4 The Bible, Christianity and Middle Ages
圣经故事英文版
圣经故事英文版The Bible is a collection of sacred texts or scriptures that Jews and Christians consider to be a product of divine inspiration and a record of the relationship between Godand humans. It is divided into the Old Testament and the New Testament, and it contains a variety of literary genres, including poetry, history, prophecy, and letters.The Old Testament, also known as the Hebrew Bible, is a collection of religious texts and stories that are sacredin Judaism and Christianity. It tells the story of the creation of the world, the history of the Israelites, andthe laws and teachings of the Jewish people. One of themost well-known stories in the Old Testament is the storyof Adam and Eve, who were the first man and woman createdby God. According to the Bible, they lived in the Garden of Eden, a paradise where they were free to eat from any tree except the Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil. However, they disobeyed God's command and ate from the forbidden tree, which led to their expulsion from the Garden of Eden.Another famous story in the Old Testament is the storyof Noah's Ark. According to the Bible, God saw that theearth was corrupt and filled with violence, so he decidedto flood the earth and start anew. He instructed Noah, a righteous man, to build an ark and gather two of every kind of animal, as well as his family, onto the ark. It rainedfor forty days and forty nights, and the flood covered the entire earth. After the flood, God made a covenant with Noah, promising never to destroy the earth with a flood again, and he set a rainbow in the sky as a sign of this covenant.Moving on to the New Testament, it focuses on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ, as well as the earlyChristian church. One of the most well-known stories in the New Testament is the story of the birth of Jesus. According to the Bible, Jesus was born in Bethlehem to the VirginMary and her husband Joseph. Angels announced his birth to shepherds in the fields, and wise men from the East came to worship him, bearing gifts of gold, frankincense, and myrrh.Another famous story in the New Testament is the story of the crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus. According to the Bible, Jesus was arrested, tried, and crucified by the Romans, but three days after his death, he rose from the dead and appeared to his disciples. His resurrection is a central belief of Christianity and is celebrated on Easter Sunday.In conclusion, the Bible is a rich and diverse collection of sacred texts that contain many important and influential stories. These stories have been passed down through generations and continue to shape the beliefs and practices of millions of people around the world. Whether one believes in the religious significance of these stories or not, there is no denying their impact on the history and culture of the world.。
Bible 约伯记
Bible The Book of Job——Probing Into Bitterness of LifeClass：English 124Name：金丹丹Student number：17Date:July 2, 2014Abstract：The story of job is one of the oldest world literatures in Bible. With monologue and dialogue, it states that a man who was wealthy and pious afflicted with bitterness because of the wager of God and Satan, and he regained anything ultimately for his religiosity. Form this story, we do not only recognize Job’s loyalty to God, but also realize the sanctity of theocracy, as well as the value and significance of the suffering in life.Key word:Bible, the story of Job, religiosity, bitterness of life, value and significanceMain body1.The brief introduction of the BibleThe Bible is a canonical collection of texts sacred in Judaism and Christianity. There is no single "Bible" and many Bibles with varying contents exist. The term Bible is shared between Judaism and Christianity, although the contents of each of their collections of canonical texts are not the same. Different religious groups include different books within their Biblical canons, in different orders, and sometimes divide or combine books, or incorporate additional material into canonical books.2.The main content of the story of Job2.1.Background of JobJob was a rich and blessed man who lived righteously. And he was keeping himself far from evil. Besides, he had 7sons and 3daughters.2.2.Cause of storySatan challenged Job‘s integrity, proposing to God that Job served him simply because God protected him and gave him everything. Therefore, God allowed Satan to take away Job’s wealth, children and even his physical health, and then saw if Job would curse him or not.2.3.Main plotJob lost everything and was stricken with loathsome sores from head to foot. Despite his difficult condition, he did not curse God, but rather cursed the day of his birth.Job’s three friends Eliphaz, Bildad and Z ophar heard of his trouble and came to see him. They believed that Job must have sinned to incite God‘s punishment. As the speeches progress, Job’s friends increasingly berated him for refusing to confess his sins. But Job insisted that he was innocent, and he wanted an explanation.Another person Elihu heard their conversation and was very dissatisfied with Job’s and his friends’ attitude to God. He attempted to maintain the sovereignty and righteousness and gracious mercy of God.In that time, God appeared. He asked if Job had ever had the experiences or the authority that he had had. He also emphasized his sovereignty in creating and maintaining the world.Job answered God. He understood better the marvelous power of God, and was sorry he had spoken with insufficient understanding. So he despised himself in dust and ashes.2.4.EndingGod rebuked Job’s friends: they had not spoken right as Job had done. Therefore, they offered a sacrifice of seven bulls and seven rams. But to gain acceptance, they must to ask Job to pray for them. God restored to Job twice as much as Satan had taken away.3.Meditation and comprehension3.1.The drama of the storyThough the Bible was not written for standing on the stage of world literature, it was filled with clash of drama. When we read it, there is some imagination of their speech with cadence. As saying goes, “No conflict, no play”, the story leaves us with a question about why a good person would also suffer the misery.Besides, the drama was embodied by the changes of fate. Job was a wealthy and blessed man, living with his children, but because of the debate between God and Satan, he lost everything,including his kids. Then the Job insisted that he was innocent, normally, God would have punished him, but God appreciated him and restored to his wealth and family and even more.3.2.The spirit of explorationThe Jews upheld wisdom and respected wise man traditionally, and they were eager to explore the way of life, the law of nature and the mystery of universe. As Job’s friends, when they persuaded Job to admit that he had sin, they all told their outlook on life with basic of observation, tradition and assumption. They were exploring though they used different reasoning methods.In the second place, the protagonist Job, for exploring the justice and truth, didn’t fear the bitterness and power of God. He asked God why he would suffer all of these bravely, exploring the righteousness.From the ending of story, we can get to know the value of exploring spirit, even if Job followed the God’s thinking finally. What’s more, we can gain the inspiration from the exploration in the story of Job: there is a contradiction between man's existence and the nature of the universe; in the process of exploring this contradiction, people would be confused, hesitant and even be a lost sheep, but it is the only way which must be passed if you want to get the truth.3.3.The value of bitterness in lifeLife is a river flowing to east, and if it doesn’t meet the submerged rock, there is no beautiful spindrift. Each of us is willing to be a strong person, but the road to success will fill with bitterness.It tests us and makes us walk forward bravely.In the story of Job, Job suffered a lot, but he didn’t give up finding out the righteousness, so he got the God’s appreciation. In a smooth circumstance, people see the flowers and smiling faces, and is not used to bearing the big blow.Bitterness is a book of intelligence. When you read it, you will experience a lot and be suddenly enlightened. The most important is that it teaches us the right attitude to life: composed, unbending and brave.4.ConclusionThe story of Job shares us with its drama, the spirit of exploration and the value of bitterness in life. Obviously, it is just a fiction, but I’m confident that there are many “Job”around the world actually, suffering a lot but gaining more. Don’t be fear to be a “Job”in the plight, and then you will be a wealthy and blessed “Job”!。
The Bible
As you all know, The Book refers to The Bible. The Bible is not only an eternal classic of Christianity, it is an important literary work as well. As a book to advocate certain religious doctrines, the Bible unavoidably contains some legends and sermons which we atheists may find ridiculous; however, if we view it from another positive perspective, it can help us learn the development of western society as well as its civilization.So since we have come, let us stay and enjoy it.The Bible or The Holy Scriptures is made up of The Old Testament and The New Testament. In the beginning, The Old Testament was written in Hebrew, and The New Testament in Greek, also known as Judaeo-Greek. In the 4th century A.D., The Roman Emperor Constantine made Christianity their state religion. So the Latin version of the Bible came out, and it is called The Vulgate. From then on, Christianity spread over Europe. In the 17th century, the king of Scotland James I ordered some eminent monks to write the English version of the Bible. And in 1611, The Authorized version or The King James version was published. That translation is considered the best of all times because of its brevity. Although the book has approximately 1000 pages, it has a limited vocabulary of no more than 6,000 words. Nevertheless, it’s still kind of abstruse.Over hundreds of years, the Bible had always played an important role in the Christendom. It shapes people’s view of life and influences every corner of the society. Here are some vivid examples apart from A Very Short Introduction to The Bible. Abraham Lincoln, American president, became a noble leader through self-study. It was said that the Bible was one of his major readings. John Bunyan, renowned English writer, also absorbed a lot of intellectual nourishment from the book. He is the author of The Pilgrim’s Progress. And of course, numerous common people find spiritual comfort and social norms from the book.There are a lot of idioms derived from the Bible, such as “Noah’s Ark”, “the Benjamin of the family”, “the prodigal son”, etc. They are used from time to time and deeply embedded in our minds.I’d like end this brief introduction by Goethe’s comment on the Bible: “The world can move forward at its rapid pace; the human science can advance to the highest level, but nothing can replace the position of The Bible.”。
欧洲文化入门复习题
欧洲文化入门复习题一Division One: Greek Culture and Roman CultureGreek CultureI.填空1.European culture is made up of many elements, two of these elements are considered to bemore enduring and they are the Greco-Roman element and the Judeo-Christian element.2.Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century.3.In the second half of the 4th century B. C., all Greece was brought under the rule of Alexander,king of Macedon.4.In 146 B. C. the Romans conquered Greece.5.Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century.6.Revived in 1896, the Olympic Games have become the world’s foremost amateur sportscompetition.7.Ancient Greeks considered Homer to be the author of their epics.8.The Iliad deals with the alliance of the states of the southern mainland of Greece, led byAgamemnon in their war against the city of Troy.9.The Odyssey deals with the return of Odysseus after the Trojan war to his home, island ofIthaca.10.Of the many lyric poets of ancient Greece, two are still admired by readers today: Sapphoand Pindar.11.Sappho was considered the most important lyric poet of ancient Greece.12.Pindar is best known for his odes celebrating the victories at the athletic games, such as the14 Olympic odes.13.The three great tragic dramatists of ancient Greece are Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides.14.Aeschylus wrote such plays as Prometheus Bound, Persians and Agamemnon.15.Sophocles wrote such tragic plays as Oedipus the King, Electra, and Antigone.16.Euripides wrote mainly about women in such plays as Andromache, Medea, and TrojanWomen.edy also flourished in the 5th century B. C.. Its best writer was Aristophanes, who hasleft eleven plays, including Frogs, Clouds, Wasps and Birds.18.Herodotus is often called “Father of History”. He wrote about the wars betwee n Greeks andPersians.19.Thucydides described the war between Athens and Sparta and between Athens and Syracuse,a Greek state on the Island of Sicily.20.Pythagoras was a bold thinker who had the idea that all things were numbers.21.Pythagoras was the founder of scientific mathematics.22.Heracleitue believed fire to the primary element of the universe, out of which everything elsehad arisen.23.The greatest names in European philosophy are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle.24.Democritus was one of the earliest philosophical materialists and speculated about the atomicstructure of matter.25.In the 4th century B. C., four schools of philosophers often argued with each other, they arethe Cynics, the Sceptics, the Epicureans, and the Stoics.26.Euclid is well-known for his Elements, a textbook of geometry.27.To illustrate the principle of the level, Archimedes is said to have told the king: “Give me aplace to stand, and I will move the world.”28.Greek architecture can be grouped into three styles: the Doric style which is also called themasculine style; the Ionic style which is also called the feminine style; and a later style that is called the Corinthian style.29.The Acropolis at Athens and the Parthenon are the finest monument of Greek architecture andsculpture in more than 2000 years.30.In the 20th century, there are Homeric parallels in the Irishman James Joyce’s modernistmasterpiece Ulysses.II.选择1.Which culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B. C.2.A.Greek CultureB.Roman CultureC.Egyptian CultureD.Chinese Culture3.In ___________ the Roman conquered Greece.A.1200B.C.B.700 B.C.C.146 B. C.D.The 5th century4.Which of the following works described the war led by Agamemnon against the city of Troy5.A.Oedipus the KingB.IliadC.OdysseyD.Antigone6.Which of the following is NOT the plays written by AeschylusA.AntigoneB.AgamemnonC.PersiansD.Prometheus Bound7.Which of the following is NOT the plays written by SophoclesA.ElectraB.AntigoneC.Trojan WomanD.Oedipus the King8.Which of the following is the play written by EuripidesA.AntigoneB.PersiansC.ElectraD.Medea9.Which of the following is NOT the greatest tragic dramatist of ancient Greece10.A.AristophanesB.EuripidesC.SophoclesD.Aeschylus11.Who ever said that “You can not step twice into the same river”A.PythagorasB.HeracleitusC.Aristotle12.Who was the founder of scientific mathematicsA.HeracleitusB.AristotleC.SocratesD.Pythagoras13.Who is chiefly noted for his doctrine that “man is the measure of all things”A.ProtagorasB.PythagorasC.PyrrhonD.EpicurusIII.名词解释1.Aeschylus2.Plato3.The CynicsIV.简答与问答1.What are the major elements in European culture2.What were the main features of ancient Greek society3.Who were the outstanding dramatists of ancient Greece What important plays did each of them write4.5.Tell some of Plato’s ideas. Why do people call him an idealist6.7.Give some examples to show the enormous influence of Greek culture on English literature.Roman CultureI. 填空1.The burning of Corinth in 146 B. C. marked Roman conquest of Greece, which was thenreduced to a province of the Roman Empire.2.The Roman writer Horace said: “Captive Greece took her rude conqueror captive”.3.In 27 B. C. Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus.4.The Romans enjoyed a long period of peace lasting two hundred years, a remarkablephenomenon in history known as the Pax Romana.5.In the 4th century, the emperor Constantine moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium,renamed it Constantinople modern Istanbul .6.In 476 the last emperor of the west was deposed by the Coths and marked the end of the WestRoman Empire.7.The East Roman Empire collapsed when Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453.8.Julius Caesar recorded what he did and saw in the various military campaigns he took part inand these writings, collected in his Commentaries, are models of succinct Latin.9.Virgil was the greatest of Latin poets and wrote the great epic, the Aeneid.10.The Pantheon is the greatest and the best preserved Roman temple, which was built in 27 B. C.And reconstructed in the 2th century A. D..11.She-wolf is the statue which illustrates the legend of creation of Roman.II.选择1.Who wrote, “I came, I saw, I conquered”A.HoraceB.Julius CaesarC.VirgilD.Marcus Tullius Cicero2.The author of the philosophical poem On the Nature of things is ___________.A.VirgilB.Julius CaesarC.HoraceD.Lucretius3.Which of the following is not Roman architectureA.The ColosseumB.The PanthenonC.The ParthenonD.Pont du Gard4.Who wrote, “Captive Greece took her rude conqueror captive”A.SapphoB.PlatoC.VirgilD.HoraceIII.名词解释1.Julius Caesar2.The Pax RomanaIV.简答与问答1.What did the Romans have in common with the Greeks And what was the chief differencebetween them2.3.What is the book for which Virgil has been famous throughout the centuries In what way is thebook linked with the Greek past4.5.Why do we say Aeneas is a truly tragic hero6.Division Two: The Bible and ChristianityThe Old TestamentⅠ填空题1.Among all the religions by which people seek to worship, Christianity is by far the mostinfluential in the West.2.Both Judaism and Christianity originated in Palestine the hub of migration and trade routes,which led to exchange of ideas over wide areas.3.Some 3800 years ago the ancestors of the Jews – the Hebrews – wandered through the desertsof the Middle East.4.About 1300 ., the Hebrews came to settle in Palestine, known as Canaan at that time, andformed small kingdoms.5.The king of the Hebrews was handed down orally from one generation to another in the formof folktales and stories, which were recorded later in the Old Testament.6.The Bible is a collection of religious writings comprising two parts: the Old Testament and theNew Testament.7.The old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are first fivebooks, called Pentateuch.8.When the Hebrews left the desert and entered the mountainous Sinai, Moses climbed to thetop of the mountain to receive from God message, which came to be known as the Ten Commandments.9.Chronologically Amos is the earliest prophet in the Old Testament.10.In Babylon in the 6th century ., the Hebrews, now known as Jews, formed synagogues topractise their religion.II 选择题1.Which of the following is by far the most influential in the West_______A. BuddismB. IslamismC. ChristianityD. Judaism2.The Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the firstfive books, called __________.A. ExodusB. CommandmentsC. AmosD. Pentaeuch3.Which of the following is NOT the content of the Ten Commandments_______A.Honour your father and your motherB.Do not commit suicideC.Do not desire your neighbour’s wifeD.Do not take the name of God in vain4.When in Babylon the Hebrews formed synagogues to practise their religion5.