托福阅读的题目是这样的
2020年12月12日托福阅读真题
2020年12月12日托福阅读真题12月12日托福阅读第一篇主要内容：讲learning standard test set，就是如何测试不同种类动物的intelligence。
不同物种的智商不一样。
人们很想知道动物的智商和人类有什么不同，遇事通过动物学习水平来检测。
前三段都是讲的这个test是怎么操作的。
最先举的例子好像是猴子和什么，做的对比实验。
第一次让它从三角形和长方形里选，选三角形就给奖励，选正方形就不给;第二次从圆形和多边形里选，依旧是选圆形给奖励，选择多边形不给。
后面持续变化通过大量实验来看这种动物的improvements，就比如这种动物在实行第几十次测试时准确率增加了多少。
一种猴子经过了三十次测试准确率就达到百分之九十了，然后这个测试的结果表明智商高的动物大脑也大。
于是大家都觉得能够参考。
后面三段都在反驳这个方法不可取。
又举了一个澳大利亚的mouse like的动物的例子，同样做类似上面的实验，第一次区分ab第二次区分黑白。
这种动物大脑很小但是测试结果很高，是因为他们生活在wide open areas，很容易被捕食者发现，他们要避免天地还要抓很敏捷的昆虫做实物，所以这方面水平很强。
然后这里有个句子简化题，大意是说动物的process different，不能说明学习水平，也不能用之前的实验来测试。
然后还说了海豚虽然做这个实验成绩很低，但是如果把visual的图形换成auditory的声音就会很好，所欲这个实验不可取是因为首先实验produce中很小的difference都会造成result的很大不同，而且这些difference都是不可避免的。
其次，对某些动物不适用。
12月12日托福阅读第二篇主要内容：中世纪欧洲政府的变革。
宗教变得影响力越来越小，政府的管辖范围越来越大。
法国葡萄牙等一些国家创造了nation这个定义。
国家边界变得更清晰了。
荷兰和英国建立了parliament，具有立法权。
托福阅读直接用逻辑做的题目
托福阅读直接用逻辑做的题目
以下是一个例子：
题目：According to the passage, which of the following statements is logical?
A) All birds have feathers.
B) Some animals have feathers.
C) All animals have feathers.
D) Some birds have feathers.
答案：A) All birds have feathers.
逻辑推理：根据这个题目的要求，我们需要从文章中找到一个逻辑上正确的陈述。
在文章中可能有关于鸟和羽毛的信息，我们要根据这些信息进行逻辑推理。
假设我们在文章中找到以下两个陈述：
1) Birds are a type of animal.
2) All birds have feathers.
根据这两个陈述，我们可以推断出所有的鸟都有羽毛。
因此，选项A) All birds have feathers是逻辑上正确的陈述。
托福阅读经典加试题目及答案：达尔文进化论
托福阅读经典加试题目及答案：达尔文进化论托福阅读加试分为经典加试和非经典加试，一般状况下考生遇到的状况都是经典加试，即所加试的题目都是固定的几篇。
这里我为就为大家整理了托福阅读经典加试达尔文进化论内容共享给大家，希望对大家托福备考有关怀。
托福阅读经典加试：达尔文进化论关于natural selection：Darwin 的natural selection原来需要long time evolution 来验证，本文则是用了两个relatively shortevolutions examples 来support natural selection。
开头，达尔文认为自然选择are too slow for people towitness. 首先说达尔文提出由于物种进化需要很长的时间，因此不行能会被人类观看到。
但是最近的一些觉察却说明某些物种进化时间很短，可以被科学家所观看。
然后，提出了一个关于环境与物种生存周期的假说，还说某个科学家商量一种鱼类证明了这个假说的合理性。
自然选择对生物的影响(与达尔文的不同) 两个例子，guppy在predator多和少池塘里生活，大小不同(offspring 的大小多少)和一种鸟在小岛上适应干旱( large small) 讲Darwin 的nature selection，开始讲到生物的自然演化要经受很长的时间，这种限制是Darwin当时不能用experiment 证明nature selection的缘由(第一题考)，然后讲了现代生物学家觉察在短期可以观看到natureselection给动物的一些特性带来的转变。
1st一种鱼，人为把握条件。
有一种鱼，在predator多的时候，life-span, size, mate,reproduction都有转变，为什么转变。
然后，再将一部分放入predator(掠食者)少的pool中，offspring(后代)发生了很多changes，比方比它们的ancestor(祖先) size上要大，下egg少了，等等。
托福TPO9阅读真题（文本+答案+翻译）：Part3
托福TPO9阅读真题(文本+答案+翻译)：Part3托福TPO作为托福的模考工具，它的题目对于我们备考托福很有参考价值，为了帮助大家备考，下面小编给大家整理了托福TPO9阅读真题(文本+答案+翻译)：Part3，望喜欢！托福TPO9阅读文本：Part3The Arrival of Plant Life in HawaiiWhen the Hawaiian Islands emerged from the sea as volcanoes, starting about five million years ago, they were far removed from other landmasses. Then, as blazing sunshine alternated with drenching rains, the harsh, barren surfaces of the black rocks slowly began to soften. Winds brought a variety of life-forms.Spores light enough to float on the breezes were carried thousands of miles from more ancient lands and deposited at random across the bare mountain flanks. A few of these spores found a toehold on the dark, forbidding rocks and grew and began to work their transformation upon the land. Lichens were probably the first successful flora. These are not single individual plants; each one is a symbiotic combination of an alga and a fungus. The algae capture the sun's energy by photosynthesis and store it in organic molecules. The fungi absorb moisture and mineral salts from the rocks, passing these on in waste products that nourish algae. It is significant that the earliest living things that built communities on these islands are examples of symbiosis, a phenomenon that depends upon the close cooperation of two or more forms of life and a principle that is very important in island communities.Lichens helped to speed the decomposition of the hard rock surfaces, preparing a soft bed of soil that was abundantlysupplied with minerals that had been carried in the molten rock from the bowels of Earth. Now, other forms of life could take hold: ferns and mosses (two of the most ancient types of land plants) that flourish even in rock crevices. These plants propagate by producing spores-tiny fertilized cells that contain all the instructions for making a new plant-but the spore are unprotected by any outer coating and carry no supply of nutrient. Vast numbers of them fall on the ground beneath the mother plants. Sometimes they are carried farther afield by water or by wind. But only those few spores that settle down in very favorable locations can start new life; the vast majority fall on barren ground. By force of sheer numbers, however, the mosses and ferns reached Hawaii, survived, and multiplied. Some species developed great size, becoming tree ferns that even now grow in the Hawaiian forests.Many millions of years after ferns evolved (but long before the Hawaiian Islands were born from the sea), another kind of flora evolved on Earth: the seed-bearing plants. This was a wonderful biological invention. The seed has an outer coating that surrounds the genetic material of the new plant, and inside this covering is a concentrated supply of nutrients. Thus the seed's chances of survival are greatly enhanced over those of the naked spore. One type of seed-bearing plant, the angiosperm, includes all forms of blooming vegetation. In the angiosperm the seeds are wrapped in an additional layer of covering. Some of these coats are hard-like the shell of a nut-for extra protection. Some are soft and tempting, like a peach or a cherry. In some angiosperms the seeds are equipped with gossamer wings, like the dandelion and milkweed seeds. These new characteristics offered better ways for the seed to move to new habitats. Theycould travel through the air, float in water, and lie dormant for many months.Plants with large, buoyant seeds-like coconuts-drift on ocean currents and are washed up on the shores. Remarkably resistant to the vicissitudes of ocean travel, they can survive prolonged immersion in saltwater when they come to rest on warm beaches and the conditions are favorable, the seed coats soften. Nourished by their imported supply of nutrients, the young plants push out their roots and establish their place in the sun.By means of these seeds, plants spread more widely to new locations, even to isolated islands like the Hawaiian archipelago, which lies more than 2,000 miles west of California and 3,500 miles east of Japan. The seeds of grasses, flowers, and blooming trees made the long trips to these islands. (Grasses are simple forms of angiosperms that bear their encapsulated seeds on long stalks.) In a surprisingly short time, angiosperms filled many of the land areas on Hawaii that had been bare.Paragraph 2: Spores light enough to float on the breezes were carried thousands of miles from more ancient lands and deposited at random across the bare mountain flanks. A few of these spores found a toehold on the dark, forbidding rocks and grew and began to work their transformation upon the land. Lichens were probably the first successful flora. These are not single individual plants; each one is a symbiotic combination of an alga and a fungus. The algae capture the sun's energy by photosynthesis and store it in organic molecules. The fungi absorb moisture and mineral salts from the rocks, passing these on in waste products that nourish algae.It is significant that the earliest living thing that built communities on these islands are examples of symbiosis, a phenomenon that depends upon theclose cooperation of two or more forms of life and a principle that is very important in island communities.托福TPO9阅读题目：Part31. The phrase "at random" in the passage is closest in meaning to○finally○over a long period of time○successfully○without a definite pattern2. It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that the fungi in lichens benefit from their symbiotic relationship with algae in what way?○The algae help the fungi meet some of their energy needs.○The algae protect the fungi from the Sun's radiation.○The algae provide the fungi with greater space for absorbing water.○The fungi produce less waste in the presence of algae.3. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○Some of the earliest important examples of symbiosis-the close cooperation of two or more living things-occur in island communities.○Symbiosis-the close cooperation of pairs or small groups of living organisms-is especially important in these island environments.○The first organisms on these islands worked toget her closely in a relationship known as symbiosis, which is particularly important on islands.○It is significant to note that organisms in the beginningstages of the development of island life cannot survive without close cooperation.Paragraph 3: Lichens helped to speed the decomposition of the hard rock surfaces, preparing a soft bed of soil that was abundantly supplied with minerals that had been carried in the molten rock from the bowels of Earth. Now, other forms of life could take hold: ferns and mosses (two of the most ancient types of land plants) that flourish even in rock crevices. These plantspropagate by producing spores-tiny fertilized cells that contain all the instructions for making a new plant-but the spore are unprotected by any outer coating and carry no supply of nutrient. Vast numbers of them fall on the ground beneath the mother plants. Sometimes they are carried farther afield by water or by wind. But only those few spores that settle down in very favorable locations can start new life; the vast majority fall on barren ground. By force of sheer numbers, however, the mosses and ferns reached Hawaii, survived, and multiplied. Some species developed great size, becoming tree ferns that even now grow in the Hawaiian forests.4. The word "abundantly" in the passage is closest in meaning to○ occasionally○ plentifully○ usefully○ fortunately5. The word "propagate" in the passage is closest in meaning to○ multiply○ emerge○ live○ evolve6. According to paragraph 3, what was the relationship between lichens and ferns in the development of plant life on Hawaii?○Ferns were able to grow because lichens created suitable soil.○The decomposition of ferns produced minerals that were used by lichens.○Lichens and ferns competed to grow in the sam e rocky environments.