高负荷的信息量，笔记的首要目的也是最重要的目的就是缓解译员记忆负荷，加大口译员记忆的存储量，提高记忆的存储时间，对数字、专有名词进行精确贮存。
遇到突发情况，如讲话人讲话时间过长，忘记照顾自己的译员，或者根本未意识到译员的工作，再或者讲话人口音不清、现场嘈杂的情况下，清晰富有逻辑的笔记会提示我们有效的信息，在大脑记忆和笔记的双重结合下完成口译工作。
笔记充当听辨和输出表达的中间桥梁，其作用之大显而易见。
口译笔记不同于速记，速记是一种以表音为主的拼写式快速记录的方法，把发言人的大部分词都记下来。
而口译笔记则是为减轻人体的生理记忆负荷而进行的一种活动。
它主要记下讲话人的发言大意、讲话的逻辑关系，在二者的基础上记录相关细节。
因此，口译笔记是在口译现场即席、迅速地通过整理源语思维线路来定位原语内容、关键词语的“提示性”笔记。
它是即席口译理解和口译记忆的延续，而并非是一种旨在长期保留信息的纯粹记录性质的笔记。
1.笔记的四大原则（1）分心原则：这是一种脑力分配的原则，即三分记七分听，一心多用。
（2）借用原则：前面出现过的要点，后面可用箭头借用。
（3）简化原则：笔有时平安无事，但这种做法相当危险，不可取。
（4）取舍原则：有主次之分，进行取舍。
一般记录的重点为名词，便于信息的复原。
2.笔记方法（1）图视理论的应用：在讲话人讲到记叙性、描写性比较浅显的故事时，译员可以采用图视理论，将这个故事在脑中以“画面”的形式记住，只在笔记的这个环节做个标记就好。
汉译英笔记
1.例子：现在必须采取措施来保护环境（表目的）分析：找主语－>无主语，也就是无主句。
无主语：对应英文三种句型：形式主语、there be 句型、被动句型。
形式主语:It is necessary ['nesəs(ə)rɪ] /essential [ɪ'senʃ(ə)l] / imperative /ɪm'perətɪv/to take/ adopt measures to protect the environment.（不定式表目的）essential, imperative。
能用高级词汇就用高级词汇。
adopt: 有两个意思，采取采纳；收养；there be 句型There is necessity [nə'sɛsəti] to adopt measures to protect the environment.被动句型(找被动句型的主语－：措施)Measures should be adopted (taken) to protect the environment.特殊句型：是到做某事的时候了It is time to do sth.... 是到做某事的时候了It is high time to adopt measures to protect the environment.（更加地道）。
使用从句，从句使用虚拟语气，动词用一般过去时It is high time that measures were adopted to protect the environment确定句型、结构1)确定基准时态，能够避免犯大的语法错误比如：记叙文――一般过去时，以及他的变化议论文、说明文――一般现在时。
对照原文，首先检查译文是否正确的转述了原文的内容，是否有错译和漏译；其次，检查是否有语言上的明显错误，如：时态、语态、单复数、拼写、大小写、标点符号等，发现错误，及时改正。
英汉笔译课后练习答案 26页PPT文档共28页
60、人民的幸灵繁的人也看不见自己的背脊。——非洲 2、最困难的事情就是认识自己。——希腊 3、有勇气承担命运这才是英雄好汉。——黑塞 4、与肝胆人共事，无字句处读书。——周恩来 5、阅读使人充实，会谈使人敏捷，写作使人精确。——培根
英汉笔译课后练习答案 26页PPT文档
56、极端的法规，就是极端的不公。 ——西 塞罗 57、法律一旦成为人们的需要，人们 就不再 配享受 自由了 。—— 毕达哥 拉斯 58、法律规定的惩罚不是为了私人的 利益， 而是为 了公共 的利益 ；一部 分靠有 害的强 制，一 部分靠 榜样的 效力。 ——格 老秀斯 59、假如没有法律他们会更快乐的话 ，那么 法律作 为一件 无用之 物自己 就会消 灭。— —洛克
《英汉翻译基础教程》 笔记及习题(句子翻译)【圣才出品】
第4单元句子翻译4.1 复习笔记一、长句处理1. 顺译法顺译法就是英语长句所叙述的内容逻辑和顺序与汉语的表达相一致时，可以直接按照原文顺序翻译。
采用顺译法的通常情况是：句子中的动作是按时间先后顺序发生的，或者每个分句之间是并列关系。
例：Not to mention the solemnity with which it (the Irish Party) talks old fashioned nonsense which it knows perfectly well to be a century behind the times.【译文】不消说，爱尔兰党还有一个习惯，爱郑重其事地谈论一些陈腐荒谬的东西，尽管他的心里明明知道那些东西都是落后了一百年的。
【分析】这个句子为复杂的非限制性定语从句，译者采用了顺译法，即按照原文次序，不改变主句在拒收的位置，把定语从句以及它所带的从句随后译出来。
2. 逆译法英语和汉语的表达顺序不同，甚至完全相反时，需要采取逆译法，并且要根据情况，按意群来进行全部倒置或部分倒置。
例：To him there is something divine in the sympathetic indulgence she (Nala)substitutes for the angry disgust with which one of his own country women would resent his supposed condition.【译文】要是一个英国女人看到他真是像他所假设的那么烂醉，他就会对他又恼怒又厌恶，而娜拉给他的却是同情的宽容，他在这中间看出了一点神圣的品质。
【分析】这是一个比较复杂的定语从句，要用顺译法很是困难，因此用倒译法来处理，符合汉语的表达习惯。
3. 拆分法拆分就是将英语长句“化整为零”。
其关键就是要按照原句的意群，采取切断的办法将原句分成一个个分句，再顺译全句。
口译笔记法课后练习1
口译笔记法课后练习1说明:以下作业请在本周四、五前完成，请打开同名音频进行笔记练习。
本文是听力中文原文和对应的英文翻译。
操作步骤:1、听完每句中文(或每句中文和它的英文译文)后按停顿键记笔记;2、听完所有8个句子后复述(注意，不是翻译)原文;3、参考示范笔记并复述原文;4、参考句子原文查漏补缺。
)口译笔记法课后练习11. 25年间，中国创造的巨大财富，不仅使13亿中国人基本解决了温饱，基本实现了小康，而且为世界发展做出了贡献。
(00-16”)The tremendous wealth created by China in the past quarter of a century has not only enabled our 1.3billion countrymen to meet their basic needs for food, clothing and shelter and basically realize amodestly comfortable standard of living but also contributed to world devel opment. (16”-38”)2. 中国的信息产业既是信息化建设的基础，同时也是信息化的重要组成部分。
(38”-49”)The information industry in China forms the basis for information. It is also part of the process.(49”-58”)3. 13亿人口的中国保持稳定和加快发展，对促进亚太地区和世界的稳定与发展，具有及其重要的意义。
(59”-1:10”)China is a country with 1.3 billion people. Its stability and rapid development are of vital importanceto the stability and development in Asia-Pacific and the world at large. (1:11”-1:26”)4. 只要双方有诚意，这类问题完全可以通过平等协商和扩大合作来加以妥善解决。
笔记法 口译
Practice
It is great pleasure and honor for me to deliver a congratulatory message at the opening of this important event. First of all, I would like to express my appreciation and admiration to our hosts, the Ministry of Education of Korea for their initiative in organizing this APEC International Roundtable. My thanks also go to the Asian Development Bank for its valuable support. 能在本次重要活动的开幕式上发 表贺词，我很高兴，也很荣幸。首先， 我想向我们的东道主，韩国教育部， 为他们积极筹办本届亚太经合国际圆 桌会议表示衷心的感谢和敬意。我还 要对亚洲发展银行的大力支持表示感 谢。
Practice
