全国自考《英语词汇学》复习资料第二章
自考英语词汇学翻译精华整理
⾃考英语词汇学翻译精华整理学习资料收集于⽹络，仅供参考English Lexicology(英语词汇学)1.English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of Englishwords and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formationand usages.英语词汇学旨在调查和研究英语单词和单词的等价物的形态结构,其语义结构、关系、历史发展、形成和⽤法。
2.English Lexicology is correlated with such linguistic disciplines as morphology(形态学), semantics(语义学), etymology(词源学),stylistics（⽂体论）and lexicography(词典学)Chapter 1--Basic concepts of words and vocabulary1.Word（词的定义）: A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. (1)a minimal free form of a language (2)a sound unity (3)a unit of meaning (4)a form that can function alone in a sentence词语是语⾔最⼩的⾃由形式，拥有固定的声⾳和意义以及句法作⽤。
2.Sound and meaning（声⾳与意义）: almost arbitrary, “no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself”词语是⼀个符号，代表着世界上其他的事物。
词汇学第二章
第二章英语词汇的发展在单词研究中，知道词汇的源头和发展是重要的。
词汇随着语言而发展。
英语不是英国群岛上原住民的语言。
但是它从哪里来？为何它被认为是英语？通过什么方式和其他语言相联系？最初居民的词汇有多少？它是如何发展成为现在这样一个大的词汇量？这一章将对所有这些问题做一解答。
Isle岛屿2.1印欧语系假定世界上有将近三千（一些人说是五千）种语言，可以在词储和语法相似的基础上分为将近300个语系。
印欧语系是其中之一。
它包括欧洲，近东，和印度的大多数语言。
史前印欧语系的父语被认为是一种高度转折的语言。
在这语言中一个给定单词的不同形式表示在句子中它和其他词的关系。
当这种语群离开发源的大陆。
相信是欧洲东部的某地，每个语群的语言沿着不同的道路发展，很多和现在美国和澳洲英语与英国的英语区别相似。
经过漫长的时间完成分离独立的任务，这些同一种语言的不同方言改变了很多，以至于变成了独立的语言。
一种语言的使用者不能被其他语言的使用者所理解。
现存的语言展示不同程度的彼此类似。
这种相似程度或多或少受他们地理位置分布的影响。
它们因此被分成了八个主要的语群，那些语群被再次划分入东方体系：斯拉夫语，印度伊朗语，亚美尼亚语，阿尔巴尼亚语；西方体系：凯尔特语，意大利语，希腊语系，日耳曼语系。
在东方体系中，亚美尼亚语和阿尔巴尼亚语是相对仅存的现代语。
斯拉夫语包括一些现代语，像是普鲁士语，立陶宛语，波兰语，捷克语，保加利亚语，斯洛文尼亚语，俄语。
在印度伊朗语系中我们有波斯语，孟加拉语，印地语，吉普赛语，最后三种来自于已经死亡的语言sankirt。
在西方体系中，希腊语是来自于希腊的现代语。
在凯尔特语系中，我们发现了苏格兰语，爱尔兰语，威尔士语，布里多尼语等等。
有五种拉丁语言，就是葡萄牙语，西班牙语，法语，意大利语，罗马尼亚语都属于意大利语系，中间的接续语言是拉丁语。
日耳曼语系包括哟四种北欧语言，挪威语，冰岛语，丹麦语和瑞典语，这些都被称作斯堪的纳维亚语言。
4月全国英语词汇学自考试题及答案解析
全国2019年4月高等教育自学考试英语词汇学试题课程代码：00832第一部分选择题（共30分）Ⅰ．Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket. (30%)1.The process of meaning relation is also called .()A．extension B．degradation C．specialization D．elevation2.Idioms in the coursebook are used in a . ()A．broad sense B．narrow sense C．figurative sense D．special sense3.The relationship between the linguistic sign and a referent is . () A．conventional B．non-conventionalC．concrete D．specific4.The way to define an antonym is based on . ()A．contradiction B．contrarinessC．oppositeness D．relativeness5.The fact that the whole vocabulary can be divided up into fields can be exemplified by .()A．Roget’s Thesaurus B．Concise Oxford DictionaryC．New Webster’s Dictionary D．Co-build Dictionary6.Context meaning.（）A．explains B．interprets C．defines D．all the above7.Though still at work today , can hardly compare with what it was in the past. （）A．word-formation B．borrowing C．derivation D．conversion8.Structural stability means the structure of an idiom is generally . （）A．movable B．unstableC．unchangeable D．ununderstandable9.Sentence idioms can be divided into . （）A．declarative and imperative B．interrogative and exclamativeC．verbal and adverbial D．both A and B10. is considered to be a highly-inflected language. （）A．Old English B．Middle EnglishC．Early Modern English D．Late Modern English11.A morpheme that can stand alone as a word is thought to be . （）A．affixational B．derivational C．free D．bound12.The introduction of at the end of the 6th century had a great impact on the English vocabulary. （）A．printing B．Christianity C．French words D．all the above13.Which of the following statements is true? （）A．Every word has reference.B．E very word has sense.C．E very word is semantically motivated.D．Every word is conceptually motivated.14.Which of the following statements is CORRECT? （）A．The English language is noted for its modest borrowings.B．L oan words only refer to those borrowings in form.C．L oan words are all unrecognisable as being foreign in origin.D．Loan words can be grouped according to manner of borrowing.15.The relationship between words and things in the world is established by means of . （）A．reference B．sense C．concept D．meaning第二部分非选择题（共70分）Ⅱ.Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.(10%)16.The degraded meaning “sexual desire ”of the word “lust ”comes from its old meaning “”.17.Bound morphemes include two types: bound root and .18.The headword or entries are defined in the same language in a dictionary.19.The basic word stock forms the common of the language.20 Conceptual meaning is also known as meaning.Ⅲ.Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) sense relations , 2) types of context , and 3) modes of word-meaning changes.(10%)A B()21.difference in connotation A. fond (from “foolish” to “affectionate”)()22.perfect homonym B. homely /domestic()23.degradation C. date ;date()24.transfer D. diseasing (from “discomfort ”to “illness”)()25.elevation E. fabulous (from “resembling a fable ”to “incredible”) ()26.narrowing F. jour nal (from “daily paper” to “periodical” )()27.extension G. silly (from “happy” to “foolish”)()28.generalization H. pitiful (from “full of pity” to “deserving pity”)()29.grammatical context I. It was a nice ball.()30.lexical context J. Visiting aunts can be boring.Ⅳ.Study the following words and expressions and identify 1) types of word formation , 2) types of affixes, 3) types of dictionaries, and 4) the type of idiom. (10%)31.LDCE ()32.deadline ()33.-ize,-en,-ate ()34.an affix that indicates grammatical relationships ()35.VOA ()36.The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology ()37.CED ()38.telephone →phone ()39.fly in the ointment ()40.hostess ()Ⅴ.Define the following terms.(10%)41.a variation of an idiom42.morphs43.synonym44.jargon45.semantic motivationⅥ.Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given below. (12%)46.What is the role of context?47.Is it true that archaic and obsolete words in English will remain for ever out of use?48.What is the difference between partial and full conversion? Explain with two examples.Ⅶ.Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given below.(18%)49.Read the extract, pick out the idioms and explain their meanings. Then rewrite the extract in standard non-figurative language.Sam is getting on ,too .His hair is pepper and salt, but he knows how to make up for lost time by taking it easy.ment on the following pairs of sentences in terms of subordinates and superordinates.a. The girl got a book in the university.b. The girl borrowed a dictionary from the department.。
《英语词汇学》串讲笔记2
Chapter 4Word Formation II一、【考情分析】本章主要考核的知识点为：词缀法，复合法，转类法，拼缀法，截短法，首字母缩略法，逆生法，专有名词普通化。
通过对本章的学习，考生应该了解现代英语的主要构词法，这些构词法在英语词汇发展中的地位，提高构词能力，自觉扩大词汇量。
在历年考试中：常常以选择题，名词解释，填空题的形式对本章知识点进行考核。