○Lichens and ferns were typically found together in volcanic areas.Paragraph 4: Many millions of years after ferns evolved (but long before the Hawaiian Islands were born from the sea), another kind of flora evolved on Earth: the seed-bearing plants. Thiswas a wonderful biological invention. The seed has an outer coating that surrounds the genetic material of the new plant, and inside this covering is a concentrated supply of nutrients. Thus the seed's chances of survival are greatly enhanced over those of the naked spore. One type of seed-bearing plant, the angiosperm, includes all forms of blooming vegetation. In the angiosperm the seeds are wrapped in an additional layer of covering. Some of these coats are hard-like the shell of a nut-for extra protection. Some are soft and tempting, like a peach or a cherry. In some angiosperms the seeds are equipped with gossamer wings, like the dandelion and milkweed seeds. These new characteristics offered better ways for the seed to move to new habitats. They could travel through the air, float in water, and lie dormant for many months.7. The word "This" in the passage refers to○the spread of ferns and mosses in Hawaii○the creation of the Hawaiian Islands○the evolution of ferns○the development of plants that produce seeds8. According to paragraph 4, why do seeds have a greater chance of survival than spores do? To receive credit, you must select TWO answer choices.○Seeds need less water to grow into a mature plant than spores do.○Seeds do not need to rely on outside sources of nutrients.○Seeds are better protected from environmental dangers than spores are.○Seeds are heavier than spores and are therefore more likely to take root and grow.9. Why does the author mention "a nut", "a peach", and "a cherry"?○To indicate that some seeds are less likely to survive than others○To point out that many angiosperms can be eaten○To provide examples of blooming plants○To illustrate the variety of coverings among angiosperm seeds10. The word "dormant" in the passage is closest in meaning to○hidden○inactive○underground○preservedParagraph5: Plants with large, buoyant seeds-like coconuts-drift on ocean currents and are washed up on the shores.Remarkably resistant to the vicissitudes of ocean travel, they can survive prolonged immersion in saltwater when they come to rest on warm beaches and the conditions are favorable, the seed coats soften. Nourished by their imported supply of nutrients, the young plants push out their roots and establish their place in the sun.11. According to paragraph 5, a major reason that coconuts can establish themselves in distant locations is that their seeds can○survive long exposure to heat on island beaches○float and survive for long periods in ocean water○use saltwater for maintenance and growth○maintain hard, protective coats even after growing roots12. According to the passage, which of the following characteristics do spores and seeds have in common?○They may be surrounded by several layers of covering.○They are produced by flowering plants.○They may be spread by wind.○They are able to grow in barren soils.Paragraph 3: Lichens helped to speed the decomposition of the hard rock surfaces, preparing a soft bed of soil that was abundantly supplied with minerals that had been carried in the molten rock from the bowels of Earth. Now, other forms of life could take hold: ferns and mosses (two of the most ancient types of land plants) that flourish even in rock crevices. ■These plants propagate by producing spores-tiny fertilized cells that contain all the instructions for making a new plant-but the spore are unprotected by any outer coating and carry no supply of nutrient. ■Vast numbers of them fall on the ground beneath the mother plants. ■Sometimes they are carried farther afield by water or bywind. ■But only those few spores that settle down in very favorable locations can start new life; the vast majority fall on barren ground. By force of sheer numbers, however, the mosses and ferns reached Hawaii, survived, and multiplied. Some species developed great size, becoming tree ferns that even now grow in the Hawaiian forests.13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.So since the chances of survival for any individual spore are small, the plants have to produce many spores in order to propagate.Where could the sentence best fit?14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.After the formation of the Hawaiian Islands, much time passed before conditions were suitable for plant life.●●●Answers Choices○Algae are classified as symbiotic because they produce energy through the process of photosynthesis.○The first successful plants on Hawaii were probably lichens, which consist of algae and fungi living in a symbiotic relationship.○Lichens helped create favorable conditions for the growthof spore-producing plants such as ferns and mosses.○Seed-bearing plants evolved much later than spore-producing plants, but both types of plants had evolved well before the formation of the Hawaiian Islands.○Unlike spores, seeds must move to new habitats in order to have a strong chance of survival and growth.○Seed-bearing plants arrived and spread quickly in Hawaii, thanks to characteristics that increased their seeds' ability to survive and to move to different areas托福TPO9阅读答案：Part3参考答案：1. ○42. ○13. ○34. ○25. ○16. ○17. ○48. ○2, 39. ○410. ○211. ○212. ○313. ○214. The first successful plants…Lichens helped create favorable…Seed-bearing plants arrived…托福TPO9阅读翻译：Part3参考翻译：夏威夷植物的到来大约500万年以前，当夏威夷群岛作为火山从海洋中出现的时候，它们与其他大陆相距甚远。
托福阅读考试真题详情一览(7月4日)
2021年7月4日托福阅读真题：1. 蝙蝠如何利用定位来捕食2. 关于史前farming和foraging3. 颜料商的兴起对画画/画家的影响4. tuna为了长时间高速游泳的肌肉adaption5. ecology：两条狗6. European government7. honey bees8. 独居和群居动物的优缺点托福阅读错误习惯：1、复视复视指的是读完一个句子或段落后回过头去重复阅读。
阅读能力差的同学往往过分依赖于复视以养成一种习惯。
改变这种不良习惯的办法就是让自己阅读大量难度适宜的材料，这样就不会因遇到生词或不太懂的短语、句子或段落而回过头来再看，以至养成复视的习惯。
2、音读许多同学都有出声阅读的习惯。
出声阅读的主要弊病就是使阅读速度和效率受说话速度的限制。
因为，正常默读速度几乎要比出声朗读的速度快两倍以上。
另外，出声阅读往往以不同的形式表现出来，有时看见的仅仅是无声地动动嘴唇，有时甚至连嘴唇也不动，只是舌、喉在活动。
嘴唇的活动无疑会影响眼睛的扫视速度，＂一个有效率的读者能够只要看到印刷符号，就直接获得意思，而不经过声音阶段。
＂因此，要克服这种不良的阅读习惯，就要训练自己养成通过视觉器官直接感知文字符号的视读能力。
3、摆动头部阅读时头部下意识地左右摆动是阅读的另一坏习惯。
在阅读过程中，有些人往往尽量使自己的鼻尖对准他正在读的每一个字。
这样，当他顺着一行字往下读时，他就会轻微地摆动头部，而当他通过头来看下一行时，他就会很快转回去以便使鼻尖再对准书页的左边。
这种头的摆动，学生往往意识不到，而正是这种不必要的动作往往对阅读速度产生影响。
因此，必须克服这种毛病，养成阅读时只移动视线的习惯。
4、指读指读是指用手指、铅笔或尺等指着一个个词进行阅读的习惯。
这种指读的单纯机械运用不仅会减慢阅读速度，而且还会把我们的注意力引向错误的方向。
一个高效率的阅读者不会注意单词的位置，也不会在每个单词上平均花费时间，而是把注意力集中在作者要阐明的思想内容上。
托福阅读考试练习题目解析_地球大气的形成
托福阅读考试练习题目解析:地球大气的形成托福阅读考试结束，阅读有哪些新考点内容呢?Passage 3托福阅读考试练习题目难度分析适中托福阅读学科分类：天文地质类托福阅读考试练习题目：the formation of earth atmosphere版本一：1.地球形成的时候是H和HE 为什么和现在不同?2.hold gas的主要原因是gravity和escape velocity，所以那两种很轻的气体就跑了。
3.火山爆发导致二氧化碳出现，其溶于水作为降雨进入到海洋以及是有机生物体的碳元素的来源。
4.氮气因为很少溶于水所以在大气中含量较高，是现在大气的主要气体。
版本二：初始大气由于地球重力很弱留不住，氧气等被某彗星碰撞，加速超越逃离速度后飞出地球。
后来火山喷发物主要构成了大气，一开始是水蒸气，后来是水和二氧化碳有机体，海洋有机物，细菌转化为有机物，所以减少了，现在大气的主要成分是氮气。
托福阅读词汇题：1. predominantly - mainly2. Augment - supplement3. account for - explanation4. constitutes - makes upPredominantly = mainly Augment = supplement Account for = explanation Constitute = make upVast = extensiveDrawback = disadvantage Sequentially = one after another Just = fairInhospitable = unfavorable Subsequent = continuallyOverestimate = may be higher evershifting。
托福阅读真题第12篇InterplanetarySeeding（答案文章最后）
托福阅读真题第12篇InterplanetarySeeding（答案文章最后）行节目播种一些科学家认为，地球地球上的地球每小时都会发生变化。
半打半这些或巨大的岩石的影响。
10% 的地球生命周期最终将在其上落入上空。
在整个生命周期中，都会受到其巨大的影响，并在整个太空中发生巨大的影响。
的轨道。
用双筒望远镜看满月会发现从位于月球底部附近的第一个谷陨石坑喷出的长条纹或射线，以北半球的观察者所见的那样。
这些射线是由直径100公里的陨石坑喷出的撞击碎片（撞击物质）回落产生的。
这些射线几乎可以在月球的整个飞行面追踪空。
还有这么长的“降”布莱尔以抬高举埃速冲（Debral）2222 .早早的去寻找新兴物体的速度。
物质可以通过撞击从月球上喷出，但只是在附近的过去，不会被我们认为可能会被认为可以发射较超过 10 公斤的整颗质量的行星中弹发射出来，并且在过程中大大改变了以前没有人预计将彻底激活最终从地球上幸存下来的地球的岩石能够在强烈的中部发射。
是可能的。
还有一种叫做SNC的稀有陨石。
”，人们普遍认为它们来自火星。
据估计，它们的陨石是火星的第一个建议，或者说是火星的第一个发现可能有陨石的迹象。
因为阿波罗计划回收石的岩石将与月球月球样品具有独特的性质，可以将它们的自然发射机制，改变了这一点。
SNC陨石火星与火星的正联系是一个更复杂的过程，它包括显示，在1976年登陆的维陨石的一般性质是玻璃，它们是玄岩（可能是一片岩）形成的巨大天体上，天体绝对是巨大的天体上，天体绝对是天体金星的也因为地球太厚，地球也因为星星太厚。
金星太因为，表面也年轻。
金星也被修复在外。
月球和火星的陨石到达地球这一惊人的距离对一个星球到另一个星球的交通运输从地球的影响。
发射时的高温或在中长时间运输而被消毒的。
星球地点_ _生命回报。
火星网的来源）和稀薄的网络比可能是地球这方面的来源。
1. 几亿英里的生命周期可能会通过地球上的行星显示。
火星的半打半公斤或地球上的岩石的影响。
老托福阅读真题及答案passage3
老托福阅读真题及答案passage3为了帮助大家备考托福阅读，提高成绩，下面小编给大家带来老托福阅读真题及答案passage3，希望大家喜欢！老托福阅读真题及答案passage3PASSAGE 3The Native Americans of northern California were highly skilled at basketry, using the reeds,grasses, barks, and roots they found around them to fashion articles of all sorts and sizes —notonly trays, containers, and cooking pots, but hats, boats, fish traps, baby carriers, and ceremonialobjects.Of all these experts, none excelled the Pomo — a group who lived on or near the coast duringthe 1800's, and whose descendants continue to live in parts of the same region to this day. Theymade baskets three feet in diameter and others no bigger than a thimble. The Pomo people weremasters of decoration. Some of their baskets were completely covered with shell pendants;others with feathers that made the baskets' surfaces as soft as the breasts of birds. Moreover, thePomo people made use of more weaving techniques than did their neighbors. Most groups madeall their basketwork by twining —the twisting of a flexible horizontal material, called a weft,around stiffer vertical strands of material, the warp. Others depended primarily on coiling — aprocess in which a continuous coil of stiff material is held in the desired shape with tightwrapping of flexible strands. Only the Pomo people used both processes with equal ease andfrequency. In addition, they made use of four distinct variations on the basic twining process,often employing more than one of them in a single article.Although a wide variety of materials was available, the Pomopeople used only a few. Thewarp was always made of willow, and the most commonly used weft was sedge root, a woodyfiber that could easily be separated into strands no thicker than a thread. For color, the Pomopeople used the bark of redbud for their twined work and dyed bullrush root for black in coiledwork. Though other materials were sometimes used, these four were the staples in their finestbasketry.If the basketry materials used by the Pomo people were limited, the designs were amazinglyvaried. Every Pomo basketmaker knew how to produce from fifteen to twenty distinct patternsthat could be combined in a number of different ways.1. What best distinguished Pomo basketsfrom baskets of other groups?(A) The range of sizes, shapes, and designs(B) The unusual geometric(C) The absence of decoration(D) The rare materials used2. The word fashion in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) maintain(B) organize(C) trade(D) create3. The Pomo people used each of the following materials to decorate baskets EXCEPT(A) shells(B) feathers(C) leaves(D) bark4. What is the author's main point in the second paragraph?(A) The neighbors of the Pomo people tried to improve onthe Pomo basket weaving techniques.(B) The Pomo people were the most skilled basket weavers in their region.(C) The Pomo people learned their basket weaving techniques from other Native Americans.(D) The Pomo baskets have been handed down for generations.5. The word others in line 9 refers to(A) masters(B) baskets(C) pendants(D) surfaces6. According to the passage , a weft is a(A) tool for separating sedge root(B) process used for coloring baskets(C) pliable maternal woven around the warp(D) pattern used to decorate baskets7. According to the passage , what did the Pomo people use as the warp in their baskets?(A) bullrush(B) willow(C) sedge(D) redbud8. The word article in line 17 is close in meaning to(A) decoration(B) shape(C) design(D) object9. According to the passage . The relationship between redbud and twining is most similar to therelationship between(A) bullrush and coiling(B) weft and warp(C) willow and feathers(D) sedge and weaving10. The word staples in line 23 is closest in meaning to(A) combinations(B) limitations(C) accessories(D) basic elements11. The word distinct in lime 26 is closest in meaning to(A) systematic(B) beautiful(C) different(D) compatible12. Which of the following statements about Pomo baskets can be best inferred from thepassage ?(A) Baskets produced by other Native Americans were less varied in design than those of thePomo people.(B) Baskets produced by Pomo weavers were primarily for ceremonial purposes.(C) There were a very limited number of basketmaking materials available to the Pomo people.(D) The basketmaking production of the Pomo people has increased over the years.PASSAGE 3 BDCBB CBDAD CA托福阅读备考新手常见的4个问题答疑1、托福阅读如何使用技巧?参加托福考试的考试一般集中在高中生、大学生，词汇量在四五千左右，他们在接触托福阅读的时候会遇到很多生词，尤其是分门别类的学科词汇，分为地理、天文、生物学、动物学四大块，学员就会有很多的误解，到底应该掌握多少词汇才能做好托福阅读。
