电气工程及其自动化专业英语第五章课文翻译
电气工程与自动化专业英语中文翻译
第一章电路基本原理第一节电流与电压u（t）和i（t）这两个变量是电路中最基本的概念，描述了电路中各种不同的关系。
电荷与电流电荷与电流的概念是解释一切电气现象的基础原则。
而电荷也是电路的最基本的量。
电荷是构成物质的原子的电气属性，单位是库仑（C）。
通过基础物理学，我们了解到一切物质都是由被称为原子的基本粒子构造而成的，每个原子中都包含电子、质子和中子。
我们还知道电子上的电荷带负电，每个电子上的电量是1.60210×10-19库仑。
质子带与电子相等的正电荷。
原子上质子与电子的数目相等，使其呈中性。
我们来考虑电荷的运动。
电或电荷的独特之处就是它们可以移动，也就是说电荷可以从一个地方移动到另一个地方，从而转换成另外一种形式的能量。
当把一根导线接在电池（一种电源）的两端时，电荷受迫而运动；正电荷与负电荷分别向相反的两个方向移动。
这种电荷的移动产生了电流。
习惯上，我们把正电荷移动的方向或负电荷移动的反方向称为电流的方向，如图1-1所示。
这种说法是由美国科学家、发明家本杰明·富兰克林提出的。
即使我们知道金属导体中的电流是由于带负电荷的电子（运动）而产生的，（我们）也使用默认的习惯，将正电荷运动的方向定义为电流的方向。
因此，电流是单位时间内电荷的变化率，单位是安培（ampere，A）。
在数学上，电流i、电荷q和时间t的关系为dq（1-1）i=dt将等式的两边同时进行积分，则可得到电荷在时间t和t0之间的变化。
有idt（1-2）q== 0tt在等式（1-1）中我们给电流i的定义表现了电流不是一个定值量，电荷随时间的变化不同，电流也与之呈不同的函数关系。
电压、电能与电功率使电子在导体中定向运动需要做功或能量转换。
功由外电动势提供，最典型的就是图1-1中的电池。
外电动势也可理解为电压或电位差。
电路中，a、b两点之间的电压U ab等于从a到b移动单位电荷所需能量（所做的功），有dw（1-3）U ab=dqw代表电能，单位是焦耳（J）；q代表电量。
电气工程及其自动化专业英语翻译
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电气工程及其自动化英语英译汉
1```In the generator mode ,it,s operating speed isslightly higger than it,s synchronous speed and ie needs magnetizing revctive pover form the symtem that it is connected to in order to suuply pover .在发电方式下他的工作速度比同步转速稍高些，并了解供电力，他需要他所连接的系统吸收磁化无功功率。
2```in the barking mode of operyetion ,a three –phase indection motor running at a steady –speedcan be brought to a quick stop by interchanging two of stator leads感应电机运行电动状态时，其转速低于同步转速，运行在发电状态时，其转速高于同步转速，这就需要从与之间相连的系统电源提供励磁的无功功率。
3```obviously ,dc machine applications are very significant,but the advantages of the dc machinemmust be weighed against its greatr initial investment cost and the maintenance problems associated with its brush-commutator system..同步是指状态运行时点击以恒定的转速和频率运行。
4```with a cylindyical rotor the reluctance of the magnetic circuit of the field is independent of itsactual diretion and relative to the direct axis.圆柱形转子的磁场磁路的磁阻与直轴有关，而与磁场的实际方向无关。
电气工程及其自动化专业英语课文翻译
unit1 taxe A 电力变压器的结构和原理在许多能量转换系统中，变压器是一个不了缺少的原件。
它使得在经济的发电机所产生电能并以最经历的传输电压传输电能，同时对于特定的使用者合适的电压使用电能成为可能。
变压器同样广泛的应用于低功率低电流的电子电路和控制电路中，来执行像匹配电源组抗和负载以求得最大的传输效率。
隔离一个电路与另一个电路在两个电路之间隔离直流电而保证交流电继续通道的功能。
在本质上，变压器是一个由两个或多个绕组通过相互的磁通耦合而组成的，如果这其中的一个绕组，原边连接到交流电压源将产生交流磁通它的幅值决定于原边的电压所提供的电压频率及匝数。
感应磁通将与其他绕组交链，在副边中将感应出一个电压其幅值将取决于副边的匝数及感应磁通量和频率。
通过使原副边匝数比例适应，任何所期望的电压比例或转换比例都可以得到。
变压器工作的本质仅要求存在与两个绕组相交链的时变的感应磁通。
这样的作用也可以发生在通过空气耦合的两组绕组中，但用铁心或其他铁磁材料可以使绕组之间的耦合作用增强，因为一大部分磁通被限制在与两个绕组交链的高磁导率的路径中。
这种变压器通常被称作为心式变压器。
大部分变压器都是这种类型。
以下的讨论几乎全部围绕心事变压器。
为减少铁心中的涡流所产生的损耗，磁路通常由一叠薄的叠片所组成。
如图1.1所示两种常见的结构形式用示意图表示出来。
芯式变压器的绕组绕在两个矩形铁心柱上，壳式变压器的绕组绕在三个铁心柱中间的那个铁心柱上，。
0.14毫米厚的硅钢片通常被用于在低频率低于几百Hz下运行的变压器中，硅钢片具有价格低铁心损耗小，在高磁通密度下，磁导率高的理想性能，能用做高频率低能耗的标准的通讯电路中的小型变压器的铁心是由被称为铁氧体的粉末压缩制成的铁磁合金所构成的。
在这些结构中，大部分的磁通被限制在固定的铁心中与两个绕组相交链。
绕组也产生多余的磁通，像漏磁通，只经过一个绕组和另外的绕组不相交链。
虽然漏磁通只是所有磁通的一小部分，但它在决定变压器的运行情况中起着重要的作用。
电气工程及其自动化专业英语翻译
第一章电路基本原理第一节电流和电压u(t)和i(t)这两个变量是电路中最基本的两个变量，它们刻划了电路的各种关系。