二、【知识串讲】重点知识锦集：1. The expansion of vocabulary in modern English depends chiefly on word-formation.2. According to the positions which affixes occupy in words, affixes falls into two subclasses:prefixation and suffixation.（前缀和后缀）3. Affixation is also known as derivation.4. Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the stem but only modify its meaning.5. Suffixes have only a small semantic role, their primary function being to change the grammatical function of stems. In other words, they mainly change the word class.6. We shall group suffixes on a grammatical basis into noun suffixes, verb suffixes, adjective suffixes, etc.7. Compounds can be written solid, hyphenated and open.（连写的，加连字符号的，不连写的）8. Most compounds consist of only two stems but are formed on a rich variety of patterns and the internal grammatical relationships within the words are considerably complex.9. Conversion is also known as functional shift.（功能转换）10. Words produced by conversion are primarily nouns, adjectives, and verbs.11. The most productive, however, is the conversion that takes place between nouns and verbs.12. Unlike verbs, not all adjectives which are converted can achieve a full noun status. Some are completely converted, thus known as full conversion,（完全转换）others are only partially converted, hence partial conversion.（部分转换）13. Blending（拼缀法）is a very productive process and many coinages resulting from blending have become well-established.14. As far as the structure is concerned, blends fall into four major groups: head+tail, head+head, head+word, word+tail.15. The overwhelming majority of blends are nouns.16. Blends are mostly used in writing related to science and technology, and to newspapers and magazines.17. There are four common types of clipping: front clipping, back clipping, front and back clipping, phrase clipping.18. Both intialisms and acronyms have become very popular since the Second World War and thus extremely productive.19. Words created through back-formation are mostly verbs.20. Stylistically, back-formed words are largely informal and some of them have not gained public acceptance.21. Open compounds look like free phrases as the elements forming each word are writtenseparately.22. As a rule, the stress of compounds falls on the first element.23. A compound functions as a single grammatical unit, so the internal structure can not be changed.24. Conversion（转换法）refers to the use of words of one class as that of a different class.25. Partial conversion and full conversion are concerned with adjectives when converted to nouns.名词解释：1. affixation（词缀法）: Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems.2. prefixation（前缀法）: Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems.3. suffixation（后缀法）: Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems.4. compounding（合成法）: Compounding, also called composition, is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems. Words formed in this way are called compounds.5. conversion（转换法）: Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class.6. blending（拼缀法）: Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. Words formed in this way are called blends or pormanteau words.7. clipping（截短法）: Another common way of making a word is to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead. This is called clipping.8. acronymy（首字母拼音法）: Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms.9. initialisms（首字母缩略词）: Initialisms are words pronounced letter by letter.10. acronyms（首字母拼音词）: Acronyms are words formed from initial letters but pronounced as a normal word.11. back-formation（逆生法）: Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation. It’s therefore the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes.论述问答题：1. In what aspects do compounds differ from free phrases?答：Compounds differ from free phrases in the following three aspects:1). Phonetic features. In compounds the word stress usually occurs on the first element whereas in noun phrases the second element is generally stressed if there is only one stress.2). Semantic features. Compounds are different from free phrases in semantic unity. Every compound should express a single idea just as one word.3). Grammatical features. A compound tends to play a single grammatical role in a sentence, for example, a verb, a noun, or an adjective.2. What is the best way to classify prefixes? Why?答：Prefixes do not usually change the word-class of the stem but only modify lts meaning. Although present-day English finds an increasing number of class-changing prefixes, they make up only an insignificant number in the huge contemporary vocabulary. It might be the best way to classify prefixes by their non-class-changing feature.3. In what way are compound verbs generally formed? Give examples to illustrate your point.答：Compound verbs are created either through conversion or back-formation. This could be illustrated by two words, nickname and chain-smoker. Nickname, which is originally a noun, can be used as a verb through conversion. Chain-smoker, which is originally a noun, can turn into a verb through back-formation.4. What is the difference between partial and full conversion? Explain them with examples. 答：When converted to nouns, not all adjectives can achieve a full noun status. Some are completely converted, thus known as full conversion, others are only partially converted, hence partial conversion. When a noun fully converted from an adjective has all the characteristics of a noun, it can take an indefinite article or-(e)s to indicate singular or plural number. For example, adjective “white”can be fully converted to a noun “white”, which can take indefinite article: a white. When a noun partially converted from adjectives do not possess all the qualities a noun does. They must be used together with the definite article, and they retain some of the adjective features. For example, the poor, the rich.5. Both back-formation（逆生法）and back-clipping（截后留前）are ways of making words by removing the endings of words. How do you account for the coexistence of the two? Can you explain the difference?答：Back-formation is the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes. It’s considered to be the opposite process of suffixation. For example, “loafer”may be assumed to derive from the verb “loaf”’on the analogy of known derivatives, such as “swimmer” from “swim” or “driver” from “drive”. By removing the supposed suffixes –er from “loafer”, a verb “loaf”‟is coined. Majority of back-formed words are verbs. Back-clipping is different. The deletion occurs at the end of the word(usually a noun). Both the original long word and its short form remain in the same word class. In diffe rent context, one could be used in other‟s place.6. After he comes back, he oiled machine.In above sentence, which word is the converted word? Explain the type of the conversion and the effect of the conversion.答：In this sentence, the word “oil”is the converted word. It is converted from a noun to a verb. When it was used as a noun, the meaning of it is that “油”. But in this sentence, it was used as a verb, the meaning is “给…加油”; As is often the case, a noun can be converted to a verb without any change. The use of the verb converted is both economical and vivid.Chapter 5Word Meaning一、【考情分析】本章主要考核的知识点为：“意义”的意义，词义的理据，词义的类别。
自考《英语词汇学》复习资料第二章