托福考试阅读试题及答案
托福考试阅读试题及答案在日常学习、工作生活中，我们或多或少都会接触到试题，试题是用于考试的题目，要求按照标准回答。
相信很多朋友都需要一份能切实有效地帮助到自己的试题吧？下面是我收集整理的2023最新托福考试阅读试题及答案，欢迎阅读，希望大家能够喜欢。
最新托福考试阅读试题及答案1阅读题目：Mountaineers have noted that as they climb, for example, up to the 12,633-foot humphreys peak in the san francisco peaks in arizona, plant life changes radically. starting among the cacti of the sonoran desert, one climbs into a pine forest at 7,000 feet and a treeless alpine tundra at the summit. it may seem that plants at a given altitude are associated in what can be called “communities” – groupings of interacting species. the idea is that over time, plants that require particular climate and soil conditions come to live in the same places, and hence are frequently to be found together. scientists who study the history of plant life are known as paleobotanists, or paleobots for short. they build up a picture of how groups of plants have responded to climate changes and how ecosystems develop. but are these associations, which are real in the present, permanent?a great natural experiment took place on this planet between 25,000 and 10,000 years ago, when small changes in the earth’s orbit and axis of rotation caused great sheets of ice to spread from the poles. these glaciers covered much of north america and europe to depths of up to two miles, and then, as the climate warmed, they retreated. during this retreat, they left behind newly uncovered land for living things to colonize, and as those living things moved in they laid down a record we can read now. as the ice retreated and plants started to grow near a lake, they would release pollen. some would fall into the lake, sink to the bottom, and be incorporated into the sediment. by drilling into the lake bottom it is possible to read the record of successive plant life around the lake. the fossil record seems clear; there is little or no evidence that entire groups of plants moved north together. things that lived together in the past don’t live together now, and things that live together now didn’t live together in the past. each individual organism moved at its own pace. the fossil record seems to be tellineuver – to respond to environmental changes.1. what is the passage mainly about?(a) the effects of the ice age on plants(b) plant migration after the ice age(c) the need to develop a new approach to environmental issues(d) communities of plants live at different altitudes2. the word “radically” in line 2 is closest in meaning to(a) variably(b) demonstrably(c) quickly(d) dramatically3. the author mentions “cacti” in line 3 and a ”treeless alpine tundra” in line 4 to illustrate(a) changes in climate(b) the effects of the ice age(c) communities of plants(d) plant migration4. the word “which” in line 10 refers to(a) the responses of plants to climate changes(b) the current theories of ecosystems(c) the developments of ecosystems(d) plant life changes5. the word “axis” in line 12 is closest in meaning to(a) center(b) method(c) change(d) slowdown6. the word “successive” in line 19 is closest in meaning to(a) exng us that we should be thinking about preserving species by giving them room to matinct(b) consecutive(c) accumulative(d) following7. the passage states that by drilling into the lake bottom it is possible to find successive fossils of:(a) sediment(b) ice(c) plant life(d) pollen8. which of the following can be inferred from the passage(a) –that the migratory patterns of plants are dependent upon changes in climate(b) –that modern conservation methods should consider the migratory patterns of plants(c) –that current associations of plants are similar to those in the past(d) –that another ice age is likely to occur at some time9. according to the passage, the movement of individual species of plants(a) occurs in groups(b) often depends upon the formation of lakes(c) does not occur in groups(d) depends upon climate and soil conditions10. all of the following are true except(a) the ice age occurred when small changes affected the movement of the earth(b) fossil records seem to indicate that plants will be preserved if theyhave sufficient room to move(c) fossil records clearly show that entire groups of plants are unlikely to have moved together(d) in the ice age glaciers covered the world to depths of up to two miles【参考答案】：BBCDA BACAD最新托福考试阅读试题及答案2The year 1850 may be considered the beginning of a new epoch in America art, with respect to the development of watercolor In December of that year, a group of thirty artists gathered in the studio of John Falconer in New York City and drafted both a constitution and bylaws, establishing The Society for the Promotion of Painting in Water In addition to securing an exhibition space in the Library Society building in lower Manhattan, the society founded a small school for theinstruction of watercolor Periodic exhibitions of the members paintings also included works by noted English artists of the day, borrowed from embryonic private collections in the The societys activities also included organized sketching excursions along the Hudson Its major public exposure came in 1853, when the society presented works by its members in the "Industry of All Nations" section of the Crystal Palace Exposition in NewThe society did not prosper, however, and by the time of its annual meeting in 1854 membership had fallen to The group gave up its quarters in the Library Society building and returned to Falconers studio, where it broke up amid No further attempt to formally organize the growing numbers of watercolor painters in New York City was made for more than a During that decade, though, Henry Warrens Painting in Water Color was published in New York City in 1856 — the book was a considerable improvement over the only other manual of instruction existing at the time, Elements of Graphic Art, by Archibald Roberson,published in 1802 and by the 1850s long out ofIn 1866 the NationalAcademy of Design was host to an exhibition of watercolor painting in its elaborate neo-Venetian Gothic building on Twenty-Third Street in New York The exhibit was sponsored by an independent group called The Artists Fund Within a few months of this event, forty-two prominent artists living in and near New York Cityfounded The American Society of Painters in Water阅读题目：This passage is mainly about(A) the most influential watercolor painters in the mid-1800s(B) efforts to organize watercolor painters in New York City during the mid-1800s(C) a famous exhibition of watercolor paintings in New York City in the mid-1800s(D) styles of watercolor painting in New York City during the mid-1800sThe year 1850 was significant in the history of watercolor painting mainly because(A) a group of artists established a watercolor painting society(B) watercolor painting was first introduced to New York City(C) John Falconer established his studio for watercolor painters(D) The first book on watercolor painting was publishedThe word "securing" in line 5 is closest in meaning to(A) locking(B) creating(C) constructing(D) acquiringAll of the following can be inferred about the Society for thepromotion of Painting inWatercolor EXCEPT:(A) The society exhibited paintings in lower(B) Instruction in watercolor painting was offered by members of the society(C) The society exhibited only the paintings of its(D) Scenes of the Hudson River appeared often in the work of societyThe exhibition at the Crystal Palace of the works of the Society for the Promotion of Painting inWatercolor was significant for which of the following reasons?(A) It resulted in a dramatic increase in the popularity of painting with(B) It was the first time an exhibition was funded by a private(C) It was the first important exhibition of the societys(D) It resulted in a large increase in the membership of theThe word "it" in line 15 refers to(A) time(B) group(C) building(D) studioWhich of the following is true of watercolor painters in New York City in the late 1850s?(A) They increased in number despite a lack of formal(B) They were unable to exhibit their paintings because of the lack of exhibition(C) The Artists Fund Society helped them to form The American Society of Painters in Water(D) They formed a new society because they were not allowed to join groups run by other kinds of Henry Warrens Painting in Water Color was important to artists because it(A) received an important reward(B) was the only textbook published that taught painting(C) was much better than an earlier published fundamental of instruction(D) attracted the interest of art collectorsThe word "considerable" in line 19 is closest in meaning to(A) sensitive(B) great(C) thoughtful(D) plannedThe year 1866 was significant for watercolor painting for which of the following reasons?(A) Elements of GraphicArt was(B) Private collections of watercolors were first publicly(C) The neo-Venetian Gothic building on Twenty-Third Street in New York City was(D) The NationalAcademy of Design held an exhibition of watercolorThe word "prominent" in line 25 is closest in meaning to(A) wealthy(B) local(C) famous(D) organized阅读答案：BADCC BACBD C【最新托福考试阅读试题及答案】。
托福阅读修辞目的题：你读懂了作者的心吗
托福阅读修辞目的题：你读懂了作者的心吗托福阅读中有一类题目长这样：The author mentions X in paragraph 2 in order to . . .Why does the author mention X?Why does the author provide the information that…?此类题目的在OG上给出的名字是“Rhetorical Purpose Questions”，译为“修辞目的题”。
什么叫“修辞”呢?百度百科对于“修辞”的定义是“修辞本义就是修饰言论，也就是在使用语言的过程中，利用多种语言手段以收到尽可能好的表达效果的一种语言活动”。
对“rhetoric”一词的英文释义为“Rhetoric is the skill or art of using language effectively.”。
结合“修辞”的解释和题目所问内容“为什么作者…”，我们很容易理解所谓author的“目的”，只不过就是“试图更清楚的解释和说明作者自己想要传达的信息”。
搞清楚这点就会更容易解答这类题目。
作者大大们是如何实现这个目的的?# 1 举例论证或解释(最常出现)“举个例子”是在说理的过程中最常见的一种方式。
一般情况下，叙述者在给出一个“观点”后，往往会搭配一个具体的实例来支持这个观点。