电荷和电流电荷的概念是用来解释所有电气现象的基本概念。
也即，电路中最基本的量是电荷。
电荷是构成物质的原子微粒的电气属性，它是以库仑为单位来度量的。
我们从基础物理得知一切物质是由被称为原子的基本构造部分组成的，并且每个原子是由电子，质子和中子组成的。
我们还知道电子的电量是负的并且在数值上等于1.602100×10-12C，而质子所带的正电量在数值上与电子相等。
质子和电子数量相同使得原子呈现电中性。
让我们来考虑一下电荷的流动。
电荷或电的特性是其运动的特性，也就是，它可以从一个地方被移送到另一个地方，在此它可以被转换成另外一种形式的能量。
当我们把一根导线连接到某一电池上时(一种电动势源)，电荷被外力驱使移动；正电荷朝一个方向移动而负电荷朝相反的方向移动。
这种电荷的移动产生了电流。
我们可以很方便地把电流看作是正电荷的移动，也即，与负电荷的流动方向相反，如图1－1所示。
这一惯例是由美国科学家和发明家本杰明－富兰克林引入的。
虽然我们现在知道金属导体中的电流是由负电荷引起的，但我们将遵循通用的惯例，即把电流看作是正电荷的单纯的流动。
于是电流就是电荷的时率，它是以安培为单位来度量的。
从数学上来说，电流i、电荷q以及时间t之间的关系是：从时间t0到时间t所移送的电荷可由方程（1－1）两边积分求得。
我们算得：我们通过方程（1－1）定义电流的方式表明电流不必是一个恒值函数，电荷可以不同的方式随时间而变化，这些不同的方式可用各种数学函数表达出来。
电压，能量和功率在导体中朝一个特定的方向移动电荷需要一些功或者能量的传递，这个功是由外部的电动势来完成的。
图1－1所示的电池就是一个典型的例子。
这种电动势也被称为电压或电位差。
电路中a、b两点间的电压等于从a到b移动单位电荷所需的能量（或所需做的功）。
数学表达式为：式中w是单位为焦耳的能量而q是单位为库仑的电荷。
电气工程及其自动化专业英语翻译（精选多篇）
电气工程及其自动化专业英语翻译（精选多篇）第一篇：电气工程及其自动化专业英语翻译Electric Power Systems.The modern society depends on the electricity supply more heavily than ever before.It can not be imagined what the world should be if the electricity supply were interrupted all over the world.Electric power systems(or electric energy systems), providing electricity to the modern society, have become indispensable components of the industrial world.The first complete electric power system(comprising a generator, cable, fuse, meter, and loads)was built by Thomas Edison – the historic Pearl Street Station in New York City which began operation in September 1882.This was a DC system consisting of a steam-engine-driven DC generator supplying power to 59 customers within an area roughly 1.5 km in radius.The load, which consisted entirely of incandescent lamps, was supplied at 110 V through an underground cable system..Within a few years similar systems were in operation in most large cities throughout the world.With the development of motors by Frank Sprague in 1884, motor loads were added to such systems.This was the beginning of what would develop into one of the largest industries in the world.In spite of the initial widespread use of DC systems, they were almost completely superseded by AC systems.By 1886, the limitations of DC systems were becoming increasingly apparent.They could deliver power only a short distance from generators.To keep transmission power losses(I 2 R)and voltage drops to acceptable levels, voltage levels had to be high for long-distance power transmission.Such high voltages were not acceptable for generation and consumption of power;therefore, a convenient means for voltage transformationbecame a necessity.The development of the transformer and AC transmission by L.Gaulard and JD Gibbs of Paris, France, led to AC electric power systems.In 1889, the first AC transmission line in North America was put into operation in Oregon between Willamette Falls and Portland.It was a single-phase line transmitting