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唐朝服饰介绍英文课件

Symbol
The clothing was not only a reflection of the empress dowager's status, but also a symbol of the power and authority of the imperial family Designs often include images of dragons and phoenixes, which were considered auspicious in Chinese culture
Women's Clothห้องสมุดไป่ตู้ng
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CATALOGUE
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The empress dowager's clothing was characterized by its compliance and grandeur It is often included in rich designs, vibrant colors, and lustrous materials such as silk and jade
Clothing patterns and colors
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Animal patterns
The use of animal motifs on clothing was common during the Tang dynasty Lions, dragons, phoenixes, and cloud patterns were often used to symbolize power, good luck, and the province
Cloud patterns

Work-life balance is impossible工作生活平衡是不可能的英文辩论PPT

Life and work can be adjusted to each other.
Focus more on the present moment, whether it's raising a child or working hard, maintaining friendships or health, commit to it,in that way you will have the chance to be excellent at someway.
3 When we work, we should be smart and work hard in a short time, so
that the life experience will be richer and the work efficiency will be greatly improved.
Lovely children Stable family
Give children to the elderly
Stepping stones
Shiny but tired
Successful career, family
Work-life balance is possible
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Work is not the opposite of life .
A model for success in the eyes of millions of women
Anne-Marie Slaughter
Professor of Princeton University Current Chairman and CEO of New America Foundation

经济适用女英语新词热词学习笔记

Are you a "budget wife"?你是“经济适用女〞吗？Despite the name, being a budget wife -- or jingji shiyong nv in Chinese -- is harder than it seems. According a list published by an anonymous【匿名的；无名的；没特色的[ə'nɔniməs] [ə'nɔniməs] 】Web user on Sina Weibo, China's most popular micro-blogging platform, to qualify as one, you must:光听名字可能觉得挺简单，但其实想要符合标准成为“经济适用女〞，比想象中的要难。

根据中国最流行的社交网络平台新浪微博上一位未知名用户发表的标准，想做一个经济适用女，你必须满足下面的条件：Be between 5'2" and 5'8" 身高158-172cmWeigh between 100 and 120 pounds 体重45-55公斤Have long hair that trails【英[treil]|美[treil]v. 追踪；拖在后面；拖曳；落后于n. 小径；足迹；踪迹；一缕，一股】over shoulders 披肩长发Be warm and mild in personality 性格温和Have B- to C-cup size breasts 胸围B-C罩杯Not be a "gold digger" (baijinnv)不败金Not be a flirt 不花痴Not be horny【adj.角质的，角状的；坚硬的；〈美俚〉好色的，猥亵的；】小闷骚Earn between roughly $500-$1000 per month 月薪3000-6000元Have a BA or above 本科以上学历小编注：此处英文有误，原标准为“专科以上学历〞。

翻译语言万花筒---对女性的时髦称呼--- Lexicon for a Lady

《翻译˙语言》万花筒对女性的时髦称呼Lexicon for a Lady白富美：white, rich, and beautiful girl指皮肤白皙、家境良好、相貌出众，相对于男性“高富帅”的理想女性伴侣。

白骨精：female office elite“白骨精”原本是《西游记》中一个女妖魔，现用以指城市中的优秀职业女性，是“白领、骨干、精英”的略称。

拜金女：money-worship girl; material girl追逐有钱男人的女子。

败犬女：loser dog30岁以上，高收入、高学历、事业成功，但无感情归宿的女性，也就是“剩女”，但明显有贬义。

此称源自日本女作家酒井顺子的散文集《败犬的远吠》(The Howl of Loser Dogs),探讨未婚女性及其生活，认定年过30的未婚女性，无论事业上多有成就、在职场叱咤风云，只要未婚就是人生战场上的一只败犬。

大姐大：alpha woman仿“大哥大”造的词，指某一方面出众，有影响力，甚至有权威的女性。

干物女：dry fish; dull and listless woman又作“鱼干女”，指的是一群对恋爱提不起劲，认为很多事情都很麻烦而凑合着过的女性。

这个名称源自日语对鱼干的称呼“干物”。

乖乖女：well behaved girl; obedient girl愿意听父母的话，按传统结婚的女孩。

虎妈：tiger mother指对孩子要求特别严格的母亲，出自美籍华人蔡美儿的书Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother《虎妈战歌》。

姐：sis这里的“姐”不是兄弟姐妹亲属之间的称呼(form of address between siblings)，而是出自于网上流传的“姐只是个传说”（Sis is but legendary）。

孔雀女：peahen girl; silk stocking lady在城市里有钱人家长大、往往被宠坏了的女孩，很多是独生女，从小条件优越，娇生惯养，像孔雀一样有优越感。

重庆市2023-2024学年高一下学期期末联合检测试卷英语试题

重庆市2023-2024学年高一下学期期末联合检测试卷英语试题一、听力选择题1．Which did the woman prefer?A．The blue dress.B．The pink dress.C．The red dress.2．What are the speakers talking about?A．Families.B．The expressway.C．Traffic accident.3．Why does the man ask for a flight earlier?A．Because he has to meet his friend.B．Because a flight earlier is cheaper.C．Because he has an appointment.4．How much will the woman pay for one ticket?A．£2.5.B．£4.C．£5.5．What is the woman looking for?A．A market.B．A bookstore.C．A hospital.听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。

6．What is the man doing?A．Going through notes.B．Taking notes.C．Improving notes. 7．What is the relationship between the speakers?A．Family members.B．Classmates.C．Neighbors.听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。

8．Where does the conversation take place?A．In the park.B．At home.C．On the phone.9．What does the man want to do?A．To exchange a new software.B．To leave a message.C．To cancel the meeting.听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。

双语阅读：女人味对于职场女性是把双面刃

Female leaders have little issue defining the rules that lead to success in their various industries. But ask them about the rules dictating how professional women should present themselves to optimize their career goals and there’s a good chance yourquestion will be met with hesitation.不同行业的女性领袖通常能毫不费力地给出通往成功的秘诀。

不过如果你问她们，职场女性应当树立怎样的形象，才更利于实现职业目标，她们很可能就不知从何答起了。

Why? For women in the workplace, the whole appearance topic is nothing short of a contradiction-riddled minefield.为什么呢？因为对于职场女性而言，所有关于外表的话题都是矛盾重重的雷区。

They’ve been told attractive people are better off. Thanks to an innate human bias that’s become known as the “what is beautiful is good” effect, beautiful employees are seen as more intelligent, more competent, more everything-that’s-good. Attractiveness has been found to lead to more job interviews, more job offers, higher income and greater overall success.她们被告知，有魅力的人也会有更好的境遇。

SOUND SYMBOLISM (By Robin Allott, 1995.)