The United States and China have a historic opportunity: there is much we can share. I think progress in these is particularly promising, that is, trade, technology, investment and exchanges of scientific and managerial expertise. In a few short years, two-way trade has risen sharply. 中美两国面临着历史性的机会： 我们能够合作的范围很广泛。我 认为，我们在贸易、技术、投资 和科学管理技术交流这几个方面 特别有望取得进展。双边贸易在 短短的纪念中大幅度增长。
笔记原文与译文
1.原文：This year, we will lower borrowing rates and improve efficiency in order to furtherenhance business relations with developing countries, esp. with our partners in Shanghai.译文：今年，我们将降低贷款利率，提高工作效率，以进一步增进与发展中国家，特别是与上海伙伴的商务关系。
2.原文：According to the latest WTO figures, global trade flows are projected to expand by lessthan 3% in 2003. Trade growth remains positive but weak in the first quarter of 2003.译文：据世贸组织最新数据显示，2003年全球贸易额增长预计将低于3%。
虽然第一季度贸易额仍在增长，但增长乏力。
3.原文：One of the most important tasks of the International Monetary Fund is to help countriesachieve the macroeconomic stability that helps keep inflation in check and so maintains the domestic purchasing power of currencies.译文：国际货币基金组织的一个重要任务就是帮助各国维持宏观经济的稳定，这有助于控制通货膨胀并保持国内货币的购买力。
4.原文：With the European integration, in particular the launch of the euro, the European Unionhas fundamentally changed the world economic pattern and successfully brought new cooperation opportunities to EU-China economic relations. The two-way trade has increased more than forty-fold since 1978 when China began to carry out its economic reform policy, and reached US ＄125 billion last year. It’s expected that the European Union will increase its trade volume with China by 20 percent this year.译文：随着欧洲一体化，特别是欧元的发行，欧盟从根本上改变了世界经济格局，也给欧中经济关系顺利地带来了新的合作机遇。
英汉翻译教程笔记
Translation ConclusionUnit 1 stories1. He was thirty-six， his youth had passed like a screaming eagle， leaving him old and disillusioned.他已三十六岁，青春像一路鸣叫的鹰，早已一闪而逝，留给他的是衰老和幻灭。
2. average height 普通高度3. gleaming eyes 两眼闪着光辉4. in his middle twenties 大概是二十五六岁的年龄5. ignoring the chair offered him， Chu The stood squarely before this youth more than ten years his junior and in a level voice told him who he was， what he had done in the past， how he had fled from Yunnan， talked with Sun Yat-sen， been repulsed by Chen Tu-hsiu in Shanghai， and had come to Europe to find a new way of life for himself and a new revolutionary road for China.朱德顾不得拉过来的椅子，端端正正地站在这个比他年轻十岁的青年面前，用平稳的语调，说明自己的身份和经历：他怎样逃出云南，怎样会见孙中山，怎样在上海被陈独秀拒绝，怎样为了寻求自己的新的生活方式和中国的新的革命道路而来到欧洲。
6. When both visitors had told their stories， Chou smiled a little， said he would help them find rooms， and arrange for them to join the Berlin Communist group as candidates until their application had been sent to China and an answer received.两位来客把经历说完后，周恩来微笑着说，他可以帮他们找到住的地方，替他们办理加入党在柏林的支部的手续，在入党申请书寄往中国而尚未批准之前，暂时作候补党员。
翻译笔记——精选推荐
翻译笔记马克思⽩求恩⾼尔基斯⼤林狄更斯；费城饿狼陀；出⽔芙蓉魂断蓝桥teamwork 团队精神workshop ⼯作坊talk show 脱⼝秀cool 酷雪中送炭—to offer fuel in snowy weather⼀⼈得道，鸡⽝升天—Even the dog swaggers when its master wins favor.“⽠⽥李下”来⾃“⽠⽥不纳履，李下不整冠”，译为Neither adjust your shoe in a melon patch, nor your hat under a plum tree.例1⼈们笑贫不笑娼。
People ridicule poverty but not prostitutes.例2放下臭架⼦to put down the smelly airsto shed the ugly mantle of pretentiousnessto shed down from one’s high horse。
例3做好采购⼯作Do a good job of procurement.抓紧养猪Firmly pig-breeding.胡⼦⼯程 a project with a beard街道妇⼥street women例1这个环境⼯程是个“民⼼⼯程”。
The environment-friendly project is a “popularity-winning” project.例2本公司顾客⾄上，质量超群，效率快捷，取价公道。
Our company always values its customers’ satisfaction in taking care of eve ry quality requirement and providing best speeding services in reasonable prices.例3这家公司在研制计算机软件⽅⾯在世界处于领先地位。
英汉翻译课堂笔记1
B. 套话、惯用语或文言句式的转换：翻译时一般应遵循译入语的习惯，尽量找到对应的惯用表达。
（汉语多用四字结构）汉译英时可套用英语的程式化的、特别正式的词语，以保译文和原文意义和风格的一致。
●(15) Thank you for your kind consideration.●承蒙垂注，谨致谢意。
●(16) The extreme shortage of recent goods made us feel regretful being unable to offer theprice.●货源奇紧，歉难报盘。
（17）本人冒昧地邀请贵方光临我方展台，购买与否，悉听尊便。
●I venture to invite you to have a look at our stand, and you may rest assured that you willnot be pressed to buy.●(18)兹通知，海尔公司将采取一切必要的措施，追究任何未经许可制造或销售注有海尔商标的当事人。
●Notice is hereby given that HAIER Co., Ltd. Will take all necessary measures against anyparty manufacturing and/or selling any products bearing the trade mark of "HAIER"without being authorized.●(19)甲方同意向乙方支付以下称为特许权使用的费用，该费用等于售货总额的5%。