power at 4,000 V over a distance of 21 km.With the development of polyphase systems by Nikola Tesla, the AC system became even more attractive.By 1888, Tesla held several patents on AC motors, generators, transformers, and transmission systems.Westinghouse bought the patents to these early inventions, and they formed the basis of the present-day AC systems.In the 1890s, there was considerable controversy over whether the electric utility industry should be standardized on DC or AC.By the turn of the century, the AC system had won out over the DC system for the following reasons:（1）Voltage levels can be easily transformed in AC systems, thusproviding the flexibility for use of different voltages for generation, transmission, and consumption.（2）AC generators are much simpler than DC generators.（3）AC motors are much simpler and cheaper than DC motors.The first three-phase line in North America went into operation in 1893——a 2,300 V, 12 km line in southern California.In the early period of AC power transmission, frequency was not standardized.This poses a problem for interconnection.Eventually 60 Hz was adopted as standard in North America, although 50 Hz was used in many other countries.The increasing need for transmitting large amounts of power over longer distance created an incentive to use progressively high voltage levels.To avoid the proliferation of anunlimited number of voltages, the industry has standardized voltage levels.In USA, the standards are 115, 138, 161, and 230 kV for the high voltage(HV)class, and 345, 500 and 765 kV for the extra-high voltage(EHV)class.In China, the voltage levels in use are 10, 35, 110 for HV class, and 220, 330(only in Northwest China)and500 kVforEHVclass.Thefirst750kVtransmission line will be built in the near future in Northwest China.With the development of the AC/DC converting equipment, high voltage DC(HVDC)transmission systems have become more attractive and economical in special situations.The HVDC transmission can be used for transmission of large blocks of power over long distance, and providing an asynchronous link between systems where AC interconnection would be impractical because of system stability consideration or because nominal frequencies of the systems are different.The basic requirement to a power system is to provide an uninterrupted energy supply to customers with acceptable voltages and frequency.Because electricity can not be massively stored under a simple and economic way, the production and consumption of electricity must be done simultaneously.A fault or misoperation in any stages of a power system may possibly result in interruption of electricity supply to the customers.Therefore, a normal continuous operation of the power system to provide a reliable power supply to the customers is of paramount importance.Power