SOUND SYMBOLISM[Robin Allott. 1995. In Language in the Würm Glaciation. ed. by Udo L.Figge, 15-38. Bochum: Brockmeyer.]Sound symbolism is not a very satisfactory term but it is a familiar one to cover a phenomenon which has been noted and studied over very many years, the apparent appropriateness of the sound-structures of many individual words for their meanings. A better description for this might be 'natural expressiveness'. What is unsatisfactory about the term 'sound symbolism' is its use of the radically confused concept 'symbol'. This is one of the words used extensively and with confidence in many different disciplines, but with no clear idea of what a 'symbol' is. Often there is total contradiction between the use of 'symbol' by different authors. So, Peterfalvi (1970), author of perhaps the best book in French on sound symbolism (commended warmly by Roman Jakobson 1987), says that the term 'symbol' in its modern sense always includes the idea of a natural, and not conventional, analogical correspondence between the concrete form and the object which it symbolises. Bolinger(1963), a leading American linguist, takes the radically opposite view: meanings in which form imitates nature are called iconic: meanings that are arbitrary and conventional are called symbolic. A clash of symbols indeed!More serious than the right name for the phenomenon of 'sound symbolism' is the cast-iron orthodoxy formulated by leading authorities in linguistics that the phenomenon does not exist at all. Saussure (1915) is notorious for the slogan 'l'arbitraire du signe', by which he denied onomatopoeia (and all other natural expressiveness of words) other than as marginal, and treated even apparent onomatopoeic words as no more than conventionalised forms. This dogma was restated and reinforced by Charles Hockett(1958, 1963) in his influential identification of what he described as 'design features' of language: The relation between a meaningful element in language and its denotation is independent of any physical and geometrical resemblance between the two. The semantic relation is arbitrary rather than iconic.. Other influential linguists concurred; Firth(1964) warned students to beware of sound symbolism, saying that the sounds of words in themselves paint nothing.This certainty on the part of Saussure and his followers is all the more surprising and apparently perverse in the face of the exceptionally longhistory of evidence to the contrary, presented by equally perceptive and equally authoritative writers, and in the face of what has in this century become the large body of scientifically planned experiment establishing the reality of sound symbolism. The debate started with Plato (in the dialogue Cratylus):"Everything has a right name of its own, which comes by nature. A name is not whatever people call a thing by agreement, just a piece of their own voice applied to the thing, but there is a kind of inherent correctness (orthoteta tina ton onomaton pephukenai) which is the same for all men, both Greeks and foreigners." Similarly Lucretius, a thoughtful and pragmatic investigator, rejected the arbitrariness of the origin of words:"putare aliquem tum nomina distribuisse desiperest. Nam cur hic posset cuncta notare vocibus et varios sonitus emittere linguae tempore eodem alii id non quisse putentur"(5: 1040-1045) - that is, people who think that some individual could, by himself, have invented words arbitrarily are talking nonsense.The tradition that words symbolise their meanings has continued over the centuries. The polymath President De Brosses in the 18th century (the correspondent and opponent of Voltaire) argued for the physiological origin of words: "il y a de certains mouvements des organes appropriées à désigner une certaine classe de choses de même espéce ou de même qualité." In the 19th century the reality of the expressiveness of words was championed by Humboldt in Germany, and later by Grammont(1901) in France. Humboldt(1836) was certain that a connection between the sound of a word and its meaning exists; he distinguished between onomatopoeia and sound symbolism. The sound was not, in his view, a directly imitative sign but a sign which indicated a quality which the sign and the object have in common; to designate objects, language selected sounds which partly independently and partly in comparison with others produce an impression which to the ear is similar to that which the object makes upon the mind. Humboldt said that this kind of sign process (based upon the particular meaning of each individual letter and whole groups of letters) had undoubtedly exercised a prevailing, perhaps even exclusive, influence on primitive word formation resulting in a certain likeness ofword-formation throughout all languages.Otto Jespersen(1922) discussed at length the evidence for sound symbolism and concluded that it should be seen not simply as a force that influenced the initial formation of language but as one operating continually to make the words used more appropriate to their sense, that is, sound symbolism is a reality in the modern use and development of language. "Is there really much more logic in the opposite extreme which denies any kind of sound symbolism (apart from the small class of evident echoisms and'onomatopoeia') and sees in our words only a collection of accidental andirrational associations of sound and meaning? .. Sounds may in some cases be symbolic of their sense even if they are not so in all words... There is no denying that there are words which we feel instinctively to be adequate to express the ideas they stand for."(397-398). He directly criticised Saussure's approach: "De Saussure gives as one of the main principles of our science that the tie between sound and sense is arbitrary and rather motiveless.. and to those that would object that onomatopoeic words are not arbitrary, he says that 'they are never organic elements of a linguistic system' ... Here we see one of the characteristics of modern linguistic science; it is so preoccupied with etymology that it pays much more attention to what words have come from than to what they have come to be .. Though some echo words may be very old, the great majority are not .. In the course of time, languages grow richer and richer in symbolic words .. Sound symbolism, we may say, makes some words much more fit to survive .. Echoism and related phenomena - these forces are vital to languages as we observe them day by day".(408-411)Hormann, a more recent writer on psycholinguistics, quotes Stenzel who emphasised "the belief, deeply rooted in our natural feeling for language, that meaning lies directly in the sound of words; this belief is sustained by a peculiar feeling that it is self-evident, which certainly constitutes a very important experience in the mother-tongue and in any other language of which we have a reasonable understanding."(Hormann 1971: 215)For this 'important experience in the mother-tongue', the results of Piagetian research seem relevant (though much neglected). Piaget and his assistants found that young children uniformly say that words are derived directly from the objects to which they relate. These findings were in agreement with what Piaget termed well-known theories according to which to a child's eye every object seems to possess a necessary and absolute name, a part of the object's very nature; children believe that they are not taught words for common things - the words originate within the child itself. Children's ideas of this kind were, Piaget thought, evidence of their lack of insight and understanding; they go on taking this sort of view until they have had several years of formal schooling and reach the age of about eleven when they come to accept that words are arbitrary and conventional. Piaget of course accepted the linguistic orthodoxy unquestioningly; he did not seek further for an explanation of the surprising uniformity with which children perceive a natural link between word and meaning, merely commenting: "This inability to dissociate names from things is very curious"(1973: 83). Perhaps it is more than curious. 'Out of the mouths of babes' there may be something which linguists ought to consider.In spite of the accumulated evidence for sound symbolism, the unquestioning attachment of most linguists (and researchers in other disciplines) to the Saussurean dogma is puzzling. Perhaps Peterfalvi was not far from the truth: "Pourquoi est-il important pour la linguistique contemporaine que le signe linguistique soit arbitraire? .. Si en effet on partait du principe générale que le signifiant et le signifié d'un si gne linguistique sont unis par des liens fondés sur l'analogie oul'isomorphisme, toute l'analyse des langues menée à bien par les linguistes (à commencer par l'analyse phonologique) serait impossible sous sa forme actuelle"(1970: 77).Most people probably have little idea of the weight of material bearing on sound symbolism and the natural expressiveness of words. The list of references for this paper(a partial bibliography for sound symbolism) gives some idea of the continuity of commentary and research and the range of languages and experimental work involved.1. Evidence and experimentThe case for sound symbolism, its character, does not, of course, depend simply on authorities of the past. Since the 1920's and 1930's there has been a very considerable volume of increasingly sophisticated experiment to test and delimit the functioning of sound symbolism in modern languages. Some of the research related to what was described as 'phonetic symbolism', that is, the extent to which individual speech-sounds, phonemes, carried specific meanings; other research related to the appropriateness of words as a whole - 'morphosymbolism' (to adopt the term used by Malkiel(1978). The research can be divided, with some overlapping, into several categories:Sound symbolism within a single language. For example, experiment and material indicating the extent to which in English individual phonemes are symbolic or the sound-structures of words otherwise appear to be sound symbolic or naturally appropriate to their meanings. Under this head, there is evidence that in English (and in other languages) there are systematic similarities between groups of words which refer to related percepts or have related aspects of meaning not explainable in terms of orthodox principles of etymology.Sound symbolism between different languages, Typically, experiment under this head assesses how far speakers of one particular language appear to be able to use the sound-structure of words in another language (or in several other languages) to arrive at the meaning of the words in the other language (or languages). Under this head there is the wider question of the universality of sound symbolism (or, more narrowly, of phoneticsymbolism). Also considered is evidence for sound symbolism in the form of correspondences in unrelated languages between the sound-structures of words used for particular percepts or ranges of perceptsSound symbolism matching sounds or visual patterns with invented words This is the kind of experimentation associated with Kohler(1929).2. Sound symbolism within a single languageThere has been extensive consideration of 'sound symbolism', the natural expressiveness of word-sounds, in relation to the major European languages, The phenomenon that words are felt to be naturally appropriate to their meaning is as well-established for German, French and Spanish as it is for English. The disagreement has been over how the feeling of the natural suitability of words for their meanings is to be explained. In relation to the English language, even linguists such as Bloomfield and Firth,who proclaim the arbitrariness of language and deny the existence of sound symbolism, recognise that particular feelings of appropriateness are associated with particular words. Other authorities strongly support the reality of sound-symbolism in the English language. Jespersen(1922) said that there was no denying that there are words which we feel instinctively to be adequate to express the ideas they stand for. Roger Brown(1958), who dealt comprehensively with the issue of sound symbolism, concluded that speakers of a given language have similar notions of the semantic implications of various phonetic sequences.Some of the most extensive work has been done in relation to German. Humboldt(1836) quoted words like 'wolke' 'wirren' and 'wunsch' as expressing the vacillating, wavering motion referred to. Hilmer(1914) compiled 170 pages of word-lists of expressive words in German. This was followed up in a wider context by other German researchers (described in the next section of this paper). For French, Sauvageot(1964), whilst accepting Saussure's doctrine of the arbitrariness of the sign, described the extent and importance of onomatopoeia and expressive words. More recently, Peterfalvi(1970) assembled evidence which convinced him of the reality of sound symbolism in French (and more generally); he repeated experiments similar to those conducted earlier by American and German researchers. In relation to Spanish, De Diego(1973) concluded that all words in varying degrees have a sensory or emotive value(69). As an example, he gave the Spanish name for the bird in English called a 'wagtail':"in the word PIMPIM we have not an acoustic representation of its song but an acoustic expression which translates a visual impression of the rapidity of movement characteristic of the bird".