______6.A. in 169 .B. in the 4th centuryC. in 76 .D. in the 6th centuryⅢ名词解释1.the Bible2.the Pentateuch3.Ten CommandmentsⅣ简答与问答1.What was the Hebrews major contribution to world civilization2.Why do we say Judaism and Christianity are closely related3.What are the Ten Commandments about4.Rise of ChristianityⅠ填空题1.At the age of 30, Jesus received the baptism at the hands of John Baptist.2.Jesus spent most of his life in Galilee, where he apparently made a sensation.3.Jesus of Nazareth lived in Palestine during the reign of the first Roman Emperor Augustus.4.Jesus went with his disciples to Jerusalem for the Passover, but was betrayed by Juda.5.In 313 the Edict of Milan was issued by Constantine I and granted religious freedom to all andmade Christianity legal.6.In 392 A.D, Emperor Theodosius made Christianity the official religions of the empire andoutlawed all other religions.7.After Jesus died, St. Peter and St. Paul led the disciples of Jesus to spread gospel in theMediterranean regions.Ⅱ选择题1.After the _______ century Nestorianism reached China.A. sixthB. fifthC. secondD. third2.Which of the following emperors made Christianity the official religion of the empire andoutlawed all other religions __________A. TheodosiusB. AugustusC. Constantine ID. Nero Caesar3.Which of the following emperors issued the Edict of Milan and made Christianity legal in 313__________A. AugustusB. ThedosiusC. NeroD. Constantine I4.At the age of 30, Jesus Christ received the baptism at the hands of _________.A. St. PeterB. St. PaulC. John BaptistD. John WycliffⅢ名词解释Edict of MilanⅣ简答与问答did the relations between Christians and the Roman government changeThe New TestamentⅠ填空题1.By 300 A.D. each local church was called a parish and had a full time leader known as priest.2.Towards the end of he fourth century four accounts were accepted as part of the NewTestament, which tells the beginning of Christianity.3.When as Jesus’ mother Mary was espoused to Joseph, before they came together, she wasfound with child of the Holy Ghost4.Jesus went with his disciples to Jerusalem for the Passover, but was betrayed by Juda andcaught at the Last Supper.Translations of the BibleⅠ填空题1.Except a few passages in the related Armaic dialect the Old Testament was originally writtenin Hebrew. And the New Testament was originally written in a popular form of Greek.2.The oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament is known as the Septuagint, asaccording the fictional letter of Aristeas, it was translated by 72 translators in 72 days.3.The most ancient extant Latin version of the whole Bible is the Vulgate edition, which wasdone in 384 –405 A.D. by St. Jerome in common people’s language.4.The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate in 1382 andwas copied out by hand by the early group of reformers led by John Wycliff.5.The most important and influential of English Bible is the “Authorized” or King James’version, first published in 1611.Ⅱ选择题1.By 1693, the whole of the Bible had been translated in _________languages.A. 228B. 974C. 1202D. 1542.The oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament is known as ________.A. the Latin VulgateB. the AristeasC. the “Authorized”D. the Septuagint3.When printing was invented in the 1500’s, the _______ Bible was the first complete workprinted.A. EnglishB. LatinC. AramaicD. Hebrew4.When did the standard American edition of the Revised Version appear _______A. 1885B. 1611C. 1901D. 1979Division Three: The Middle AgesManor and ChurchⅠ填空题1.In European history, the thousand year period following the fall of the West Roman Empire inthe fifth century is called the Middle Ages.2.Between the fifth and eleventh centuries, West Europe was the scene of frequent wars andinvasions.3.The Middle Age is a period in which classical, Hebrew and Gothic heritage merged.4.Feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding –a system of holding land inexchange for military service.5.In 732 Charles Martel, a Frankish ruler gave his soldiers estates known as fiefs as a reward fortheir service.6.The center of medieval life under feudalism was the manor.7.By the 12th century manor houses came to be called castle, which were made of stone anddesigned as fortress.8.As a knight, he was pledged to protect the weak, to fight for the church, to be loyal to his lordand to respect women of noble birth. These rules were known as code of chivalry, from which the western idea of good manners developed.9.In the medieval days a knight was trained for war by fighting each other in mock batterscalled tournaments.10.After 1054, the Church was divided into the Roman Catholic Church and the EasternOrthodox Church.11.The most important of all the leaders of Christian thought was Augustine of Hippo who livedin North Africa in the fifth century.12.Under feudalism, people of western Europe were mainly divided into three classes: clergy,lords and peasants.13.The Pope not only ruled Roman and parts of Italy as a king, he was also the head of allChristian churches in western Europe.14.In the Medieval times the Church set up a church court –the Inquisition to stamp outso-called heresy.15.One of the most important sacraments was Holy Communion, which was to remind peoplethat Christ had died to redeem man.16.To express their religious feelings, many people in the Middle Ages went on journeys tosacred places where early Christian leaders had lived. The most important of all was Jerusalem.17.With a return attack against the Moslems, the Western Christians launched a series of holywars called the Crusades.Ⅱ选择题1.In the later part of the 4th century, which of the following tribes swept into Europe fromcentral Asia, robbing and killing a large numbers of the half civilized Germanic tribes2.________3.A. the MongoliansB. the HunsC. the TurkishD. the Syrians4.The Middle Ages is also called the _________.A. “Age of Christianity”B. “Age of Literature”C. “Age of Holy Spirit”D. “Age of Faith”5.According to the code of chivalry, which of the following is not pledged to do for a knight_______A. To be loyal to his lordB. To fight for the churchC. To obey without question the orders of the abbotD. To respect women of noble birth6.In 732, who gave his soldiers estates known as fiefs as a reward for their service _________A. Charles Martel, a Frankish rulerB. Charles I, a Turkish rulerC. Constantine I, a Frankish rulerD. St. Benedict, a Italian ruler7.When was the Church divided into the Roman Catholic Church and Eastern OrthodoxChurch_________A. after 1066B. after 1296C. after 1054D. after 4768.Which of the following about the knight or noble in the Middle Ages in Western Europe isNOT true_9.___________10.A.Almost all nobles were knights in the Medieval days.B. A noble began his education as a page at the age of seven.C.As a knight, he was pledged to fight for the church.D.At about fourteen, the page became a knight.11.When was a noble crowned as a knight in the Middle Ages in Western Europe _______12.A.At the age of 14.B.When he was taught to say his prayers, learned good manners and ran errands for theladies.C.At a special ceremony known as dubbing.D.When he was pledged to fight for the church.13.Which of the following is NOT true about what the monks must do before entering themonastery according to the Benedictine RuleA.They had to attend service 6 times during the day and once at midnight.B.They could promise to give up all their possession before entering the monastery.C.They were expected to work 5 hours a day in the fields surrounding the monastery.D.They had to obey without question the orders of the abbot.14.Under feudalism, what were the three classes of people of western Europe________A. clergy, knights and serfsB. Pope, bishop and peasantsC. clergy, lords and peasantsD. knights, nobles and serfs15.By which year the Moslems had taken over the last Christian stronghold and won the crusadesand ruled all the territory in Palestine that the crusaders had fought to control16.________17.A. 1270B. 1254C. 1096D. 1291Ⅲ名词解释1.the Middle Ages2.Manor3.Code of Chivalry4.Benedictine Rule5.the CrusadesⅣ简答与问答1.Who was Charles Martel2.What was the difference between a serf and a free man3.Into what three groups were people divided under feudalism4.What happened in Western Europe after the decline of the Roman Empire5.Learning and Science, Literature, Art and ArchitectureⅠ填空题1.Charlemagne, who temporarily restored order in western and central Europe, was perhaps themost important figure of the medieval period.2.Charlemagne was crowed “Emperor of the Romans” by the Pope in 800.3.The Summa Theologica by St. Thomas Aquinas forms an enormous system and sums up allthe knowledge of medieval theology.4.Roger Bacon was one of the earliest advocates of Scientific research and called for carefulobservation and experimentation.5.“National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages – that is, the languages ofvarious national states that came into being in the Middle Ages.6.Beowulf is an Anglo-Sexon epic, in alliterative verse, originating from the collective efforts oforal literature.7.Dante Alighieri was the greatest poet of Italy, his masterpiece, The Divine Comedy, is one ofthe landmarks of world literature.8.Chaucer was a great English poet, The Canterbury Tales were his most popular work for theirpower of observation, piercing irony, sense of humor and warm humanity.9.Chaucer writers in dialect used by Londoners, and by the sheer weight and popularity of hiswritings he sets it firmly on the way towards Modern English.10.The style of architecture under Romanesque art is characterized by massiveness, solidity andmonumentality with all overall blocky appearance.11.The Gothic style started in France and quickly spread through all parts of western Europe.Ⅱ选择题1.Whic h of the following was crowned “Emperor of the Romans” by the Pope in 8002.______3.A. St. Thomas AquinasB. CharlemagneC. ConstantineD. King James4.Who was the ruler of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Wessex and contributed greatly to themedieval European culture5._________6.A. Charles IB. Constantine IC. Alfred the GreatD. Charles the Great7.Does Song of Roland belong to which country’s epic8._________9.A. EnglishB. GermanicC. HebrewD. French10.Who is the author of the Opus Maius ________11.A. Roger BaconB. Dante AlighieriC. ChaucerD. St. Thomas AquinasⅢ名词解释1.Carolingian Renaissance2.Beowulf3.Song of Roland4.The Canterbury tales5.Romanesque6.GothicⅣ简答与问答was the merit which Charlemagne and Alfred the Great shareDivision IV: Renaissance and ReformationRenaissance in ItalyⅠ填空题1.Generally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid 17th century.2.Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.3.In essence, Renaissance was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers andscholars made attempts to get rid of conservatism in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of bourgeoisie, to lift the restrictions in all areas placed by the Roman Church authorities.4.Renaissance started in Florence and Venice with the flowering of paintings, sculpture andarchitecture.5.Beginning from the 11th century, cities began to rise in central and north Italy.6.Decameron is a collection of 100 tales told by 7 young ladies and 3 younger gentlemen ontheir way to escape the Black Death of 1348.7.Petrach was best known for Canzoniers, a book of lyrical songs written in his Italian dialect.8.The Renaissance artists introduced in their works scientific theories of anatomy andperspective.9.The four representative artists of High Renaissance in Italy are Leonardo da Vinci,michelangelo, Raphael and Titian.10.Loenardo da Vinci’s major works: Last Supper is the most famous of religious pictures; MonaLisa probably is the world’s most famous portrait.11.Michelangelo created a style of art in which he freed himself from the old tradition ofdecoration on the one hand and documentary realism on the other.12.Titian’s painting is acknowledged to have established oil colour on canvas as the typicalmedium of the pictorial tradition in western art.13.In world trade, Italy had lost its supremacy because of the discovery of America in 1492 andthe rounding of the Cape of Good Hope in 1488, the opening of an all-water route to India which provided a cheaper means of transport.14.Petrach is looked up as the father of modern poetry.15.Italy is regarded as the birthplace of the Renaissance.Ⅱ选择题1.Where did the Renaissance start with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture_______A. in Greece and RomeB. in Florence and VeniceC. in Milan and FlorenceD. in Italy and Germany2.When did the Renaissance reach its height with its center moving to Milan, then to Rome, andcreated High Renaissance3.___________4.A. in the 11th centuryB. in the 15th centuryC. in the 16th centuryD. in the 17th century5.Which of the following works is written by Boccaccio _______A. DecameronB. CanzoniersC. DavidD. Moses6.Who is the author of the painting, Betrayal of Judas ________A. GiottoB. BrunelleschiC. DonatelloD. Giorgione7.Which of the following High Renaissance artists is the father of the modern mode of painting_______A. RaphaelB. TitianC. da VinciD. Michelangelo8.Which of the following High Renaissance artists was best known for his Madona Virgin MaryA. TitianB. da VinciC. MichelangeloD. Raphael9.Which of the following paintings was based on the story in the Bible with Maria riding on adonkey ready to face the hardship ahead ________A. TempestaB. Sacred and Profane LoveC. Flight into EgyptD. The Return of the HuntersⅢ名词解释1.Renaissance2.DecameronⅣ简答与问答1.What made Italy the birthplace of the Renaissance2.3.What are the main elements of humanism How are these elements reflected in art andliterature during the Italian Renaissance4.How did Italian Renaissance art and architecture break away from medieval tradition5.In what way was Leonardo da Vinci important during the RenaissanceReformation and Counter-ReformationⅠ填空题1.The Reformation led by Martin Luther which swept over the whole of Europe was aimed atopposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing it with the absolute authority of the Bible.2.Martin Luther was the German leader of the Protestant Reformation. His doctrine marked thefirst break in the unity of the Catholic Church.3.When the Pope refused to recognized Henry’s marriage with Anne Boleyn, British Parliament,in 1534, passed the Act of Supremacy which marked the formal break of the British with the Papal authorities.4.Ignatius and his followers called themselves the Jesuits, members of the Society of Jesus.5.John Calvin put his theological thoughts in his Institutes of the Christian Religion, which wasconsidered one of the most influential theological works of all times.Ⅱ选择题took up the translation of the Bible into English for the first time ________A. Jan HusB. John WyliffC. Martin LutherD. John Calvin is the author Institutes of the Christian ReligionA. John WycliffB. Jan HusC. John Calvinwhose reign did the formal break of the British with the papal authorities take place____A. Elizabeth IB. William IC. Edward IIID. Henry VIIIthe formal break of the British with the papal authorities, who was the head of the church _______A. KingB. PopeC. BishopD. QueenⅢ名词解释1.Calvinism2.the Council of Trent3.Counter-ReformationⅣ简答与问答1.What are the doctrines of Martin Luther2.What was the significance of the Reformation in European civilizationRenaissance in other CountriesⅠ填空题1.The Protestant group in France was known as the Huguenots whose rivalry with the CatholicChurch led to the wars of religion from 1562 to 1598.2.In 1492 the Moors that had ruled Spain for four centuries were driven out from their laststronghold.3.In 1492 Columbus discovered American and claimed America for Spain.4.The author of Don Quixote is Cervantes.5.Albrecht Dürer was the leader of the Renaissance in Germany. His engravings areunsurpassed and his paintings of animals and plants are exceedingly sensitive.6.Under the reign of Elizabeth I, England began to embark on the road to colonization andforeign control that was to take it onto its heyday of capitalist development.7.Thomas More was a great humanist during the Renaissance. Among his writings the bestknown is Utopia.8.Cervantes crowned literature of Spain and Shakespeare of England during the Renaissance.Ⅱ选择题1.Which of the following works was written by Rabelais, in which he praises the greatness ofman, expresses his love of love and his reverence and sympathy for humanist learning _______and Pantagruel B. Don QuixoteC. The Praise of FollyD. Utopia2.Whose motto put down in his essays “What do Know” is world famous________A. CervantesB. RabelaisC. MontaigneD. Shakespeare3.Which of the follow ing works is worth reading for Montaigne’s humanist ideas and a stylewhich is easy and familiar ________A. SonnetsB. DecameronC. RabelaisD. Of Repentance4.Which of the following is NOT French writer poet _______A. CervantesB. Pierre de RonsardC. RabelaisD. Montaigne5.In 1516 who published the first Greek edition of the New Testament_________A. BruegelB. ErasmusC. El GrecoD. Rabelais6.“To be, or not to be, -- that is the question ” from whose works _______A. ChaucerB. DanteC. Roger BaconD. ShakespeareⅢ简答与问答1.Why did England come later than other countries during the Renaissance In what way wasEnglish Renaissance different from that of other countries Who were the major figures and what were their contributionsScience and Technology during the RenaissanceⅠ填空题1.The Renaissance was the golden age of geographical discoveries: by the year of 1600 thesurface of the known earth was doubled.2.Columbus was a Genoese-born navigator and discoverer of the New World.3.Dias was a Portuguese navigator who discovered the Cape of Good Hope.4.Vasco da Gama was a Portuguese navigator, who discovered the route to India round the Capeof Good Hope between the year of 1497 and 1498.5.Amerigo Vespucci was the Italian navigator in whose honor America was named6.Amerigo Vespucci discovered and explored the mouth of the Amazon and accepted SouthAmerica as a new continent.7.Copernicus came to be known as father of modern astronomy.8.During his life time Leonardo da Vinci dissected more than thirty corpse and was a greatanatomist in Italy.9.Andreas Vesalius was the founder of modern medicine.10.Vesalius was a Flemish anatomist. His work Fabrica marked the beginning of a new era in thestudy of anatomy.11.Machiavelli was called “Father of political science” in the West.12.The Reformation shattered Medieval Church’s stifling control over man, thus paving the wayfor capitalism.。