第⼆章 Indo-European language family （Europe， the Near East， India） Balto –Slavic Indo-Iranian Italic Germanic Prussian Persian Portuguese Norwegian Lithuanian Hindi Spanish Icelandie Polish Italian Danish Bulgarian Roumanian Swedish Slovenian French English Russian German Albanian Armenian Celtic Hellenic Irish Greek Breton Scottish 2. History （时间，历史事件，特征） 1） Old English （450-1150） totally 50，000-60，000 words The 1st people known to inhabit England were Celts， the language was Celtic. The second language was the Latin of the Roman Legions. The Germanic tribes called angles， Saxons and Jutes and their language， Anglo-Saxon dominated and blotted out the Celtic. Now people refer to Anglo-Saxon as old English. At the end of 6th century， the introduction of Christianity has a great impact on the English vocabulary. The common practice was to create new words by combining two native words. In the 9th century， many Scandinavian words came into English. At least 900 words of Scandinavian are in modern English， our daily life and speech. 特点： highly inflected language complex endings or vowel changes （full ending） 2） Middle English （1150-1500） English， Latin， French Until 1066， although there were borrowings from Latin， the influence on English was mainly Germanic. But the Norman Conquest started a continual flow of French words into English. By the end of the 13th century， English gradually come back into public areas. Between 1250 and 150 about 9000 words of French origin come into English. 75% of them are till in use today. As many as 2500 words of Dutch origin come into English. 特点： fewer inflections leveled ending 3） Modern English （1500-up to now） early modern English （1500-1700） late modern English（1700-up to now） The Renaissance， Latin and Greek were recognized as the languages of the Western world’s great literary heritage. The Industrial Revolution was in the mid-17 century. With the growth of colonization， British tentacles began a stretching out of to every corner of the globe， thus enabling English to absorb words from all major languages of the world. After World War II， many new words have been created to express new ideas， inventions and scientific achievements. More words are created by means of word-formation. thousands and thousands of new words have been entered to express new ideas inventions， and scientific achievements. more words are created by means of word-formation. in modern English， word endings were mostly lost with just a few exceptions English has evolved from a synthetic language to the present analytic language. science and technology terms make up about 45% of new words. words associated with life-style constitute of 24% and social and economic terms amount to over 10% . mention should be made of an opposite process of development i.e. old words falling out if use. 特点： ending are almost lost. 3. Three main sources new words 1.The rapid development of modern science and technology 2.Social， economic and political changes 3.The influence of other cultures and languages 4. Three modes of vocabulary development 1. Creation – the formation of new words by using the existing materials， namely roots， affixes and other elements.（This is the most important way of vocabulary expansion.） 2. Semantic change - an old form which take on a new meaning to meet the new need. 3. Borrowing – to take in words from other languages.（particularly in earlier time） 4. （Reviving archaic or obsolete） French 30%， Latin 8%， Japanese Italian 7%， Spanish 6%， German Greek 5%， Russian Yiddish 4%。
浙江7月自考英语词汇学试题及答案解析2
浙江省2018年7月自学考试英语词汇学试题课程代码：10059将正确答案填在答题纸相应的位置上一、选择填空(每小题2分，共30分)请在下列各句后挑选一项正确的答案，使句子的结构完整，意思正确。
1. Borrowed words which still sound foreign and look foreign are _______.A. aliensB. denizensC. translational loansD. semantic loans2. The early inhabitants of the British Isles spoke ______.A. EnglishB. CelticC. ScandinavianD. Hellenic3. Affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are known as ______.A. derivational morphemesB. inflectional morphemesC. bound rootsD. free roots4. ______ is the basic form of a word that remains after the removal of all affixes.A. An inflectional affixB. A derivational affixC. A rootD. A stem5. Affixation is the formation of words by adding word-forming or ______ affixes to stems.A. derivationalB. inflectionalC. boundD. locative6. The word “motel”is formed by ______, meaning “motor hotel”.A. acronymyB. compoundingC. blendingD. clipping7. Grammatical meaning of a word becomes important only when it is used in ______.A. extra-linguistic contextB. non-linguistic contextC. actual contextD. lexical context8. ______ are words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only insound or spelling.A. HomographsB. HomonymsC. Perfect homonymsD. Homophones9. “Hate/love”are ______.A. contrary termsB. contradictory termsC. relative termsD. complementary antonyms10. The word “box”has changed its meaning from “container made of boxwood”into “any container”, theprocess of which is called_____.A. extensionB. narrowingC. elevationD. degradation11. The attitude of classes has also made inroads into lexical meaning in the case of ______ or ______.A. extension, narrowingB. elevation, degradationC. extension, transferD. elevation, transfer12. The major functions of context exclude ______.A. elimination of ambiguityB. provision of clues for inferring word-meaningC. provision of rhetorical colouringD. indication of referents13. According to the criterion of grammatical functions, idioms may be classified into ______ groups.A. twoB. threeC. fourD. five14. “Up and down”is ______ as rhetorical colouring.A. rhymeB. alliterationC. reiterationD. juxtaposition15. The main body of a dicitionary is ______ of words.A. usageB. definitionC. spellingD. pronunciation二、完型填空(每小题1分，共10分)请在下面一段文字后的各选项中，挑选一项正确的答案填入相应的空格内，使短文的结构完整，意思正确。
(完整word版)现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter2英语词汇的形态结构
现代英语词汇学概论复习资料1~7现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料Chapter 2 Morphological Structure of English Words英语词汇的形态结构⏹ 2.1 Morphemes词素/语素/ 形位⏹ 2.2 Classification of Morphemes词素分类2.1.1 The Definition of “Morphemes” 词素的概念Morpheme: The smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language，not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms.➢smallest: not divisible into smaller forms➢meaningful: carry meaning (lexical and grammatical)e.g. denationalizationdenationalization= de + nation + al + iz + ation➢ A morpheme is a two-facet language unit: sound and meaning➢ A morpheme is not identical with a syllable，either，since the latter has nothing to do with meaning.Allomorphs语素变体、词素变体:➢various shapes or forms of a morpheme➢do not differ in meaning or function➢conditioned by position or adjoining sounds➢Eg. -sbook→books /-s/pig→pigs /-z/horse → horses /-iz/➢Eg. im-，in-，i- perfect, responsible, logical, flexible perfect → imperfectresponsible→ irresponsiblelogical → illogicalflexible → inflexible➢Eg. –tion，-sioninvent →inventiondescribe →descriptionjustify →justificationmodernize→modernizationexpand →expansiondecide →decisionomit →omission2.2 Classification of Morphemes词素分类●Free Morphemes and Bound Morphemes自由词素与粘着词素Free morpheme:➢one that can be uttered alone with meaning➢ A free morpheme is a word.E.g. green, red, write, faithBound morpheme:➢cannot stand by itself as a complete utterance➢appear with at least one other morpheme, free or boundE.g. receive re-ceiveQ：自由词素与粘着词素如何组词？E.g. green, greenhouse, greenness, disagreeable, receive, encyclopedia➢green (free)➢green-house (free + free)➢green-ness (free + bound)➢re-ceive (bound + bound)➢en-cyclo-pedia (bound + bound + bound)* A free morpheme is a word.