(67)Unlimited examples could be provided from other European languages and from remoter languages for the existence of a felt relation between word-sounds and word-meanings. FIRTH collected examples of expressive words in Norwegian, Swedish and Dutch. In many examples, the syllables in a word apparently correspond to the number of distinct elements in the sound, object or action, for example, the word 'ongololo' meaning'centipede' in Samoan (an example given by Brown 1958). Sound symbolism seems to be as much or more of a reality in remoter languages. Manchu is said to have been absolutely full of imitative formations. There are many examples of sound symbolism in African languages; in Ewe, high- tone words indicate small things and low-tone words large things; in certain Sudanese languages high-tone words are used to express long distances or high speed, and low-tone words to express proximity and slowness. These examples are of particular interest as showing that sound symbolism is a reality also for tonal languages. In Chinese, it is not irrelevant, in considering visual contour as a foundation for the natural feeling of words, that many of the Chinese classifiers (words indicating the category to which an object belongs) are based on shape; there are, for example, classifying particles which indicate long, flat and round objects, containers, pairs and sets (curiously similar to classifiers used in some American Indian languages). Studies of sound symbolism in a number of other languages are listed in the bibliography e.g. Korean (Martin 1962, Kim 1977), Chinese (Karlgren 1962), Japanese and Hindi (Koriat/Levy 1977), Semai (Diffloth 1976), Bini (Wescott 1973), Yuman (Langdon 1971), Coeur D'Alene (Reichard 1945), Azerbaijani (Householder 1962), N.W. American Indian (Haas 1970), Hungarian (Allport 1935) and various West African languages (Samarin 1967). Jakobson/Waugh(1987) refer also to studies of sound symbolism in Siouan and Dakota.Research within single languages has cast light on the issue of 'phonetic' symbolism. Sapir(1929), on the basis of his experiment using two invented words MAL and MIL which subjects were asked to identify with 'a large table' or 'a small table', raised the issue whether phonemes in isolation are symbolic, for example, of differing size. Newman(1933), who was a student of Sapir's tested this for English by listing all words related to size, about 500. Comparing the small words with the large, he found no significant difference in the size implications of the vowels used, that is, no confirmation in natural language of the results found by Sapir. Roger Brown(1958) independently did a similar study and also found no evidence of symbolic representation of magnitude by the differentiated use of vowels. This seems very likely. Consider in English, for example, the words BIG and SMALL, MIGHTY and MITE. The conclusion seems unavoidable that the symbolic character is dependent on the whole word and not on any single speech-sound considered in isolation; if two words differ in onlya single speech-sound, then the symbolic character may change but this does mean that in all words containing this opposition, the difference in symbolic effect will be the same.3. Resemblance within a single language between etymologically unrelated words with related meaningsMany words, in English and other languages, which are similar in the sounds going to form them, derive their similarity from etymologically standard processes of word-formation and word- development. This is true of the conjugation and declension of words in inflected languages, of the formation of comparatives or plurals in English and other languages, of the composition of new words by the addition of prefixes or suffixes and so on. This kind of resemblance between words, in a systematic way, is at the same time taken for granted and fully natural. The more interesting kind of systematic resemblance is where words have sounds and meanings which resemble one another but etymologically the words are judged not to be related or derived from one another by any standard process of composition, prefixing etc. This is a phenomenon which has been observed in English and other languages and has been commented on, as an unexplained curiosity, by a number of linguists and others. Tylor(1871), the anthropologist, remarked on the way in which words, whilst preserving so to speak the same skeleton, may be made to follow the variation of sound, of force, of duration, which an imitative group will show:- CRICK CREAK CRACK CRUSH CRUNCH CRAUNCH SCRUNCH SCRAUNCH. Firth(1937), whilst disbelieving in sound symnbolism, assembled large collections of symbolic words and emphasised the systematic way they may be related to each other, quite separately from any etymological links; he acknowledged that we are appreciably affected by initial and final phoneme groups not ordinarily recognised as having any function. "Consider the following English words: SLACK SLOUCH SLUDGE SLIME SLOSH SLASH SLOPPY SLUG SLUGGARD SLATTERN SLUT SLANG SLY SLITHER SLOW SLOTH SLEEPY SLEET SLIP SLIPSHOD SLOPE SLIT SLAY SLEEK SLANT SLOVENLY SLAB SLAP SLOUGH SLUM SLUMP SLOBBER SLAVER SLUR SLOG SLATE ... A group of words such as the above has a cumulative suggestive value that cannot be overlooked in any consideration of our habits of speech. All the above words are in varying degrees pejorative".(Firth 1964: 184)In English, there are many similar groupings of words where there is some underlying resemblance of meaning related to the surface resemblance of the sounds forming the words. Bloomfield(1933) quoted a number of these: examples are such groups as: FIRE FLAME FLARE FLASH FLICKER POINT POKE PIKE PEG PEAK PIERCE PRICK PROD PROBE PRONG HIT HACK HEW HATCHET HASH THROW THRUST THRASH THWACK THWART THUMP THROTTLE SWEEP SWAY SWING SWIRL SWERVE SWOOP SWISH SWITCH SWAT SWIPE SWAB WAG WAGGLE WEAVE WOBBLE WANDER WONDERWADDLE WAVER WAVE. The felt resemblances between these sets of words is apparent and must derive from symbolism in the sounds used - though not necessarily just from the initial letters of the words since one can easily find examples of other words with the same initial letters but belonging to completely different categories of meaning; the resemblance seems to derive from the whole structure of the words in each group.Despite the examples he gave of expressive groups of words, Firth, as already noted, explained them as simply the result of habit - but even in his own terms, the question arises whether there is some universal or physiological basis for these habits, for the preferences which people demonstrate in their formation of words for particular sounds. There is no necessary conflict between saying that a particular mode of behaviour, in language or otherwise, is habitual and yet at the same time has a biological or physiological basis. Firth drew attention to the existence of parallel groups of expressive words in other languages. It is surprising that he did not feel it necessary to consider more closely how it is, if these are purely cultural phonaesthetic habits, they should be shared not only by speakers of the same language but by speakers of other distinct languages. The parallel development of similar phonetic habits in other communities makes it doubtful whether a purely cultural explanation is adequate.Jespersen(1922) also presented detailed material bearing on sound symbolism: "the simplest case is the direct imitation of the sound:thus CLINK ... SPLASH ... BLEAT .. SNORT .. GRUNT ... But as our speech organs are not capable of giving a perfect imitation of all 'unarticulated' sound, the choice of speech- sounds is to a certain extent accidental and different nations have chosen different combinations, more or less conventionalised, for the same sounds, thus COCK-A-DOODLE-DO ... French COQUELICO .. and for whisper, French CHUCHOTER Spanish SUSURAR .. Next the echoic word designates the being that produces the sound (PEEWIT etc). Thirdly, as sound is always produced by some movement and is nothing but the impression which that movement makes on the ear, it is quite natural that movement itself may be expressed by the word for its sound: the two are in fact inseparable. Note for example such verbs as BUBBLE SPLASH CLASH CRACK PECK . Then we have words expressive of such movements as are not to the same extent characterised by large sounds; thus a great many words beginning with L combinations FL: FLOW ... SL: SLIDE ... SLIP ...GL: GLIDE . Sound and sight may originally have been combined in such expressions for an uncertain walk such as TOTTER DODDER .. but in cases of this kind, the audible element may be wanting and the word may come to be felt as symbolic of the movement as such. This is also the case with many expressions for the sudden rapid movement by which we take hold of something; as a shortvowel suddenly interrupted by a stopped consonant serves to express the sound produced by a very rapid striking movement (PAT TAP ..). Similar sound combinations occur frequently for the more or less noiseless seizing of a thing ... SNAP ... CATCH .. There is also a natural connection between the action and the sound in the word TOT TICKLE (Latin: TITILLARE). There is some more or less obvious association of what is only visible with some sound or sounds ... We may also think of the word ZIGZAG as denoting movement in alternate turns here and there"(Jespersen 1922:Chapter XX)The distinction between the lists of expressive words presented by Firth and those presented by Jespersen is that whereas Firth did not attempt to explain why the particular sounds should have been chosen, Jespersen looked for a systematic relation between the particular sounds composing expressive words and the action, sound, perception etc. to which the word refers. He was beginning to sketch out a detailed system of sound/meaning correspondences. This systematic relation of sound and meaning was developed further by a linguist opposed to the idea that there is any natural relation of sound and meaning, Bloomfield(1933) pointed out that English is especially rich in a type of intense forms, the symbolic forms which have a connotation of somehow illustrating the meaning more immediately than do ordinary speech-forms. "The explanation is a matter of grammatical structure ... to the speaker it seems as if the sounds were especially suited to the meaning". Bloomfield's promised explanation of symbolic forms in terms of grammatical structure never really arrived. The nearest he came to it was in discussing the concept of roots underlying vocabulary: "Primary words that do not contain any affix-like constituents (e.g. BOY RUN RED) are classed as primary root-words..(240) A root may appear in only one primary word, as is the case with ... MAN BOY CUT RED ... or it may appear in a whole series of primary words (241)In the Germanic languages, modification of the root occurs in words of symbolic connotation as FLAP FLIP FLOP. If we take FLAP as the basic form of this root, we shall describe FLIP FLOP as derivatives ...(242) However we find clearly-marked phonetic- semantic resemblances between elements which we view as different roots ... [In English symbolic word] we can distinguish, with varying degrees of clearness, and with doubtful cases on the borderline, a system of initial and final root-forming morphemes of vague signification. It is plain that the intense symbolic connotation is associated with this structure."(244-245)This is a far from clear account of how the expressiveness of symbolic forms is explained as a matter of grammatical structure. If in fact the primary roots had any independent validity, if the so-called root-forming morphemes were the product of some grammatical necessity, he might have an adequate explanation - but his account was undermined by the admissionthat the roots have no particular historical reality: "Now and then one still hears the claim that the roots which we set up must once upon a time have been spoken as independent words. The reader needs scarcely to be told that this is utterly unjustified; the roots are merely units of partial resemblance between words".(240) This amounts to no more than saying that systematic resemblances can be observed between words which are said to be symbolic or expressive. It says nothing about the origin of the expressiveness.4. Sound symbolism between languagesWhat has been quoted from Firth, Bloomfield and Jespersen represents an earlier stage of discussion of sound symbolism, based on rather scattered observation of apparent relations between sounds and meanings. More recently, there has been a more experimental and quantitative approach. The experimentation has been concerned with the different types of sound symbolism which may exist, symbolism of whole words (of the kind that Jespersen and Firth largely considered) and symbolism inherent in clusters of speech-sounds (as considered by Bloomfield) or in individual speech-sounds, consonants or vowels (as studied in Sapir's pioneering experiments). The research has not been confined to sound symbolism as perceived by English-speakers but has provided evidence for sound symbolism as a force operating in other language communities. The experiments counter the criticism that apparent appropriateness of sounds and meanings in any single language such as English may be a peculiarity of that language or in any event may simply show that single language communities tend (as Firth argued) to develop habits of conventional origin in the sounds they use for particular clusters of ideas, that sound symbolism is cultural rather than natural.There has been as much, if not more, research into the extent to which cross-linguistic sound symbolism is a reality i.e. that speakers of one language can appreciate the expressive force of words in another language (possibly one not at all known to them). There seems no doubt that sound-symbolism does extend across languages but it is unsettled how far this is universally true or whether there are some languages or groups of languages for which the expressiveness of individual words in the languages cannot be appreciated by members of other language-communities. Certainly, experiment has shown cross-linguistic symbolism between a number of completely unrelated languages but some experiments involving Chinese (and other tonal languages) have been unsuccessful or unconvincing.The sequence of experiments has developed consistently towards greater and greater rigour. At first experimental subjects were asked simply to。