又或者原文出现某个“理论”后，紧跟着出现一个已经发生的实例来进一步印证这个理论的可靠性。
还会出现的情况是，原文引入了一个学术名词，通过举一些我们熟悉的例子，来辅助解释这个名词。
当然，在少数情况下，叙述者也可能先给出一个具体的实例，然后引出结论。
有些题目会出现比较明显的表示举例的词组，如for example、for instance等。
例题：本段开头指出，雄鹿在buck rubs上的forehead rubbing会给其他鹿传达各种信息，其一就是传达individual identity(身份证的感觉)。
2023年托福TOEFL真题
2023年托福TOEFL真题【2023年托福TOEFL真题】Section 1: 阅读材料（约300字）文章内容Section 2: 听力材料（约700字）听力内容Section 3: 综合写作（约150字）综合写作内容Section 4: 独立写作（约150字）独立写作内容Section 1: 阅读材料2023年托福（TOEFL）考试阅读部分题目如下：Passage 1:题目：Topic 1阅读材料：（这里是阅读材料内容，注意排版整洁美观，语句通顺）Passage 2:阅读材料：（这里是阅读材料内容，注意排版整洁美观，语句通顺）以上为2023年托福（TOEFL）阅读部分的内容。
每篇阅读材料后面会附上相应的问题。
Section 2: 听力材料Passage 1: Conversation题目：Topic 1对话材料：（这里是对话材料的内容，注意排版整洁美观，语句通顺）Passage 2: Lecture题目：Topic 2讲座材料：（这里是讲座材料的内容，注意排版整洁美观，语句通顺）以上为2023年托福（TOEFL）听力部分的内容。
每篇对话或讲座后面会附上相应的问题。
Section 3: 综合写作本节内容是根据阅读和听力材料进行综合写作。
写作内容：（这里是综合写作的内容，注意排版整洁美观，语句通顺）Section 4: 独立写作本节内容是自主写作，与前面的材料无关。
题目：Topic写作内容：（这里是独立写作的内容，注意排版整洁美观，语句通顺）以上为2023年托福（TOEFL）考试的真题内容。
阅读、听力以及写作部分内容在正文中有明确的划分和排版。
请按照要求完成文章，并确保语句通顺，全文表达流畅，无影响阅读体验的问题。
祝你考试顺利！。
TPO托福阅读真题答案及解析
TPO托福阅读真题答案及解析TPO是我们常用的托福模考工具，对我们的备考很有价值，下面小编给大家带来TPO托福阅读真题答案及解析。
TPO托福阅读真题答案及解析托福阅读真题：The Long-Term Stability of EcosystemsPlant communities assemble themselves flexibly, and their particular structure depends on the specific history of the area. Ecologists use the term “succession” to refer to the changes that happen in plant communities and ecosystems over time. The first community in a succession is called a pioneer community, while the long-lived community at the end of succession is called a climax community. Pioneer and successional plant communities are said to change over periods from 1 to 500 years. These changes—in plant numbers and the mix of species—are cumulative. Climax communities themselves change but over periods of time greater than about 500 years.An ecologist who studies a pond today may well find it relatively unchanged in a year’s time. Individual fish may be replaced, but the number of fish will tend to be the same from one year to the next. We can say that the properties of an ecosystem are more stable than the individual organisms that compose the ecosystem.At one time, ecologists believed that species diversity made ecosystems stable. They believed that the greater the diversity the more stable the ecosystem. Support for this idea came from the observation that long-lasting climax communities usually have more complex food webs and more species diversity than pioneer communities. Ecologists concluded that the apparentstability of climax ecosystems depended on their complexity. To take an extreme example, farmlands dominated by a single crop are so unstable that one year of bad weather or the invasion of a single pest can destroy the entire crop. In contrast, a complex climax community, such as a temperate forest, will tolerate considerable damage from weather to pests.The question of ecosystem stability is complicated, however. The first problem is that ecologists do not all agree what “stability” means. Stab ility can be defined as simply lack of change. In that case, the climax community would be considered the most stable, since, by definition, it changes the least over time. Alternatively, stability can be defined as the speed with which an ecosystem returns to a particular form following a major disturbance, such as a fire. This kind of stability is also called resilience. In that case, climax communities would be the most fragile and the least stable, since they can require hundreds of years to return to the climax state.Even the kind of stability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated with maximum diversity. At least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages, not in the climax community. Once a redwood forest matures, for example, the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on the forest floor are reduced. In general, diversity, by itself, does not ensure stability. Mathematical models of ecosystems likewise suggest that diversity does not guarantee ecosystem stability—just the opposite, in fact. A more complicated system is, in general, more likely than a simple system to break down. A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a child’s tricycle.Ecologists are especially interested to know what factorscontribute to the resilience of communities because climax communities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human activities. The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount St. Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by humans. We need to know what aspects of a community are most important to the community’s resistance to destruction, as well as its recovery.Many ecologists now think that the relative long-term stability of climax communities comes not from diversity but from the “patchiness” of the environment, an environment that varies from place to place supports more kinds of organisms than an environment that is uniform. A local population that goes extinct is quickly replaced by immigrants from an adjacent community. Even if the new population is of a different species, it can approximately fill the niche vacated by the extinct population and keep the food web intact.Paragraph 1: Plant communities assemble themselves flexibly, and their particular structure depends on the specific history of the area. Ecologists use the term “succession” to refer to the changes that happen in plant communities and ecosystems over time. The first community in a succession is called a pioneer community, while the long-lived community at the end of succession is called a climax community. Pioneer and successional plant communities are said to change over periods from 1 to 500 years. These changes—in plant numbers and the mix of species—are cumulative. Climax communities themselves change but over periods of time greater than about 500 years.TPO托福阅读题目1. The word “particular” in the passage is closest inmeaning to○Natural○Final○Specific○Complex2. According to paragraph 1, which of the following is NOT true of climax communities?○They occur at the end of a succession.○They last longer than any other type of community.○The numbers of plants in them and the mix of species do not change.○They remain stable for at least 500 years at a time.Paragraph 2: An ecologist who studies a pond today may well find it relatively unchanged in a year’s time. Individual fish may be replaced, but the number of fish will tend to be the same from one year to the next. We can say that the properties of an ecosystem are more stable than the individual organisms that compose the ecosystem.3. According to paragraph 2, which of the following principles of ecosystems can be learned by studying a pond?○Ecosystem properties change more slowly than individuals in the system.○The stability of an ecosystem tends to change as individuals are replaced.○Individual organisms are stable from one year to the next.○A change in the members of an organism does n ot affect an ecosystem’s propertiesParagraph 3: At one time, ecologists believed that species diversity made ecosystems stable. They believed that the greater the diversity the more stable the ecosystem. Support for this ideacame from the observation that long-lasting climax communities usually have more complex food webs and more species diversity than pioneer communities. Ecologists concluded that the apparent stability of climax ecosystems depended on their complexity. To take an extreme example, farmlands dominated by a single crop are so unstable that one year of bad weather or the invasion of a single pest can destroy the entire crop. In contrast, a complex climax community, such as a temperate forest, will tolerate considerable damage from weather of pests.4. According to paragraph 3, ecologists once believed that which of the following illustrated the most stable ecosystems?○Pioneer communities○Climax communities○Single-crop farmlands○Successional plant communitiesParagraph 4: The question of ecosystem stability is complicated, however. The first problem is that ecologists do not all agree what “stability” means. Stability can be defined as simply lack of change. In that case, the climax community would be considered the most stable, since, by definition, it changes the least over time. Alternatively, stability can be defined as the speed with which an ecosystem returns to a particular form following a major disturbance, such as a fire. This kind of stability is also called resilience. In that case, climax communities would be the most fragile and the least stable, since they can require hundreds of years to return to the climax state.5. According to paragraph 4, why is the question of ecosystem stability complicated?○The reasons for ecosystem change are not always clear.○Ecologists often confuse the word “stability” with theword “resilience.”○The exact meaning of the word “stability” is debated by ecologists.○There are many different answers to ecological questions.6. According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true of climax communities?○They are more resilient than pioneer communities.○They can be considered both the most and the least stable communities.○They are stable because they recover quickly after major disturbances.○They are the most resilient communities because they change the least over time.Paragraph 5: Even the kind of stability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated with maximum diversity. At least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages, not in the climax community. Once a redwood forest matures, for example, the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on the forest floor are reduced. In general, diversity, by itself, does not ensure stability. Mathematical models of ecosystems likewise suggest that diversity does not guarantee ecosystem stability—just the opposite, in fact. A more complicated system is, in general, more likely than a simple system to break down. (A fifteen-speed racing b icycle is more likely to break down than a child’s tricycle.)7. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 5 about redwood forests?○They become less stable as they mature.○They support many species when they reach climax.○They are found in t emperate zones.○They have reduced diversity during mid-successional stages.8. The word “guarantee” in the passage is closest in meaning to○Increase○Ensure○Favor○Complicate9. In paragraph 5, why does the author provide the information that “(A fiftee n-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a child’s tricycle)”?