●Roots and Affixes词根与词缀Root 词根: The basic unchangeable part of a word, and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word.➢ 1. Free root (自由词根):A word consist of one free root (or one morpheme)is a simple word.Free roots provide the English language with a basis for the formation of new words.➢ 2. Bound root（粘着词根）:roots derived from foreign sources ,esp. from Greek and Latin, belong to the class of bound morphemes, such as tian and cieveEg.1)work, workable, worker, worked, working (free)2) contain, detain, retaintain= tenere (L) = to hold (bound)3) conceive, deceive, receiveceive= capere (L) = to take (bound)4) revive, vitamin, vital, vivacious, vividvit, viv = life / to live (bound)➢Vital:necessary in order to stay alive-al: pertaining to = have a connection withvital = having a connection with life Vivacious:adj. apprec. full of life and high spirits; lively-ous: full ofvivacous = full of life (energy)Vivid:producing sharp clear pictures in the mind; lifelike-id: having a certain qualityvivid = having a certain quality of lifeAffixes缀: a collective term for the type of formative that can be used when added to another morpheme.➢ 1. Inflectional affixes(屈折词缀): serves to express such meanings as plurality, tense, and the comparative or superlative degree.特点：1.not to form a new word with new lexical meaning2. having only particular grammatical meaning3. only to be affixed to words of the same word-class (not to change the word-class)➢ E.g. Plural marker: pens, oxen, feetGenitive case: Jame’sVerbal endings: works, working, worked, bought, saidComparative and superlative degree: slower, slowest➢ 2. Derivational affixes（派生词缀）:to be added to another morpheme to derive a new word 特点：1. to derive a new word2. having a specific lexical meaning (some also affective meaning)3. some to be attached to words of different word classes➢Eg. Having pejorative or derogatory meaning-ism means“doctrine or point of view ”==socialismPro-means“on the side of ”==pro-com-munist⏹Mini-carmean-nessModern-izeSocial-ism Pro-communist De-codeDe-valueWash-able⏹mis-mal-absorptionpseudo-democratic hire-ling weak-ling child-ish派生词缀分类（derivational morphemes）: Prefixes and suffixes1) By linguistic origin:➢Native affixes➢Foreign affixes2) By productivity:➢Productive/living affixes➢Unproductive/dead affixes➢Summary➢ 2.Morphological Structure of English Words英语词汇的形态➢ 2.1 Morphemes词素➢ 1.The Definition of “Morphemes”词素的概念➢ 2. Allomorphs 词素变体➢ 2.2 Classification of Morphemes 词素分类➢ 1. Free Morphemes and Bound Morphemes➢自由词素与粘着词素➢ 2. Roots and Affixes 词根与词缀➢free root and bound root自由词根与粘着词根➢inflectional affixes and derivational affixes屈折词缀与派生词缀➢➢。
自考英语词汇学复习大纲自己整理
C h a p t e r 1 B a s i c C o n c e p t s 基本概念 1.1 the definition of a word（he definition of a word comprises the following points: (1) a minimal free form of a language; (2) a sound unity; (3) a unit of meaning; (4) a form that can function alone in a sentence. A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.）1.2 sound and meaning ：Symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional. A dog is called a dog not because the sound and thethree letters that make up the word just automatically suggest the animal in question. 1.3 sound and form ：1.4 vocabulary 1.5 classification of words 词汇分类 basic word stock 基本词汇 nonbasic vocabulary 非基本词汇 by use frequency 按使用频率分： basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary 基本词汇和非基本词汇 by notion 按概念分： content words and functional words 实义词和功能词 by origin 按起源分： native words and borrowed words本地词和外来词all national character 全民性 stability 稳定性productivity 多产性 p ol ysemy 一词多义collocability 搭配性 terminology 术语 jargon 行话 slang 俚语 argon 黑话 dialectal words 方言词 archaism 古语词 neologism 新词 neutral in style 文体上中性 frequent in use 使用频繁 native words 本地词 borrowed words外来词denizens 同化词aliens 异形词translation-loans 译借词semantic-loans 借义词1. No enough letters: alphabet from latin2. Pronunciation changed more rapidly3. Early scribes: change spelling for easier recognition4. Borrowing: different rules of pronunciation and spelling obviouscharacteristics 明显的特点C h a p t e r 2D e v e l o p m e n tIt is assumed that the world has approximately 3, 000 (some put it 5, 000 ) languages, which can be grouped into roughly 300 language families on the basis ofsimilarities in their basic word stock and grammar.2.1 Indo-European印欧语Eastern set： 东部诸语族： Western set ： 西部诸语族： Balto-Slavic 波罗的海-斯拉夫语Indo-Iranian 印度-伊朗语 Armenian 亚美尼亚语 Albanian 阿尔巴尼亚语 Celtic 凯尔特语Italic 意大利语Hellenic 希腊语 ——GreekGermanic 日耳曼语Persian 波斯语 Bengali 孟加拉国语 Hindi 印地语 Romany 普吉赛语 Prussian 普鲁士语 Lithuanian 立陶宛语 Polish 波兰语 Czech 捷克语 Bulgarian 保加利亚语 Slovenian 斯洛文尼亚语 Russian 俄语 Norwegian 挪威语 Icelandic 冰岛语 Danish 丹麦语 Swedish 瑞典语German 德语Dutch 荷兰语Portuguese 葡萄牙语 Spanish 西班牙语 French 法语 Italian 意大利语 Roumanian 罗马尼亚语 Scottish 苏格兰语 Irish 爱尔兰语 Welsh 威尔士语 Breton 布里多尼语 Scandinavian languages 斯堪的纳维亚语 Latin 拉丁语言2.2 Historical review历史概述2.3 Growth of Present-day English Vocabulary50000-60000 words 5万~6万间词汇Highly inflected 高度转折complex endings 复杂的结尾vowel changes 元音变化French words 法语词汇leveled endings水平结尾Early Modern English (1500-1700)早期现代英语Late Modern English (1700-up to the present)晚期现代英语Borrow 借词new words 新词no endings 无结尾from a synthetic language (Old English) to the present analytic language。
自考英语语言学Chapter_2_Phonology
Chapter 2 Phonology音系学一、本章纲要二、本章重点1.The phonic medium of language语言的声音媒介Of two media of language, speech is more basic than writing, for the reasons:1)In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing;2)In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role in terms of the amount of information conveyed;3)Speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, and writing is learned and taught later in school.The phonic medium of language语言的声音媒介（2006填空；2001，32名词解释）This limited range of sounds which are meaningful in human communication and are of interest to linguistic are the phonic medium of language; and the individual sounds within this range are the speech sounds (语音).2.Phonetics语音学2.1 What is phonetics? 什么是语音学Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world‟s languages.语音学研究的对象是语言的声音媒介，即人类语言中使用的全部语音。
自考00832英语词汇学考试重点精华整理
English Lexicology(英语词汇学)1.English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents，their semantic structures，relations，historical development, formation and usages。
英语词汇学旨在调查和研究英语单词和单词的等价物的形态结构，其语义结构、关系、历史发展、形成和用法。
2.English Lexicology is correlated with such linguistic disciplines as morphology(形态学), semantics（语义学），etymology（词源学)，stylistics（文体论) and lexicography(词典学) Chapter 1—-Basic concepts of words and vocabulary1.Word（词的定义)：A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function。
(1）a minimal free form of a language （2）a sound unity （3）a unit of meaning (4)a form that can function alone in a sentence词语是语言最小的自由形式，拥有固定的声音和意义以及句法作用。
2.Sound and meaning（声音与意义）：almost arbitrary，“no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself”3。
自考英语词汇学 第二章课件