英文版中国传统故事-花木兰英文版

花木兰
Mulan
Long ago, a girl named Mulan lived with her mother and father in a small village in the land of Wei in Northern China. One morning,after returning from her daily visit to the market, Mulan saw a crowd of people outside the village meeting place.
Mulan raced home to her father. "You cannot go, father!"Mulan cried."Your wounds have not healed from the last war.""Daughter," Father replied."Would you have me dishonor our family? I must go." "No.I must,"Mulan said bravely.
Dressed like a soldier, Mulan joined the men assembled at the village meeting place and registered for her family. No one realized Mulan was a girl. She fooled them all and marched off to battle with the others.
After a few weeks at home, Mulan was back in women's clothes. She had forgotten her life as a soldier. One day, Mulan went to answer the door. It was the General.

小妇人的PPT

thor
Under the influence of her writer father, she gained interest on writing at an early age. In 1860, her novel and poetry were published on The Atlantic for the first time. 8 years later her most famous book, Little Women, got published and quickly became a best seller.
Meg
Meg is beautiful and wellmannered, not enticed by the money. She runs the household when her mother is absent. Meg also guards Amy from Jo when the two quarrels, just as Jo protects Beth. Meg is employed as a governess for the Kings, a wealthy local family. Because of the genteel social standing of her family, Meg is allowed into society. However, after a few disappointing experiences, Meg learns that true worth does not lie with money. She falls in love with Mr. John Brooke, Laurie's tutor, whom she marries.

破产姐妹中的俚语

女。

其实Sophie是一位清洁公司的老板，并且有一副好心肠。

Make money on the side俩姐妹零售自制纸杯蛋糕已五月有余。

Caroline进行盘点时，对盈利金额有些失望。

她认为“We have to find a way to make more money on the side.”大家都知道make money指“赚钱”，而on the side意为“暗地里、秘密地”，如：He ran a small pub on the side.(他私底下还开了一个小酒吧。

)因此make money on the side指“做副业、兼职来赚外快”。

大街小巷的电线杆子上总是贴满了狗皮膏药般的兼职小广告，大多是骗人的。

实际上很多人会利用自己的专门技能来make money on the side，既赚到了银子，又锻炼了能力，何乐而不为呢?例如不少大学生会选择当家教来赚家用，毕竟高考都熬过来了，对付中小学的功课，还是可以胜任的，那就是：Many college students would do tutors to make money on the side.兼职亦可用moonlight一词。

试想月光下偷偷干私活的情景。

Moonlight代表的兼职通常是“秘密的、不想曝光的”，适用于那些闷声发财的人士。

如同上世纪八九十年代的歌星走穴，抓到是要被组织惩罚的，这种就属于moonlight性质。

Hit and run两姐妹相当不满楼上新邻居的入住，因其太能制造噪音。

Max写了一张血淋淋、赤果果的威胁信：I have an unregistered gun and can shoot you through the floor.(老娘有把未注册的黑枪，能从楼下一枪崩了你。

)接着Max又向江湖经验值浅的Caroline传授跑路秘诀：We’re gonna hit and run.咱们从画面的角度来想象hit and run：首先抡起拳头海扁，然后脚底抹油、溜之大吉。

Feminism

Feminism
History and Literature” of Feminism
– 19th through early 20th centuries – 1960s-1980s – 1990’s-Present
• First Wave:
– First-wave feminism refers to a period of feminist activity during the nineteenth century and early twentieth century. It focused primarily on gaining the right of women's suffrage. The term, "first-wave," was coined retrospectively after the term secondwave feminism began to be used to describe a newer feminist movement that focused as much on fighting social and cultural inequalities as further political inequalities.
History
• Frances Willard and the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union
– Although still unable to vote in the late nineteenth century, women were far from apolitical; the WCTU demonstrated the breadth of women's political activity in the late nineteenth century. – Frances Willard radically changed the direction of the WCTU, moving it away from religiously oriented programs to a campaign that stressed alcoholism as a disease rather than a sin and poverty as a cause rather than a result of drink. – In a shrewd political tactic, Willard capitalized on the cult of domesticity to move women into public life and gain power to ameliorate social problems. – Using the concept of “home protection,” Willard worked to create a broad reform coalition in the 1890s, embracing the Knights of Labor, the People's Party, and the Prohibition Party. – The WCTU, which had over 200,000 members in the 1890s, gave women valuable experience in political action.