●Party A agrees to pay to Party B an amount hereinafter called royalty equal to 5% of thegross sales.●(20)岳阳渔业公司（下称甲方）和厦门海产有限公司（下称已方）通过友好协商与谈判达成如下协议。
英汉笔译课笔记（应该未全）
英汉笔译课笔记（应该未全）英汉笔译课笔记（应该未全）据说英汉笔译考试内容都在我们平时的作业上出（上届师兄说的），大家多注意一下吧。
一下是我平时的笔记还有舍友的笔记整理，希望能帮到大家。
（PS:我也发到群邮箱了）A 用词不同Black tea 红茶White coffee/ black coffee 加牛奶/不加牛奶的咖啡a black ship 被罢工工人抵制装卸的船black studies （美国大学中）研究黑人问题的学科black sheep 败家子black widow 黑寡妇black smith 铁匠black bird 画眉black birding （殖民主义的）贩奴活动in the black 盈利in the red 赤字，亏损black and blue 遍体鳞伤look black （前景）暗淡laugh off one’s head 笑掉大牙sister states 兄弟省市green-eyed 嫉妒pink eye 患红眼病stop thief 抓贼啊white sale 床上用品大减价an off season 淡季ID card 身份证B 词的搭配不同make money 挣钱wet snow 雨夹雪Although the morning was young 天气尚早C 语言结构不同No comments 无可奉告We need talking heads.招收电话员启示good team work 配合默契This is VOA, signing on.美国之音，现在开始播音。
He is swimming is money. 他腰缠万贯。
under the rose 秘密地一词多义翻译1. like charger repel, unlike charges attract. 同性相斥，异性相吸。
2. like knows like. 英雄识英雄。
3. like begets like, like father, like son.龙生龙，凤生凤，老鼠的儿子能打洞。
口译笔记法（Notetakingininterpretation）
口译笔记法（Note taking in interpretation）Note taking in interpretation (1) 2007, Sunday, 04, 22, 17:00To directly talk about my notes by the use of experience.On some websites, I have seen suggestions from foreign interpretation teaching circles for many interpreters:1) See to it that the notes are logical and legible.2) To write as few words and symbols as possible.3) Better take notes in the target language.The first point of personal feeling is the most important, because interpretation notes should try hard to present the concept and structure of source language messages. (interpreter must convey a complete and logical message, including the tone, meaning, etc.) of the speaker Therefore, note taking in interpreting must have the characteristics of "Structurally-complete". Macro requirements as a wholeAs for the second point, I think it must be implemented on the premise of meeting the first point. It is not necessary to record information as little as possible, and ignore or even affect the basic requirements of interpreting notes -- structure. Micro detail requirementsAt third, I don't really agree. I think we should use the relatively good and relatively well identified language to record the source language and the target language. In addition,interpretation notes can be used in two languages. For example: the record of the concept of "I", "me" in Chinese and English "I", it is easy for us to choose the latter, because of its small strokes, fast and easy to distinguish; record, record "China", you can choose "" can also be written as "cn", because the two are to identify and record. Micro detail requirementsIn short, there are no special rules for the recording language of interpretation notes. As long as it conforms to the principles of "quick record and easy identification", my colleagues and I usually use two languages in interpreting.My interpretation note method (two) 2009-12-03 16:48 note is the key to advanced interpretation. The use of note is to supplement the short-term memory and endurance of the brain to ensure the accuracy of the translation and to ensure that it is not affected by the duration of the speaker.If it is completely dependent on memory and no unusual talent, even energetic young people are not qualified for advanced interpretation in terms of accuracy and endurance. As a practical example, I've met many times in my work. Senior interpreters don't have to rely on notes. However, the notes used in advanced interpretation are not consistent with the general concepts.Please note that each person's memory, thinking, and response have their own characteristics. There's no need to copy my way. The best way to take notes is to develop your own, suitable for their own system. My introduction is to give you a head, a direction, open the role of ideas.For example, the simpler the notes, the faster the record. But the notes are simple, and the requirements for short-term memory are relatively high. So, how much is the best note, easy because of people, need to find out for