the bible名词解释
the bible名词解释The Bible, also known as the Holy Bible, is a sacred text in Christianity. It is considered by Christians to be the inspired word of God and serves as a guide for faith and practice. The Bible is divided into two main sections, the Old Testament and the New Testament.The Old Testament contains the sacred scriptures of the Jewish faith, which were written before the birth of Jesus Christ. It includes books such as Genesis, Exodus, Psalms, and Isaiah, among others. These books recount the history of the Jewish people, their laws and customs, and their relationship with God.The New Testament, on the other hand, focuses on the life, teachings, and ministry of Jesus Christ, as well as the early Christian church. It includes the four Gospels (Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John), the Acts of the Apostles, the Epistles, and the Book of Revelation. These books provide insight into the life and teachings of Jesus, the growth of the early Christian church, and the future of humanity.The Bible is considered to be a source of spiritual guidance, moral teachings, and inspiration for millions of people around the world. It addresses fundamental questions about the nature of God, the purpose of life, and the afterlife. Many Christians turn to the Bible for comfort, wisdom, and direction in their daily lives.In addition to its religious significance, the Bible has also had a profound impact on Western culture, literature, and art. Its stories, characters, and themes have inspired countless works of art, music, and literature. The Bible has been translated into numerous languages and is widely read and studied by scholars, theologians, and believers of all denominations.Overall, the Bible is a timeless and influential text that continues to shape the beliefs, values, and traditions of Christians and non-Christians alike. Its message of love, forgiveness, and redemption resonates with people of all backgrounds and continues to offer hope and guidance to those who seek it.。
欧洲文化入门练习及参考答案
《欧洲文化入门》练习及参考答案(总21页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--欧洲文化入门各章练习及答案第一章填空题：1. The richness of European Culture was created by ________element and _________element. Greco-Roman Judeo-Christian2. The Homer’s epics consisted of_________. Iliad and Odyssey3. ________ is the first writer of “problem plays”. Euripides4. __________ is called “Father of History”. Herodotus5. ________is the greatest historian that ever lived. Thucydides6. The dividing range in the Roman history refers to ________. 27 .7. “I came, I saw, I conquered.” is a famous saying by _______. Julius Caesar8. The representation form of Greek Democracy is __________. citizen-assembly.判断题1. Euclid says “Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world”. (×) Archimedes2. Herodo tus’s historical writing is on the war between Anthens and Sparta. (×) Greeks and Persians名词解释：1. Pax Romana答：In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions, it was known as Pax Romana2. “Democracy” in ancient Greece答： 1）Democracy means “exercise of power by the whole people”, but in Greece by “the whole people” the Greeks meant only the adult male citizens.2） Women, children, foreigners and slaves were excluded from Democracy. 论述题：1. How did the Greek Culture originate and develop1) Probably around 1200 ., a war was fought between Greece and troy. This is the war that Homer refers to in his epics.2) Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century .A. The successful repulse of the Persian invasion early in the 5th century.B. The establishment of democracy.C. The flourishing of science, philosophy, literature, art and historical writing in Athens.3)The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.4) In the second half of the 4th century ., Greece was conquered by Alexander, king of Macedon. Whenever he wentand conquered, whenever Greek culture was found.5) Melting between Greek culture and Roman culture in 146 ., the Romans conquered Greece.2. What is the great significance of Greek Culture on the later-on cultural development答： There has been an enduring excitement about classical Greekculture in Europe and elsewhere Rediscovery of Greek culture played avital part in the Renaissance in Italy and other European countries.1) Spirit of innovationThe Greek people invented mathematics and science and philosophy; They first wrote history as opposed to mere annals; They speculatedfreely about the nature of the world and the ends of life, without being bound in the fetters ofany inherited orthodoxy.2) Supreme AchievementThe Greeks achieved supreme achievements in nearly all fields of human endeavour: Philosophy, science, epic poetry, comedy, historical writing, architecture, etc.3) Lasting effectA. Countless writers have quoted, borrowed from and otherwise used Homer’s epics, the tragedies of Aeschylus and Sophocles and Euripides, Aristophanes’s comedies, Plato’s Dialogues,ect.B. In the early part of the 19th century, in England alone, three young Romantic poets expressed their admiration of Greek culture in works which have themselves become classics: Byron’s Isles of Greece, Shelley’s Hellas and Prometheus Unbound and Keats’s Ode on a Grecian Urn.C. In the 20th century, there are Homeric parallels in the Irishman James Joyce’s modernist masterpiece Ulysses.3. What is the similarity and difference between Greek culture and Romanculture答：1) similarities:A. Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of the citizen-assembly.B. Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified, and their myths to be fused.C. Their languages worked in similar ways, both being members of the Indo-European language family.2) differences:A. The Romans built up a vast empire; the Greeks didn’t, except for the brief moment of Alexander’s conquests, which soon disintegrated.B. The Romans were confident in their own organizational power, their military and administrative capabilities.4. What is the Rome historical background答：1) The history of Rome divided into two periods: Before the year 27 ., Rome had been a republic; from the year 27 ., Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus and Roman Empire began.2) Two centuries later, the Roman Empire reached its climax, marked by land a rea’s extension: Encircling the Mediterranean.3) Strong military power: the famous Roman legions.4) In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions,it was known as Pax Romana.5) Another important contribution made by the Romans to European culture was Roman Law.6) The empire began to decline in the 3rd century.A. In the 4th century the emperor Constantine moved the capital from Rome to it Constantinople (modern Istanbul).B. After 395, the empire was divided into East (The Byzantine Empire) and WestC. In 476 the last emperor of the West was deposed by Goths and this marked the end of the West Roman Empire.D. The East Roman Empire collapsed when Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453.第二章填空题：1. ___________is by far the most influential in the West. Christianity2. The Hebrews history was recorded in _________of the Bible. the Old Testament3. The New Testament is about _________. the doctrine of Jesus Christ4. The story about God’s f looding to the human being and only good-virtue being saved was recorded in Genesis,Pentateuch, the Old Testament, the Bible, which was known as _________. Noah’s Ark.5. The Birth of Jesus was recorded in ________. Matthew6. The story about Jesus being pinned in the cross to death was known as_________. The Last Supper.7. The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the LatinVulgate in 1382 and was copied out by handby the early group of reformers led by _________. John Wycliff.名词解释:1. The Old TestamentThe Bible was divided into two sections: the Old Testament and the New Testament. The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God. The word “Testament” means “agreement”, the agreement between God and Man.2. PentateuchThe Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first five books, called Pentateuch. Pentateuch contains five books: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy.3. GenesisGenesis is one of the five books in Pentateuch, it tells about a religious account of the origin of the Hebrews people, including the origin of the world and of man, the career of Issac and the life of Jacob and his son Joseph.4. ExodusExodus is one of the five books in Pentateuch, it tells about a religioushistory of the Hebrews during their flight from Egypt, the period when they began to receive God’s Law. Joshua brought the people safely back toCanaan.5. The Book of DanielThe Book of Daniel belongs to The Old Testament of the Bible. Ittells about the Hebrews being carried away into Babylon.论述简答题：1. What are the beliefs of Christianity答： Christianity based itself on two forceful beliefs which separate it fromall other religions.1）One is that Jesus Christ is the Son of God, and that God sent him to earth to live as humans live, suffer as humans suffer, and die to redeem mankind.2）The other is that God gave his only begotten son , so that whosoeverbelieves in him should not perish, but have everlasting life.2. What are the different translation editions of the Bible答：1)The oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament is known as the Septuagint. And it is still in use in the Greek Church today. But it only translated the Old Testament.2) The most ancient extant Latin version of the whole Bible is the Vulgate edition, which was done in 385-405 . By St. Jerome in common people’s language. It became the official Bible of the Roman Catholic Church throughout the world.3) The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the LatinVulgate in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers ledby John Wycliff.4) After John Wycliff’s version, appeared William Tyndale’s version. I t was based on the original Hebrew and Greek sources.5) The Great Bible ordered by Henry Ⅷ in 1539 to be placed in all the English churches was in part founded on Tyndale’s work.6) The most important and influential of English B ible is the “Authorized” or “King James” version, first published in 1611. It was produced by 54 biblical scholars at the command of King James. With its simple, majestic Anglo-Saxon tongue, it is known as the greatest book in the English languages.7) The Revised Version appeared in 1885, and the standard American edition ofthe Revised Version in 1901.8) The Good News Bible and the New English Bible.3. What is the great significance of the translations of the bible答：1) It is generally accepted that the English Bible and Shakespeare are two great reservoirs of Modern English.2) Miltion’s Paradise Lost, Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress, Byron’s Cain, up to the contemporary Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises, and Steinbeck’s East of Eden. They are not influenced without the effect of the Bible.第三章填空题：1. In _______ a Germanic (日耳曼) general killed the last Roman emperor and took control of the government. 4762. After 1054, the church was divided into _________ and _______. the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.3. _______ is the one who translated into Latin both Old and New Testament from the Hebrew and Greek originals. St. Jerome4. ______introduced French and Italy writing the English native alliterative verse.5. Both ___________are the best representative of the middle English. Chaucerand The Canterbury Tales6. _________ paved the way for the development of what is the present-day European culture. the Middel Ages名词解释1. the Middle agesIn European history, the thousand-year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages. The middle ages is so called because it came between ancient times and modern times. To be specific, from the 5th century to 15th century.2. FeudalismFeudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding— a system of holding land in exchange for military service. The word “feudalism” was derived from the Latin “feudum”, a grant of land.3. The ManorThe centre of medieval life under feudalism was the manor. Manorswere founded on the fiefs of the lords. By the twelfth century manor houses were made of stone and designed as fortresses. They came to be called castles.4. Carolingian RenaissanceCarolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne’s name in Latin, Carolus. The most interesting facet of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.5. Gothic1) The Gothic style started in France and quickly spread through all parts of Western Europe.2) It lasted from the mid-12th to the end of 15th century and, in some areas,into the 16th. More churches were built in this manner than in any other stylein history.3) The Gothic was an outgrowth of the Romanesque.论述简答题：1. Why is the middle ages is called Age of Faith答：1) During the Medieval times there was no central government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church.2) The Christian church continued to gain widespread power and influence.3) In the Late middle ages, almost everyone in western Europe wasa Christian and a member of the Christian Church. Christianity took the lead in politics, law, art, and learningfor hundreds of years.4) It shaped people’s lives. That is why the middle ages is also called the “Age of Faith”.2. What is the great significance of the Crusades答：1) The crusades brought the East into closer contact with the West. And they greatly influenced the history of Europe.2) During the wars while many of the feudal lords went to fight in Palestine, kings at home found opportunities to strengthen themselves. Thus among other things, Crusades helped to break down feudalism, which, in turn led to the rise of the monarchies.3) Besides, through their contact with the more cultured Byzantinesand Moslems, the western Europeans changed many of their old ideas. Their desire for wealth or power began to overshadow their religious ideals.4) The Crusades also resulted in renewing people’s interest in le arning and invention. By the 13th century, universities had spread all over Europe. Such knowledge as Arabic numerals, algebra , and Arab medicine were introduced to the West.5) As trade increased, village and towns began to grow into cities. And the rise of towns and trade in western Europe paved the way of the growth of strong national governments.3. How did learning and science develop in the Middle Ages答：1) Charlemagne and Carolingian Renaissance:A. He was crowned “Emperor of the Romans” by the pope in 800.B. Carolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne’s name in Latin, Carolus. The most interesting facet of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.2) Alfred the Great and Wessex Centre of Learning:A. He promoted translations into the vernacular from Latin works.B. He also inspired the compilation of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.3) St. Thomas Aquinas and Scholasticism:4) Roger Bacon and Experimental Science:A. Roger Bacon, a monk, was one of the earliest advocates of scientific research.B. He called for careful observation and experimentation. His main work was the Opus maius.4. How did literature develop in the middle ages答：1) The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature.“National epic” refers to the epic written in verna cular languages—that is, the languages of various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting pointof a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the representative works of the National Epics.2) Dante Alighieri and The Divine Comedy:A. His masterpiece, The Divine Comedy, is one of the landmarks of world literature.B. The poem expresses humanistic ideas which foreshadowed the spirit of Renaissance.C. Dante wrote his masterpiece in Italian rather than in Latin.3) Geoffery Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales:A. The Canterbury Tales were his most popular work.B. Most of the tales are written in verse which reflects Chaucer’s innovationby introducing into the native alliterativeverse the French and Italian styles.C. Chaucer is thus to be , regarded as the first short story teller and thefirst modern poet in English literature.D. Chaucer and the Canterbury Tales were representative of the Middle ages.5. What is the difference between the vernacular language used in the National epics and the vernacular language used by Mark twain答：1) The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature.“National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages.Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting pointof a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the representative works of the National Epics.2) The vernacular language used by Mark twain refers to both local and colloq language used in the Mississippi area, with a strong characteristic of that region. Mark twain used vernacular language not only in dialogue, but also in narration.3) His representative works Life on the Mississippi.6. What were the power and influence of the Roman Catholic church in theMedieval times1) With a highly centralized and disciplined international organization from priests to Pope, the Roman Catholic Church seemed to be the only unity across the western Europe of the Medieval times. It developed a civilization based on Christianity and helped to preserve and pass on the heritage of the classical cultures by the official language of Latin.2) with the Pope as the supreme head of all the Christian Churchesof the western Europe, the Catholic (meaning universal) church received heavy taxes from lay people and various supports from nobles and kings. Church could remove any opponents political rights or even emperors,with the powerful symbol of the Inquisition, the Church court to punish heresy.3) The Medieval Church was the center of the Europeans’ daily life and almost everyone became a member of theChurch. People turned to the Church for comfort and spiritual guidance; the Church also was the center of holy communion, recreation, trade and communal activity.4) Clergy then was the only literate class, so kings and nobles used them to implement important secular governmental duties.5) The Church took the lead in politics, law, art, and learning throughout the “Age of Faith”. For example, Romanesque and Gothic arts were predominantly religious; in learning, it influenced greatly the western thinking with the monks’ work on copying and translating ancient books, the ChurchFathers’ philosop hy, Monasticism, Scholasticism and Experimental science.6) originally for regaining the holy city of Jerusalem, the Church launched 200-year Crusades, which helped to bread down feudalism and enhanced the cultural contact between the West and the East.