分享《隐藏人物》英语作文演讲稿

分享《隐藏人物》英语作文演讲稿Ladies and gentlemen,。

I'm here to talk about a movie that left a deep impression on me, "Hidden Figures." It's not just a story about three brilliant women, but a window into the unseen struggles and triumphs of a generation.Think about Katherine Goble Johnson, the mathematician whose calculations sent men to the moon. But did you know that her genius was hidden behind the scenes for years? She faced challenges and biases, yet she persevered, determined to make her mark.Dorothy Vaughan, the supervisor of the West Area Computing unit, was a trailblazer. She understood the power of organization and leadership, not just in numbers but in people. She empowered women, showing them that they had a voice and a place in the world of science.And Mary Jackson, the aerospace engineer who defied limitations. She faced adversity, but never gave up on her dream of becoming an engineer. She knew that education was the key, and she pursued it relentlessly.This movie is a celebration of resilience, of the human spirit that refuses to be held down. It's a reminder that each of us has the power to change the world, if we are brave enough to face our fears and pursue our dreams.So, when you watch "Hidden Figures," don't just see a.。

福建省三明第一中学2021-2022学年高三上学期10月月考英语试题及答案.docx

三明一中2022届高三10月月考英语试卷（考试时长：120分钟；满分：150分）本试卷由四个部分组成，其中第一、二部分和第三部分的第一节为选择题，第三部分的第二节和第四部分为非选择题。

考生注意：答题时，请将答案写在专用答题卡上。

选择题答案请用2B 铅笔将答题卡上对应题目的答案涂黑；非选择题答案请用直径0.5毫米黑色墨水签字笔在答题卡上各题的答题区域内规范作答，凡是答题不规范一律无效。

第一部分听力理解（共两节，满分30分）做题时，先将答案标在试卷上。

录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。

第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）听下面5段对话。

每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A 、B 、C 三个选项中选出最佳选项。

听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。

每段对话仅读一遍。

1. What is the woman probably related to Tom?4. What does the woman mean?A. She did well in her term paper.B. She will finish her term paper soon.C. She has trouble finishing her term paper.5. What time does the meeting begin?A. At 6:00.B. At 6:10.第二节（共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5 听下面5段对话或独白。

每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A 、B 、C 三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。

听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。

每段对话B. His classmate.C. His teacher. 2. What does the woman want to do?A. Reschedule the meeting.B. Cancel the meeting.C. Skip the meeting. 3. Where did the woman go first? A. The supermarket. B. The post office.C. Her friend^ home. C. At 6:20. 分） A. His mother.或独白读两遍。

时尚女魔头台词中英文对照版

安德莉亚
un intérêt pour la mode
est indispensable.
《伸展台》是一本时尚杂志
so an interest in fashion is crucial.
Qu'est ce qui vous laisse penser
que la mode ne m'intéresse pas ?
Then call my ex-husband and remind him the parent-teacher conference is at Dalton tonight.
提醒我前夫今晚有家长座谈会
Et appelez mon mari pour lui dire que
nous d?nons là où j'allais avec Massimo.
我很抱歉，米兰达
我昨晚有确认…
Les détails de votre incompétence
ne m'intéressent pas.
你无能的办事内容我没兴趣听
Details of your incompetence do not interest me.
Dites à Simone que je ne veux pas de cette
No, I don't want dacquoise. I want tortes filled with warm rhubarb compote.
我要有加糖渍蜜饯的果仁蛋糕
Appelez mon ex-mari et rappelez-lui
la rencontre parents-profs à Dalton.
Oui, bien sûr. Qui est Miranda ?