their own balance.The main point is:1. write fewer strokes. The line is faster than the writing. Line image, equivalent to the translation of "semi-finished product", helps the interpreter to see notes, speak out the translation. Two cases should use lines as much as possible:Words that express actions and movements. For example, the rising diagonal represents "development", "increase", "progress", "further", and "slash", "decrease", "deterioration" and so on with descending diagonals.Words and phrases indicating causality or pre and post relations. For example, a line represents "because / so"","... After "," in... "Before", in order to reflect the relationship between up and down.2. little words and more meanings. Develop a habit of taking notes of no more than one word. There are a large number of words in Chinese that are composed of two or more than two words. As long as you see one of them, your short term memory should be able to fill in the rest of the word. No need to write more. For example,"China" at most write a "medium"". "Beijing" writes "North" atmost". English words are also treated in the same way. "Politics" writes "poli", "government", "gov", and so on. In addition, it is necessary to develop the ability to interact with notes and memory; to see the ability of a word to speak a few words, or even a string of words. In context, it's not difficult. For example, talking about China's current situation, listening to "reform, opening up", remember a "change" word, it is not difficult to tell the original text from short-term memory. When you hear "British Prime Minister Tony Blair", remember "PM", also can say the original text.3. little lines and more fingers. Generic small line / mark. Otherwise, in their own familiar Chinese and English, and compiled a set of unfamiliar with the use of code, will lead to need to think about what symbol to use, counterproductive.4. less horizontal more vertical. Take the ladder structure from the top down and record the horizontal record as little as possible when you write it. The ladder structure vividly reflects the logical structure of the context, simplifies the thinking process of the interpreter, and facilitates the translation.5. fast writing. We must develop our own Chinese character fast writing system. Note taking is entirely self - observation, and it only takes a few minutes to read. Many strokes of Chinese characters are reduced without affecting recognition. I speak of here is not sloppy, but in addition to the actual interpretation often have to scribble, take some time to practice or work in interpreting word ponder, can look at how to reduce stroke or stroke, straighten out a word.6. clear end. In interpreting, the speaker says a paragraph, stops, makes an interpreter, and then goes on. In this way, there must be definite boundaries between the previous paragraph and the next paragraph. At the end of the last time, it became the beginning of the next translation. Its importance is that, if the notes are started from the 1/3 book, the next paragraph may write a 2-3 page, turn back when interpreting, eyes cannot determine which line the top of the page, or is the starting point of the symbol translation content. So you need to mark it. When I first started, I learned that every speaker made a line at the end. Later found, from the speaker opening, to that time I had to speak as an interpreter is very valuable, are often used to supplement notes, reluctant to draw the line to end. Later, I just put off the procedure until I finished the translation. As I finished speaking, and the speaker started this time within my grasp, so when I finished, I made a line, and then motioned the speaker to continue.Besides, I don't think the line is clear enough, so now turn it into a circle and a line.Finally, talk about the equipment you need.I suggest you use a notebook with a loose ring, see the following photos. It's easy to flip back and forth with a loose ring. The size of your laptop is comfortable. I like to use A5 made in england. I lay in my hand, just right. It's just British notebooks that are designed for shorthand. Blank pages are more ideal.Finish