In fact, more than twenty-five percent of modern English words come almost directly from classical languages. 事实上，现代英语词汇 中有 25%以上几乎是直接从古典语言中直接介入的 （WBD）。 In modern English, word endings were mostly lost with just a few exceptions. It can be concluded that English has evolved from a synthetic language (Old English) to the present analytic language.在现代英语中，除了少数几个 词之外，词尾几乎都消失了。可以这样说，英语已 从古英语的综合型语言发展成了现在的分析型语言 。
2
- The Indo-European is one of them. It is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East, and India. 印欧 语就是其中之一。该语系包括欧洲的大多数 语言、近东诸语言和古梵语。
2.2.2 Middle English (1150-1500) -中古英语 Although there were borrowings from Latin, the influence on English was mainly Germanic. 虽然英语也从拉丁语中借词，但影响英语的主要还 是日耳曼语。 Between 1250 and 1500 about 9000 words of French origin poured into English. Seventy-five percent of them are still in use today.从 1250 年 到 1500 年的 250 年间，大约有 9000 个法语词汇 进入到英语中，其中 75%仍在使用。 If we say that Old English was a language of full endings. Middle English was one of leveled endings. 如果说古英语是全词尾的话，那么中古英 语的词尾已去了一半
10月全国自考00832《英语词汇学》历年真题试题及答案
全国2021年10月高等教育自学考试英语词汇学试题课程代码：00832本试卷总分值100分，考试时间150分钟.考生答题考前须知：1.本卷所有试题必须在答题卡上作答。
答在试卷上无效。
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2.第一局部为选择题。
必须对应试卷上的题号使用28铅笔将“答题卡〞的相应代码涂黑。
3.第二局部为非选择题。
必须注明大、小题号，使用0．5毫米黑色字迹签字笔作答。
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超出答题区域无效。
第一局部选择题I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes the statement and blacken the corresponding letter A,B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(30%)1.Of all the characteristics listed for the basic word stock the most important is____.A.all national characterB. collocabilityC. stabilityD. productivity2.Which of the following words is NOT one of the aliens?A.Kowtow.B.Bazaar.C.Mother tongue.D.Status quo.3.Which of the following statements is NOT true?A.A word is the smallest form of a language.B.A word is a sound unity.C.A word has a given meaning.D.A word can be used freely in a sentence.4.The language used between 1150 and____is called Middle English.A. 1250B.15005.The five Romance languages, namely, Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian, Roumanian all belong to the Italic through an intermediate language called ____.A. LatinB.Greek6. Which of the following words does NOT belong to the words of French origin?A. Skirt.B.State.C.Roast.D.Crime.7.Which of the following words does NOT have a suffix?A.Northward.B. Snowy.C. Happy.D. Worker.8.Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words. Which of the following words does NOT have a derivational affix?A. Reread.B. Prewar.C. Postwar.D. Postcard.9.How many free morphemic words are there in the following words: wind, man, reddish, collection?A. 1B.210.Which of the following words contains a number prefix?A. Amoral.B. Disunite.C.Antiwar.D. Bicycle.11.Which of the following words is an example of blending?A. Smog.B. Sandwich.C.Quake.D. NATO.12.The verbal phrase “fall down〞can be turned into a noun compound as____.A. falling downB. downfallC.fall-downD. fallen-down13.The following words are onomatopoetically motivated words EXCEPT ____.A. bangB. miniskirtC.quackD. hiss14.The word “mother〞is often associated with “love〞，“care〞，“tenderness〞，“forgiving〞，etc. In this sense, the word “mother〞conveys____.A. connotative meaningB. stylistic meaningC. affective meaningD. collocative meaning15.Which of the following statements is true?A.Collocation cannot affect the meaning of words.B.Unlike conceptual meaning, associative meaning is unstable and indeterminate.C.Affective meaning indicates the listener^ attitude towards the person or thing in question.D.Grammatical meaning refers to the part of speech, tenses of verbs and stylistic features of words.16.Words are____symbols and independent identities so far as their outer facet — spelling and pronunciation, is concerned.A. arbitraryB. clear17.When a word was created, it was endowed with only one meaning, which is called the primary meaning. Which of the following is the primary meaning of the word “face〞？A. A surface of a thing.B. The topography (of an area).C. The front of the head.D. Outward aspect.18.“Comprehend〞and “understand〞are synonyms, but “understand〞is used in a much more extended sense than “comprehend〞. The above example shows there is difference in ____between near-synonyms.A. denotationB. connotationC.applicationD. implication19.Word-meaning changes by the following modes EXCEPT____.A. narrowingB. broadeningC.transferD. elevation20.The word “journal〞originally meant mere “daily paper〞，but now has come to include any “periodical〞. The above example reflects one type of changes in word meaning,that is，____.A. extensionB.narrowingC.degradationD. elevation21.Which of the following is one of the linguistic factors that cause the change of meaning?A. Social classes.B. Scientific discovery.C. Psychological motives.D. Analogy.22.The meaning of a word may be influenced by the structure in which it occurs. This is what we call____context.A. lexicalB.grammaticalC.structuralD. non-linguistic23.Ambiguity often arises due to____，as is shown in the sentence “He is a hard businessman"，in which “hard〞can mean both “hardworking〞and “difficult〞.A. polysemyB.homonymyC.synonymyD. antonymy24.The context clue used in “It’s just one more incredible result of the development of microprocessors — those tiny parts ofa computer commonly known as ‘silicon chip’〞is____.A. definitionB.explanationC. exampleD. relevant details25.Which of the following is NOT one type of figures of speech?A. Addition.B.Personification.C. Euphemism,D. Metaphor.26.Which of the following rhetorical features can be seen in the idiom “bag and baggage〞？A. Rhyme.B. Alliteration.C. Juxtaposition.D. Synecdoche.27.The change in the idiom “take short views〞from the origin al form “take long views〞is____.A. dismemberingB.position-shiftingC. replacementD. shortening28.Which of the following is NOT one of the three good general dictionaries?A.Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English.B.Webster's Third New International Dictionary.C.A Chinese-English Dictionary.D.Collins COBUILD English Language Dictionary,29.Readers will usually find the following areas of information of a word in a general dictionary EXCEPT____.A. difference with its synonymsB. definitionC. pronunciationD. usage30.American dictionaries generally use____ to mark the pronunciation.A. British Phonetic AlphabetB. American Phonetic AlphabetC. International Phonetic AlphabetD. Webster’s Phonetic Alphabet非选择题局部考前须知：用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔将答案写在答题纸上，不能答在试题卷上。
2007年07月全国自考00832《英语词汇学》历年真题试题及答案