用英语写一篇作文我和我的榜样的故事

用英语写一篇作文我和我的榜样的故事全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1My Role Model and Their StoryHave you ever felt inspired by someone's life story? Someone who overcame immense challenges and adversity to achieve their dreams? For me, that person is Malala Yousafzai, the Pakistani activist for female education and the youngest Nobel Prize laureate. Her unwavering courage and determination in the face of overwhelming odds have left an indelible mark on my life, and she continues to be a source of motivation and strength.Malala's story began in the Swat Valley of Pakistan, where she grew up in a family that valued education and believed in the importance of empowering girls. From a young age, she witnessed the gradual rise of the Taliban's influence in her region, and their oppressive policies that aimed to strip away the rights of women and girls, including the right to education.Despite the threats and intimidation tactics employed by the Taliban, Malala remained steadfast in her pursuit of knowledge.She spoke out against the injustices faced by her peers, using her voice as a powerful tool to advocate for their right to education. Her courage and determination caught the attention of the world, and she became a symbol of resistance against the forces that sought to suppress the aspirations of young girls.In 2012, when Malala was just 15 years old, her life took a dramatic turn. She was shot in the head by a Taliban gunman while on her way to school. The attack was a brutal attempt to silence her voice and crush her dreams, but it only served to amplify her message and galvanize global support for her cause.Miraculously, Malala survived the assassination attempt, and her recovery was nothing short of remarkable. After receiving medical treatment in Pakistan and later in the United Kingdom, she emerged stronger and more resolute than ever before. Her near-death experience only fueled her determination to fight for the rights of girls everywhere to access quality education.Since then, Malala has become a global icon and a champion for girls' education. She has addressed numerous international forums, including the United Nations, where she delivered a powerful speech calling for worldwide access to education. Her advocacy efforts have inspired millions around the world, andher story has become a beacon of hope for those facing similar struggles.What I find most inspiring about Malala's journey is her unwavering commitment to her cause, even in the face of grave danger. She refused to be silenced or intimidated, and her courage serves as a powerful reminder that one person's voice can make a tremendous difference in the world.Malala's story has taught me the importance of standing up for what you believe in, no matter the obstacles. It has shown me that education is not just a privilege, but a fundamental human right that should be accessible to all, regardless of gender, race, or socioeconomic status.Furthermore, her resilience and ability to overcome adversity have been a source of inspiration for me. Despite the traumatic experience she endured, Malala did not allow it to define her or break her spirit. Instead, she emerged stronger and more determined than ever, using her platform to amplify the voices of those who have been marginalized and oppressed.As I navigate my own journey through life, Malala's story serves as a constant reminder that even the smallest actions can have a profound impact. Her unwavering determination and commitment to her cause have inspired me to be more mindfulof the challenges faced by others and to use my voice to advocate for positive change.In a world where injustice and inequality still persist, Malala's story is a powerful testament to the idea that one person, armed with courage and conviction, can make a difference. Her life is a shining example of how education can empower individuals and transform societies, and her legacy will continue to inspire generations to come.As I look towards my future, I aspire to emulate Malala's courage, resilience, and unwavering commitment to creating a better world. Her story has taught me that true change often begins with a single voice, and that voice can ignite a movement that transcends borders and inspires people across the globe.In the face of adversity, Malala chose to stand tall and fight for what she believed in. Her story is a powerful reminder that our dreams and aspirations should never be dictated by the limitations imposed by others. Instead, we should embrace our passions, pursue our goals with unwavering determination, and use our voices to create positive change in the world around us.Malala Yousafzai's story is a testament to the power of resilience, courage, and the indomitable human spirit. Her journey has inspired me to be a more compassionate,empathetic, and socially conscious individual, and to never underestimate the impact that one person's actions can have on the world. As I continue on my own path, I will carry her story with me, using it as a guiding light and a constant source of motivation to make a positive difference in the lives of others.篇2Writing an Essay on My Role Model's StoryAs I sit down to write this essay on my role model's story, I can't help but feel a mix of excitement and trepidation. On one hand, I'm thrilled to have the opportunity to share the inspiring journey of someone who has had a profound impact on my life. On the other hand, I know that capturing the essence of their remarkable life in a mere 2000 words is no easy feat.My role model is none other than my grandfather, a man whose unwavering determination and resilience have left an indelible mark on me. Born into a humble family in a small village, he had to overcome countless obstacles just to receive a basic education. Despite the financial hardships and societal prejudices he faced, he never lost sight of his dreams.As I begin to recount his story, I find myself transported back to the countless evenings spent huddled around the cracklingfire, eagerly listening to his tales of triumph and tribulation. With each anecdote, he painted a vivid picture of a life filled with challenges, but also of the power of perseverance and the importance of never giving up.One of the earliest lessons he imparted on me was the value of education. Growing up in a time when access to schooling was a privilege reserved for the wealthy few, he understood the transformative power of knowledge. Against all odds, he defied the expectations placed upon him and excelled in his studies, earning a coveted scholarship to a prestigious university.It was during these formative years that he developed a deep appreciation for the arts and literature, a passion that would shape his future endeavors. Armed with a keen intellect and an insatiable thirst for knowledge, he embarked on a journey that would take him far beyond the confines of his humble beginnings.As I delve deeper into his story, I can't help but marvel at the numerous obstacles he surmounted along the way. From navigating the complexities of a rapidly changing world to facing discrimination and prejudice, his path was anything but smooth. Yet, through it all, he maintained an unwavering spirit and a steadfast belief in the power of education to transform lives.One particularly poignant memory that stands out is his recounting of the sacrifices he made to ensure that his children, and eventually his grandchildren, would have access to the opportunities he had fought so hard for. I vividly recall the pride in his eyes as he spoke of our achievements, reminding us that education was not just a privilege, but a responsibility to use our knowledge to make a positive impact on the world around us.As I continue to weave together the threads of his life, I am struck by the profound impact his story has had on my own personal growth and development. Through his example, I have learned the value of resilience, the importance of embracing diversity, and the power of education to break down barriers and open doors.Perhaps one of the most enduring lessons I have taken from his story is the significance of giving back to the community. Despite the numerous accolades and achievements he amassed throughout his illustrious career, he never lost sight of his humble roots. He understood that true success is measured not by personal accomplishments alone, but by the positive impact one can have on others.As I approach the conclusion of this essay, I find myself overwhelmed with a sense of gratitude and admiration for theman who has served as my guiding light. His story is not just a testament to the indomitable human spirit, but a living embodiment of the values that have shaped my own identity and aspirations.Through his unwavering determination, his thirst for knowledge, and his commitment to making a difference, my grandfather has left an indelible legacy that will continue to inspire generations to come. As I look towards the future, I carry with me the lessons he has imparted, determined to honor his memory by striving to make a positive impact on the world around me, just as he did.In the end, this essay is not just a recounting of my role model's story, but a celebration of the power of education, perseverance, and the unwavering human spirit. It is a reminder that no matter how daunting the challenges may seem, with determination and a resolute belief in oneself, anything is possible.篇3My Role Model's Inspiring JourneyEver since I was a young kid, I've always looked up to my uncle Jason. He's been like a real-life superhero to me,overcoming countless obstacles with unwavering determination and an indomitable spirit. His story of perseverance and triumph over adversity has been a constant source of inspiration, shaping my values and driving me to reach for my dreams, no matter how daunting the challenges may seem.Uncle Jason grew up in a small town, where opportunities were scarce, and the odds were often stacked against him. His family struggled to make ends meet, and he witnessed firsthand the harsh realities of poverty and hardship. Despite these challenges, he never let his circumstances define him or diminish his ambitions.From an early age, he had a thirst for knowledge and a burning desire to break free from the cycle of deprivation that had ensnared his family for generations. He would spend countless hours in the local library, devouring books on every subject imaginable, fueling his curiosity and expanding his horizons.Education was his ticket to a better life, and he pursued it with an unrelenting passion. He excelled academically, often outperforming his peers and earning numerous accolades and scholarships along the way. However, his path was far fromsmooth; he had to juggle multiple part-time jobs to support himself and his family while maintaining his rigorous studies.I vividly remember the countless nights he spent hunched over his desk, burning the midnight oil, his brow furrowed in concentration as he pored over textbooks and research papers. His dedication and work ethic were truly remarkable, and they served as a constant reminder that success is seldom handed to us on a silver platter; it must be earned through sheer grit and an unwavering commitment to our goals.Uncle Jason's journey was not without its setbacks and disappointments. There were times when the weight of his responsibilities seemed insurmountable, and the prospect of giving up loomed large. But he never faltered, never lost sight of his dreams. He faced each challenge head-on, drawing strength from his unwavering belief in himself and his ability to overcome any obstacle that stood in his way.His fortitude and resilience were put to the ultimate test when he was diagnosed with a life-threatening illness during his final year of college. The news was devastating, but rather than succumbing to despair, Uncle Jason confronted his illness with the same fierce determination that had carried him through his darkest moments.He underwent grueling treatments and endured countless setbacks, but his indomitable spirit never wavered. He refused to let his illness define him or derail his dreams. Through it all, he remained focused on his studies, determined to complete his degree and secure a better future for himself and his family.And that's exactly what he did. Against all odds, Uncle Jason graduated at the top of his class, his hard-earned degree a testament to his unwavering perseverance and his refusal to let any obstacle stand in his way.His story didn't end there, however. Armed with his education and an unbreakable spirit, he embarked on a journey that would take him to heights few could have imagined. He landed a coveted job at a prestigious firm, where his hard work and dedication quickly propelled him up the ranks.Today, Uncle Jason is a highly respected leader in his field, a true trailblazer who has shattered countless barriers and inspired countless others to pursue their dreams, no matter how daunting the challenges may seem.But for me, Uncle Jason's greatest legacy lies not in his professional accomplishments, as impressive as they may be. His true triumph lies in the way he has lived his life – with courage,integrity, and an unwavering commitment to his values and principles.Throughout his journey, he has remained grounded and humble, never forgetting his roots or the struggles that forged his indomitable spirit. He has used his platform to uplift others, to inspire and empower those who may feel trapped by their circumstances, reminding them that with hard work, determination, and an unwavering belief in oneself, anything is possible.Uncle Jason's story has been a constant source of inspiration for me, a reminder that greatness is not bestowed upon us but earned through hard work, perseverance, and an unyielding refusal to surrender to adversity. His journey has taught me that our circumstances need not define us; rather, it is our response to those circumstances that ultimately shapes our destiny.As I navigate my own path, facing challenges and obstacles that often seem insurmountable, I draw strength and inspiration from Uncle Jason's story. His unwavering determination, his resilience in the face of seemingly impossible odds, and his commitment to his dreams serve as a powerful reminder that greatness lies within each of us, waiting to be unlocked by our own indomitable spirits.Uncle Jason's story is a testament to the transformative power of perseverance, resilience, and an unwavering belief in oneself. It is a story that transcends the boundaries of personal triumph, reminding us all that our true greatness lies not in the accolades we accumulate or the material wealth we amass, but in the way we live our lives – with courage, integrity, and an unyielding commitment to our values and principles.As I look to the future, filled with its own set of challenges and uncertainties, I carry Uncle Jason's story with me like a torch, illuminating my path and guiding me towards my own dreams. His journey has taught me that greatness is not bestowed upon us but earned through hard work, perseverance, and an unyielding refusal to surrender to adversity.And so, inspired by his example, I too shall march forward, unbowed and unbroken, embracing the challenges that lie ahead and forging my own path to greatness, one step at a time.。