a page, turn over a page. The speaker after closing, grabbed all turn back, left eye is at the beginning of this piece of. Then, translate a page, turn over a page. After the translation, the pages of the past are pressed into the palm of the hand. This is a clear separation of the past and the next paragraph with the palm of the hand. That's important. Otherwise, it is prone to the speaker after the closing, the home page for your back and forth embarrassment.If you're sitting at your desk, your laptop is on the desk, and you're finishing a page, turning over a page. Don't forget to press the completed notes page to your notebook before the speaker speaks.Pen, I suggest using a press type. In this way, a handheld book, the other hand can always take out a pen, a press began to remember. If the pen is rotated, it needs two hands to operate. If the cap is not tight, but also from time to time off, a distraction. Generally I am used to bring two pens,Too many times to avoid the exhaustion of inkNote taking symbols 32009-08-25 22:25 two, letters and images Z represent "human" people/person, because "Z" looks like a head, and it is usually written in the upper right corner of a word or symbol. For example: Japanese: JZ. C stands for government, rule: government, govern, Greek letter C, /ga:ma/, approximate government, so C is used to represent govern, government. Governmental official can be expressed as CZ P representing Politics: politics, political, Greek alphabet P, /pai/, approximate politics, political. Then politician can beexpressed as PZ E representing the total number: total, totally, entire, entirely, on the whole, all in all, to sum up, ect. E mathematical notation representing the total value. G represents efficiency: efficient, effective. G is the symbol of efficiency. Q stands for inflation: inflation, because the sign resembles a rising balloon. A means agriculture: agriculture. agriculture is often used, so use initial letters instead. B represents business: business. C X represents conflict and contradiction: "X" in conflict, confrontation "C X" stands for opposition, and the letter "C" reduces the concept of opposition to conflict and confrontation. W means work, profession: work, employ, etc.. It's the first letter of work. So WZ can be used to represent worker, and W (Z is employer above the letter, employee below the letter). I stands for Industry: industry, industrial letter I is like a chimney, so it can be used to represent industry. U U looks like a goblet, and says in the note that the Treaty (agreement) is generally expressed only after successful negotiations and agreements". If it is filled with 2 x x in U, it can be expressed as bilateral (two-sided), and 3 is expressed as trilateral (three sides). Fill in U, fill in 1, say: Unilateralism (unilateralism), fill in M (multiple) to express multilateralism.Note the symbol 52009-08-25 22:29 said: ups and "twists and turns" downs, twists and turns, etc. four, said that "more" + mathematical symbols: many, lots of, a great deal of a good, many of, etc. + + (+2) said "comparative" more +3 said: "the most advanced multi" Most said: "little": little, few, lack, in short of/ be in shortage of etc. * said "error", "error" and "bad" concept: wrong/incorrect something, bad, notorious, negative, etc. > said "more than" bigger/larger/greater/morethan/better than etc., the concept of "high the concept of" superior to, surpass, etc., "said" less than "concept:less/smaller etc. said," low "concept: inferior to, etc. =" equal "concept: means that, is to say, in othe R words, the same as, be equal to etc., said the "rival" concept: a match, rival, competitor, counterpart, etc. () said "... Between...": among, within, etc. and said "different" concept: be different from etc., said the "invincible" concept: matchless, peerless etc. said, "about" concept: about/around, or so, approximately, etc. / said "no", "eliminate" concepts such as: cross out, eliminate, etc.Five, punctuation, etc.: a variety of verbs that say "say", "speak", "talk", "marks", "announce", "declare", "etc.", "", "question", and "issue", for example: "TW"(DOT) the position of this "." point is different. The concept of ".D" means "yesterday", ".Y" means "last year", ".2m" means two month ago. "Y" this year, "y2." two year later "next week", "wk." can be expressed as a representation of "good" when turning said state, right/good, famous/well-known etc., said "agree", stand up for, support agree, with sb, certain/ affirmative, etc. said, "" state: important, exemplary (model) best, outstanding, brilliant, etc. n, said the "communication" state: exchange, mutual, etc. & said "and", "and" and together with, along, with, accompany, along, with, further, more, etc., said "the end": end stop, halt, bring, sth to a standstill/stop etc., six, a long word processing method -ism - M for example: socialism Sm -tion - N Standardization: Jane (for example Standard) stdn -cian Jane - O for example: technician techo -ing - G for example: Marketing (Marketing) MKTg -ed - D acceptedacptd -able/ible/ble for example: for example: available avbl - BL - MT -ment amendment amdmt -ize for example: Jane wrote for the Z example: recognize regz -ful - FL for example: meaningful mnflA collection of shorthand symbols for interpretation! (1) 2007-01-04 19:09:04, medium and small. Abbreviations:Abbreviations in Note takingUse only the abbreviations that fit your needs and that time. you will remember easily. A good idea is to introduce only a few abbreviations into your note taking at a1.Symbols helpful in math -- these are commonly used in texts and references.S = sumF = frequencyLeave out periods in standard abbreviations.CF = compareE.g. = exampleDept = DepartmentUse only the first syllable of a word.Pol = politicsDEM = democracyLib = liberalCap = capitalismUse entire first syllable and only 1st letter of 2nd syllable.Pres = presentationSubj = subjectInd = individualCons = conservativeEliminate final letters. Use just enough of the word to form abbreviation. a recognizableAssoc = AssociateBIOL = biologyInfo = informationACh = achievementChem = chemistryMax = maximumIntro = introductionConc = concentrationMin = minimumRep = repetitionOmit vowels, retain only enough consonants to give a recognizable skeleton word. of thePPD = preparedPrblm = problemEstmt = estimateBkgd = backgroundGVT = governmentUse an apostrophe in place of letters.Am't = amountCont'd = continued政府=政府educat'l =教育形成一个符号或缩写词的复数加schpts =章EGS =实例FS =频率介绍：介绍用g表示ing结尾。
冯庆华《汉英翻译基础教程》笔记和课后习题(含考研真题)详解
5.2课后习题 详解
5.3翻译示例 汇总
5.4考研真题 详解
6.1复习笔记 6.2课后习题详解
6.3翻译示例汇总 6.4考研真题详解
7.1复习笔记 7.2课后习题详解
7.3翻译示例汇总 7.4考研真题详解
8.1复习笔记 8.2课后习题详解
8.3翻译示例汇总 8.4考研真题详解
9.2课后习题详解
18.2课后习 题详解
18.3翻译示 例汇总
18.4考研真 题详解
作者介绍
这是《冯庆华《汉英翻译基础教程》笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）详解》的读书笔记模板，暂无该书作者 的介绍。
读书笔记
这是《冯庆华《汉英翻译基础教程》笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）详解》的读书笔记模板，可以替换为自 己的心得。
目录分析
1.2课后习题详解
1.1复习笔记
1.3翻译示例汇总
2.1复习笔记 2.2课后习题详解
2.3翻译示例汇总 2.4考研真题详解
3.1复习笔记 3.2课后习题详解
3.3翻译示例汇总 3.4考研真题详解
4.1复习笔记
4.2课后习题 详解
4.3翻译示例 汇总
4.4考研真题 详解
5.1复习笔记
精彩摘录
这是《冯庆华《汉英翻译基础教程》笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）详解》的读书笔记模板，可以替换为自 己的精彩内容摘录。
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冯庆华《汉英翻译基础教程》笔记 和课后习题（含考研真题）详解
读书笔记模板
01 思维导图
03 目录分析 05 读书笔记
目录
02 内容摘要 04 作者介绍 06 精彩摘录
思维导图
关键字分析思维导图
习题
示例
章节 书
英汉口译笔记法训练 note-taking
NOTE-TAKINGNOTE-TAKINGWhy shall we take notes?为什么要记笔记？What instrument does an interpreter need?口译工具What shall we take?记什么？How shall we take?怎样记？What makes note-taking different from other kinds of text recording?口译笔记特点？Why shall we take notes?为什么要记笔记？Watch video 4.1, 4.2WHY TAKE NOTES?记不全；记不住；记不准。
Very short consecutive:sentence by sentence;clause by clause for interpretingShort consecutive(30-40s):business interpreting,community interpretingMedium-length consecutive (45-90s):more developed note-taking techniqueLong or full consecutive(2mins)Very long consecutive(over5mins)1.an aid to supplement memory（有助于储存记忆）2.at delivery, as clues for recalling（提示）3. to help visualise the structure and logic of source WHY TAKE NOTES?language speech（有助于理清原文结构与逻辑）4.help to organise target language reproduction(有助于组织目标语）WHAT INSTRUMENT DOES AN INTERPRETER NEED?