第四章填空题：1. Renaissance started in ________ and ________ with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture. Florence and Venice.2. In Renaissance literature of Italy, _______ was the representative poet. Petrarch3. At the heart of the Renaissance philosophy was the assertion of _________. the greatness of man.4. The idea of the greatness of man is reflected in __________ literature. Shakespeare’s5. The national religion established after reformation in England was called _______. The church of England or The Anglican Church.6. It was under the reign of _______ that reformation was successful in England. Henry Ⅷ.7. Montaigne was a French humanist known for his _______. “Essais”(Essays).8. The representative novelist of Renaissance in Spain was __________ with his famous work_______, which marked European culture entry into a new stage. Cervantes Don Quixote9. The Venus of Urbino is ___________ works. Titian10. _______ translated the whole Bible with the vernacular language. Martin Luther名词解释:1. RenaissanceGenerally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th century. The word “Renaissance” means revival, specifically in this period of history, revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture. Renaissance, in essence, was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of conservatism in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, to lift the restrictions in all areas placed by the Roman church authorities.2. ReformationThe Reformation was a 16th century religious movement as well as a socio-political movement. It began as Martin Luther posted on the door of the castle church at the University of Wittenberg his 95 thesis. This movement which swept over the whole of Europe was aimed atopposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing it with the absolute authority of the Bible. The reformists engaged themselves in translating the Bible into their mother tongues.3. Counter-ReformationBy late 1520 the Roman Catholic Church had lost its control overthe church in Germany. The Roman Catholic Church did not stay idle. They mustered their forces, the dedicated Catholic groups, to examine the Church institutions and introduce reforms and improvements, to bring back its vitality. This recovery of power is often called by historiansthe Counter-Reformation.论述简答题：1. What are the Geographical Discoveries in the Renaissance答：The Renaissance was the golden age of geographical discoveries: by the year of 1600 the surface of the known earth was doubled.1)Columbus: Columbus discovered the land of America. On his fourth voyage he explored the coast of Central America.2)Dias: Dias was a Portuguese navigator who discovered the Cape of Good Hope in 1487.3)Da Gama: Gama was a Portuguese navigator, who discovered the route to India round the Cape of Good Hope between the years of 1497 and 1498.4)Amerig：Amerigo was the Italian navigator on whose honour America was named. His discovered and explored the mouth of the Amazon and accepted South Americaas a new continent.2. What positive influence does the reformation exert on world culture答:1)The Roman Catholic Church was never the international court to which all rulers and states were to be morally responsible for.2)Economically, peasants all over Europe had no need to pay a good amount oftheir gains to the Pope.3)In educational and cultural matters, the monopoly of the church was broken.4)In religion, Protestantism brought into being different forms of Christianity to challenge the absolute rule of the Roman Catholic Church.5)In language, the dominant position of Latin had to give way to the national languages as a result of various translations of the Bible into the vernacular.6)In spirit, absolute obedience became out-moded and the spirit of quest,debate , was ushered in by the reformists.3. What contribution did the Renaissance make to the world culture答：1、The Renaissance created a culture which freed man to discover and enjoy the world in a way not possible under the medieval Church’s dispensation.2、The Reformation dealt the feudal theocracy a fatal blow.第五章填空题：1. The modern world, so far as mental outlook is concerned, begins in ________. the 17th century2. _________ formed the basis of all modern planetary astronomy and led to Newton’s discovery of the laws of gravitation. Kepler’s Laws3. “Knowledge is power.” By _____. Francis Bacon4. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. By _____. Francis Bacon5. Leviathan is written by ________. Tomas Hobbes6. The English Revolution is also called __________. Bourgeoisie Revolution.7. In _______, the Bill of Rights was enacted by the English Parliament. 16898. There are two leaders in the English Revolution. _______ was the man of action and ________ the man of thought. Cromwell, Milton.9. The best representative of French neoclassicism is ________. Molière名词解释：1. the laws of gravitation: the sun, the moon, the earth, the planets, and all the other bodies in the universe move in accordance with the same basic force, which is call gravitation.2. ClassicismClassicism implies the revival of the forms and traditions of the ancient world, a return to works of old Greek literature from Homer to Plato and Aristotle. But French classicism of the 17th century was not conscious of being a classical revival. It intended to produce a literature, French to the core, which was worthy of Greek and classical ideals.This neoclassicism reached its climax in France in the 17th century.3. Baroque ArtBaroque Art, flourished first in Italy, and then spread to Spain, Portugal, France in south Europe and to Flander and the Netherlands in the North. It was characterized by dramatic intensity and sentimental appeal with a lot of emphasis on light and colour.论述简答1. Why do we say the 17th century is a transitional period from middle ages to the modern times答：1) This advance began in science, in astronomy, physics and pure mathematics, owing to the work of Galileo, Kepler, Newton and Descartes. 2) The outlook of educated men was transformed. There was a profound change in the conception of men’s place in the universe.3) The new science and philosophy gave a great push to the political struggle waged by the newly emerged class, the bourgeoisie, and other chasses.4) The modern world, so far as mental outlook is concerned, begins in the 17th century.2. What are the merits shared by the Great Scientists of 17th century答：During the 17th century, the modern Scientific method began totake shape. It emphasized observation and experimentation beforeformulating a final explanation or generalization. Copernicus、Kepler、Galileo、Newton and other scientists of the time shared two merits which favoured the advance of science.1) First, they showed boldness in framing hypotheses.2) Second, they all had immense patience in observation.3) The combination of the two merits brought about fundamental changes in man’s scientific and philosophical thinking.3. What is Baconian Philosophical system答：1) The whole basis of his philosophy was practical: to give mankind mastery over the forces of nature by means of scientific discoveries and inventions.2) He held that philosophy should be kept separate from theology, not intimately be blended with it as in Scholasticism.3) Bacon established the inductive method. Induction means reasoning from particular facts or individual cases to a general conclusion.. Deductive method emphasized reasoning from a known principle to the unknown and from thegeneral to the specific.4) In a word, to break with the past, and to restore man to his lost mastery of the natural world. This was what Bacon called the Great Instauration.4. What is the difference between Hobbes and Locke in terms of nature Law答：For Locke, Nature Law, therefore, means a universally obligatory moral law promulgated by the human reason. Whereas for Hobbes it means the law of power, force and fraud.5. What is the different between Tomas Hobbes and John Locke in terms of Social Contract1) John Lock’s Social Contract consists of :A. Society is out of necessity, convenience and man’s own interest, and therefore, society is natural to man.B. The institution of political society and government must proceed from the consent of those who are incorporated into political society and subject themselves to government.C. Locke emphasized that the social contract must be understood as involving the individual’s consent to submit to the will of the majority and that the will of the majority must prevail.D. Locke also believed that the ruler of government is one partner of the social contract. If he violates the social contract, then government is effectively dissolved. This idea was welcomed by the Americans during the AmericanRevolution and the bourgeoisie revolution in England.2 Tomas Hobbes’ Social Contract consists of:A. It is necessary that there should be a common power or government backed by force and able to punish.B. Commonwealth, in Latin, Civitas.C. To escape anarchy, men enter into a social contract, by which they submit to the sovereign. In return for conferring all their powers and strength to the sovereign, men attain peace and security.D. The powers of the sovereign must be absolute, and it is only be the centralization of authority in one person that the evil can be avoided.E. As to the form of government, Hobbes preferred monarchy.F. Government was not created by God, but by men themselves.3) Although both Tomas Hob bes and John Locke used the term “social contract”, they differed fundamentally.A. Firstly, Hobbes argued men enter a social contract to escape the state of war, for, in his view, men are enemies and at war with each other. Locke argued men are equal and that they enter a social contract by reason.。
（英语语言文学专业论文）论弥尔顿《复乐园》中的诱惑主题
摘要十七世纪英国著名诗人弥尔顿在他一生的文学创作中对诱惑主题的描写和探讨倾注了极大热情。
弥尔顿对诱惑的认识是基于他的自由意志论的神学思想。
在弥尔顿看来，人类不是上帝的玩偶，而是具有自由意志的个体，可以做出自己理性的选择。
因此，诱惑成为上帝检验人类的品质和情操，锻炼人类意志和信仰的一种重要方式。
弥尔顿最后三部诗作《失乐园》，《复乐园》和《斗士参孙》从不同的角度阐述了诱惑主题，表明了它在弥尔顿文学创作中的重要性。
《复乐园》根据新约福音书中耶稣被诱惑的故事改编而成，弥尔顿在这部史诗中对诱惑进行了集中描写。
批评家从多个角度对诗中各种引诱方式的意义进行了剖析；两通过考察耶稣经受考验时的人性，耶稣对自身圣职的认识，以及撒旦的恶与耶稣的善之间的对抗，我们能够较全面地把握《复乐园》中诱惑主题的内涵。
依据弥尔顿反三位一体的非正统的神学思想和诗中的细节描写，我们可以看出他虽不否认耶稣的神性，但在诗里始终强调耶稣是以人性面对考验。
抵抗撒旦诱惑的过程是耶稣深化对自己圣职——包括先知，君王和祭司——的认识的过程。
作为先知，他的使命是成为“活的圣言”，教导人们顺从和爱戴上帝。
他的国家不是具体的国度，而是精神的家园。
与此同时，耶稣展现出自愿以死拯救人类的勇气，为其祭司的使命打下基础。
撤旦和耶稣的较量是罪恶和正义的对决。
撒旦的引诱巧妙的暗藏着七宗大罪，而耶稣并未被其外表的光鲜亮丽所迷惑，表现出他节制、忍耐的过人品质和对上帝的爱与服从。
弥尔顿在《复乐园》中对诱惑的探讨体现了他“内化”的倾向。
宗教改革和英国资产阶级革命均告失败之后，弥尔顿发现，要复得乐园不能仅依靠改革或革命，而应该强调个体对上帝的爱和信仰。
只有像耶稣那样经受诱惑，发自内心的爱并服从上帝，人们才能重建内心乐园。
关键词：弥尔顿，《复乐园》，诱惑，基督教ＡｂｓｔｒａｃｔＪｏｈｎＭｉｌｔｏｎ，ｏｎｅｏｆｔｈｅｍｏｓｔｒｅｎｏｗｎｅｄｐｏｅｔｓｏｆｔｈｅＥｎｇｌｉｓｈｎａｒｒａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｅｘｐｌｏ‘ａｔ‘ｏｎｏｆｌａｎｇｕａｇｅ．ｄｅｄｉｃａｔｅｓｇｒｅａｔｅｎｔｈｕｓｉａｓｍｔｏｔｈｅｍａｎ’ｓｆｒｅｅｔｈｅｔｅｍｐｔａｔｉｏｎｔｈｅｍｅ．Ａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇｔｏｈｉｓｔｈｅｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｂｅｌｉｅｆｉｎｗｉｌｌ，ＭｉｌｔｏｎｍａｉｎｔａｉｎｓｔｈａｔｈｕｍａｎｂｅｉｎｇｓａｒｅｎｏｔｍｅｒｅｐｕｐｐｅｔｓｂｅｔｂｒｅＧｏｄｂｕｔｃａｎｍａｋｅｃｈｏｉｃｅｓｗｈｅｎｆａｃｉｎｇｔｅｍｐｔａｔｉｏｎ．Ｉｎｔｈｉｓｗａｙ，ｖｉｒｃｕｅ，ａｎｄｔｏｅｘｅｒｃｌｓｅｔｅｍｐｔａｔｉｏｎｃａｎｂｅｕｓｅｄａｓａｍｅａｎｓｔｏｐｒｏｖｅｍｅｎ’ｓｉｎＭｉｌｔｏｎ’ｓｍｅｎ，ｓｗｉｌｌａｎｄｔｈｉｔｈ．Ｔｈｅｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｃｅｏｆｔｈｅｔｅｍｐｔａｔｉｏｎｔｈｅｍｅｌｉｔｅｒａｒｙｗｏｒｋｓｉｓｐｅｒｆｅｃｔｌｙｄｅｍｏｎｓｔｒａｔｅｄｂｙｈｉｓｌａｓｔｔｈｒｅｅｍａｊｏｒｐｏｅｍｓ，ｆｏｒｔｈｅｖａ１１ｄａｂｏｒａｔｅｌｙｔｒｅａｔｔｈｉｓｔｈｅｍｅ，ａｌｔｈｏｕｇｈｆｒｏｍｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｐｅｒｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅｓ－ＰａｒａｄｉｓＰＲｅｇａｉｎｅｄｉｓｍａｉｎｌｙｂａｓｅｄｏｎｔｈｅＧｏｓｐｅｌｓｔｏｒｙｏｆＣｈｒｉｓｔ’ｓｉｎｔｏｔｈｉｓｔｈｅｍｅ．ＡｂｕｎｄａｎｔｃｒｉｔｉｃｉｓｍｈａｓｔｅＪｎｐｔａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｅｘｐｌｏｒｅｓｄｅｅｐｌｙｔ＇ｒｏｍｖａｒｉｏｕｓａｎｇｌｅｓｐｒｏｂｅｄｉｎｔｏｔｈｅｉｍｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｃｅｏｆｔｈｅＣｈｒｉｓｔ’ｓｎａｔｕｒｅ，ｔｅｍｐｔａｔｉｏｎｓＤｒｅｓｅｎｔｅｄｉｎｔｈｅｐｏｅｍ．ＷｉｔｈｔｈｅｒｅｖｅｌａｔｉｏｎｏｆＣｈｒｉｓｔ’ｓｏｒｄａｉｎｅｄｖｏｃａｔｉｏｎ，ａｎｄｔｈｅｃｏｎｆｒｏｎｔａｔｉｏｎｂｅｔｗｅｅｎＳａｔａｎ’ｓｓｉｎｓｔｈｅｍｅｍａｎｄＣｈｒｉｓｔ’ｓｖｉｒｔｕｅｓ，ａｂｅｔｔｅｒａｐｐｒｅｈｅｎｓｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｔｅｍｐｔａｔｉｏｎＭｉｌｔｏｎ’ｓｔｈｅｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＰａｒａｄｉｓＰＲｅｇａｉｎｅｄｍａｙｂｅａｔｔａｉｎｅｄ．ＪｕｄｇｉｎｇｆｒｏｍＳｏｎｓｔａｎｄｓｈｅｒｅｓｖｏｆＡｎｔｉｔｒｉｎｉｔａｒｉａｎｉｓｍａｎｄｔｈｅｄｅｔａｉｌｓｏｆｔｈｅｅｐｉｃ，ｔｈｅｄｉｖｉｎｅｎａｔｕｒｅ·Ｓａｔａｎ＇ｓｔｅｍｐｔａｔｉｏｎｓｗｉｔｈｈｉｓｈｕｍａｎｉｔｙｉｎｓｐｉｔｅｏｆｈｉｓｆｏｒＣｈｒｉｓｔｔｏｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅＲｅｐｕｄｉａｔｉｎｇＳａｔａｎ’ｓｔｅｍｐｔａｔｉｏｎｓｓｅｉＮ，ｅｓａｓａｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｈｉｓａｗａｒｅｎｅｓｓｏｆｈｉｓｏｒｄａｉｎｅｄｖｏｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆｐｒｏｐｈｅｔ，ｋｉｎｇａｎｄｐｒｉｅｓｔ．Ｈｉｓｔｈｅａｇｏｎ，ｉｓｔｏｐｅｒｆｏｒｍａｓｔｈｅｐｒｏｐｈｅｔｉｃｖｏｃａｔｉｏｎ，ａｓｈｅｃｏｎｆｉｒｍｓｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｒｅａｌｉｚｅｓｈｉｓ“ｌｉｖｉｎ窟ｏｒａｃｌｅ”ａｎｄａｓｔｈｅｉｌｌｕｍｉｎａｔｏｒｏｆｔｈｅｓｏｕｌ．Ｃｈｒｉｓｔｋｉｎｇｌｙｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎａｔｈａｎｄｉｓｔｏｂｕｉｌｄａｓｐｉｒｉｔｕａｌｋｉｎｇｄｏｍ．Ｗｈｅｎｃｏｎｆｒｏｎｔｉｎｇｔａｋｅｕｐｔｈｅｌａｓｔｔｅｍｐｔａｔｉｏｎ，ＣｈｒｉｓｔｒｅｖｅａｌｓｈｉｓｃｏｕｒａｇｅａｎｄｗｉｌｌｉｎｇｎｅｓｓｔｏｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｈｉｓＤｒｉｅｓｔｌｙｒｏｌｅｏｆｓａｃｒｉｆｉｃｉａｌｄｅａｔｈｏｎｃｒｏｓｓ．ＴｈｅｃｏｎｆｒｏｎｔａｔｉｏｎＳａｔａｎａｎｄＣｈｒｉｓｔｉｓａｌｓｏｔｈｅｄｕｅｌｏｆｓｉｎｓａｎｄｖｉｒｔｕｅｓ．Ｓａｔａｎ’ｓｔｅｍｐｔａｔｉｏｎｓ，ｉｎｓｐｉｔｅｏｆｔｈｅｉｒａｌｌｕｒｉｎｇａｐｐｅａｒａｎｃｅ，ｉｎｃｌｕｄｅａｌｌｔｈｅｓｅｖｅｎｄｅａｄｌｙｓｉｎｓ．Ｃｈｒｉｓｔｄｏｅｓｎｏｔｊｕｄｇｅｔｈｅｔｅｍｐｔａｔｉｏｎｓａｔｔｈｅｉｒｓｕｒｆａｃｅｖａｌｕｅ，ｂｕｔｓｅｅｓｔｈｅｅｓｓｅｎｃｅ．Ａｎｄｗｉｔｈｈｉｓｅｘｅｍｐｌａｒｙｖｉｒｔｕｅｓｏｆｔｅｍｐｅｒａｎｃｅ，ｐａｔｉｅｎｃｅ，ｏｂｅｄｉｅｎｃｅ，ａｎｄｌｏｖｅｆｏｒＧｏｄ，ｈｅａｃｈｉｅｖｅｓｈｉｓｆｉｎａｌｖｉｃｔｏｒｙ．Ｍｉｌｔｏｎ’ＳｔｒｅａｔｍｅｎｔｏｆｔｈｅｔｅｍｐｔａｔｉｏｎｔｈｅｍｅｉｎＰａｒａｄｉｓｅＲｅｇａｉｎｅｄｒｅｖｅａｌｓｔｈｅａｕｔｈｏｒ’Ｓｇｒｏｗｉｎｇｔｒｅｎｄｏｆ“ｉｎｔｅｒｎａｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎ．’’ＡｆｔｅｒｔｈｅｆａｉｌｕｒｅｏｆｂｏｔｈｔｈｅｃｈｕｒｃｈｒｅｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｔｈｅＥｎｇｌｉｓｈＲｅｖｏｌｕｔｉｏｎ．ＭｉｌｔｏｎｆｏｕｎｄｔｈａｔｔｈｅｍｅａｎｓｔｏｒｅｇａｉｎＰａｒａｄｉｓｅｉｓｎｏｔｒｅｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎｏｒｒｅｖｏｌｕｔｉｏｎ，ｂｕｔｔｏｆｏｓｔｅｒｔｒｕｅｔ’ａｉｔｈｉｎａｎｄｌｏｖｅｆｏｒＧｏｄｉｎｅｖｅｒｙｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌ．ＯｎｌｙｂｙｆｏｌｌｏｗｉｎｇｔｈｅＳｏｎ’ＳｖｉａｕｅｓａｎｄｒｅｓｉｓｔｉｎｇａｌｌｅｖｉｌｔｅｍｐｔａｔｉｏｎｓｃａｎｍａｎｒｅｇａｉｎｔｈｅｒｅａｌＰａｒａｄｉｓｅｗｈｉｃｈＪｉｅｓｗｉｔｈｉｎ．ＫｅｙＷｏｒｄｓ：Ｍｉｌｔｏｎ，ＰａｒａｄｉｓｅＲｅｇａｉｎｅｄ，ｔｅｍｐｔａｔｉｏｎ，ＣｈｒｉｓｔｉａｎｉｔｙＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ７ＦｈｅｔｈｅｍｅｏｆｔｅｍｐｔａｔｉｏｎｉｓｏｆｖｉｔａｌｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｃｅｉｎＷｅｓｔｅｒｎｌｉｔｅｒａｔｕｒｅａｎｄｈａｓｂｅｅｎｖｉｖｉｄｌｙｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｅｄａｎｄｆｒｅｑｕｅｎｔｌｙｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｅｄｉｎｌｉｔｅｒａｔｕｒｅｏｆｂｏｔｈｃｌａｓｓｉｃａｌａｎｄＪｕｄａｅｏ—Ｃｈｒｉｓｔｉａｎｔｒａｄｉｔｉｏｎｓ．Ｃｏｎｃｅｒｎｉｎｇｔｈｅｃｌａｓｓｉｃａｌｔｒａｄｉｔｉｏｎ，ｗｈｅｎｔｒａｃｉｎｇｂａｃｋｔｏＧｒｅｅｋａｎｄＲｏｍａｎｍｙｔｈｏｌｏｇｙ，ｗｅｗｏｕｌｄｄｉｓｃｏｖｅｒｔｈａｔｔｅｍｐｔａｔｉｏｎｉｓｔａｋｅｎａｓｔｈｅｋｅｙｔｈｅｍｅ，ａｎｄｔｈｅｓｔｏｌｙｏｆＨｅｒｃｕｌｅｓｉｓａｔｙｐｉｃａｌｏｎｅａｍｏｎｇｔｈｏｓｅｍｙｔｈｓ．Ｗｈｅｎｓｉｔｔｉｎｇａｔａｃｒｏｓｓｒｏａｄａｎｄｐｏｎｄｅｒｉｎｇａｂｏｕｔｈｉｓｆｕｒｏｒｅ，ＨｅｒｃｕｌｅｓｉｓｐｒｏｖｉｄｅｄｗｉｔｈｔｗｏｏｆｆｅｒｓｆｒｏｍｂｏｔｈｌａｄｙｏｆＶｉｃｅａｎｄｌａｄｙｏｆＶｉｒｔｕｅ．Ｈｅｒｃｕｌｅｓｒｅｆｕｓｅｓｔｈｅｆｉｒｓｔｏｆｆｅｒ，ｗｈｉｃｈｔｅｍｐｔｓｈｉｍｔｏａｃｃｅｐｔｔｈｅｈａｐｐｉｎｅｓｓａｎｄｐｌｅａｓｕｒｅｗｒａｐｐｅｄｉｎｖｉｃｅ，ａｎｄａｔｌｅｎｇｔｈｃｈｏｏｓｅｓｔｈｅｌａｔｔｅｒｏｎｅｔｏｓｔｅｐｏｎｔｏａｐａｔｈｏｆｔｅｍｐｅｒａｎｃｅｌｅａｄｉｎｇｔｏｈｉｓｇａｉｎｏｆｇｒｅａｔｈｏｎｏｒ．、１ＩｎＧｒｅｅｋｌｉｔｅｒａｔｕｒｅ，Ｈｏｍｅｒ’ＳＯｄｙｓｓｅｙｃｏｎｔａｉｎｓｒｉｃｈｎａｒｒａｔｉｏｎｓｏｆｔｅｍｐｔａｔｉｏｎｓ，ａｓＢｅｒｎａｒｄＫｎｏｘｒｅｍａｒｋｓｔｈａｔ，“Ｔｈｅｔｒｉａｌｓｏｆｔｈｅｖｏｙａｇｅｈｏｍｅａｒｅｎｏｔｊｕｓｔｐｈｙｓｉｃａｌｏｂｓｔａｃｌｅｓｔｏｈｉｓｒｅｔｕｒｎ．ｔｈｅｙａｒｅａｌｓｏｔｅｍｐｔａｔｉｏｎｓ．”“Ｆｏｒｉｎｓｍｎｃｅ，ＯｄｙｓｓｅｕｓｉｓｔｅｍｐｔｅｄｂｙＫｉｒｋｅ，ｏｎａｎｅｎｃｈａｎｔｅｄｉｓｌａｎｄ，ｔｏｓｔａｙｉｎｅａｓｅａｎｄｓｅｌｆ－ｉｎｄｕｌｇｅｎｃｅ．ＨｅａｌｓｏｒｅｃｅｉｖｅｓｔｈｅｔｅｍｐｔａｔｉｏｎｏｆｉｍｍｏｒｔａｌｉｔｙｆｒｏｍＫａｌｙｐｓｏ：ｈｅｃｏｕｌｄｌｉｖｅｆｏｒｅｖｅｒｌｉｋｅｇｏｄｓｉｆｈｅｗｏｕｌｄｓｔａｙａｓＫａｌｙｐｓｏ’Ｓｈｕｓｂａｎｄ．Ｏｄｙｓｓｅｕｓ’ｖｏｙａｇｅｔｅｅｍｓｗｉｔｈｔｒｉａｌｓａｎｄｔｅｍｐｔａｔｉｏｎｓ；ｙｅｔｗｉｔｈｈｉｓｓｕｐｅｒｉｏｌ’ｉｎｔｅｌｌｉｇｅｎｃｅａｎｄｓｔｒｏｎｇｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎ，ｈｅｓｔａｎｄｓａｌｌｔｈｏｓｅｄｉｆｆｉｃｕｌｔｉｅｓａｎｄｒｅｔｕｒｎｓｈｏｍｅ．一ＩｎｔｈｅＭｉｄｄｌｅＡｇｅｓ，ｔｈｅｆａｍｏｕｓＡｒｔｈｕｒｉａｎｒｏｍａｎｃｅＳｉｒＧａｗａｉｎａｎｄｔｈｅＧｒｅｅｎＫｎｉｇｈｔｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｓｔｈｅｔｈｒｅｅｔｅｍｐｔａｔｉｏｎｓａｉｍｅｄａｔｔｈｅｈｅｒｏ，ＳｉｒＧａｗａｉｎ，ｂｙａＬｏｒｄ’Ｓｗｉｆｅ．ＤｕｒｉｎｇｔｈｅＲｅｎａｉｓｓａｎｃｅ。
西方文化复习资料
Scholasticism经院哲学：Scholasticism is a method of critical thought which dominated teaching by the academics of medieval universities in Europe from about 1100-1700。
It’s the most famous philosophy during the end of the middle age。
It always considered as a reconciliation between reason and belief,and applied in church’s beliefs and code.启蒙运动:The enlightenment is generally agreed to have originated in France in the second half of the 18th century. It characterizes the efforts by certain European writers to use prejudice, unexamined authority and oppression by Church or State，it’s also called the Age of Reason。
It was an elite cultural movement to use the power of reason in order to reform society and advance knowledge。
It promoted intellectual interchange and opposed intolerance and abuses in Church and state.浪漫主义：Romanticism （also the Romantic era or the Romantic period) was an artistic，literary, musical and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century and in most areas was at its peak in the approximate period from 1800 to 1850. Romanticism was characterized by its emphasis on emotion and individualism as well as glorification of all the past and nature，preferring the medieval rather than the classical.现实主义Realism:Realism refers to the accurate，detailed，non—ornamented depiction of nature or of human life。
基督教英语作文
基督教英语作文Title: The Essence of Christianity: A Journey of Faith and Transformation。