2007年7月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试英语词汇学试卷课程代码0832第一部分选择题（共30分）I．Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket. (30%)1．The definition of a word comprises the following points except________. ( ) A．a sound unityB．a minimal unit of meaningC．a unit of meaningD．a form that can function alone in a sentence2．Words may be classified into content words and function words by________. ( ) A．originB．notionC．stabilityD．use frequency3．It’s said that modern English vocabulary develops through three channels. Which of the following is NOT one of them? ( )A．BorrowingB．Semantic changeC．CreationD．Blending4．What did modern English begin with? ( )A．The establishment of printingB．The Norman invasionC．Britain’s trade relations with the low countriesD．The Second World War5．Which of the following is NOT considered to be a stem? ( )A．-tionB．NationC．InternationalD．National6．Which of the following is a case of conversion? ( )A．EncourageB．WeekC．ToothacheD．Doubt7．Which of the following words is semantically motivated? ( )A．AirmailB．HissC．Mouth in the phrase “the mouth of a river ”D．Laco nic in the phrase“ a laconic answer ”8．One of the interesting features about a language is that there are a great many more ________ than ________ in it. ( )A．hyponyms…homonymsB．homonyms…hyponymsC．synonyms…antonymsD．antonyms…synonyms9．Which of the following words was used during the American Civil War to refer to those northerners who were secretly aiding the South？( )A．RattlesnakeB．VillainC．InformerD．Copperhead10．In a narrow sense, context refers to the words, clauses, sentences in which a word appears and is known as________. ( )A．non-linguistic contextB．linguistic contextC．extra-linguistic contextD．type of context11．Ambiguity in a passage often occurs due to ________ and homonymy in an inadequate context.( )A．allomorphB．variationC．suffixationD．polysemy12．Which of the following rhetorical features can be seen in the idiom “might and main” ?( )A．RhymeB．AlliterationC．JuxtapositionD．Synecdoche13．The idiom “by twos and threes ” shows the ch aracteristics of idioms that________. ( ) A．the words that make up the idiom have lost their individual identity in the idiomB．idioms are semantically inexplicableC．the word order in an idiom can’t be inverted or changedD．idioms are grammatically unanalysable14．CCELD is noted for its unique features except________. ( )A．definitionB．extra columnC．usage examplesD．complicated grammar codes15．Webster’s Third New International Dictionary is the best-known________. ( ) A．desk dictionaryB．pocket dictionaryC．unabridged dictionaryD．encyclopedic dictionary第二部分非选择题（共70分）II、Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.（10%）III、Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) types of meaning changes; 2) features of idiom; 3) meaning of prefixes and 4) word formation.(10%)IV、Study the following words or expressions and identify 1) types of sense relations;2) features of idioms;3) types of meanings and 4) historical stages of English.(10%)V、Define the following terms.(10%)VI、Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given below.(12%)VII、Analyze and comment on the following . Write your answers in the space given below.(18%)。
自考英语词汇学_第二章_英语词汇的发展史
Chapter 2 The Development of the English Vocabulary第二章 英语词汇的发展史1. The Indo-European Language Family 印欧语系的谱系关系识记：印欧语系的各个分支和各个分支的主要语言Armenian (亚美尼亚语) –existing till nowAlbanian （阿尔巴尼亚语） –existing till now Prussian 普鲁士语 Lithuanian 立陶宛语 Polish 波兰语 Balto-Slavic(波罗的海语系) Czech 捷克语 Bulgarian 保加利亚语 Eastern set:Slovenian 西洛文尼亚语Russian 俄罗斯语Persian 波斯语Bengali 孟加拉语印度伊朗语系Romany 吉普赛语Scottish 苏格兰语Celtic 凯尔特语 Irish 爱尔兰语Welsh 威尔士语Breton 法国布里多尼语 Portuguese 葡萄牙语Spanish 西班牙语Italic 意大利语系 French 法语Italian 意大利语Rumanian 罗马尼亚语 Western Set :Hellenic 希腊语 Greek 希腊语Norwegian 挪威语Icelandic 冰岛语Danish 丹麦语Germanic 日耳曼语 Swedish 瑞典语German 德语Dutch 荷兰语Flemish 弗兰德语English 英语2. A historical overview of English vocabulary英语发展的历史回顾考点：英语词汇发展的三个阶段：古英语词汇，中古英语词汇，现代英语词汇及其特点Inhabitants of the Island:Celts(Celtic) – Roman Legions(Latin，55) – German Tribes(Anglo-Saxon，410)-Norwegian and Danish Vikings (Scandinavian，900) – Norman（French, 1066）①Old English 古英语（450-1150）(Anglo-Saxon)Character:1. Latin speaking Roman missionaries under St. Augustine came to spread Christianity at the end of the 6th century. The introduction of Christianity had a great impact on English vocabulary.(New Words: abbot男修道院长, candle, altar圣坛, amen, apostle使徒)2. Didn’t borrow as heavily as later, they changed meaning of native words, the common practice was to create new words by combining two native words.（e.g. handbook）3. Many Scandinavian words came into the English language. Many of the words are alike or interchangeably.4. Old English has a vocabulary of 50000-60000 words, which was highly inflected. Nouns, Pronouns, Adj., verbs, Adv, had complex endings or vowel changes, differ greatly from what we use today. 内部高度曲折，有复杂的词尾原音变化。
词汇学第二章知识点总结
词汇学第二章知识点总结第一节语言单位1. 语言单位：词、词组、句子和语法结构词：语言的最小单位词组：由几个词构成的语言单位句子：由词或词组构成的具有完整意义的语言单位语法结构：句子的组织形式，包括层次结构、句子成分、语法关系等2. 词的构成词素：构成词的最小语音和语义单位，可以独立存在或在词中进行构词词根：词的核心，在构词中起着基本作用词缀：附着在词根上，用于构成新词或改变词的词类、意义等词素内部结构：构成词素的内部组合形式3. 词的分类词的词类：名词、动词、形容词、副词、代词、数词、量词和介词词的形式：词的屈折、派生、合成等形式第二节词的意义和词的结构1. 词的意义词义：词语所标示的概念、概括和概念内的发展词语义变化：词义的泛化、特指和引申等变化词的义位：构成词义的回路和成分词的词义关系：近义词、异义词和词义关系2. 词的结构词汇结构：构成词的词素和语音等结构形式词的成分结构：构成复词的内部词结构词语构词法：构成词的词缀、合成等构词手段第三节词义关系和词义演变1. 词义关系上下位关系：词义之间的概括和被概括关系同类词关系：在特定范畴或范围内词义之间的同类关系词语义联系：在使用中词义之间的联系和联系表达2. 词义演变词义的演变：在历史发展和使用中词义的变化和扩展词义变化类型：词义的泛化、转移、借代、内涵、外延等变化类型词义变化因素：历史、社会、文化、语言接触等诸多因素第四节词在句法中的功能和语意1. 词的句法功能词的句法功能：在句中词所承担的成分和功能句法结构：构成句子的各种句法成分的组织形式2. 词的语义特征词的语义特征：词的语义属性和特别意义词的意义转换：词义在句法中的隐喻、比喻、借代和辞让等转换方式词义在句法中的表现：词义在句中所呈现的语义特征和语义表达第五节词汇的心理基础1. 词汇的心理组织词的心理存储：词的存储方式和内部心理结构词汇记忆：词的认知和记忆方式及其规律词的心理连接：词之间在心理中的联结和联系2. 词汇的心理活动词的心理组织：词的认知、思维、理解、表达等心理活动词的心理过程：词的产生、使用、决策、回忆、判断等心理过程第六节词汇习得和使用1. 词汇的习得语言习得：语言学习者获取和掌握词汇的过程词汇习得理论：第一语言习得和第二语言习得的理论及其实践词汇习得策略：词汇习得过程中的学习策略和方法2. 词汇的使用词汇的应用范畴：词汇在语言和交际中的各种应用范畴和方式词汇的使用规律：词汇在使用中的频率、变化、地域差异等规律词汇的使用技巧：词汇使用中的技巧、技能、风格等第七节词汇学的理论和研究方法1. 词汇学的理论词汇研究理论：词汇研究的主流理论和方法词汇学派别：各种词汇学派别对词汇研究的探索和发展词汇发展趋势：未来词汇研究的方向、趋势、发展和应用2. 词汇学的研究方法词汇的研究方法：词汇的描述、分析、解释的研究方法和手段词汇的实证研究：词汇在使用中的实证研究方法和技术词汇的应用研究：词汇在语言学、教育学、心理学等领域的应用研究以上是词汇学第二章的知识点总结。
自考《英语词汇学》复习资料
自考《英语词汇学》复习资料第一章以下是我整理的英语词汇学的资料。
我在考的时候主要就是靠这个东东。
希望对还没有过的人有所帮助。
大家请注意：笔记中大多数是以名词解释的形式出现的，这些是绝对的基础，应该一字不漏的背下来。
其实不少简答题也就是几个定义的汇总，再加上个例子就可以拿满分了。
区分两个词的区别，主要还是指明其各自的定义。
第一章1. Word ——A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.2. There is no logical relationship between sound and meaning as the symbolic connection between them is arbitrary and conventional. E.g. “woman” means ’Frau’ in German，’Femme’ in French and ’Funv ’in Chinese. On the other hand，the same sound /rait/ can mean right，rite and write，though denoting different things，yet have the same sound.3. The difference between sound and form result from 4 major factors.