口译工具VIDEO 4.2 ( -4’45)INSTRUMENTA spiral notepad/steno pad(上翻式线圈本）15.24cm-22.86cm two retractable pen(按压式圆珠笔)What Shall we write on notepad? WATCH VIDEO 4.4 (1)WHAT SHALL WE WRITE ON NOTES?Listen/read to the following passage for interpreting,take notes when you feel necessaryA human baby produces its first real words at about eighteen months of age.By the age of two,it has become quite vocal and has a vocabulary of some fifty words. Over the next year it learns new words daily,and by the age of three it can use about1000words.It is now stringing words together in short sentences of two or three words,calling your attention to objects,requesting this and that.Its command of grammar is already nearly as competent as an adult’s,though it will make amusing yet plainly logical mistakes,saying‘eated’instead of‘ate’,‘mouses’instead of‘mice’, and so on.Then the floodgates open.By the age of six,the average child has learned to use and understand around13,000words;by eighteen,it will have a working vocabulary of around60,000words.WHAT SHALL WE WRITE ON NOTEPAD?cue words(information capture)➢keywords/elements➢Transcodable elements（numbers;names;technical terms,list, motivated expressions）➢Links and transition➢Grammatic elements✓LogicHOW TO TAKE NOTES?HOW TO TAKE NOTES?✓How to illustrate logic?(layout格式)✓How to write down the cue words?(Information capture) simplification, abbreviation and symbolswatching the video and observe what the interpreter wrote on pad and how she wrote the information.So traditionally, semester upon semester, for the past several years,this course, again, a hard course, had a failure rate of about 40 to41 percent every semester. With this blended class late last year, thefailure rate fell to nine percent. So the results can be extremely,extremely good. Now before we go too far into this, I‘d like to spendsome time discussing some key ideas. What are some key ideas thatmakes all of this work? One idea is active learning. The idea here is,rather than have students walk into class and watch lectures,wereplace this with what we call lessons. Lessons are interleavedsequences of videos and interactive exercises. So a student mightwatch a five-, seven-minute video and follow that with an interactiveexercise. Think of this as the ultimate Socratization （Socrates,socratic) of education. You teach by asking questions. And this is aform of learning called active learning, and really promoted by avery early paper, in 1972, by Craik and Lockhart, where they saidand discovered that learning and retention really relates strongly tothe depth of mental processing. Students learn much better when theyare interacting with the material.EXAMPLE✓How to illustrate logic?(layout) Watch video 4.2 (4’45-end)❖纵向VERTICALISATION：上下安排，多分行，每行一个意群，易于快速读取，不费眼神。
《英汉翻译基础教程》笔记及习题（段落翻译）【圣才出品】
《英汉翻译基础教程》笔记及习题（段落翻译）【圣才出品】第5单元段落翻译5.1 复习笔记语段是篇章的基本结构单位。
语段亦称句群或句⼦组合，是⼤于句⼦的语⾔⽚段。
⼀、英汉段落⽐较英语段落的构成⼤致可分为两类：（1）“主题句——阐述句——总结句”的结构；（2）利⽤连词体现各种句际关系，并以某⼀中⼼思想统领的形散神聚结构。
汉语段落通常都围绕⼀个较为含蓄的中⼼思想展开的。
在⼀个语段中，汉语句⼦⼀般按时间顺序排列。
汉语句群可先总论或分说，也可先分说后总论，加上“总之”等词语。
⼆、逻辑关联翻译过程中，逻辑思维对于翻译的理解、分析、表达及译⽂校正等都很重要。
英语是⼀种“形合语⾔”（a Language of Hypotaxis），所以英语重逻辑性。
⼀般说来，英语句⼦逻辑标志（1ogic markers）⾮常明显，即⽤连接词来明⽰其逻辑关系。
But occasionally, through haste or carelessness, mistakes were made, so that at the end of the business day one teller would be short on cash, the other long.【译⽂】但是，偶尔也有这种情况，由于仓促匆忙或者粗⼼⼤意⽽造成错误，结果当天停业结算时，有的出纳会短了现⾦⽽另⼀个却会多了现⾦。
三、顺序调整在英汉互译中，根据语篇的需要，进⾏语序的调整。
例：It was no burden to me but a relief to dictate from my general body of knowledge acquired at the summit full explanations to one I know so well.【译⽂】根据我在峰会所获得的全部知识来对我所深知的⼈作全⾯说明，这并不是⼀种负担，⽽是使我如释重负。
英汉汉英交传口译笔记
英汉汉英交传口译笔记作者：刘冬梅来源：《求知导刊》2016年第01期摘要：随着全球化进程的不断推进，口译在跨文化交流中的地位越来越突出.英汉汉英笔记法在交替传译中具有不可替代性和不可复制性，对完成高质量、高标准的口译工作至关重要。
本文主要从笔记原则、笔记方法、笔记误区三方面来进行阐述。
关键词：汉英英汉交传;口译;笔记收稿日期：2015-08-27原则上讲，原语发布时间超过1分钟译员就必须求助于笔记，因为只有±1分钟之内译员的短时“工作记忆”才起作用。
一个人的短时记忆大约是7±2个模块。
人类的记忆负载有限，在汉英英汉交替传译中，面对高负荷的信息量，笔记的首要目的也是最重要的目的就是缓解译员记忆负荷，加大口译员记忆的存储量，提高记忆的存储时间，对数字、专有名词进行精确贮存。
遇到突发情况，如讲话人讲话时间过长，忘记照顾自己的译员，或者根本未意识到译员的工作，再或者讲话人口音不清、现场嘈杂的情况下，清晰富有逻辑的笔记会提示我们有效的信息，在大脑记忆和笔记的双重结合下完成口译工作。
笔记充当听辨和输出表达的中间桥梁，其作用之大显而易见。
口译笔记不同于速记，速记是一种以表音为主的拼写式快速记录的方法，把发言人的大部分词都记下来。
而口译笔记则是为减轻人体的生理记忆负荷而进行的一种活动。
它主要记下讲话人的发言大意、讲话的逻辑关系，在二者的基础上记录相关细节。