Christianity, as a faith that has profoundly influenced the course of human history, embodies a rich tapestry of beliefs, values, and practices that have resonated across cultures and civilizations. In this essay, we delve into the essence of Christianity, exploring its core tenets, its impact on individuals and societies, and the transformative power it holds.At the heart of Christianity lies the belief in the triune God—Father, Son, and Holy Spirit—whose love and grace are central to Christian doctrine. The foundational narrative of Christianity revolves around the life, teachings, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ, the incarnate Son of God. His sacrificial death on the cross and subsequent resurrection are seen as the ultimate acts of redemption, offering salvation to humanity andreconciling humanity with God.Central to the Christian faith is the concept of grace, the unmerited favor and love of God freely given to humanity. This grace, Christians believe, is received through faith in Jesus Christ, not by any works or merits of our own. This principle underscores the core ofChristian theology—that salvation is a gift, available to all who believe.The Bible, comprising the Old and New Testaments, serves as the sacred text and authoritative guide for Christians. It contains the inspired word of God and serves as a source of spiritual wisdom, moral guidance, and theological insight. Through its narratives, teachings, poetry, and prophecies, the Bible offers believers a framework for understanding God's plan for humanity and the principles by which they are called to live.Christianity places a strong emphasis on love—love for God and love for one another—as encapsulated in the commandments to love God with all one's heart, soul, andmind, and to love one's neighbor as oneself. This ethic of love extends beyond mere sentimentality to encompass compassion, forgiveness, and self-sacrificial service, reflecting the example set by Jesus Christ during hisearthly ministry.The Christian life is characterized by a journey of discipleship, wherein believers seek to emulate the lifeand teachings of Jesus Christ. This involves cultivating virtues such as humility, integrity, patience, and perseverance, as well as actively engaging in acts of worship, prayer, and service. Christians are called to be ambassadors of God's kingdom, sharing the message of hope, reconciliation, and redemption with the world.Throughout history, Christianity has played a pivotal role in shaping the moral, cultural, and social fabric of societies around the globe. It has inspired art, literature, music, and architecture, leaving an indelible mark on human civilization. At the same time, Christianity has been a source of both unity and division, as differing interpretations of scripture and theological doctrines havegiven rise to various denominations and traditions.Yet, beyond its institutional forms and doctrinal formulations, Christianity speaks to the deepest longings of the human heart—the quest for meaning, purpose, and transcendence. It offers a vision of reality imbued with hope and redemption, inviting individuals into a transformative relationship with God. Through faith in Christ, Christians believe they are called to participatein the renewal of all creation, working towards justice, peace, and the flourishing of all humanity.In conclusion, Christianity is more than a system of beliefs or a set of rituals; it is a way of life—a journey of faith and transformation that encompasses the entirety of human existence. It calls individuals to encounter the living God, to experience the boundless depths of his love and grace, and to embody the values of the kingdom of heaven here on earth. As Christians, we are called to walk in the footsteps of Jesus Christ, guided by the light of his teachings and empowered by the presence of his Spirit,as we strive to fulfill the greatest commandment: to love God and love our neighbors as ourselves.。
The Bible and Christianity
The Bible and ChristianityRoom 206 Lydia Judaism, Christianity and Islam are the three great religions of the world originated in the area of the Hebrews. Christianity is the most influential in the West. The Bible is the most popular book in the culture of mankind. It is the essential of western civilization, having shaped the western civilization more decisively than anything else ever written. It is much more than a religious book. Every phase of man ‘s life is touched by this religion, so much so that it has become part and parcel of Western culture.The Bible is a collection of religious writings comprising two parts: the Old Testament and the New Testament. The former is about God and the Laws of God; the latter, the doctrine of Jesus Christ.It is not a single book, but a collection of 66 books, different in style, content, subject of matter, and point of view.The Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first five books, called Pentateuch.Though it is clear that the early Christians’notion of divine creation, their concern for God and salvation all stemmed from Hebrew roots, yet ever since its birth 2000 years ago, Christianity based itself on two forceful beliefs which separate it from all other religions.At the heart of Christianity is the life of Jesus: How he lived and died to redeem the whole human race.The New Testament was originally written in a popular form of Greek. And the New Testament consists of 27 books.They were believed to have been written by Matthew, Mark, Luke and John---4 of Jesus early followers. The first four books of the New Testament describing the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus and recording his teaching. Then come: the Acts of the Apostles, a history of the early Christian movement. The Epistles, or letters to the church around the Mediterranean; and lastly the book of Revelation a visionary account of the final triumph of God’s purpose.。
英国文学史自行整理
文学体裁：诗歌poem，小说novel，戏剧dramaOrigin 起源：Christianity 基督教→bible 圣经Myth 神话The Romance of king Arthur and his knights 亚瑟王与他的骑士（笔记）I The Middle Age 中世纪一、The Anglo-Saxon period 安格鲁—撒克逊时期(449-1066)1、这个时期的文学作品分类： pagan(异教徒) Christian(基督徒)2、代表作： The Song of Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》unknown scribe 无名氏著beginning of the 10th century 写于世纪初National heroes 民族英雄national epic 民族史诗采用了隐喻手法3、Alliteration 押头韵（写作手法）例子： of man was the mildest and most beloved, To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350) Canto 诗章1.Geoffrey’s The History of the Kings of Britain 杰弗里的英国王的历史Arthur 亚瑟王The native Celtic legends 本土凯尔特传说2、romance 传奇文学3、代表作： Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (高文爵士与绿衣骑士) 是一首押头韵（Alliteration）的长诗 (poetry)三、Geoffrey Chaucer (Ca1343-1400) 杰弗里.乔叟时期1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)3、代表作：the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事The beginning of the English literature history4、大致内容：the pilgrims are people from various parts of England, r epresentatives of various walks of life and social groups. each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manne r, thus revealing his own views and character.朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人,代表着社会的各个不同阶层与社会团体。
中世纪文学
1. Literature of Christianity
Literature of Christianity:
* Stories and poems from the Bible. * The plays written by the clergy: Mystery plays and Miracle plays
3. After the 11th century, European culture was swiftly developed.
Parents sent their children to school
University
The earliest Italian higher education
Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy. Honor thy father and thy mother. Thou shalt not kill. Thou shalt not commit adultery Thou shalt not steal.
Job never gave up his belief in God
In the 8th century, Vikings started to raid Europe
Vikings’ Vikings’ warship
the 1066 Norman amphibious amphibious invasion of England
The result of the migration: 1. It ended the ancient history. 2. It formed the present patterns of the European national countries. During this period, another important event was the rise of Christianity.
the holy bible英语简介
the holy bible英语简介The Holy Bible, often referred to simply as "the Bible," is a sacred text in Christianity. It is composed of two main sections: the Old Testament and the New Testament. It is considered by Christians to be the inspired word of God.The Old Testament contains the religious writings of ancient Israel and covers a wide range of topics, including the creation of the world, the history of the Israelite people, laws and commandments, poetry, prophecies, and wisdom literature. It includes books such as Genesis, Exodus, Psalms, Proverbs, Isaiah, and Jeremiah.The New Testament focuses on the life, teachings, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ, who is considered by Christians to be the Messiah and the Son of God. It includes the four Gospels (Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John), which provide accounts of Jesus' life and ministry, as well as the Acts of the Apostles, epistles (letters) written by early Christian leaders, and the Book of Revelation, which contains visions and prophecies.The Holy Bible is regarded as a central authority in Christian faith and practice. It is often used for personal devotion, worship services, and as a source of guidance and moral teachings. It has been translated into numerous languages and is one of the bestselling books of all time. Its impact on literature, art, culture, and society is immense, making it an essential text in the development of Western civilization.。
欧洲文化入门复习重点
Introduction1、There are many elements constituting European Culture.2、There are two major elements: Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.The richness of European Culture was created by Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.Division One：Greek Culture and Roman Culture1、The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens Sparta.2、The economy of Athens rested on an immense amount of slave labour.3、Ancient Greece’s epics was created by Homer.4、The Home r’s epics consisted of Iliad and Odyssey.5、Drama in Ancient Greece was floured in the 5th century B.C.6、Three masters in tragedy三大悲剧大师①AeschylusPrometheus Bound —→Shelly Prometheus Unbound②SophoclesOedipus the King —→ Freud’s “the Oedipus complex” (恋母情结)—→ David Herbert Lawrence’s Sons and lovers③EuripidesA．Trojan W omenB．He is the first writer of “problem plays”(社会问题剧)C．Realis m can be traced back to the Ancient Greece，to be specific, Euripides.7、The only representative of Greek comedy is Aristophanes.Aristophanes writes about nature.8、History (Historical writing)“Father of History” —→ Herodotus —→ war (between Greeks and Persians)“t he greatest historian that ever lived.” —→ Thucydides —→ war (between Sparta and Athens) 9、①Euclid’s Elements解析几何It was in use in English schools until the early years of the 20th century.②ArchimedesHis work laid basis for not only geometry几何学,but also arithmetic算术, mechanics机械, and hydrostatics.流体静力学“Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world”.（Archimedes）10、The melting between Roman Culture and Greek Culture. (罗马征服希腊的标志)From 146 B.C., Latin was the language of the western half of the Roman Empire, and Greek that of the eastern half.Both Latin and Greek belong to Indo-European language.11、The dividing range in the Roman history refers to 27 B.C.12、The year 27 B.C. Divided the Roman history into two periods: republic and empire.13、The idea of Republic can be traced back to Plato’s republic.14、In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteedby the Roman legions(罗马军团)15、In the Roman history, there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was known asPax Romana.(神圣罗马帝国)16、In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteedby the Roman legions, it was known as Pax Romana17、The Roman Law protected the rights of plebeians (平民).18、The important contribution made by the Romans to the European culture was the Roman Law.19、After 395,the empire was divided into East (the Byzantine Empire) and West.20、Cicero西赛罗his legal and political speeches are models of Latin diction拉丁语用词described as Ciceronian.西赛罗式的an enormous influence on the development of European prose.21、Virgil: Aeneid 阿尼德22、The pantheon was built in 27 B.C.The world’s first vast interior space.世界上第一所最大的室内场所23、The representation form of Greek Democracy is citizen-assembly.古希腊民主的表现形式24、The embodiment of Greek de mocracy is citizen-assembly. 古希腊民主的具体形式25. Many of Plato’s ideas were later absorbed into Christian thought.How did the Ancient Greek philosophy develop?(1)、Three founders1、Pythagoras①All things were numbers.②Scientific mathematics.③Theory of proportion.比例的理论2、Heracleitue①Fire is the primary elements of the universe.火是万物之源②The theory of the mingling of opposites produced harmony.矛盾的对立统一3、Democritus①the atomic theory.第一个原子理论开拓者②materialis m.唯物主义(2)、Three thinkers1、Socrates①He hadn’t works. We can know him from Plato’s dialogues.②The dialectical method was established by Socrates.2、Plato①The Academy is the first school in the world, it was established by Plato.②He has four works. Dialogues, Apology, Symposium and Republic.3、Aristotle①The L yceum is the second school in the world, it was established by Aristotle.②Aristotle is a humanist.(2)、Five contending schools1、The Sophists诡辩派①Under the leadership of Protagoras.②The representative of work is On the God.诸神论③His doctrine is “man is the measure of all things”.2、The Cynics犬儒派①Under the leadership of Diogenes.②The word “cynic” means “dog” in English.③He proclaimed his brotherhood. And he had no patience with the rich and powerful.3、The Sceptics置疑学派①Under the leadership of Pyrrhon.②His thought is not all knowledge was attainable, and doubting the truth of what others accepted as true.4、The Epicureans享乐派①Under the leadership of Epicurus.②Pleasure to be the highest good in life but not sensual enjoyment.Pleasure could be attained by the practice of virtue.Epicurus was a materialist. He believed that the world consisted of atoms.5、The Stoics斯多哥派①Under the leadership of Zeno.②His thought is duty is the most important thing in life.One should endure hardship and misfortune with courage.He developed into Stoics’ duty.He was also a materialist.What’s the difference between Plato and Aristotle in terms of their philosophical ideas(system)？1、For one thing, Aristotle emphasized direct observation of nature and insisted that theory should follow fact. This is different from Plato’s reliance on subjective thinking.2、For another, he thought that “form” and matter together made up concrete individual realities. Here, too, he differed from Plato who held that ideas had a higher reality than the physical world3、Aristotle thought happiness was men’s aim in life，but not happiness in the vulgar sense, but something that could only be achieved by leading a life of reason, goodness and contemplation.What is the great significance of Greek Culture on the later-on cultural development?There has been an enduring excitement about classical Greek culture in Europe and elsewhere. Rediscovery of Greek culture played a vital part in the Renaissance in Italy and other European countries.1、Spirit of innovation创新精神The Greek people invented mathematics and science and philosophy; They first wrote history as opposed to mere annals; They speculated freely about the nature of the world and the ends of life, without being bound in the fetters of any inherited orthodoxy.2、Supreme Achievement至高无上的成就The Greeks achieved supreme achievements in nearly all fields of human endeavour: Philosophy, science, epic poetry, comedy, historical writing, architecture, etc.3、Lasting effect持续的影响①Countless writers have quoted, borrowed from and otherwise used Homer’s epics, the tragedies of Aeschylus and Sophocles and Euripides, Aristophanes’s comedies, Plato’s Dialogues,ect. ②In the early part of the 19th century, in England alone, three young Romantic poets expressed their admiration of Greek culture in works which have themselves become classics经典之作: Byron’s Isles of Greece, Shelley’s Hellas and Prometheus Unbound and Keats’s Ode on a Grecian Urn. ③In the 20th century, there are Homeric parallels in the Irishman James Joyce’s modernist masterpiece Ulysses.Division Two：The Bible and Christianity1、Christianity is by far the most influential in the West.2、Judeo-Christian tradition constitutes one of the two major components of European culture: Judais m and Christianity.3、The Jewish tradition, which gave birth to Christianity. (犹太教是基督教的前身)Both originated in Palestine, which was known as Canaan.4、The ancestors of the Jews — the Hebrews.5、The Hebrews history was recorded in the Old Testament of the Bible.6、The Bible was divided into two sections: the Old Testament and the New Testament.7、The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God.8、The New Testament is about the doctrine of Jesus Christ.9、The word “Testament” means “agreement”, the agreement between God and Man.10、The Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first five books, called Pentateuch.摩西五经11、The Fall of Man was recorded in Genesis, Pentateuch, the Old Testament, The Bible.12、Noah’s Ark was recorded in Genesis, Pentateuch, the Old Testament, The Bible.13、The content of historical Books: 1200B.C. 586 B.C.Dealing with history of the Hebrew people from their entry into Palestine around 1200 B.C., till the fall of Palestine into hands of Assyrians and Chaldeans in 586 B.C.14、The History Books① The development of system of landed nobles.② The development of monarchy. 君主专制③ Establishment of the two Kingdoms. 两大王国的初步形成④ The settlement in the highlands⑤ Age of great prosperity under Saul, David and Solomon.15、Towards the end of the fourth century four accounts were accepted as part of the New Testament, which tells the beginning of Christianity.16、The Birth of Jesus was recorded in Matthew (马修福音书)17、The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin V ulgate in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers led by John Wycliff.What difference between Christianity and the other religions?Christianity based itself on two forceful beliefs which separate it from all other religions.1、One is that Jesus Christ is the Son of God, and that God sent him to earth to live as humans live, suffer as humans suffer, and die to redeem mankind.2、The other is that God gave his only begotten son, so that whosoever believes in him should not perish, but have everlasting life. (加尔文主义也有这样的观点)What is the great significance of the translations of the bible?1、It is generally accepted that the English Bible and Shakespeare are two great reservoirs of Modern English.2、Miltion’s Paradise Lost , Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress, Byron’s Cain, up to the contemporary Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises, and Steinbeck’s East of Eden.Division Three：The Middle Ages1、the Middle agesIn European history, the thousand-year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages.The middle ages is so called because it was the transitional period(过渡时期) between ancient times and modern times. To be specific, from the 5th century to 15th century.2、In 476 A.D. a Germanic (日耳曼) general killed the last Roman emperor and took control of the government. 西罗马476灭，东罗马1653年灭3、Feudalis m in Europe was mainly a system of land holding (土地所有) — a system of holding land in exchange for military service (军事力量). The word “feudalis m” was derived from the Latin “feudum”,a grant of land.4、5、The Catholic Church made Latin the official language and helped to preserve and pass on the heritage (传统) of the Roman Empire.6、The word “catholic” meant “universal”.