○To illustrate a general principle about the stability of systems by using an everyday example○To demonstrate that an understanding of stability in ecosystems can be applied to help understand stability in other situations○To make a comparison that supports the claim that, in general, stability increases with diversity○To provide an example that contradicts mathematical models of ecosystemsParagraph 6: Ecologists are especially interested to know what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because climax communities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human activities. The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount St. Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by humans. We need to know what aspects of a community are most important to the community’s resistance to destruction, as well as its recovery.10. The word “pales” in the passage is closest in meaningto○Increases proportionally○Differs○Loses significance○Is commonParagraph 7：Many ecologists now think that the relative long-term stability of climax communities comes not from diversity but from the “patchiness” of the environment, an environment that varies from place to place supports more kinds of organisms than an environment that is uniform. A local population that goes extinct is quickly replaced by immigrants from an adjacent community. Even if the new population is of a different species, it can approximately fill the niche vacated by the extinct population and keep the food web intact.11.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incurred choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○Ecologists now think that the stability of an environment is a result of diversity rather than patchiness.○Patchy environments that vary from place to place do not often have high species diversity.○Uniform environments cannot be climax communities because they do not support as many types of organisms as patchy environments.○A patchy environment is thought to increase stability because it is able to support a wide variety of organisms.12.The word “adjacent” in the passage is closest in meaning to○Foreign○Stable○Fluid○NeighboringParagraph 6: Ecologists are especially interested to know what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because climax communities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human activities. The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount St. Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by humans. We need to know what aspects of a community are most important to the community’s resistance to destruction, as well as its recovery.13.Look at the four squares [ ] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.In fact, damage to the environment by humans is often much more severe than damage by natural events and processes.Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.14.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.The process of succession and the stability of a climax community can change over time.Answer choices○The changes that occur in an ecosystem from the pioneer to the climax community can be seen in one human generation.○A high degree of species diversity does not always result in a stable ecosystem.○The level of resilience in a plant community contributes to its long-term stability.○Ecologists agree that climax communities are the most stable types of ecosystems.○Disagreements over the meaning of the term “stability” make it difficult to identify the most stable ecosystems.○The resilience of climax communities makes them resistant to destruction caused by humans.托福阅读真题参考答案：1. ○32. ○33. ○14. ○25. ○36. ○27. ○38. ○29. ○110. ○311. ○412. ○413. ○214. ○2 3 5托福阅读真题译文：生态系统的长期稳定植物群体可以自由地聚集，他们特殊的结构取决于聚集区域的具体历史。
TPO53托福阅读Passage3题目及答案解析
TPO53托福阅读Passage3题目及答案解析TPO对于我们的托福备考非常有用，大家还在苦于找不到资料吗？下面小编给大家带来TPO53托福阅读Passage3题目及答案解析，希望可以帮助到你们。
TPO53托福阅读Passage3文本+题目+答案解析Paleolithic Cave PaintingsIn any investigation of the origins of art, attention focuses on the cave paintings created in Europe during the Paleolithic era (c. 40,000-10,000 years ago) such as those depicting bulls and other animals in the Lascaux cave in France. Accepting that they are the best preserved and most visible signs of what was a global creative explosion, how do we start to explain their appearance? Instinctively, we may want to update the earliest human artists by assuming that they painted for the sheer joy of painting. The philosophers of Classical Greece recognized it as a defining trait of humans to "delight in works of imitation"—to enjoy the very act and triumph of representation. If we were close to a real lion or snake, we might feel frightened. But a well- executed picture of a lion or snake will give us pleasure. Why suppose that our Paleolithic ancestors were any different?This simple acceptance of art for art's sake has a certain appeal. To think of Lascaux as a gallery allows it to be a sort of special viewing place where the handiwork of accomplished artists might be displayed. Plausibly, daily existence in parts of Paleolithic Europe may not have been so hard, with an abundance of ready food and therefore the leisure time for art. The problems with this explanation, however, are various. In the first place, the proliferation of archaeological discoveries—and this includes some of the world's innumerablerock art sites thatcannot be dated—has served to emphasize a remarkablylimited repertoire of subjects. The images that recur are those of animals.Human figures are unusual, and when they do make an appearance, they are rarely done with the same attention to form accorded to the animals. If Paleolithic artists were simply seeking to represent the beauty of the world around them, would they not have left a far greater range of pictures—of trees, flowers, of the Sun and the stars?A further question to the theory of art for art's sake is posed by the high incidence of Paleolithic images that appear not to be imitative of any reality whatsoever. These are geometrical shapes or patterns consisting of dots or lines. Such marks may be found isolated or repeated over a particular surface but also scattered across more recognizable forms. A good example of this may be seen in the geologically spect acular grotto of Pêche Merle, in the Lot region of France. Here we encounter some favorite animals from the Paleolithicrepertoire—a pair of stout-bellied horses. But over and around the horses' outlines are multiple dark spots, daubed in disregard for the otherwise naturalistic representation of animals. What does such patterning imitate?There is also the factor of location. The caves of Lascaux might conceivably qualify as underground galleries, but many other paintings have been found in recesses totally unsuitable for any kind of viewing—tight nooks and crannies that must have been awkward even for the artists to penetrate, let alone for anyone else wanting to see the art.Finally, we may doubt the notion that the Upper Paleolithic period was a paradise in which food came readily, leaving humans ample time to amuse themselves with art. 【_For Europe it was still the Ice Age. 【_An estimate of the basic level ofsustenance then necessary for human survival has been judged at 2200 calories per day. 【_This consideration, combined with the stark emphasis upon animals in the cave art, has persuaded some archaeologists that the primary motive behind Paleolithic images must lie with the primary activity of Paleolithic people: hunting. 【_Hunting is a skill. Tracking, stalking, chasing, and killing the prey are difficult, sometimes dangerous activities. What if the process could be made easier—by art? In the early decades of the twentieth century, Abbé Henri Breuil argued that the cave paintings were all about “sympathetic magic. ” The artists strived diligently to make their animal images evocative and realistic because they were attempting to capture the spirit of their prey. What could have prompted their studious attention to making such naturalistic, recognizable images?According to Breuil, the artists may have believed that if a hunter were able to make a true likeness of some animal, then that animal was virtually trapped.Images, therefore, may have had the magical capacity to confer success or luck in the hunt.TPO53托福阅读Passage2题目Question 1 of 14According to paragraph 1, what is significant about the paintings in the Lascaux caves?A. They provide accurate depictions of the bulls and other animals living in Paleolithic France.B. They are the best available source of information about daily life during the Paleolithic era.C. They are some of the best surviving examples of what was possibly one of the world's earliest artistic movements.D. They are the only evidence of creative expression amongPaleolithic human beings.Question 2 of 14In paragraph 1, why does the author mention the views of the philosophers of Classical Greece?A. To show how explanations about the appearance of cave painting during the Paleolithic have changed over timeB. To present a theory about humans and art that may be applicable to the Paleolithic eraC. To argue that Paleolithic paintings were created for the joy of painting, while Classical art was created to accurately represent the natural worldD. To demonstrate that the Greek philosophers were the first to accurately understand Paleolithic artQuestion 3 of 14Paragraph 2 suggests that the Lascaux cave paintings could have been created as art for art's sake only if which of the following were true?A. Caves were often used as viewing places for handiwork of all kinds.B. Artists during the Paleolithic era were especially accomplished.C. Paleolithic people were able to satisfy their basic needs fairly easily.D. People in Paleolithic Europe learned about art from people living in other areas.Question 4 of 14The word “Plausibly ” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. SimilarlyB. ObviouslyC. IdeallyD. PossiblyQuestion 5 of 14Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. The limited variety in the subjects of rock art paintings has become increasingly evident in the many sites discovered.B. The limited repertoire of subjects found in rock art has made it difficult for archaeologists to determine when each painting was created.C. In the first place, there is little new archaeological information on the subject of rock art because of the limited number of recent discoveries.D. Because many rock art sites cannot be dated, archaeologists have limited information about how rock art varied from period to period.Question 6 of 14According to paragraph 2, which of the following is true about human figures as subjects of rock art?A. Human figures almost always appear alone and never appear with animals.B. Images of humans are both rarer and less accurately drawn than those of animals.C. Some of the most beautiful images in Paleolithic rock art are of human figures.D. There is more variety in how humans are depicted in cave art than in how animals are.Question 7 of 14The word “spectacular ” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. uniqueB. impressiveC. isolatedD. shelteredQuestion 