广东省江门市新会第一中学2023-2024学年高二下学期期末考试英语试题

广东省江门市新会第一中学2023-2024学年高二下学期期末考试英语试题一、阅读理解Train the important skills modern editors use to evaluate and enhance writing for clarity, precision and accuracy.In this course, students will learn how an editor approaches a submitted piece, going beyond sentence-level error and looking at the big picture around accuracy, style and organization. Understanding the different challenges in an editor’s job, students will get a behind-the-scenes look at this sometimes busy and often exciting career. Meanwhile, students will grow their own technical editing skills and return home a more competent editor.Using Gen Z Era as their case study, students will meet and study under the people who decide what topics are relevant and valuable to the audience and who determine the overall editorial strategy, ensuring that the content meets the standards and tone of the publication.Course Highlights● Visit the media city and attend lectures by award-winning guest speakers.● Assess articles as well as question and coach the authors to get the best piece possible.● Connect with professionals who manage the development and publication of accurate and worthy content.● Edit one piece into a well-written and fact-checked article in the style of Gen Z Era.Price● Residential Program (Students live on campus):$6,600● Day Program(Students commute to class every day): $5,500(Graduating seniors can have a $400 discount if applying before May 2,2024.)Term Date: July 9-July 21,2024Application Deadline: Friday, May 31,2024ContactAdmission:******************1．Which is the probable name of the course?A．Career Development in Media.B．Editorial Decision-making.C．Fundamentals of Editing.D．Introduction to Publication.2．What will students do in the course?A．Interview award-winning guests.B．Help authors improve their articles.C．Connect with professional publishers.D．Edit one article for Gen Z Era.3．A graduating senior applying for a Day Program on April 30, 2024 should pay _______.A．$5,100B．$5,500C．$6,200D．$6,600At the Winter Olympic Games in Sochi, Russia, halfway in the women’s slalom (障碍滑雪) race, 18-year-old Mikaela Shiffrin took a commanding lead over the greatest women’s slalom skiers in the world. On her final run, she burst from the start house at a breakneck speed, snaking around the poles in crazy rhythm.Skiing has always been a significant part of Mikaela’s life. Her mom raced and coached skiing and her dad ski raced all through college. The Shiffrins taught Mikaela and her brother, Taylor, to ski at a very young age. At the age of two and a half, Mikaela made her first ski run on plastic skis. From ages 8 to 11, she worked hard, practicing hundreds of training runs on small hills repeatedly to develop the correct techniques of slalom skiing.When Mikaela was 11, she attended the Burke Mountain Academy, a Vermont boarding school for skiers. She took classes, studied, and practiced her skiing crazily. According to Kirk Dwyer, Burke Mountain Academy headmaster, “It was the degree of Mikaela’s effort to be the best that distinguished her from others. Her commitment to conditioning, having proper sleep, eating correctly, doing the drills, and watching video was unusual for an 11 to 13-year-old. Mikaela practiced more than anyone and believed in herself then and now.”By the time she was 17, she had already won her first World Cup race.Working hard is a full-time job for Mikaela. Even her off-season is work time. In the summer, when Mikaela is off the ski slopes and in the gym, her daily training consists of six to seven hours of weight lifting, swimming, and biking to improve her core strength and flexibility. She does all of this so that she can dash down slopes at speeds topping 50 miles per hour while cutting back and forth around gates with astonishing precision.“If you have passion for your targets, whatever they are,” she says, “the sky is the limit. Give it your all!”4．What can we learn from paragraph 2?A．Mikaela came from a skiing family.B．Mikaela’s mother taught her to ski first.C．Mikaela trained harder than her brother.D．Mikaela’s father coached skiing in colleges.5．Why were headmaster Kirk Dwyer’s words cited?A．To stress Mikaela was a crazy teenager.B．To show Mikaela’s distinct personality.C．To praise the good students in his school.D．To highlight Mikaela’s great devotion to training.6．Which of the following words can best describe Mikaela?A．Talented and wise.B．Creative and determined.C．Flexible and brave.D．Determined and self-disciplined.7．What does Mikaela Shiffrin’s story convey?A．Practice makes perfect.B．Not to advance is to go back.C．He who laughs last laughs best.D．Actions speak louder than words.Parrots are prey animals, which means that other predators (捕食者) in the wild, such as hawks or snakes, are looking to make them into a meal. This one factor influences parrots’ behavior in your house more than any other.Parrots are most easily hurt when feeding on the ground. Membership in a group plays an important function in ensuring their safety and improving their chances of survival from attacks by predators. The most common predators of parrots include hawks, snakes, cats, monkeys, and bats. Some predators make attacks only during the day while others hunt in the night.As prey animals, parrots are constantly watching out for danger and they instinctively (本能地) react to risks. Their first choice is to take flight. However, if this is not possible, they will fight with their powerful beaks to defend themselves.Because their biggest enemy is the hawk, parrots are especially reactive to quickmovements from above and behind. For this reason, it is wise to avoid quick, sudden movements near your bird. This is a built-in reaction not subject to logic or reason. Simple and relatively harmless household objects can draw extreme fear responses from a bird. For example, a balloon may represent a hawk or a vacuum hose (吸尘器软管) may be the same as a snake in your bird’s mind.As prey animals, parrots are often frightened by exposure to new household items or strangers. It is important to expose your bird to safe experiences and changes starting at a very young age to build flexibility and improve their adaptability. Variety in diet and toys, travel, and exposure to new people and places all help to make your bird more flexible and adaptable to change.8．What is important for parrots to better survive from attacks in the wild?A．Living in a group.B．Growing beautiful feathers.C．Feeding on the ground.D．Avoiding coming out at night.9．What is parrots’ first response to an immediate risk?A．To attack back.B．To get away.C．To protect the young.D．To play dead.10．Why would a balloon frighten a parrot?A．It may explode suddenly.B．It may be in a strange shape.C．It may have a strong color.D．It may move around quickly.11．What is the author’s purpose of writing the text?A．To explain wild parrots’ behavior.B．To give advice on raising a parrot.C．To call for action to protect animals.D．To introduce a study on bird ecology.Ariel Procaccia has thought a lot about how to cut a cake over the last 15 years. As the father of three children, he knows how hard it is to divide a birthday cake to everyone’s satisfaction. But it’s also because Procaccia’s work focuses on exploring the mathematical rules for dividing stuff up fairly. One way to do that is to think abstractly about dessert.For decades, researchers have been asking the seemingly simple question of how to cut a cake fairly. The answer reaches far beyond birthday parties. A mathematical problem at its heart, cake cutting connects strict reasoning to real-world issues of fairness, and so attracts not onlymathematicians, but also social scientists, economists and more. “It’s a very elegant model in which you can distill what fairness really is, and reason about it,” Procaccia says.The simplest approach is called the “divider-chooser” method, where one person cuts the cake into two equal pieces in his view, and the other person picks first. Each receives a piece that they feel is as valuable as the other’s. But when personal preferences are taken into account, even the easiest rule becomes complicated. Suppose Alice and Bob are to divide a cake, and Alice knows Bob prefers chocolate, she may knowingly divide the cake unequally so the smaller piece contains more chocolate. Then Bob will choose according to his preference, and Alice will get the larger piece. Both of them are satisfied with what they get, but the meaning of fairness changes in this situation.The cake is a symbol for any divisible good. When cake-cutting principles are employed to settle disagreements, they are potentially helping the world find solutions. Procaccia has used fair division algorithms (算法) to model food distribution. Social scientist Haris Aziz is exploring situations ranging from how to divide up daily tasks to how to best schedule doctors’ shifts in hospitals.Even after decades of investigation, cake cutting isn’t like a simple jigsaw puzzle (拼图) with a well-defined solution. Instead, over time, it has evolved into a kind of mathematical sandbox, a constructive playground that brings together abstract proofs and easy applications. The more researchers explore it, the more there is to explore.12．What does the underlined word “distill” in paragraph 2 mean?A．Get the essence of.B．Find the opposite of.C．Keep the focus on.D．Reduce the impact on.13．What can we learn about fairness from the example given in paragraph 3?A．Its standard is stable.B．It prevents unequal division.C．Its concept is complex.D．It dominates personal preferences. 14．What is paragraph 4 mainly about concerning cake cutting?A．The application of its rules.B．The details of its process.C．The problems it produces.D．The harmony it symbolizes.15．What is the best title for the text?A．Who benefits most from fairness?B．How has fairness changed over time?C．What method works best in cake-cutting?D．Why are researchers so interested in cake-cutting?No matter how many times you go, Dubai always has something new in store for its natives and tourists. Let’s take a look at a few must-dos for your first time in this impressive city in the United Arab Emirates!●Hit the famous Dubai Mall.Any shopaholic (购物狂) worth their salt knows about the Dubai Mall, one of the most famous and the most expensive shopping centres in the world. 16 However, even if you’re not in the mood to spend your savings in hundreds of luxury stores, there are other fun options.●Mind your manners.While you’re searching for the next adventure, make sure you follow some basic rules of conduct that the local law prescribes. For example, if you’re travelling with your significant other, public displays of affection are strictly forbidden. 17 So make sure that your attitude is appropriate for the city’s expectations and cultural norms.● 18Although you’ll find many tourists wearing clothes considered not entirely polite by the locals, there are certain rules that are strictly implemented in restaurants, malls, and entertainment centres. So, if you put on something considered inappropriate or revealing, you risk being asked to leave a place.●Save some time for Jumeirah Beach.Situated conveniently close to Burj al Arab, this spectacular stretch of the coast is a perfect way to spend some time sunbathing and enjoying the warm waters of the Persian Gulf. 19 In addition, those looking to stay away from the sun can enjoy the many bars next to the beach.●Prepare your palate for Emirati cuisine.Have you ever had a chance to sample Al Machboos, camel meat, or Manousheh? Arabic cuisine has some of the most extraordinary delicacies you could possibly imagine, few of which are prepared in the same manner outside of their native lands. 20A．Jumeirah Beach is about 10 kilometres long.B．Pay attention to your dressing requirements.C．If you’re travelling with kids, you’ll find the beach perfect.D．Try the authentic Arabic coffee for a flavourful taste of the East.E．Dubai is indeed a destination packed with adventure and culture.F．Getting drunk or using offensive hand gestures are all illegal activities.G．Home to around 1,300 stores, it is a wonderful shopping place.二、完形填空While taking a 20-hour train ride along the edge of the Taklimakan Desert in northwestern China, I had the kind of humbling, educational, and above all else, wonderful 21 with a local that all travelers long for. A young Chinese man 22 me on the train. My 23 friend spoke virtually no English, so I happily took the 24 to practice my Chinese.Over several hours, he would tell me about how he had 25 a two-year professional school to quickly find a job 26 highways in order to help support his family. Perhaps the most 27 , however, was the fact that this man spent hours studying every day after hard physical labor. Without batting an eye, he would 28 a translated Emerson passage before asking about the literary influence of American 29 as a whole. ”And what do you all learn about Russian authors?” I 30 him asking at one point.It would have been easy to 31 my assumptions about this highway builder who had never been more than a few hundred miles from home. But this highly informed, 32 , and admirable person prevented me doing so. In the course of a couple of hours, he 33 me just how much one can gain from 34 with an open mind, and a willingness to 35 with locals from all walks of life.21．A．experiment B．encounter C．competition D．appointment 22．A．treated B．saved C．lectured D．approached 23．A．true B．so-called C．new D．long-lost 24．A．chance B．advice C．trouble D．right 25．A．visited B．financed C．attended D．founded26．A．building B．sweeping C．checking D．guarding 27．A．typical B．obvious C．natural D．remarkable 28．A．publish B．quote C．сорy D．download 29．A．writers B．historians C．workers D．students 30．A．anticipate B．imagine C．recall D．catch 31．A．look into B．rely on C．go over D．deal with 32．A．well-behaved B．multi-skilled C．warm-hearted D．self-educated 33．A．asked B．warned C．showed D．promised 34．A．traveling B．reading C．searching D．teaching 35．A．cooperate B．side C．negotiate D．engage三、其他阅读下面短文，有5处划线，从每题所给四个选项中选出与划线意义的最匹配选项。