(广泛的，无处不在的)7、St. Jerome, who translated into Latin both Old and New Testament from the Hebrew and Greek originals. Vulgate (拉丁语圣经)8、Augustine —→ “Confession” and “The City of God”9、The most important of all courses was Jerusalem. (耶路撒冷)10、Crusades went on about 200 years. There were altogether eight chief Crusades.11、The crusades ended up with the victory of Moslems.(穆斯林)By 1291 the Moslems (穆斯林) had taken over the last Christian stronghold. They won the crusades and ruled all the territory in Palestine that the Crusaders had fought to control.12、Carolingian RenaissanceCarolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne’s name in Latin, Carolus. The most interesting facet (一面) of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle (有见解) of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate (吸收) the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.13、National Epics(民族史诗运动)The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature. “National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states (民族国家) that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics.14、Chaucer (乔叟) 的诗歌特点：① power of observation (观察)② piercing irony (敏锐的讽刺) ③ sense of humour ④ warm humanity (温暖的人性)15、Gothic① The Gothic style started in France and quickly spread through all parts of Western Europe.② It lasted from the mid-12th to the end of 15th century and, in some areas, into the 16th. More churches were built in this manner than in any other style in history.③ The Gothic was an outgrowth (丰富与发展) of the Romanesque.（罗马式）16、The Canterbury Tales:① The Canterbury Tales was written by Chaucer.② Chaucer introduced French and Italy writing the English native alliterative verse.③ Both Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales are the best representative of the middle English.17 In the middle ages, what cultures began to merge？Classical, Hebrew and Gothic heritages merged (文化融合). It paved the way for the development of what is the present-day European culture.Why is the middle ages is called Age of Faith (信仰的年代)？1、During the Medieval t imes there was no central government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church.2、The Christian church continued to gain widespread power and influence.3、In the Late middle ages, almost everyone in wes tern Europe was a Christian and a member of the Christian Church. Christianity took the lead in politics, law, art, and learning for hundreds of years.4、It shaped people’s lives. That is why the middle ages is also called the “Age of Faith”.How did Feudalism develop in Europe in middle ages?1、feudalis m in Europe was mainly a system of land holding — a system of holding land in exchange for military service. The word “feudalis m” was derived from the Latin “feudum”, a grant of land.2、In order to seek the protection of large land-owners, the people of s mall farms or land gave their farms and land to large land-owners, but they still had freedom, they were called freemen.3、While the people from towns and cities did not possess farms or land. They had nothing but their freedom to be given to large land-owners, and then they lost their freedom for protection. They were called serfs.4、In Feudalism, the ruler of the government redivided the large lands into small pieces to be given to chancellors or soldiers as a reward for their service. The subdivisions were called fiefs. The owners of the fiefs was call vassals.5、There came a form of local and decentralized (分散) government.6、As a knight, he were pledged to protect the weak, to fight for the church, to be loyal to his lord and to respect women of noble birth. These rules were known as code of chivalry, from which the western idea of good manners developed.What positive influence does the Crusades exert on the European Culture?(What is the great significance of the Crusades?)1、The crusades brought the East into closer contact with the West. And they greatly influenced the history of Europe. (拉近了东西方的交流)2、During the wars while many of the feudal lords went to fight in Palestine, kings at home found opportunities to strengthen themselves. Thus among other things, Crusades helped to break down feudalis m, which, in turn led to the rise of the monarchies. (取而代之的是君主专制)3、Besides, through their contact with the more cultured Byzantines and Moslems, th e western Europeans changed many of their old ideas. Their desire for wealth or power began to overshadow their religious ideals.4、The Crusades also resulted in renewing people’s interest in learning and invention. By the 13th century, universities had spread all over Europe. Such knowledge as Arabic numerals (阿拉伯数字), algebra (代数), and Arab medicine (医学) were introduced to the West.5、As trade increased, village and towns began to grow into cities. And the rise of towns and trade inwestern Europe paved the way of the growth of strong national governments.How did literature develop in the middle ages?1、The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature. “National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states (民族国家) that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the representative works of the National Epics.2、Dante Alighieri and The Divine Comedy: (但丁与神曲)① His masterpiece, The Divine Comedy, is one of the landmarks of world literature.② The poem expresses humanistic ideas which foreshadowed (预示) the spirit of Renaissance.③ Dante wrote his masterpiece in Italian rather than in Latin. (只用意大利语创作)3、Geoffery Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales: (乔叟与坎特布雷集)① The Canterbury Tales were his most popular work.② Most of the tales are written in verse (诗) which reflects(反映) Chaucer’s innovation (改革) by introducing into the native alliterative verse (压头韵) the French and Italian styles.③ Chaucer is thus to be , regarded as the first short story teller and the first modern poet in English literature.短篇写作第一人④ Chaucer and the Canterbury Tales were representative of the Middle ages.Division Four：Renaissance and Reformation1、RenaissanceGenerally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th century. The wo rd “Renaissance” means revival, specifically in this period of history, revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture. Renaissance, in essence, was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of conservatism (保守主义思想) in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie (资产阶级), to lift the restrictions (禁忌) in all areas placed by the Roman church authorities.Renaissance started in Florence and V enice with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture.2、In Renaissance literature of Italy, Petrarch (彼得拉克) was the representative poet.3、Intellectuals became closely tied up with the rising bourgeoisie. (人文主义兴起的重要原因Humanistic ideas to develop)4、At the heart of the Renaissance philosophy was the assertion of the greatness of man.(以人为本—人文主义的核心)5、Last Supper adapted from the New Testament of the Bible.6、Michelangelo ——David —— Sistine Chapel (from the First book of the Bible, the Genesis ) —— Dying Slave (垂死的奴隶) —— Moses (摩西)7、Raphael was best known for his Madonna. (圣母玛利亚)He painted his Madonnas in different postures agains t different backgrounds.8、One of the famous paintings besides the Madonnas is School of Athens (雅典学派). Plato and Aristotle engaged in argument.9、Titian —— The V enus of Urbino (维纳斯)10、John Wyclif —— translation of the Bible into English for the first time.11、Martin Luther —— translation of the whole Bible with the vernacular language.12、The reformation get its victory first in England.13、ReformationThe Reformation was a 16th century religious movement as well as a socio-political (社会政治) movement. It began as Martin Luther posted on the door of the castle church at the University of Wittenberg his 95 thesis. This movement which swept over the whole of Europe was aimed at opposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replac ing it with the absolute authority of the Bible. The reformists engaged themselves in translating the Bible into their mother tongues.宗教改革的实质是：反对罗马天主教，直接形式是用母语翻译圣经14、Calvinis mCalvinis m was established by Calvin in the period of Renaissance. Presbyterian government (长老会). Only those specially elected by God can be saved (上帝的选民) . This belief serves so well to help the rising bourgeoisie on its path (有助于资本主义的兴起)。
【可编辑】欧洲文化入门各单元重要人物及其代表作
【最新整理，下载后即可编辑】我衷心祝愿你们成为我的校友-路明军欧文各单元重要人物及其代表作（敬请同学们提意见、建议，不断改进）1Greek and Roman culture1．1 Greek (5century BC)1, Homer, wrote: epic: Iliad ; Odyssey2, Sophocles, wrote: drama : Oedipus the King, Electra, Antigone (都是人名)3, Aristophanes, wrote: comedy: Frogs, Clouds, Wasps and Birds4, Historian:Herodotus ( the father of history)Thucydides, wrote: the war between Athens and S-parta and between Athens and Syracuse)5, Ancient Greek philosopher:Pythagoras(founder of scientific mathematics),Heracleitus ( “ all is flux, nothing is stationery),Democritus( one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theory)Socrates ( founder of dialectical method辩证法), Plato’s teacherPlato: Dialogues( founder of Idealism), Aristotle’s teacherAristotle: Ethics, Politics, Poetics RhetoricSophists（诡辩派）: Protagoras（人名，下同）Cynics（犬儒派）: DiogenesSceptics（怀疑派）: PyrrhonEpicureans: EpicurusStoics（斯多葛派）: Zeno6，ScienceEuclid : wrote: Elements（几何原理）Archimedes:” give me a place to stand, and I will move the world”, illustrates the principle of the lever.7, Art and etc.Parthenon（巴台农神庙）The Acrpolis （阿波罗神庙）重要年代：1, Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B.C. 2, the Olympic games revived in 1896.3,Homer probably lived around 700 BC.4,Euclid and Archimedes both lived in the 3rd century BC.5, in 146 BC the Romans conquered Greece.1．2 Rome (after 146 BC)8, 名句：the Roman writer Horace said, “captive Greece took her rude conqueror captive”9, Latin literatureProse:Marcus Tullius CiceroJulius Caesar: Commentaries (高卢战记)名句：I came, I saw, I conquered. 10，PoetryLucretius wrote : on the nature of things11, ArchitecturePantheon ( 万神殿)12．SculptureShe-wolf重要年代：1，the burning of Corinth in 146 BC marked Roman conquest of Greece.2, in 476 the last emperor of the West Roman was deposed by the Goths and this marked the end of the West Roman Empire.3, the East Roman Empire collapsed when Constantinople fell to the Turks in1453.2 The Bible and Christianity (The Old Testament about 1300 BC; The New Testament about 400 AD)1,The Old Testament became the first part of the Christian Bible and the New Testament the second.2, Christian are divided into 3 groups: Catholic, orthodox and protestant3, the first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate (拉丁文圣经) in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers led by John Wycliff.4, the most important and influential of English Bible is the “authorized ”or King James’ version.重要年代：The Old Testament formed in about 1300 BC; The New Testament formed in the end of the 4th century.3 The Middle ages (between 476 AD and 17th century)1，The most important of all the leader ops Christian thought was Augustine(人名) of Hippo（地名）who lived in North Africa in the 5th century. He wrote: the Confession and the City of God.2，Alfred the Great promoted translations into the vernacular form Latin works, he inspired the compilation of the Anglo –Saxon Chronicles（编年史）.3, St. Thomas Aquinas Italian philosopher , he wrote: Summa Contra Gentiles ( 驳异教徒)，Summa Theologiae (神学大全)4, Roger Bacon, wrote: the Opus maius( 大著作), an encyclopedia of the sciences of his time.5, Beowulf is an Anglo- Saxon epic, originating from the collective efforts of oral literature.6, Dante Alighieri，the greatest poet of Italy, wrote: the Divine Comedy(I神曲).7, Geoffrey Chaucer, English poet, wrote: the Canterbury Tales （坎特伯雷故事集）.重要年代：1, in 476 AD a Germanic general killed the last Roman emperor and took control of the government.2, after 1054, the church was divided into the Roman Catholic church and the Eastern Orthodox church.4 Renaissance and reformation (between 14th and 17th century) 1．Leonardo da Vinci , Italian, painted : Last Supper, Mona Lisa2, Michelangelo Buonarroti, Italian, sculpture: David, painted: Sistine Chapel(西斯廷礼拜堂), Dying slave, Moses.3，Raphael, Italian, painted: Madonna ( virgin girl), School of Athens4,Titian, Venetian, painted: The venus of Urbino, Sacred and Profane Love, Madonna of the pesaro Family, Man with the Glove5, John Wycliffe ( religious reformer), English , led the translation of the Bible into English for the first time.6, Jan Hus ( religious reformer), Bohemian Czech reformer7, Martin Luther, German leader of the Protestant reformation: 95 theses8, John Calvin, French theologian: Institutes of the Christian Religion9, Francois Rabelais, French, wrote: Gargantua and Pantaguel (巨人传)10，Miguel de Cervantes, Spanish novelist, wrote: Don Quixote(唐. 吉柯德) 11，El Greco, Spanish painter, painted: The Burial of Count Orgaz (奥加兹伯爵的葬礼)12，William Shakespeare, English writer: Hamlet, As you like it, Twelfth night, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth .13, Christopher Columbus, Genoese-born navigator and discoverer of the New World.14, Bartholomeu Dias, Portuguese navigator, discovered the Cape of Good Hope in 1487.15, Vasco da Gama, Portuguese navigator, discovered the rout to Indea roundthe Cape of the Cape of Good Hopes16, Amerigo Vespucci, Italian navigator in his honor America was named. 17，Nicolaus Copernicus, Polish astronomer, wrote: De Revolutionibus Orbium(天体革命,即the revolution of the heavenly orbs也译为天体运行论), the father of modern astronomy.18, Dante , Italian poet, wrote: Divine Comedy.19，Niccolo Machiavelli, he was called the father of political science, wrote: Price( 论王公), Discourses（论文集）.重要年代：1,Renaissance and reformation took place between 14th and 17th century.2, the discovery of America in1492 , the discovery of the Cape of Good Hope in 1487, and the rounding of the Cape of Good Hope to India in between the years of 1497 and 1498.5 The 17th Century ( the beginning of modern time)1，Johannes Kepler, German scientist, discovered the 3 laws of planetary motion( what are the 3 laws ?)2, Galileo Galilei, Florentine ( 弗罗伦萨人)，scientist, wrote: Sidereus Nuncius (i.e. The Starry Messenger,星星使者), applied telescope to the study of skies, proved geocentric system was wrong, discovered the importance of acceleration in dynamics, discovered the law of inertia, first established the law of falling bodies.3, Sir Isaac Newton, English scientist, invented calculus, discovered that whit light is composed of all the colors of the spectrum, the most important discovery is the universal gravitation.4, Francis Bacon, English philosopher, essayist and statesman, found modern inductive method(归纳法), wrote: The Advancement of Learning, The New Atlantes, The New Method, Essays, 名句：Knowledge is power, The Monuments of wit survive the monuments of power ( 智慧的力量比统治的力量更长久).5, Thomas Hobbes, English political philosopher, , wrote: Leviathan( 利维坦), he was a materialist.6, John Locke, English empiricist and an outstanding political philosopher, wrote: Essay concerning human understanding, Treatises of civil government. 7, John Milton, English writer and political figure, wrote: Paradise lost, Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes.8, Descartes, French philosopher, wrote: Rules for the Direction of the Mind, Discourse on Method , Meditations concerning first philosophy and objections and replies.9, Moliere, French author, wrote: Tartuffe, Le Misanthrope and L’Avare. 10, Michelangelo Caravaggio, Italian painter, painted: The Calling of St. Matthew, The Cardsharps( 玩牌者)11，Van Rijn Rembrandt, Dutch Baroque painter etcher, painted: Blinding of Samson, The Polish Rider.重要年代：1,in the 17th century Europe advanced from the Middle Ages to the modern times.6 The age of enlightenment (the second half of the 18th century)1, B. Montesquieu, French philosopher, man of letters, wrote: Persian letters, The spirit of the laws.2, Voltaire, French poet, dramatist, historian, and philosopher, wrote: Lettres anglaise ( also circulated as Lettres philosophiques哲学书简), Candide(憨第德)3，J. J. Rousseau, Swiss-born philosopher, author, political theorist and composer, wrote: The origin of human inequality（论人类不平等起源）, The social contract, The confessions(忏悔录)4，D. Diderot, French philosopher and man of letters, wrote: Philosophical thoughts, Encyclopedia, Elements of Physiology, Rameau’s nephew.5,Daniel Defoe, English novelist and political journalist, wrote: The life andstrange surprising adventures of Robinson Crusoe, of York, Mariner, The Fortune and misfortunes of the famous Moll Flanders , A journal of the plague year, The fortune mistress.6, J. Swift, English churchman, political writer and poet, wrote: A modest proposal, Gulliver’s travels( 格列弗游记)7，Henry Fielding, English novelist, dramatist and essayist, wrote: The history of the adventures of Joseph Andrews and his friend Mr. Abraham Adams, The life of Mr. Jonathan Wild the Great, The history of Tom Jones, a Foundling.8, Wolfgang Goethe, German poet, wrote: The sorrows of young Werther, Wilhelm Meister’s travels( 威廉迈斯特的漫游时代)，Faust,(浮士德).9, J. Schiller, German dramatist ,poet, historian and aesthetic theoretician, wrote: Cabal and love，Ｗilhelm Tell（威廉退尔）.10, I. Kant, German classical philosopher, wrote: Critique of pure reason ( 纯理性的批判).11, J. Bach, German musician, wrote: Brandenburg concertos12, G. F. Handel, born in German, naturalized English, wrote: Oratorios，Messiah(清唱剧，弥赛亚).13, J. Haydn, wrote: Austrian composer, wrote: String quartets ( 弦乐四重奏). 14, W.A. Mozart, Austrian composer, wrote: Choral music Requiem, k. 626( 安魂曲)，The Marriage of Figaro(费加罗的婚礼).重要年代：1,the American war of independence of 1776 ended British colonial rule over that country.2, the French Revolution followed in 1789.3, the first French Republic was born in 1792.7 Romanticism (between the late 18th and the early 19th century)1, William Blake, English writer, wrote: Songs of innocence, Songs of experience, The French Revolution, Milton.2, the Lakers- Wordsworth and Coleridge.Wordsworth，he wrote: Bliss was it in that dawn to be alive, But to be young was very Heaven!( 能生活在那个黎明真是幸福，若到那时你还年轻则更是天堂！)Coleridge wrote: Kubla Khan ( 忽必烈汗), The Rime of the ancient mariner( 古舟子咏).3,George G. Byron, English poet, wrote: Isles of Greece, Don Juan( 唐. 璜). 4, Percy B. Shelley, English poet, wrote : Ode to the West wind (If winter comes, can spring be far behind?), Prometheus Unbound.5, John. Keats, English poet, wrote: Ode to a nightingale.6, Walter Scott, English poet, wrote: The heart of mid-Lothian（中洛辛郡的心脏）, Ivanhoe( 艾凡赫，中译撒克逊劫后英雄略)。
震惊世界的审判
The Christianity
The Christianity is composed of Catholic, Orthodox, Protestant three factions and many other smaller factions.Chriatians believe that Jesus is the son of the God the saviour of mankind.The Chrisian is the monotheistic religion.