8 of 14In paragraph 3, why does the author include a description of a painting of horses from the grotto of Pêche Merle?A. To emphasize that stout-bellied horses were the most commonly found animals in that region at the time the painting was madeB. To provide evidence that Paleolithic artists created realistic images more often than they created paintings of dots or linesC. To give an example of a cave painting that contains elements that do not imitate realityD. To demonstrate that Paleolithic artists captured many details of the animals they painted, such as the spots on the horses' coatsQuestion 12 of 14The word “prompted ” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. brought aboutB. interfered withC. increasedD. transformedQuestion 9 of 14According to paragraph 3, which of the following is true of the paintings located in the Lascaux caves?A. They are all found in recesses that are difficult for viewersto reachB. They fill every nook and cranny of a large underground galleryC. Their location was probably more convenient for viewers than for the artistsD. They are easier to view than cave paintings at other locations.Question 10 of 14The word “diligently ” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. with no successB. with talent and skillC. with mixed resultsD. with persistence and hard workQuestion 11 of 14According to paragraph 5, Breuil proposed which of the following theories about the purpose of cave paintings?A. They were used to teach young hunters the skills they needed to hunt.B. They were images created to help people forget about the dangers and difficulties of their daily lives.C. They were used in magic rituals to increase people's understanding of the natural world.D. They were meant to capture the spirits of animals and thus bring success in the hunt.Question 13 of 14Look at the four squares[_ to add the sentence to the passage.Obtaining this level of nourishment from such a harsh environment must have consumed most of Paleolithic people’s time and attention..Question 14 of 14Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong. To remove an answer choice, click on it. To review the passage, click VIEW TEXT.There are a number of arguments against the idea that Paleolithic cave paintings were created for the sheer joy of paintingA.It is generally agreed that art as imitation arose during the age of Classical GreeceB.Paleolithic artists often chose to paint pictures that were intended to frighten peopleC.People in the Paleolithic era may not have had time for art, and the placement of the paintings does not indicate that they were meant to be looked atD.Paleolithic artists chose to represent only a small segment of the natural world, and their paintings were not always strict imitations of natureE.Hunting was central to Paleolithic life, and animals are central to cave art, leading some to believe that the paintings were created to bring luck to hunters.F.Humans were rarely the subjects of cave paintings because it was thought that capturing the image of a hunter would cause the hunter to be virtually trapped.TPO53托福阅读Passage3答案解析正确答案：C题目解析：本题定位到原文：Accepting that they are the best preserved and most visible signs of what was a global creative explosion这半句话。
2019年11月2日托福阅读考试真题及答案
2019年11月2日托福阅读考试真题及答案上周末完成了最新一期的托福考试，大家一定很想知道自己考得怎么样？来和看看2019年11月2日托福阅读考试真题及答案。
阅读篇章Fossil interpreted as a nesting oviraptorid Citipati at the American Museum ofNatural History. Smaller fossil far right showing inside one of the eggs.The Decline in the Population（重复11年4月9日考题；文章主要讲英国伦敦在罗马时期的人口衰退，原因有四。
伦敦一场大火，造成人口下降。
苏格兰什么政策。
货物在本地生产，贸易人员流动少。
战争时期因为英国士兵把一些瘟疫带了回来，造成大量人口死亡。
）讨论恐龙是否被孵化（文章内容可以参考15年2月1日和18年8月26日考题Dinosaurs and Parental Care）Domestication（重复15年10月31日考题）The Postwar Economic Boom（重复16年1月24日考题）The Development of Agriculture（重复16年11月21日和18年5月19日考题）The Green Revolution（重复17年4月1日考题）The Evolution of Grass andHerbivores（17年2月18日，7月2日和11月11日，19年2月24日考题；植物防御技能的进化演变）A Debate about Dinosaurs（重复18年12月8日，19年5月4日和10月26日考题；恒温还是变温）Greece Emerges from the Dark Ages （重复18年7月14日考题）Irrigation and Early Civilizations（重复18年3月31日和19年4月14日考题）Amphibian Distribution andAbundance（新题）Calcium Carbonate in the Ocean（新题）石头对考古的重要性厄尔尼诺（可以参考TPO43-3）罗马供水系统The molars（磨牙，臼齿）ofthree species of elephant illustrate their different feedingpreferences （l-asian elephant，c-african elephant， r-Mastodonginganteum）篇章详解The Green Revolution（重复17年4月1日考题）第1段：The green revolution can date as far back to 1930s。
托福阅读真题第9篇TheMeaningofUpperPaleolithicArt（答案文章最后）
托福阅读真题第9篇TheMeaningofUpperPaleolithicArt（答案文章最后）旧石器时代晚期艺术的意义从 40,000 年前的 40,000 年前开始时期（见证了人类艺术和表现形式开始出现的显着石器时代）。
大约在这个时候，考古记录器用巨大的价值或被石头雕刻而成的雕像，还有猎杀杀戮的动物和这些画作猎杀的动物，以及动物贴图和上面的其他图像。
作品对他们的创作者意味着什么，他们为什么创作这些作品？索姆人类学家梅格·康基（梅格·康基）将西班牙人梅格·康基（Meg Conn塔拉洞穴（阿尔塔米拉洞穴（Altamira Cave）有抽象几何图案的1个不同的雕刻作品200年代雕塑作品（迈克尔·约阿希姆）在里面的迈克尔·约阿希姆的身份——“乔米·阿希姆”。
领地羊肚脐和法国社会压力（如佛朗哥连地区）——标志着作为领地的标志。
伴随着人口膨胀而来的2在该地区可能需要用行踪标记动物地图——2000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000从开始进入该地区的土地领地（如封盖）领地。
甘画艺术风格。
考古学家将帮助保持克利夫布尔（Clive Gamble）被描绘的小石头·克利夫作品的社会形象，通过共同的地理和地理主题上相距遥远的人群之间的社会联系。
最近，研究人员 Patricia Rice 和 Ann Paterson 又回到了更多的领域。
他们对欧洲石器时代的早期发现与揭秘上旧时代的动物数量和种类的统计分析，显示在西班牙和法国的实地发现的动物驯鹿和马鹿动物的相关性小动物的相关性存在。
中的这些危险的遗体遗骸时，但又会令人印象深刻，作为动物遗骸的遗体，在成功猎杀动物的肉类时，会发现它们通常在收藏品中，因此似乎也有发现。
2019年9月7日托福阅读考试真题及答案
2019年9月7日托福阅读考试真题及答案最新一期的托福考试答案已经出炉了，难度到底有多大呢？还在等什么，快来看看2019年9月7日托福阅读考试真题及答案。
R1：insect senses 昆虫有多种感知世界的方式。
用compound eye来感知世界，探测movement，而Simple eyes对光敏感。
Antennae负责一个或多个感官功能，可以感知空气中的性引诱信息素，并起到声音接收器的作用。
R2：地震的测量方法R3：fresco，一种画教堂穹顶的美术形式。
说了米开朗基罗的西斯廷教堂，还有古代作品保护的争议。
R4：英国工商业发展，英国为什么经济领先于欧洲其他国家R5：中美洲阿兹台克的一种农业形式，在湖的浅水地带堆土分层种植。
有一张示意图，每个长方体间都有水渠，人们每年可以在土地上种植至少7种植物，因为可以transplant到别的地方以有效利用土地。
R6：密歇根的一种松树和一种鸟。
为了种植blueberry砍了很多松树，然后砍下来的树枝堆积引发了森林火灾，然后那种鸟增多了，因为烧死的松树适合这种鸟筑巢。
R7：生物进化论对求偶特征的影响。
基因突变导致物种生殖隔离，讲了各种导致生殖隔离的情形，如地理变化形成无法逾越的屏障，还说到当物种被分散成了小的部分就会更容易形成生殖隔离。
R8：昆虫的sense（compound eyes simple eyes 触角）。
R9：美国18世纪钢铁业和交通发展。
R10：一种在墙上painting的方式。
一个是湿涂一个是干涂。
干涂常用于修改，第一段讲了一些特点，然后说M被安排去绘制一个建筑，是一项很大的工程（这里考到了reluctant不情愿的）他完成的很快（有道题问为什么他这么有效）。
但后来颜料因为建筑外部下雨渗漏和内部candles等等而变黑了，于是就派人去修理，最后讲了有的专家认为修理反而会损害原本的意境。
R11：solar system形成模型。
R12：indo-European语言的发展和影响。
托福阅读结构题
托福阅读结构题一、托福阅读结构题是啥？托福阅读结构题啊，就像是在一篇文章的大森林里找路一样。
你知道托福阅读的文章都老长了，那结构题就是要你搞清楚这篇长文的骨架是咋搭起来的。
比如说，这文章是按照时间顺序写的呢，还是按照对比的方式写的。
就好比你看一个大楼，你得知道它是一层一层往上盖的呢，还是中间有个中庭，两边对称盖的。
二、这种题目的难点在哪？哎呀，难点可不少呢。
首先就是文章的复杂性。
托福阅读的文章涉及各种各样的话题，有科学的、历史的、文化的，就像你要一下子熟悉好多不同的世界一样。
而且那些句子也不简单，有时候一个句子老长了，里面套了好多小句子，就像俄罗斯套娃似的。
这时候你要从这么复杂的句子里找出文章的结构线索，真的很头大。
另外呢，干扰选项也很狡猾。
它们可能会拿出一些文章里确实提到的内容，但是和结构没什么关系，就像在一堆真宝石里混进了假宝石，你得有双火眼金睛才能分辨出来。
三、怎么应对托福阅读结构题？那方法还是有的啦。
你得先快速浏览全文。
就像看风景一样，先大概看个全貌。
这个时候不用太纠结那些细节，就看个大概的框架，比如文章开头是不是提出了一个问题，中间是不是在分析不同的解决方案，结尾是不是得出了一个结论。
然后呢，要注意一些关键词。
像“but”“however”这样的转折词，就可能暗示文章的结构发生了变化。
还有“firstly”“secondly”这些表示顺序的词，能帮你理清楚文章是按照什么顺序来阐述观点的。
再就是要多做练习啦。
就像你玩游戏一样，玩得多了，自然就熟悉规则了。
你可以找各种各样的托福阅读文章来做结构题练习，做着做着你就会发现自己越来越得心应手了。
四、做这种题目的小技巧有个小技巧就是看段落的开头和结尾。
很多时候段落的开头会给出这个段落的主旨，结尾可能会和下一个段落或者全文的结构有联系。
还有就是如果文章里有图表、例子之类的，你可以通过它们来理解文章的结构。
比如说一个图表展示了不同年代的数据，那文章可能就是按照时间顺序来写的。
托福阅读真题第206篇TheChacoPhenomenon
托福阅读真题第206篇TheChacoPhenomenon托福阅读真题第206篇The Chaco PhenomenonThe Chaco PhenomenonParagraph 1：A truly remarkable transformation in settlement patterns occurred in the San Juan basin in northwestern New Mexico in the late tenth and early eleventh centuries, with small household farmsteads giving way to aggregated communities centered on communal masonry buildings that are now called “great houses.” These structures are found throughout the basin but are concentrated in Chaco Canyon, where several examples contained hundreds of rooms and reached four stories in height. The largest great house is Pueblo Bonito, with over 600 rooms covering two acres. The entire episode of great house construction in Chaco, the Bonito phase (A.D. 900-1140), was obviously a time of immense cooperative effort. At least 200,000 wooden beams averaging 5 meters long and 20 centimeters in diameter were brought to the canyon from distances between 40 and 100 kilometers away to build a dozen great houses, signifying a huge labor investment and a complex production process. The bulk of construction took place in the eleventh century, but by A.D. 1140 it had ceased abruptly, after which there was a rapid decline in use of the great houses and apparent abandonment of the canyon in the thirteenth century.1. According to paragraph 1, all of the following provide evidence that the Bonito phase was a time of immense cooperative effort EXCEPTO the large amounts of material neededO the size of the Pueblo Bonito complexO the unusual materials used in constructionO the distance the materials needed to be transportedParagraph 2：For more than a century archaeologists have struggled to understand the circumstances surrounding the rise and collapse of Chacoan society—dubbed the Chaco Phenomenon. In particular, research has focused on determining why such an apparently inhospitable place as Chaco, which today is extremely arid and has very short growing seasons, should have favored the concentration of labor that must have been required for such massive construction projects over brief periods of time. Until the 1970s, it was widely assumed that Chaco had been a forested oasis that attracted farmers who initially flourished but eventually fell victim to their own success and exuberance, as they denuded the canyon of trees and vegetation to build large great houses. In the 1980s this reconstruction was largely dismissed in response to evidence that there had never been a forest in Chaco, and that canyon soils had poor agricultural potential. As scientific interpretations about Chaco changed, the focus of explanatory models changed from the attractiveness of the canyon for farmers to the position of the canyon within a regional network of dispersed agricultural communities.2. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.O Researchers have tried to establish why an area as dry as Chaco was the site of such large construction efforts.O Researchers have tried to establish whether the concentration of massive construction projects in a brief periodof time made Chaco the dry area that it is today.O Researchers have established that Chaco’s brief growing season required a concentration of labor to produce large quantities of food in a short period of time.O Researchers have established that the hot, dry climate of Chaco forced workers to complete construction on large buildings in short periods of time.3. According to paragraph 2, before 1970, scholars believed that Chacoan society collapsed becauseO Chaco never had the forests that were needed for the development of a stable agricultural economy.O farmers used up the natural resources in Chaco that had originally allowed the society to succeed.O Chaco suffered a long-term drought that prevented farmers from growing enough food.O laborers left Chaco to find other work after they finished building the great houses there.4. It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that the pre-1970s theory about the Chaco PhenomenonO was based on the widespread farm and tool remains found by archaeologists on the site.O was largely reinforced by findings in the 1980s.O was not supported by substantial evidence.O was so strong that it went unchallenged for many decades.5. According to paragraph 2, why did scientists change their view about the cause of the collapse of Chacoan society?O They found evidence that Chaco had always lacked trees and good soil.O They discovered that Chaco Canyon was much drier than they had previously believed.O They learned that the population was not large enough to supply the laborers needed to build the great houses.O They found evidence that the farming economy was excessively concentrated in the central canyon.Paragraph 3：The adoption of a regional perspective in explaining the Chaco Phenomenon was based in part on the discovery of formal trails connecting many of the great houses in Chaco, as well as linking the canyon to smaller great houses located throughout the San Juan basin — the latter are referred to as Chaco “outliers.” These trails are densest around the concentration of great houses in the center, and the canyon itself is roughly at the center of the basin. Consequently, the canyon occupies the geographical and social center of the network formed by the connecting trails. The current consensus view is that religion provides the fundamental explanation for this centrifugal pattern.Paragraph 4：Archaeologists now describe Chaco during the Bonito phase as a location of high devotional expression and the pilgrimage center of a sacred landscape. These descriptions emphasize aspects of the archaeological record presumed to be associated with ritual activity, including caches of turquoise beads and pendants, unusual ceramic vessels and wooden objects, several rooms with multiple human burials, and especially the large number of kivas (multipurpose rooms used for religious, political, and social functions) found in great houses. Most of these indicators occur only at Pueblo Bonito, but archaeologists generally assume that all the great houses had a similar ritual function. In fact, some scholars have suggested that the great houses were temples rather than residences.6. According to paragraphs 3 and 4, which of the followingbest describes how archaeologists arrived at their current view of the nature of Chaco during the Bonito phase?O They discovered a large number of kivas, which probably served as temporary houses for pilgrims on their way to the main temple.O They found a series of paths leading to the outliers, which seem to have been centers of trade for makers of jewelry and other products.O They found turquoise beads and pendants and other valuable objects, leading to the theory that the great houses were wealthy residences.O They discovered many objects and rooms associated with ritual activity, leading to the theory that Chaco was a religious center.Paragraph 5：However, new geological field studies in Chaco have produced results that may require a significant reassessment of the assumption that the canyon was not a favorable agricultural setting. It appears that during the first half of the eleventh century, during the extraordinary boom in construction, a large volume of water and suspended sediment flowed into the canyon. A large natural lake may have existed at the western end of Chaco, near the biggest concentration of great houses. The presence of large quantities of water and, equally important, a source of sediment that replenished agricultural fields presumably made the canyon an extremely attractive place for newly arriving people from the northern San Juan River basin.7. According to paragraph 5, what is the possible significance of new geological field studies in Chaco?O They indicate that during the construction boom theChaco area probably did have enough water and sediment to attract farmers to that area.O They could undermine the theory of Chaco as a religious center.O They show the presence of excessive amounts of water, which may have led to the departure of most of the people living there during the Bonito phase.O They suggest that the kind of sediment present in Chaco in the eleventh century was not favorable for agriculture.8. Why does the author state that “A large natural lake may have existed at the western end of Chaco, near the biggest concentration of great houses”?O To suggest that geological studies are better than archaeological studies in identifying the historical uses of land O To demonstrate that large construction projects require a large population of workersO To support the idea that Chaco may have been favorable to agriculture during the Bonito phaseO To show that the Chacoan people preferred to build their homes near waterParagraph 3：■The adoption of a regional perspective in explaining the Chaco Phenomenon was based in part on the discovery of formal trails connecting many of the great houses in Chaco, as well as linking the canyon to smaller great houses located throughout the San Juan basin, the latter are referred to as Chaco “outliers.” ■These trails are densest around the concentration of great houses in the center, and the canyon itself is roughly at the cen ter of the basin. ■Consequently, the canyon occupies the geographical and social center of the network formed by the connecting trails. ■The current consensus view isthat religion provides the fundamental explanation for this centrifugal pattern.9. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.Scholars have attempted to find a reason for this weblike arrangement of great houses around a central canyon.Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a squ are [■] to add the sentence to the passage.10. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Drag your choices to the spaces where they belong. To review the passage, click on View Text.The population of the Chaco Canyon in New Mexico changed significantly between the tenth and eleventh centuries, as evidenced by the remains of its great houses.Answer ChoicesO Before the 1970s, scholars believed that the fail of Chacoan society was caused by farmers’ cutting down all the trees to build their great houses.O After discovering trails connecting Chaco to surrounding communities, scholars came to believe that there were many forested oases to support those communities.O Archaeological evidence has led current scholars to believe that Chaco was a religious center during the Bonito phase.O Archaeological findings indicate that Chaco Canyon was completely abandoned by the end of the thirteenth century.O Researchers’ findings i n the 1980s revealed that Chaco Canyon had been a fertile agricultural area that caused the population near the center of the canyon to increase steadily during the Bonito phase.O Recent geological studies indicating the presence of water in Chaco Canyon in the eleventh century may alter scholars’ belief that the area was not favorable for farming.答案TF206-The Chaco Phenomenon（答案文章最后）托福阅读真题第206篇The Chaco Phenomenon。
托福阅读TPO25（试题+答案+译文）第1篇：ThesurfaceofMars
托福阅读TPO25(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:ThesurfaceofMarsTPO是我们常用的托福模考工具，对我们的备考很有价值，下面小编给大家带来托福阅读TPO25(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:The surface of Mars。
托福阅读原文【1】The surface of Mars shows a wide range of geologic features, including huge volcanoes-the largest known in the solar system-and extensive impact cratering. Three very large volcanoes are found on the Tharsis bulge, an enormous geologic area near Mars’s equator. Northwest of Tharsis is the largest volcano of all: Olympus Mons, with a height of 25 kilometers and measuring some 700 kilometers in diameter at its base. The three large volcanoes on the Tharsis bulge are a little smaller-a “mere”18 kilometers high.【2】None of these volcanoes was formed as a result of collisions between plates of the Martian crust-there is no plate motion on Mars. Instead, they are shield volcanoes — volcanoes with broad, sloping slides formed by molten rock. All four show distinctive lava channels and other flow features similar to those found on shield volcanoes on Earth. Images of the Martian surface reveal many hundreds of volcanoes. Most of the largest volcanoes are associated with the Tharsis bulge, but many smaller ones are found in the northern plains.【3】The great height of Martian volcanoes is a direct consequence of the planet’s low surface gravity. As lava flows and spreads to form a shield volcano, the volcano’s eventual height depends on the new mountain’s ability to support its own weight. The lower the gravity, the lesser the weight and thegreater the height of the mountain. It is no accident that Maxwell Mons on Venus and the Hawaiian shield volcanoes on Earth rise to about the same height (about 10 kilometers) above their respective bases-Earth and Venus have similar surface gravity. Mars’s surface gravity is only 40 percent that of Earth, so volcanoes rise roughly 2.5 times as high. Are the Martian shield volcanoes still active? Scientists have no direct evidence for recent or ongoing eruptions, but if these volcanoes were active as recently as 100 million years ago (an estimate of the time of last eruption based on the extent of impact cratering on their slopes), some of them may still be at least intermittently active. Millions of years, though, may pass between eruptions.【4】Another prominent feature of Mars’s surface is cratering. The Mariner spacecraft found that the surface of Mars, as well as that of its two moons, is pitted with impact craters formed by meteoroids falling in from space. As on our Moon, the smaller craters are often filled with surface matter-mostly dust-confirming that Mars is a dry desert world. However, Martian craters get filled in considerably faster than their lunar counterparts. On the Moon, ancient craters less than 100 meters across (corresponding to depths of about 20 meters) have been obliterated, primarily by meteoritic erosion. On Mars, there are relatively few craters less than 5 kilometers in diameter. The Martian atmosphere is an efficient erosive agent, with Martian winds transporting dust from place to place and erasing surface features much faster than meteoritic impacts alone can obliterate them.【5】As on the Moon, the extent of large impact cratering (i.e. craters too big to have been filled in by erosion since they were formed) serves as an age indicator for the Martian surface.Age estimates ranging from four billion years for Mars’s southern highlands to a few hundred million years in the youngest volcanic areas were obtained in this way.