（At least 80%of the English words fit consistent spelling patterns）a）. the internal reason is English alphabet does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language.b）. Pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spellingc）. Influence of the work of scribes/printing freezes the spelling of words in 1500d）. Borrowing of foreign language4. V ocabulary —— V ocabulary is most commonly used to refer to the sum total of all the words of a language. It can also refer to all the words of a given dialect，a given book，a given subject and all the words possessed by an individual person as well as all the words current in a particular period of time in history.The general estimate of the present day English vocabulary is over 1 million words.5.Classification of Words—by use frequency，by notion，by origin1）. Basic word stock – the foundation of the vocabulary.1. all national character （most important）– natural phenomenamost common things and phenomena of the human body and relationsworld around us names of plants and animalsaction，size，domain，statenumerals，pronouns，prep. ，conj.2. stability –they donate the commonest thing necessary to life，they are like to remain unchanged. Only relative，some are undergoing some changes. But the change is slow.e.g. arrow，bow，chariot，knight – pastelectricity，machine，car，plane —— now3. productivity –they are mostly root words or monosyllabic words，they can form new words with other roots and affixes.e.g. foot – football，footage，footpath，footer4. polysemy – often possess more than one meaning. Become polysemous.e.g. take to move or carry from one place to anotherto remove5. collocability – quite a number of set expressions，idiomatic usages，proverbial saying and otherse.g. heart – a change of heart， a heart of goldNon-basic vocabulary ——1. terminology – technical termsphotoscanning，hepatitis，indigestion，penicillin，algebra，trigonometry，calculus2. jargon – specialized vocabulary in certain professions.Bottom line，ballpark figures，bargaining chips，hold him back，hold him in，paranoid3. slang —— substandard words often used in informal occasionsdough and bread，grass and pot，beaver，smoky，bear，catch，holler，Roger，X-rays，Certain words are labeled slang because of their usage.4. argot – words used by sub-cultured groupscan-opener，dip，persuadercant，jargon ，argot are associated with，or most available to，specific groups of the population.5. dialectal words – only by speakers of the dialectbeauty，chook，cocky，station，auld，build，coo，hame，lough，bog6. archaisms – words no longer in common use or restricted in use. In older poems，legal document and religious writing or speech.7. neologism – newly created words with new meaning e.g. microelectronics，futurology，AIDS，internet，E-mailold meaning acquired new meaning e.g. mouse，monitor2）. Content word （notional word）– denote clear notions.Functional word （empty word，form word）– do not have notions of their own，express the relation between notions，words and sentences.a. Content words constitute the main body of the English vocabulary are numerous.Functional words are in a small number.b. Content words are growing.Functional words remain stable.c. Functional words do far more work of expression than content words.3）. Native words –are words brought to Britain in the 15 century by the German tribes. Ango-Saxon Words，50，000-60，000What is true of the basic word stock is also true of native world. More are1. neutral in style （not stylistical specific ）2. 2.frequent in use （in academic fields and science French，Latin or Greek are used）（usage 70-90%）Borrowed words （loan words，borrowing）– words taken over from foreign language. 80%According to the degree of assimilation and manner of borrowing，we can bring the loan words under 4 classes.1.Denizens – words borrowed early and now are well assimilated into English language.e.g. port from portus（L）shift，change，shirt，porkcup from cuppa（L）2.Aliens – retained their original pronunciation and spellinge.g. décor（F）blitzkreeg（G）emir，intermez，rowtow，bazaar，rajar，status quo3.translation loans – formed from the existing material in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language.1）. Word translated according to the meaninge.g. mother tough from lingua maternal（L）black humor from humor noirlong time no see，surplus value，master piece2）. Words translated according to the sounde.g. kulak from kyrak（Russ）lama from lama（Tib）ketchuptea4. Semantic loans – their meaning are borrowed from another languagee.g. stupid old dumpnew sassydream old joy and peacepioneer old explorer/person doing pioneering worknew a member of the young pioneerfresh old impertinent，sassy，cheeky自考《英语词汇学》复习资料第二章第二章Indo-European language family （Europe，the Near East，India）Balto –Slavic Indo-Iranian Italic GermanicPrussian Persian Portuguese NorwegianLithuanian Hindi Spanish IcelandiePolish Italian DanishBulgarian Roumanian SwedishSlovenian French EnglishRussian GermanAlbanian Armenian Celtic HellenicIrish GreekBretonScottish2. History （时间，历史事件，特征）1）Old English （450-1150）totally 50，000-60，000 wordsThe 1st people known to inhabit England were Celts，the language was Celtic.The second language was the Latin of the Roman Legions.The Germanic tribes called angles，Saxons and Jutes and their language，Anglo-Saxondominated and blotted out the Celtic. Now people refer to Anglo-Saxon as old English.At the end of 6th century，the introduction of Christianity has a great impact on the English vocabulary.The common practice was to create new words by combining two native words.In the 9th century，many Scandinavian words came into English. At least 900 words of Scandinavian are in modern English，our daily life and speech.特点：highly inflected languagecomplex endings or vowel changes （full ending）2）Middle English （1150-1500）English，Latin，FrenchUntil 1066，although there were borrowings from Latin，the influence on English was mainly Germanic. But the Norman Conquest started a continual flow of French words into English.By the end of the 13th century，English gradually come back into public areas.Between 1250 and 150 about 9000 words of French origin come into English. 75% of them are till in use today.As many as 2500 words of Dutch origin come into English.特点：fewer inflectionsleveled ending3）Modern English （1500-up to now）early modern English （1500-1700）late modern English（1700-up to now）The Renaissance，Latin and Greek were recognized as the languages of the Western world’s great literary heritage.The Industrial Revolution was in the mid-17 century. With the growth of colonization，British tentacles began a stretching out of to every corner of the globe，thus enabling English to absorb words from all major languages of the world.After World War II，many new words have been created to express new ideas，inventions and scientific achievements.More words are created by means of word-formation.thousands and thousands of new words have been entered to express new ideas inventions，and scientific achievements.more words are created by means of word-formation.in modern English，word endings were mostly lost with just a few exceptions English has evolved from a synthetic language to the present analytic language.science and technology terms make up about 45% of new words. words associated with life-style constitute of 24% and social and economic terms amount to over 10% .mention should be made of an opposite process of development i.e. old words falling out if use.特点：ending are almost lost.3. Three main sources new words1.The rapid development of modern science and technology2.Social，economic and political changes3.The influence of other cultures and languages4. Three modes of vocabulary development1. Creation – the formation of new words by using the existing materials，namely roots，affixes and other elements. （This is the most important way of vocabulary expansion.）2. Semantic change - an old form which take on a new meaning to meet the new need.3. Borrowing – to take in words from other languages.