The knowledge we must know The Bible Christianity
Modernism
The Bible
• •
The Bible is a conical collection of the texts sacred in Judaism and christianity. There is no single “Bible”and many Bibles with varying contexts exist.The term Bible is shared between Judaish and Christianity,although the contents of each of their colllections of canonical texts is not the same. Difference reiligious groups include difference boooks within their Biblical canons,
• He was the Democratic party’s presidential nominee three times(1896,1900,1908). In 1912 he helped to secure the nomination of Woodrow Wilson for the presidency, and Wilson named him secretary of state in 1913. In World War 1 he advocated a policy of neutrality, hoping that the United States might play the role of arbitrator between the opposing sides. Wilson, however, did not follow his advice and he resigned in June 1915.
[汇总]常用宗教英语词汇
![[汇总]常用宗教英语词汇](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/f7a23ad188eb172ded630b1c59eef8c75fbf95ce.png)
常用宗教英语词汇1． Religious sect 教派Christianity 基督宗教，广义基督教（包括天主教、东正教、新教三大主要派别，以及其他一些影响较小的派別）Christendom 基督教界Catholicism 天主教Eastern Orthodox Church 东正教Protestantism 新教，耶稣教Evangelism 福音派Lutheranism 路德宗,信义宗Calvinism 加尔文宗,长老宗Anabaptism 再洗礼派Methodism 卫斯理宗,卫理公会Puritanism 清教主义Quakerism 贵格会Presbyterian 长老派教会Fetishism 拜物教Buddhism 佛教Zen 禅宗Lamaism 喇嘛教Esotericism 密宗MahayanaGreater Vehicle大乘（佛教宗派之一）TheravadaHinayanaLesser Vehicle小乘（佛教宗派之一）Daoism 道教Judaism 犹太教Islamism Islam 伊斯兰教Brahmanism, Brahminism 婆罗门教Shamanism 萨满教Confucianism 儒家思想Filial piety 孝道Paganism 异端Fetishism 拜物教2．建筑abbey大修道院，大教堂basilica 大教堂cathedral 教堂，主教座堂（天主教）church教堂，礼拜堂（基督教）chapel小教堂collegiate church 牧师会主持的教堂sanctuary 圣所，神殿convent，nunnery 女修道院monastery, cloister 修道院hermitage 偏僻的寺院seminary 神学院synagogue犹太教堂temple庙宇寺（佛、道教）pagoda塔，佛塔monastery 寺院Buddhist nunnery 庵lamasery 喇嘛庙mosque清真寺Mecca 麦加（伊斯兰教圣地）the Holy Land 圣地（指巴勒斯坦）the Holy City(Jerusalem, Rome, Mecca) 圣地（指耶路撒冷、罗马、麦加等地）3．教堂建筑细部high altar 祭坛nave 教堂中殿transept 教堂的十字型翼部holy-water basin 圣水池pulpit 讲道台stained glass window 彩色玻璃窗rose window 圆花窗fresco 壁画shrine 神殿（祠）altar 祭圣坛；圣餐台cross 十字架icon 圣像monstrance 圣体匣tabernacle 圣体龛ciborium, pyx 圣体容器，圣饼盒chalice 圣杯font 洗礼池aspergillum 圣水掸酒器Rosary 念珠censer, thurible 香炉holy-water basin 圣水池pulpit 讲道台stained glass window 彩色玻璃窗rose window 圆花窗fresco 壁画pagoda 塔，佛塔4.教义doctrine [宗教、政治]教义；原则the Bible 圣经the Old Testament 旧约the New Testament 新约the Gospel 福音provision [法]规定；条款buddhist scriptures 佛经（统称）the Koran 古兰经（伊斯兰教）the Talmud 犹太法典5.称呼God, the Lord 上帝the Father 圣父（三位一体之一者）the Son (of God) 圣子（指耶酥，三位一体之一者）the Holy Ghost; the Holy Spirit 圣灵（三位一体之一者）Jesus Christ 耶酥基督Christian 基督教徒Catholic 天主教徒Protestant 新耶酥教徒clergyman 教士、牧师Pope，the Holy Father ，pontiff 教皇cardinal 红衣主教archbishop 大主教bishop 主教priest 神父神甫（天主教）nun 修女（天主教）pastor, minister 牧师（新教）missionary 传教士 [集合词]教士；clergy 教士，牧师clergyman [集合词]牧师（天主教神职人员，新教教职人员的统称）laity （与教士、僧侣等相对的）俗人The Archbishop of Canterbury 坎特伯雷大主教，英国国教的教主，英国国教的两大主教之一the Archbishop of York 约克大主教，英国国教的两大主教之一，英国国教的付教主Monsignor 大人，阁下（天主教牧师荣誉头衔）diocese 主管教区parish 教区；教区的全体居民parishioner 教区居民following 追随者believer; follower 信徒Matteo Ricci 利马窦Buddhist 佛教徒Buddhist monk 和尚buddhist nun 尼姑Taoist priest 道士Taoist nun 道姑Bodhidharma 达摩dharma 法，即达摩，支配个人行为的宗教伦理规范Sakyamuni 释迦牟尼Tathagata 如来Buddha 佛陀Bodhisattva; Buddha; Buddhist idol 菩萨the Guanyin Bodhisatta; Avalokitesvara; the Goddess of Mercy 观音菩萨Maitreya 弥勒Jianzhen 鉴真Faxian 法显Xuanzang 玄奘Dalai 达赖Bainqen(Panchen) 班禅lama 喇嘛Living Buddha 活佛Allah 安拉；真主Muslim; Moslem 穆斯林ahung, imam 阿訇6.宗教仪式，活动religious rites; ritual 宗教仪式baptism 洗礼to receive baptism; to be baptized 受洗confession 忏悔Holy Communion 圣餐religious service 宗教仪式，礼拜to attend religious service; to go to church 做礼拜to attend Mass 做弥撒Sunday-school; Sabbath-school 主日学（星期日学校）sermon 讲道to preach; to deliver a sermon 传教，传道to do missionary work（基督教）传教choir 唱诗班mass 弥撒High Mass 大弥撒sung mass 唱诗弥撒Low Mass 诵经弥撒requiem mass [宗]安魂弥撒vespers 夕祷litany 连祷sermon 讲经psalm 圣诗canticle 赞美诗Via Crucis, Way of the Cross 十字架路，耶稣赴难路procession 宗教游行pilgrimage [伊斯兰教、基督教]朝圣admittance rites入教仪式meditation默想；坐禅regimen养生法charm符咒spell咒语to recitechant sutrasscriptures念经to chant the name of，to pray to Buddha念佛to burn joss-stick(s)(before an idol); to burn incense烧香procession 宗教游行Rosary 念珠。
丹尼尔英语作文模板
丹尼尔英语作文模板英文回答：Daniel: A Model of Leadership。
Daniel is a biblical figure who is revered in both Christianity and Judaism. His story is recounted in the Book of Daniel, which forms part of the Old Testament in the Christian Bible and the Ketuvim in the Hebrew Bible. Daniel is known for his wisdom, courage, and unwavering faith in God, making him a compelling model of leadership.Daniel's leadership qualities are evident throughout his biblical narrative. He is first introduced as a young man who is taken captive from Jerusalem to Babylon. Despite being in a foreign and hostile land, Daniel refuses to compromise his beliefs or his integrity. He remains true to his God and adheres to his principles, even when it puts him in danger.Daniel's integrity and loyalty are recognized by King Nebuchadnezzar, who appoints him to a position of authority within the Babylonian court. Daniel uses his position to advocate for his people and to promote justice. Hefearlessly interprets the king's dreams, even when they are unpleasant, and he consistently gives wise counsel.Daniel's unwavering faith in God is a hallmark of his leadership. He trusts in God's providence and protection, even in the face of great adversity. When he is thrown into the lions' den for refusing to worship the king, God sends an angel to protect him. This miraculous event further enhances Daniel's reputation as a wise and righteous leader.Daniel's leadership is also characterized by humility and compassion. He does not seek personal glory or powerbut instead uses his influence to serve others. He isalways willing to listen to the concerns of his people andto advocate for their well-being.Daniel's leadership style is one that can be emulatedby leaders of all kinds. He demonstrates the importance ofintegrity, loyalty, faith, humility, and compassion. By following Daniel's example, leaders can inspire others, promote justice, and create a positive and thriving environment.中文回答：但以理，领导力的典范。
欧洲中世纪英文版(The-middle-age)
2. Knighthood and code of Chivalry
Almost all nobles in the Medieval days were knights Code of Chivalry: As a knight, he was pledged to protect the weak, to fight for the church, to be loyal to his lord and respect woman of noble birth.
Political and Religion
Feudalism
1. The Manor (封建领主的）领地、庄园
2. Knighthood (骑兵身份)and code of Chivalry( 骑兵制度)
Religion
1. The organization of church
2.The power and influence of the Catholic Church
Middle Ages is also called “Dark Ages”,
because after Uncivilized Germanics conquered the Rome, they made both people’s living standard and spiritual standard drop to a very low point. That’s a kind of “countermarch of civilization
• many people went on journeys to sacred places to express their religious feelings.
英语论文-The Influence of Bible on English Culture
The Influence of Bible on English Culture1.IntroductionIn western countries, Christianity is the main type of religion. With the world widely spread, Christianity acts an enormous impact on western culture. The influence of the Bible is world-wide. Its mighty power has affected every department of human activity. The contents of the Scriptures have supplied themes for the greatest poets, artists and musicians, and have been the mightiest factor of all in shaping the moral progress of the race. Let us consider a few examples of the Bible‟s influence as displayed in the various realms of human enterprise. This article expounds the influence of the Bible on the English culture from several aspects.2. A general study of BibleKnowledge of the Bible is a prerequisite to understand English culture.What exactly Bible is?The explanation in the encyclopedia is “Bible, term used since the fourth century to denote the Christian Scriptures and later, by extension, those of various religious traditions. This article discusses the nature of religious scripture generally and the Christian Scriptures specifically, as well as the history of the translation of the Bible into English. For the composition and the canon of the Hebrew and Christian Bible, see Old Testament; New Testament; Apocrypha.”2.1 The history of how Bible createdChristianity started in the middle of the 1st century AD, it originated from the earliest religion which Hebrew established of the world—Judaism, the Christianity admitted and continued to use Judaism‟s religion idea, and developed it on this foundation. Except accepting Jehovah as God, the Christianity also believes Savior is the name of God‟s son, a name of Jesus Christ who was sent by God to save the people. Christians take the words recorded that how Christianity spread and develop into the New Testament. The combination of the New Testament and the scripture of Judaism” Old Testament” became the sacred writings of Christianity—“Holy Bible”. During 4th century AD, the Roman Empire‟s Constantine made the Christianity as the nation‟s religion, since that, Christianity started to spread all over the European area.Pope Damascus I assembled the first list of books of the Bible at the Council of Rome in 382 AD. He commissioned Saint Jerome to produce a reliable and consistent text by translating the original Greek and Hebrew texts into Latin. This translation became known as the Latin Vulgate Bible and in 1546 at the Council of Trent was declared by the Church to be the only authentic and official Bible in the Latin rite.2.2 The versions and translations of BibleThe Bible is often described as "the greatest book ever written." This is because of its unending significance and influence on people throughout the ages. No other book in history has impacted peoples and cultures like the Bible. So far, the Bible hasbeen translated into 2,018 languages and every year more copies of the Bible are sold than any other single book.In scholarly writing, ancient translations are frequently referred to as "versions," with the term "translation" being reserved for medieval or modern translations. Bible versions are discussed below, while Bible translations can be found on a separate page.The Christian Bible consists of the Hebrew Scriptures, which have been called the Old Testament, and some later writings known as the New Testament. The original texts of the Bible were in Hebrew, although some portions were in Aramaic. There are several different ancient versions of the Bible in Hebrew, mostly differing by spelling, and the traditional Jewish version is based on the version known as Old Testament. The primary biblical text for early Christians was the Septuagint. In addition, they translated the Hebrew Bible into several other languages. Translations were made into Syria, Coptic, Greek, Latin, and other languages. The Latin translations were historically the most important in the West, while the Greek-speaking Countries continued to use the Septuagint translations of the Old Testament and retain the New Testament.The earliest Latin translation was the Old Latin text, or Vetus Latin, which seems to have been made by several authors over a period of time. Bible translations for many languages have been made through the various influences of Catholicism, Orthodox, Protestant, especially since the Protestant Reformation. The Bible has seen a notably large number of English language translations. The work of Bibletranslation continues, including by Christian organizations such as Wycliffe Bible Translators, New Tribes Missions and the Bible Societies. Of the world's 6,900 languages, 2,400 have some or the entire Bible, 1,600 (spoken by more than a billion people) has translation underway.2.3 The main formations of BibleThe Bible as we know it today is divided into two main sections or collections of books called the Old Testament and the New Testament. The word 'testament' literally means …something that serves as proof or a personal wit ness either verbally or written‟. So these testaments are the writings of people and the recordings of events that serve as proof. The climax or pinnacle of the Bible is Jesus - God's coming to earth as a man (incarnate). The Old Testament is the history of God's work through the nation of Israel (or the Hebrew people) to the world in preparation for Jesus. The New Testament is the witness of Jesus' coming life, teachings, work, and the ramifications of these to the people of that time and in the future till the end of time. The bible was written from 50 A.D. or so and was completed in the second century. The origins and formations of the Bible, Testaments, and books included are covered in detail in the specific Testament sections.The writers of the books of the Bible were just ordinary humans, but it is the historic Christian belief, that they wrote under the influence of the Holy Spirit, that is under 'inspiration'. This inspiration factor makes the Bible different from any other book that exists - past, present or future. It therefore bears unlimited importance for usto study and understand. Although many other books existed at that time，the Bible books were still the main choice of people . Persons spiritually guided by the Holy Spirit chose the book. This enabled them to choose what was spiritually true and what was false and therefore should or should not be included as 'scripture'. The collection of books recognized as authoritative and divinely inspired, were canonized. Canon is a Greek word which means rule or measuring line. The books that passed the canon were considered scripture. Other books that did not pass the canon, may be of interest to read, and suitable for learning, but are not regarded as on the same level as Biblical or 'canonical' books in that they carry no authority.3. The influence of Bible on English cultureWhen the Bible's influence is profound in a society, it will affect all aspects of that culture in a positive way. How we dress, what we eat, what music we listen to, and what we choose for entertainment, are all reflections of how strongly the Bible affects our lives. The idea of the Bible has become firmly established in western society today. This influence has been demonstrated in all aspects of their daily life.It is considered as an important source of western language culture as well as a classical religious masterpiece. Just like how Confucius‟philosophy and works has affects Chinese‟s ideas profoundly, the Bible is a foundation of ideas and principles upon which western society rests. For hundreds of years, the Bible has been penetrated deeply into western families‟ daily life, and became the rules of people‟s life. The Bible has shaped not only religious thought, but also politics, law, education,literature, culture, flavored English language with words and phrases etc. Indeed, for Americans of many denominations, the Bible was considered as the wellspring of national mythology, as the prevailing biblical stories and imagery spread with the change of time and circumstance.3.1 The influence of the Bible on CeremonyEnglish countries are Christian countries, both presidents and farmers go to the church every weekend. Almost all the important ceremony is held in a Christian way. It‟s safe to say that all the ceremonies are originated from bible, Such as, wedding, funeral and so on. In many countries of the western world, newly-born babies usually received the baptism.The parents bring the babies to the church, or invite the pastors to their home, to hold a simple and solemn ceremony. After the pastor chanted the scripture of the Bible, he gently sprays water on the head of the baby, saying: “I baptize you in the name of the Father, and the son, and of the Holy Spirit”.3.1.1W edding Ceremony:Weddings are treated as a big occasion. Bible reputes that marriage is an eternal relationship. In Bible it is described like this, “the Lord God said: …it is not good for the man to be alone I will make a suitable partner for him‟”(Genesis 2:18). God thinks Adam is lonely when he was alone, so he took one of Adam‟s ribs and creates Eva with it. Adam said: “This one, at last is bone of my bones, and fresh of my fresh.