【6】The detailed appearance of Martian impact craters provides an important piece of information about conditions just below the planet’s surface. Martian craters are surrounded by ejecta (debris formed as a result of an impact) that looks quite different from its lunar counterparts. A comparison of the Copernicus crater on the Moon with the (fairly typical) crater Yuty on Mars demonstrates the differences. The ejecta surrounding the lunar crater is just what one would expect from an explosion ejecting a large volume of dust, soil, and boulders. However, the ejecta on Mars gives the distinct impression of a liquid that has splashed or flowed out of crater. Geologists think that this fluidized ejecta crater indicates that a layer of permafrost, or water ice, lies just a few meters under the surface. Explosive impacts heated and liquefied the ice, resulting in the fluid appearance of the ejecta.托福阅读试题1.The word “enormous”(paragraph 1)in the passage is closest in meaning toA.importantB.extremely largeC.highly unusualD.active2.According to paragraph 1, Olympus Mons differs from volcanoes on the Tharsis bulge in that Olympus MonsA.has more complex geologic featuresB.shows less impact crateringC.is tallerD.was formed at a later time3.The word “distinctive”(paragraph 1)in the passage is closest in meaning toA.deep.plex.C.characteristic.D.ancient.4.According to paragraphs 1 and 2, which of the following is NOT true of the shield volcanoes on the Tharsis bulge?A.They have broad, sloping sides.B.They are smaller than the largest volcano on Mars.C.They have channels that resemble the lava channels of volcanoes on Earth.D.They are over 25 kilometers tall.5.The word “roughly” in the passage is closest in meaning toA.typically.B.frequently.C.actually.D.approximately.6.In paragraph 3, why does the author compare Maxwell Mons on Venus to the Hawaiian shield volcanoes on Earth?A.To help explain the relationship between surface gravity and volcano height.B.To explain why Mars’s surface gravity is only 40 percent of Earth’s.C.To point out differences between the surface gravity of Earth and the surface gravity of Venus.D.To argue that there are more similarities than differences between volcanoes on different planets.7.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaningin important ways or leave out essential information.A.Although direct evidence of recent eruptions is lacking, scientists believe that these volcanoes were active as recently as 100 million years ago.B.Scientists estimate that volcanoes active more recently than 100 years ago will still have extensive impact cratering on their slopes.C.If, as some evidence suggests, these volcanoes erupted as recently as 100 million years ago, they may continue to be intermittently active.D.Although these volcanoes were active as recently as 100 million years ago, there is no direct evidence of recent or ongoing eruptions.8.The word “considerably”(paragraph 3)in the passage is closest in meaning toA.frequently.B.significantly.C.clearly.D.surprisingly.9.According to paragraph 4, what is demonstrated by the fact that cratersfill in much faster on Mars than on the Moon?A.Erosion from meteoritic impacts takes place more quickly on Mars than on the Moon.B.There is more dust on Mars than on the Moon.C.The surface of Mars is a dry desert.D.Wind is a powerful eroding force on Mars.10.In paragraph 4, why does the author point out that Marshas few ancient craters that are less than 5 kilometers in diameter?A.To explain why scientists believe that the surface matter filling Martian craters is mostly dust.B.To explain why scientists believe that the impact craters on Mars were created by meteoroids.C.To support the claim that the Martian atmosphere is an efficient erosive agent.D.To argue that Mars experienced fewer ancient impacts than the Moon did.11.According to paragraph 5, what have scientists been able to determinefrom studies of large impact cratering on Mars?A.Some Martian volcanoes are much older than was once thought.B.The age of Mars’s surface can vary from area to area.rge impact craters are not reliable indicators of age in areas with high volcanic activity.D.Some areas of the Martian surface appear to be older than they actually are.12.According to paragraph 6, the ejecta of Mars’s crater Yuty differs fromthe ejecta of the Moon’s Copernicus crater in that the ejecta of the Yuty craterA.Has now become part of a permafrost layer.B.Contains a large volume of dust, soil and boulders.C.Suggests that liquid once came out of the surface at the crater site.D.Was thrown a comparatively long distance from the center of the crater.13. Look at the four squares【■】that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence tothe passage. This surface feature has led to speculation about what may lie under Mars’s surface.The detailed appearance of Martian impact craters provides an important piece of information about conditions just below the planet’s surface. Martian craters are surrounded by ejecta (debris formed as a result of an impact) that looks quite different from its lunar counterparts. A comparison of the Copernicus crater on the Moon with the (fairly typical) crater Yuty on Mars demonstrates the differences. The ejecta surrounding the lunar crater is just what one would expect from an explosion ejecting a large volume of dust, soil, and boulders. ■【A】However, the ejecta on Mars gives the distinct impression of a liquid that has splashed or flowed out of crater. ■【B】Geologists think that this fluidized ejecta crater indicates that a layer of permafrost, or water ice, lies just a few meters under the surface. ■【C】Explosive impacts heated and liquefied the ice, resulting in the fluid appearance of the ejecta. ■【D】14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong. To remove an answer choice, click on it. To review the passage, click VIEW NEXT.Volcanoes and impact craters are major features of Martiangeology.A.Plate motion on Mars, once considered to have played no role in shaping the planet’s s urface, is now seen as beingdirectly associated with the planet’s earliest volcanoes.B.Mars has shield volcanoes, some of which are extremely tall because of the planet’s low surface gravity.C.Although the erosive power of the Martian atmosphere ensures that Mars has fewer craters than the Moon does, impact craters are prominent on Mars’ s surface.D.Scientists cannot yet reliably estimate the age of the Martian surface because there has been too much erosion of it.E.Scientists have been surprised to discover that conditions just below the surface of Mars are very similar to conditions just below the surface of the MoonF.Studies of crater ejecta have revealed the possibility of a layer of permafrost below the surface of Mars.托福阅读答案1.enormous 巨大的，所以正确答案是B，extremely large。
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According to the passage, studies have shown that hermit crabs manage to turn octopus away by
(A) attacking the octopus with their claws (B) using stones as weapons (C) defending themselves with sea anemones (D) hiding under sea plants
The use of tools in chimpanzees is especially interesting because these animals sometimes modify tools to make them better suited for their intended purpose.
Hermit crabs grab sea anemones with their claws and use them as weapons to repel their enemies
Studies have demonstrated that these crabs significantly improve their chances against predators such as octopus by means of this tactic. Also, many species of forest-dwelling primates defend themselves by throwing objects, including stones, at intruders.
…and often a chimpanzee may carry a haul of nuts more than 40 meters to find a suitable anvil …
Surprisingly, there is also a species of bird that uses sticks to probe holes in the search for insects. One of the species of Galapagos finch, the woodpecker finch, picks up or breaks off a twig, cactus spine, or leaf stem. This primitive tool is then held in the beak and used to probe for insects in holes in trees that the bird cannot probe directly with its beak. Birds have been seen to carry twigs from tree to tree searching for prey.
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Among the most complex tool use observed in the wild is the use of stones by Ivory Coast chimpanzees to crack nuts open. They select a large flat stone as an anvil (a heavy block on which to place the nuts) and a smaller stone as a hammer. Stones suitable for use as anvils are not easy to find, and often a chimpanzee may carry a haul of nuts more than 40 meters to find a suitable anvil.
Why does the author mention ants and termites in line 6?
(A) To give an example of food that chimpanzees collect by using tools (B) To emphasize that ants and termites often hide together in the same place (C) To identify an important part of the chimpanzee diet (D) To point out a difference between two closely related species
The word "haul" is closest in meaning to
(A) diet (B) type (C) load (D) branch
The word "strip" is closest in meaning to
(A) search (B) eat (C) carry (D) remove
Forest primates and certain sea animals are mentioned in the passage as examples of animals that use tools for
(A) self-protection (B) food preparation (C) hunting prey (D) building nests or home plants grow.
Many of the most flexible examples of tool use in animals come from primates (the order that includes humans, apes, and monkeys). For example, many wild primates use objects to threaten outsiders. But there are many examples of tool use by other mammals, as well as by birds and other types of animals.
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Tools are used by many species in the capture or preparation of food. Chimpanzees use sticks and poles to bring out ants and termites from their hiding places.
The word "probe" in line 15 is closest in meaning to
(A) change (B) watch (C) explore (D) create
The word "them" in line 12 refers to
(A) chimpanzees (C) tools (B) animals (D) termites
Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the behavior of the woodpecker finch?
(A)It uses its beak as a weapon against its enemies (B) It uses the same twig to look for food in different trees. (C) It uses twigs and leaves to build its nest. (D) It avoids areas where cactus
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According to the passage, Ivory Coast chimpanzees are among the most remarkable of animal tool users because they
(A) use tools to gather food (B) use more than one tool to accomplish a task (C) transport tools from one place to another (D) hide their tools from other animals
What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Primates are superior to other animals in using tools. (B) The use of stones as tools is similar across different animal species. (C) Birds and primates use tools that are different from those of sea animals. (D) Many animals have developed effective ways of using tools.