目的论下看《致命女人》文化负载词翻译

目的论下看《致命女人》文化负载词翻译作者：胡静静来源：《文学教育·中旬版》2020年第08期内容摘要：本文以热播美剧《致命女人》为研究对象，从目的论角度分析了该影视中字幕出现的文化负载词的翻译方法，包括加注法、套译法和意译法等等。

关键词：目的论文化负载词字幕翻译《致命女人》一.引言观影看剧正成为人们娱乐休闲的主要方式，许多国外的优秀影视作品逐渐走进国人的视野。

影视字幕的翻译的重要性逐渐凸显，字幕翻译的准确与否直接影响着观众对影视的理解和接受程度，尤其是当出现文化负载词的时候，如果译者不能很好地将源语蕴含的文化内涵转化为目的语观众所能理解的，那么就会大大削减影视的语言魅力，进而使影片失去大批观众。

本文将从目的论的视角下探讨影视中出现文化负载词的时候的具体翻译策略。

二.目的论和文化負载词（一）目的论概述目的论（skopos theory）由德国功能学派翻译家汉斯·弗米尔于20世纪70年代提出的。

弗米尔认为翻译不是纯语言文字之间的转换，而是一种有目的的跨文化交际活动。

目的论主要包含三大原则，即目的原则、连贯性原则和忠实性原则。

其中，简单来说，连贯性原则是指译文所呈现的信息的连贯，而忠实性原则是指译文与原文之间的连贯，两者都服从于目的原则。

不同语篇翻译的目的不同，比如广告翻译是为了宣传，而在影视字幕翻译中，其翻译目的则是让观众认识人物、理解剧情，如果与这一目的背道而驰，那么忠实与连贯性原则将无从谈起。

（二）字幕中的文化负载词影视中字幕的呈现形式有时间和空间要求，因此影视字幕往往以短句为主，方便理解。

同时影视面向大众，尤其是在出现文化负载词（culture-loaded words）的时候，字幕翻译更要简洁易懂。

文化负载词蕴含了不同地区的文化信息和历史内涵，不同的文化渊源，不同的语言系统，其文化负载词自然也就不同。

对于这类词的理解也就更加困难。

要求译者对源语国家文化有充分的了解，以正确的翻译策略，合适地将源语输出为目的语，真正做到不同文化之间的碰撞交流。

英语b级考试试题及答案

英语b级考试试题及答案# 英语B级考试试题及答案一、听力理解（共20分）Section A：短对话理解（每题1分，共5分）1. What does the man want to do?A. Buy a new phone.B. Sell his old phone.C. Fix his broken phone.D. Compare phone prices.Answer: B2. Why is the woman late?A. She missed the bus.B. She got stuck in traffic.C. She overslept.D. She had to help a friend.Answer: A3. What is the relationship between the two speakers?A. Teacher and student.B. Boss and employee.C. Friends.D. Husband and wife.Answer: C4. What does the woman suggest the man do?A. Take a taxi.B. Walk to the station.C. Wait for the next bus.D. Drive his car.Answer: C5. What is the weather like today?A. Sunny.B. Rainy.C. Cloudy.D. Snowy.Answer: BSection B：长对话理解（每题2分，共10分）听下面一段对话，回答6至10题。

6. What is the main topic of the conversation?A. A job interview.B. A travel plan.C. A birthday party.D. A business meeting.Answer: A7. What position is the woman applying for?A. Marketing manager.B. Sales representative.C. Human resources assistant.D. Project coordinator.Answer: B8. Why does the woman want to work for this company?A. High salary.B. Good reputation.C. Flexible working hours.D. Opportunities for advancement.Answer: B9. What does the man say about the job?A. It requires frequent travel.B. It involves working with clients.C. It offers a competitive salary.D. It has a steep learning curve.Answer: A10. When will the woman know the result of her application?A. Within a week.B. Within a month.C. After the next interview.D. Immediately after the interview.Answer: ASection C：短文理解（每题2分，共5分）听下面一段短文，回答11至15题。

【9A文】新视野大学英语第四册第三版课文及翻译

Unit5SpeakingChineseinAmerica在美国说中文Once,atadinnerontheMontereRPeninsula,California,mRmotherwhisperedtomeconfidentiallR:"Sau-sau(brother'swife )pretendstoohardtobeapoliterecipient!WhRbotherwithsuchnominalcourtesR?Intheend,shealwaRstakeseverRthing." 有一次，在加州蒙特雷半岛上用餐时，我母亲私下悄悄地对我说：“嫂嫂想做个彬彬有礼的客人，但是装得太厉害了！何必费劲讲究形式上的客套呢？到最后她还是什么都要。

”MRmotheractedlikeawaiRiao,anemigrant,nolongerpatientwitholdtaboosandcourtesies.Toproveherpoint,shereacheda crossthetabletooffermRelderlRauntfromBeijingthelastscallopfromthegarlicseafooddish,alongwiththeflanksteakandth ecucumbersalad.我母亲行事像个“外侨”，即一个移民国外的侨民，因为她已经不耐烦老一套的禁忌和礼数了。

为了证明她刚才的观点，她手伸过桌子，把蒜香海鲜拼盘里的最后一个扇贝，连同牛腩排及黄瓜沙拉一起，递给我从北京来的年长舅妈。

Sau-saufrowned."B'Rao,zhenb'Rao!"shecried,pattinghersubstantialstomach.Idon'twantit,reallRIdon't.嫂嫂皱起了眉头，“不要，真不要！”她一边大声说一边拍着自己已经吃得很饱的肚子。