（particularly in earlier time）4. （Reviving archaic or obsolete）French 30%，Latin 8%，Japanese Italian 7%，Spanish 6%，German Greek 5%，Russian Yiddish 4%自考《英语词汇学》复习资料第三章第三章1. Morpheme —— A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of a language. （The smallestfunctional unit in the composition of words.）2.Morph—— A morpheme must be realized by discrete units. These actual spoken minimal carriers of meaning are morphs.3.Monomorphenic words – morphemes are realized by single morphs.4.Allomorph——Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position. Such alternative morphs are allomorphemes. E.g. the morpheme of plurality （-s）has a number if allomorphemes in different sound context，e.g. in cats/s/，in bags/z/，in matches/iz/.5. Free morphemes or Free root —— The morphemes have complete meaning and van be used as free grammatical units in sentences，e.g. cat，walk. They are identical with root words. morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are considered to be free.6. Bound Morphemes —— The morphemes cannot occur as separate words. They are bound to other morphemes to form words，e.g. recollection （re+collect+ion）collect – free morpheme re-and –ion are bound morphemes. （include bound root and affix）Bound morphemes are found in derived words.7. Bound root ——A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root，it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. Take -dict- for example：it conveys the meaning of “say or speak” as a Latin root，but not as a word. With the prefix pre-（=before）we obtain the verb predict meaning “tell beforehand”。
自考00832英语词汇学考试重点精华整理
￥English Lexicology(英语词汇学)lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages.英语词汇学旨在调查和研究英语单词和单词的等价物的形态结构,其语义结构、关系、历史发展、形成和用法。
Lexicology is correlated with such linguistic disciplines as morphology(形态学), semantics(语义学), etymology(词源学),stylistics（文体论） and lexicography(词典学)Chapter 1--Basic concepts of words and vocabulary（词的定义）: A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. (1)a minimal free form of a language (2)a sound unity (3)a unit of meaning (4)a form that can function alone in a sentence词语是语言最小的自由形式，拥有固定的声音和意义以及句法作用。
and meaning（声音与意义）: almost arbitrary, “no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself” and form（读音和形式）:不统一的四个原因（1）the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans,which does not have a separate letter to represent each other （2）the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years（3）some of the difference were created by the early scribes（4）the borrowings is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary`（5）printing、standardization、dictionary—Old English,The speech of the time was represented very much more faithfully in writing than it is today. 古代英语中的口语比今天更忠实的代表书面语—The written form of English is an imperfect representation of the spoken form。
自考英语词汇学翻译精华整理概述
English Lexicology(英语词汇学)1.English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages.英语词汇学旨在调查和研究英语单词和单词的等价物的形态结构,其语义结构、关系、历史发展、形成和用法。
2.English Lexicology is correlated with such linguistic disciplines as morphology(形态学), semantics(语义学), etymology(词源学),stylistics（文体论）and lexicography(词典学) Chapter 1--Basic concepts of words and vocabulary1.Word（词的定义）: A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. (1)a minimal free form of a language (2)a sound unity (3)a unit of meaning (4)a form that can function alone in a sentence词语是语言最小的自由形式，拥有固定的声音和意义以及句法作用。
2.Sound and meaning（声音与意义）: almost arbitrary, “no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself”词语是一个符号，代表着世界上其他的事物。
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洛基英语，中国在线英语教育领导品牌
第二章
Indo-European language family (Europe，the Near East，India)
Balto –Slavic Indo-Iranian Italic Germanic
Prussian Persian Portuguese Norwegian
Lithuanian Hindi Spanish Icelandie
Polish Italian Danish
Bulgarian Roumanian Swedish
Slovenian French English
Russian German
Albanian Armenian Celtic Hellenic
Irish Greek
Breton
Scottish
2. History (时间，历史事件，特征)
1) Old English (450-1150) totally 50，000-60，000 words
The 1st people known to inhabit England were Celts，the language was Celtic.
The second language was the Latin of the Roman Legions.
The Germanic tribes called angles，Saxons and Jutes and their language，Anglo-Saxon dominated and blotted out the Celtic. Now people refer to Anglo-Saxon as old English.
At the end of 6th century，the introduction of Christianity has a great impact on the English vocabulary.
The common practice was to create new words by combining two native words.
In the 9th century，many Scandinavian words came into English. At least 900 words of Scandinavian are in modern English，our daily life and speech.
特点：highly inflected language
complex endings or vowel changes (full ending)
2) Middle English (1150-1500) English，Latin，French
Until 1066，although there were borrowings from Latin，the influence on English was mainly Germanic. But the Norman Conquest started a continual flow of French words into English.
By the end of the 13th century，English gradually come back into public areas.
Between 1250 and 150 about 9000 words of French origin come into English. 75% of them are till in use today.
As many as 2500 words of Dutch origin come into English.
特点：fewer inflections
leveled ending
3) Modern English (1500-up to now) early modern English (1500-1700)
late modern English(1700-up to now)
The Renaissance，Latin and Greek were recognized as the languages of the Western world’s great literary heritage.
The Industrial Revolution was in the mid-17 century. With the growth of colonization，British tentacles began a stretching out of to every corner of the globe，thus enabling English to absorb words from all major languages of the world.
After World War II，many new words have been created to express new ideas，inventions and scientific achievements.
More words are created by means of word-formation.
thousands and thousands of new words have been entered to express new ideas inventions，and scientific achievements.
more words are created by means of word-formation.
in modern English，word endings were mostly lost with just a few exceptions English has evolved from a synthetic language to the present analytic language.
science and technology terms make up about 45% of new words. words associated with life-style constitute of 24% and social and economic terms amount to over 10% .
mention should be made of an opposite process of development i.e. old words falling out if use.
特点：ending are almost lost.
3. Three main sources new words
1.The rapid development of modern science and technology
2.Social，economic and political changes
3.The influence of other cultures and languages
4. Three modes of vocabulary development
1. Creation –the formation of new words by using the existing materials，namely roots，affixes and other elements. (This is the most important way of vocabulary expansion.)
2. Semantic change - an old form which take on a new meaning to meet the new need.
3. Borrowing –to take in words from other languages.(particularly in earlier time)
4. (Reviving archaic or obsolete)
French 30%，Latin 8%，Japanese Italian 7%，Spanish 6%，German Greek 5%，Russian Yiddish 4%
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