因此，口译笔记是在口译现场即席、迅速地通过整理源语思维线路来定位原语内容、关键词语的“提示性”笔记。
它是即席口译理解和口译记忆的延续，而并非是一种旨在长期保留信息的纯粹记录性质的笔记。
1.笔记的四大原则（1）分心原则：这是一种脑力分配的原则，即三分记七分听，一心多用。
（2）借用原则：前面出现过的要点，后面可用箭头借用。
（3）简化原则：笔记不必记下所有的信息点，要进行简化，记录大意。
借用各种符号，比如，数学符号：=、+、-、∴、∵、∽（合作，交换）、≈（相似，类似）、⌒、箭头（↑、↓、↗、↘、其他符号（^）英文缩写、首字母等各种形式。
口译笔记法课堂练习1(汉英-句子) 原文
要求：阅读下列10个中文句子，找出其中的关键词并作口译笔记。
（可按下列步骤进行：a. 先自行学习群共享里上传的《笔记法符号体系与分类》; b. 快速扫视句中关键词； c. 用符号等做笔记； d. 将自己的笔记与群共享里上传的《口译笔记练习示范1》比较，看还有哪些地方可以改进。
注意：第4、5、9句中有些符号是英文单词的缩写，可在英文译文中参见其原文。
如果有时间，可学习并背诵英文译文，这是一个重要的语言积累过程。
以后课堂上可能有笔记法的抽查测试哦！）口译笔记法课堂练习11.我们必须坚持国际建设与经济建设协调发展。
We must maintain a balance between the nation’s defense construction and its economic development.2.我们成功地避免了经济的大起大落，避免了物价的过度上涨。
We have been successful in avoiding major ups and downs in the economy and preventing excessive price hikes.3.双方贸易与合作迅速发展的主要原因在于两国的经济有着很强的互补性。
A major reason for the rapid development of bilateral trade and cooperation rests with the fact that the economics ofthe two countries have a strong nature of mutual supplementation.4.人民币的汇率问题一直是国际上很关心的一个问题，中国有很多重要的贸易伙伴都敦促中国要采取更为灵活的人民币汇率机制。
The renminbi question has been the focus of world attention, with many foreign trading partners urging China to adopt a more flexible exchange rate.5.中美两国在世界上具有很大的影响力，两国人民都希望保持和发展健康、稳定的关系。
英语语法教程课后翻译题答案中英对照
英语语法教程课后翻译题答案中英对照Ex 6E1. 今天上午你干了多少活儿？（work） How much work have you done this morning?2. 开凿隧道需要大量劳力。
（labour）To dig a tunnel will need a great amount of labour. 3. 他做了最少的工作。
（work）He’s done the least work.4. 处理这一问题有几种方法。
（methods）There are several methods of approaching this problem. 5. 我不懂多少法语。
I know little French.6. 少说空话（empty talk）多干实事。
（practical work） There must be less empty talk but more practical work.7. 有许多人出席招待会吗？Were there many people at the reception? 8. 我可以跟你谈几句话吗？（words）May I have a few words with you? 9. 今天参观展览会的人数比昨天少。
There were fewer people today at the exhibition than yesterday.10. 哈利犯的错误最少Harry made the fewest mistakes.11. 你读的诗（poetry）和做的练习（exercises）都比我多。
You’ve learntmore poetry and done more exercises than I have.12. 杰克做的工作最多，犯的错误也最多。
Jack’s done the most work and made the most mistakes. 13. 他做了很多工作，也犯了汗多错误。
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说明：以下作业请在本周内完成，请打开同名音频进行笔记练习。
本文是听力中文原文和对应的英文翻译。
操作步骤：1、听完每句中文（或每句中文和它的英文译文）后按停顿键记笔记；2、听完所有8个句子后再复述（注意，不是翻译）原文；3、参考示范笔记并复述原文；4、参考句子原文查漏补缺。
）
口译笔记法课后练习1
1.25年间，中国创造的巨大财富，不仅使13亿中国人基本解决了温饱，基本实现了小康，而且
为世界发展做出了贡献。
（00-16”）
The tremendous wealth created by China in the past quarter of a century has not only enabled our 1.3 billion countrymen to meet their basic needs for food, clothing and shelter and basically realize a modestly comfortable standard of living but also contributed to world development. (16”-38”)
2.中国的信息产业既是信息化建设的基础，同时也是信息化的重要组成部分。
(38”-49”)
The information industry in China forms the basis for information. It is also part of the process.
(49”-58”)
3.13亿人口的中国保持稳定和加快发展，对促进亚太地区和世界的稳定与发展，具有及其重要
的意义。
(59”-1:10”)
China is a country with 1.3 billion people. Its stability and rapid development are of vital importance to the stability and development in Asia-Pacific and the world at large. (1:11”-1:26”)
4.只要双方有诚意，这类问题完全可以通过平等协商和扩大合作来加以妥善解决。
(1:26”-1:39”)
So long as the two sides act in good faith, such problems can be properly resolved through consultations on equal terms and the expansion of bilateral cooperation. (1:39”-1:53”)
5.有些地方官员确实不重视农业，确实是口号农业，口头讲得很响亮，实际并不那么干，实际上
还是挖农业，损农业。
(1:53”-2:08”)
Therefore, some local offcials talk loudly about agriculture but their actions do not match their words.
In fact, they are harming agriculture.( 2:08”-2:21”)
6.最近一些学者提出发展中国家包括中国的劳动力成本优势威胁了他们的经济发展。
(2:21”-2:32”)
Recently, some Western scholars said the advantage of cheap labor in developing countries, including China, has threatened their economic development. (2:32”-2:45”)
7.中国仍然是一个发展中国家，城市和农村，东部和西部存在着明显的差距。
(2:45”-2:57”)
China is still a developing country. There is an obvious gap between its urban and rural areas and between its eastern and western regions. (2:57”-2:57”)
8.就业和增长又是连接在一起的，增长率下来了，更多的企业将减员，这样分流出来的人员就更
多了，失业人员就更多了。
(2:57”-3:24”)
Employrnent is also connected with growth. With the growth slowing down, enterprises will have to cut down its staff and more people will lose their job. (3:24”-3:38)。