-(Genesis 2:23-24)”. Husband and wife is no longer two people, but one.Christianity holds that, marriage is matched by God, and marriage should be founded on the reverence of God. People should worship God in marriage and family life. Therefore, wedding is one of the most important ceremonies of English countries. So all close families and friends would be invited to the church to witness this stately moment. With the holy music going on, the bride in a long white wedding dress and white veil takes her father‟s right arm walks to the altar. And the vicar asks her father: “Who gives this woman to this man?” Bride‟s father gives her daughter‟s right hand to the vicar, and then vicar give this hand to the groom.The vicar may say:“Bride/groom, are you here to ask Groom to be your partner, your lover, your friend and your husband/wife? Do you intend to give him your deepest friendship and love, not only when you are feeling bright and alive, but also when you are feeling down? Not only when you remember clearly that you are a manifestation of God, but even in those times when you forget? Do you announce before God and those here present that you will seek always to see the Light of Divinity within Groom/bride, and seek always to share the Light of Divinity within you?”The bride/groom may say: I do.The bride and groom say their vows and rings are exchanged. The vows always go like this:I, Groom, take you, Bride, to be my wife, to have and to hold from this day forward, for better, or for worse, for richer, or for poorer, in sickness, and in health, to love and to honor and to cherish unconditionally. Forsaking all others, I will be faithful to you. In the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit.Amen.The weddings always appear as the most complicated ceremony. There is often a party coming after the ceremony. People nowadays hire professional company to hold their weddings.3.1.2 The ceremony of Christian death and burialThe same as the funeral, it also has a strong Christian flavor. Christians believe that when someone dies, they are judged by God. The righteous go to Heaven and the sinners go to Hell. Christians believe that Hell is the separation from the love of God: “T hey shall suffer the punishment of eternal destruction and exclusion from the presence of the Lord and from the glory of his might, when he comes on that day to be glorified by his saints.2 Thessalonians 1:9-10”When a Christian dies, it is seen as the end of his/her life on earth. A funeral is held for friends and family to grieve for the person who died and give thanks for their life. If someone is on their deathbed, a minister will prepare them for death. This is most likely after a long period of illness. Prayers of preparation and reconciliation may be said, with only the minister in the room. Family and friends can participate in the Lord's Prayer, the Word of God and Holy Communion. Often, the funeral is held about a week after one‟s death. It can either take place in a church or at a crematorium.The Gathering: the priest will open the service with this reading from thescriptures:'I am the resurrection and the life,' saith the Lord; 'he that believeth in me, though he were dead, yet shall he live: and whosoever liveth and believeth in me shall never die.'I know that my Redeemer liveth...Book of Common Prayer 1979’Readings and sermon: a psalm from the Bible is read out. It is often Psalm 23, 'The Lord is my Shepherd'. Verses from the Old or New Testament are also read.Personal readings: The priest will talk about the person who died. This can be quite a personal section, reflecting on the person's life and their role in the Christian church. A family member or friend may wish to read out a poem or a passage from the Bible.Prayers: prayers of thanksgiving, penitence and readiness for death are said.Reflection: Silent time for reflection. The congregation is given a minute to reflect on the deceased.Commendation and farewell: The priest speaks these words: "Let us commend (the person's name) to the mercy of God, our maker and redeemer." The priest then reads a prayer of entrusting and commending.The committal: this is probably the most solemn moment of the service. At a burial, this is when the coffin is lowered into the grave. At a cremation, the curtains are closed around the coffin. "We therefore commit (his or her) body to the ground; earth to earth, ashes to ashes, dust to dust; in the sure and certain hope of theResurrection to eternal life."There may also be a selection of hymns which are sung throughout the service.Some parishes still have space for burials. The burial follows a church service and the family and friends of the deceased gather round the grave for the Committal. It is tradition to throw some dust/mud onto the coffin. A short prayer will be said by the minister. For those who wish to be cremated, the body is taken to a crematorium, where it is burned. At the point of Committal, the curtains close around the coffin. The ashes are put into an urn and given to the family, who may choose to keep them or scatter them in a place that was meaningful to the deceased.3.2 The influence of the Bible on FestivalIn English countries, many festivals are closely related to Christianity. Easter and Christmas are the main religious festivals of the Christian Y ear. Most people in England celebrate Christmas and Easter. School children have two weeks off school during Christmas and Easter. Most of the festivals are come from the Bible and extensively affected by it.3.2.1 The influence of the Bible on SundayTake Sunday for example. As Sunday is the very common holiday that now it is spreading around the world. Sunday were mentioned many times in the Bible. Sunday is come from the Sabbath. In Hebrew, Sabbath means to rest. The Christians believe that: God has made people a promise of rest but it is up to people to claim it. In the Bible God tells people there are certain things they must do before they can enter His rest. The Sabbath days were just a shadow of our true rest, Jesus Christ. Only Christcan save our soul and give us rest.Jesus Christ has become our Sabbath and people can have a rest every weekend of the week if people want. People need to have faith, an open mind and work to get God‟s rest. Read God's word and claim the promise of rest that God made to us. If you would like to set aside a day of the week to do this, there is nothing wrong with that. But remember that mankind gave the days of the week, not God. Also, with God a day is a thousand years, so saying a certain day is the Sabbath just doesn‟t work. People use Sabbath as Sunday today.3.2.2 The influence of Bible on ChristmasSince about 400 AD, Christians have celebrated the birth of Jesus. 'Christ' means 'Messiah' or 'Anointed One' - the title given to Jesus - and 'Mass' was a religious festival. Christmas is a wonderful time of year. In many countries of the world, the celebration of Christmas on December 25th is a high point of the year. Christmas is a very special time for Christians, it is a time of celebration. According to the record of the Bible, Jesus is God‟s son, he is given the birth by Saint Mary. For commemorating Jesus‟birth, Christianity decided December 25th as the Christmas. Christmas is the biggest festival that all sorts of groups of Christianity celebrate. December 24th is called Christmas Eve. Christians hold the firmed belief that Christmas is the day that Christ was born. That‟s how Christmas comes. But the real Christmas story is found in the Christian Bible. It is told in two different books: Matthew and Luke chapters 1 and 2.Christians believed that it was exactly God's plan that things happened in thisway. They say that it shows that Jesus came as a humble, poor person and not as a strong, rich king. They also claim that the birth of Jesus was told many years before the event was written in the books of the prophets. Five hundred years ago, the prophet Micah had said,"But you Bethlehem, though you are small, out of you will come for me, one who will be ruler over Israel, whose origins are from of old, from ancient times."The prophet Isaiah had written,"A child is born to us! A son is given to us! And he will be our ruler. He will be called, "Wonderful Counsellor," "Mighty God," "Eternal Father," "Prince of Peace." His royal power will continue to grow; his kingdom will always be at peace. He will rule as King David's successor, basing his power on right and justice, from now until the end of time."These are only two of many prophetic words that told of the birth and life of Jesus, written hundreds of years before His birth.The prophet Isaiah had written, Herod, the evil king of the area, heard about the child, saw Him as a threat, and sent soldiers to kill Jesus. But God told Joseph in a dream to take Mary and the baby and escape to Egypt. They lived there till King Herod died and then went back to live in Nazareth. Jesus was indeed "the man born to die".In the West today, the real meaning of Christmas is often forgotten. It has become a non-religious holiday! More children believe in Father Christmas than in Jesus. Christmas Day is a time for eating and drinking too much and watchingtelevision. Most people in UK or Europe will not go to a religious church meeting, even at Christmas. It has become a busy race to spend money on presents, and get ready for the Day. In UK, our shops stay open till late Christmas Eve and often open again on Boxing Day with the cut-price 'sales'. (Not much holiday for the poor shop workers!) A visitor from another world would think that Christmas was a festival to the gods of money and shopping.How do they celebrate Christmas?From November onwards, it is impossible to forget that Christmas is coming. Coloured lights decorate many town centers and shops, along with shiny decorations, and artificial snow painted on shop windows. In streets and shops, 'Christmas trees' (real or plastic evergreen 'conifer' trees) will also be decorated with lights and Christmas ornaments. Shopping centers become busier as December approaches and often stay open till late. Shopping centre speaker systems will play Christmas 'carols' - the traditional Christmas Christian songs, Christians sing Christmas Carol to one and another family to proclaim the glad tidings that Jesus was born. People give present to each other and every family decorates a Christmas tree in their house. It is said that Santa Claus will monitor eight moose with plenty of gifts from north, climb down the chimney during the mid night, and put the gifts in every children‟s stockings. Most places of work will hold a short Christmas party about a week before Christmas. There are many traditional Christmas foods that are available in the party, but which means little work will be done after the party!By mid-December, most homes will also be decorated with Christmas trees,coloured lights and paper or plastic decorations around the rooms. These days, many more people also decorate garden trees or house walls with coloured electric lights, a habit which has long been popular in USA.In many countries, most people post Christmas greeting cards to their friends and family, and these cards will be hung on the walls of their homes. In UK this year, the British Post Office expects to handle over 100 million cards EACH DAY, in the three weeks before Christmas.In English-speaking countries, the day following Christmas Day is called 'Boxing Day'. This word comes from the custom which started in the Middle Ages around 800 years ago: churches would open their 'alms boxe' (boxes in which people had placed gifts of money) and distribute the contents to poor people in the neighbourhood on the day after Christmas. The tradition continues today - small gifts are often given to delivery workers such as postal staff and children who deliver newspapers.3.2.3 The influence of Bible on EasterWhat is Easter?Easter is the time for holidays, festivals and a time for giving chocolate Easter eggs. But actually Easter means much more. Easter is the season in which Christians remember the death and resurrection of Jesus. Easter commemorates the resurrection of Jesus Christ. It is the oldest Christian festival, and the one celebrated with the greatest joy. It is the most important festival in the Christian year. Jesus' resurrectionis at the centre of the Christian faith. Jesus died for the sins of humanity and by coming back to life promises eternal life for all those who believe in him. The date of Easter changes each year, and several other Christian festivals fix their dates by reference to Easter. Churches are filled with flowers, and there are special hymns and songs. But not all Easter customs are Christian; some, such as the Easter Bunny, are Pagan in origin.The Easter story is at the heart of Christianity:On Good Friday, Jesus Christ was executed by crucifixion. His body was taken down from the cross, and buried in a cave.The tomb was guarded and an enormous stone was put over the entrance, so that no-one could steal the body.On the following Sunday, some women visited the grave and found that the stone had been moved, and that the tomb was empty.The remains of Jesus were seen that day and days afterwards by many people. Thus, his followers realized that God had raised Jesus from the dead.3.3 The influence of the Bible on Daily lifeThe Bible covers a wide range of people‟s daily life. Its influence includes people‟s name, laws, and even politics.3.3.1 The influence of Bible on naming names:Boys always named Abraham( the ancestry of Jew)、David (an hero of Jew)、Moses(prophet of Jew)、Joseph(Jesus‟ father) or use the name of Jesus‟ twelve disciple,like John、Peter、Thomas、Andrew and so on; girls always named as Mary(Jesus‟mother)、Elizabeth(John‟s mother)、Sarah(Abraham‟s wife)、Ruth(King David‟s mother). John was the most popular boy s‟ name from 1880 (the earliest year my research could trace) through 1924. Mary was the most popular girls‟ name from 1880 until 1947 (when it was knocked out by Linda, only to return in 1953 to hold the top spot until Lisa knocked it out again in 1962). In 1972 it fell out of the top ten and has never returned. In the early years of America, most children were named Jeremiah, Abigail, John, Josiah, Peter, Sarah, Paul, or Elizabeth. Today, many of these Bible names are making a comeback. In fact, of the top 50 names given to girls in America in 2005, 14 are Bible names. Of the top 50 names given to boys, 25 are Bible names. No matter in public or in family life, the Bible shows its unique function by its distinct symbolized meaning.3.3.2 The influence of Bible on Laws:On court, the judge demanded witness to hold the Bible to swear that every word he said is truth. In the United States there are laws that punish those who assault and rape women, those who would murder, those who would steal and lie. You may be surprised to know that the source of these laws came directly from the Bible and were given for the protection of society. Many of them can be found in the Old Testament book of Deuteronomy.Other examples of laws were taken directly from the Bible are our laws regarding bankruptcy, laws in our courts that demand witnesses to a crime before one can be convicted, and laws that demand just weights for commerce. The child laborlaws protect children from being exploited. Even our government Child Protection Agency was created to keep children from abuse. Although this agency goes to the extreme at times and shields a rebellious child that is lying, its original intent was to protect children from parental abuse. Our civil laws were established to keep order in our society, and because our founding fathers were Christians, they created a structure that was based on moral laws taken from the Bible.Many legal clauses are changed from the Ten Commandments of the Bible.3.4 The influence of Bible on American politicsThe Bible's continuing influence in twentieth-century American culture was particularly evident in American politics. When most of the Presidents assume the post, they all quote the sentences from the Bible to support their speech.So influential was the Bible in the formation of early American political thought and governance that hardly any of America‟s founding fathers were silent on the importance of the Bible. Here‟s a sampling of comments by the first seven men elected President of the United States.George Washington (1789-1797) was America‟s first military and political leader. On June 15, 1775, George Washington was named by unanimous vote as permanent military leader of the colonies‟ rag-tag armies. Later he was chosen as t his country‟s founding president.America‟s first hero said, “It is impossible to rightly govern the world without God and the Bible.”Washington used the Bible as the basis for governing America‟s earliest days.Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin and John Adams were appointed todraft a formal statement defining to reason for the colonies‟ irrevocable separation from Great Britain. Jefferson claimed, “I have always said, I always say, that the studious perusal of the sacred volume will make better citizens, better fathers, and better husbands.”And on that basis, he drafted the Declaration of Independence. He also became the third U.S. President (1801-1809).James Madison, the fourth President of the United States (1809-1817), gave a speech to the General Assembly of the State of Virginia in 1778 in which he admitted, “We have staked the whole future of American civilization, not upon the power of government, far from it. We‟ve staked the future of all our political institutions upon our capacity…to sustain ourselves according to the Ten Commandments of God.”watchful eye must be kept on ourselves lest, while we are building ideal monuments of renown and bliss here, we neglect to have our names enrolled in the Annals of Heaven.Andrew Jackson was the seventh U.S. President (1829-1837). His trust in the Bible spilled out almost every time he spoke. "Go to the Scriptures...the joyful promises it contains will be a balsam to all your troubles. That book is the rock on which our republic rests,” said Old Hickory. Just before he died, Jackson testified, “I am in the hands of a merciful God. I have full confidence in His goodness and mercy...The Bible is true. I have tried to conform to its spirit as near as possible. Upon that sacred volume I rest my hope for eternal salvation, through the merits and blood of our blessed Lord and Savior, Jesus Christ."These are not the words of professional politicians; they are the words of。
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The Bible and Christianity
Judaism and Christianity
☐Christianity evolved out of Judaism, and therefore the two share several beliefs.
The Bible
☐The Bible is a collection of religious writing comprising two parts: the Old Testament and the New Testament.
☐The former is about God and the laws of God; the latter, the doctrines of Jesus Christ.
☐Testament means agreement, agreement between God and Man.
Pentateuch (the five books of Moses)
☐Genesis；Exodus；Leviticus；Numbers；Deuteronomy
☐Genesis:
a religious account of the origin of the Hebrew people, including the origin of the world and of man, the career of Issac and the life of Jaco
b and his son Joseph.
☐Exodus:
a religious history of the Hebrews during their flight from Egypt, the period when they began to receive God’s law.
☐Leviticus: a collection of primitive laws and proprieties
☐Numbers:
a continuation of the account of the flight from Egypt (triumph over the Canaanites) with two censuses about the Exodus
☐Deuteronomy:
the final words of Moses to his people, restating his orders and fifty years’ experiences as a leader
Ten Commandments
“Thou shalt have none other gods before me.”
“Thou shalt not kill.”
“Neither shalt thou commit adultery.”
“Neither shalt thou steal.”
“Neither shalt thou bear false witness against thy neighbor.”
Stories from the New Testament
☐The Birth of Jesus
Joseph (Holy Ghost) & Mary
Emmanuel, means god with us
☐The Beatitude
“Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.”
“Blessed are they that mourn, for they shall be comforted.”
“Blessed arethe merciful, for they shall obtain mercy.”
“Blessed are they which are persecuted for righteousness’ sake, for theirs is the kingd om
of heaven.”
Influences of the Bible
☐The two great reservoirs of Modern English: the English Bible and Shakespeare. Rise of Christianity
☐313 A.D. The Edict of Milan by Constantine: religious freedom, legal
its unifying and organizing force made contributions to the consolidation of the empire
☐392 A.D. Emperor Theodosius
Official religion of the empire and outlawed all other religion
an object of oppression →a weapon of the ruling class to crush their opponents The Middle Ages
☐The thousand-year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire (476 A. D.) ☐Germanic kingdoms war
☐The Christian church: the only force to unite Europe
☐The Age of Faith
The Church
☐1054
☐The Roman Catholic Church
☐The Eastern Orthodox Church
☐Trinity
The Holy Father；The Holy Son；The Holy Ghost/Spirit
Organization of the Church
Priest (parish)；Bishop (diocese)；Archbishop (province)；Pope
Knights tournament
Knighthood
☐7 →page: to say prayers, learn good manner, ran errands for the ladies
☐14 →squire/assistant: the duties of a knight, practise sword, lance & shield, go to battle
☐Dubbing
Code of Chivalry
☐To protect the weak
☐To fight for the church
☐To be loyal to his lord
☐To respect women of noble birth。