system stability may be broadly defined as the property of a power system that enables it to remain in a state of operating equilibrium under normal operating conditions and to regain an acceptable state of equilibrium after being subjected to a disturbance..Instability in a power system may be manifested in many different ways depending on the system configurationand operating mode.Traditionally, the stability problem has been one of maintaining synchronous operation.Since power systems rely on synchronous machines for generation of electrical power, a necessary condition for satisfactory system operation is that all synchronous machines remain in synchronism or, colloquially “in step”.This asp ect of stability is influenced by the dynamics of generator rotor angles and power-angle relationships, and then referred to “ rotor angle stability ”译文：电力系统现代社会比以往任何时候更多地依赖于电力供应。
电气工程及其自动化专业英语翻译
One operating system might be better suited to some computing tasks than others.To provide clues to their strengths and weaknesses,operating systems are informally categorized and characterized using one or more of the following terms:(1) A single-user operating system expects to deal with oneset of input devices -those that can be controlled by one user at a time.Operating systems for handheld computers and many personal computers fit into the single-user category.(2)A multiuser operating system is derigned to deal with input,output,and processing requests from many users-all atthe same time.One of its most difficult responsibilities is to schedule all of the processing requests that must be performed by a centralized computer-often a mainframe.(3)A network operating system(also referred to as a “server operating system”) provides communications and routing services that allow compoters to share data,programs,and peripheral devices.Novell Netware,for example,is almost always referred to as a network operating system。
电气工程及其自动化专业英语课后翻译
电气工程及其自动化专业英语课后翻译The pony was revised in January 2021——电流之比才是恒定的，并且这个比值也取决于温度以及其它环境因素。
我们通常应当把线性电阻器仅仅称为电阻器。
只有当需要强调元件性质的时候才使用更长的形式称呼它。
而对于任何非线性电阻器我们应当始终这么称呼它，非线性电阻器不应当必然地被视为不需要的元件。
如果一个电路有两个或多个独立源，求出具体变量值（电流或电压）的一种方法是使用节点分析法或网孔分析法。
另一种方法是求出每个独立源对变量的作用然后把它们进行叠加。
而这种方法被称为叠加法。
叠加法原理表明线性电路某个元件两端的电压（或流过元件的电流）等于每个独立源单独作用时该元件两端的电压（或流过元件的电流）的代数和。
相电压与相电流之比等于电路的阻抗，符号为字母Z ，阻抗是一个具有量纲为欧姆的复数量。
阻抗不是一个相量，因此不能通过把它乘以 并取其实部把它转换成时域形式。
但是，我们把电感器看作是通过其电感量L 表现为时域形式而通过其阻抗jwL 表现为频域形式，电容在时域里为电容量C 而在频域里为 ，阻抗是某种程度上的频域变量而非时域变量。
无论是星型连接的电源还是三角形连接的电源都有重要的实际应用意义。
星型连接的电源用于长距离电力传输，此时电阻损耗(I2R)将达到最小。
这是由于星型连接的线电压是三角形连接的线电压的 倍，于是,对于相同的功率来说，三角型连接的线电流是星形连接的线电流的 倍。
三角形连接的电源使用在根据三相电源而需要的三个单相电路中。
这种从三相到单相的转变用在住宅布线中因为家用照明和设备使用单相电源。
三相电33源用在需要大功率的工业布线中。
在某些应用场合，无论负载是星形连接还是三角形连接并不重要。
模拟电子电路是关于其中电压和电流是对物理量进行模拟的且连续变化那些系统。
复制音乐的电子电路必须具有与声音成正比的电压和电流。
一个高保真的放大系统要尽可能保持模拟量不失真，我们要仔细地设计模拟电子电路以使电压和电流反映输入信号。
电气工程及其自动化专业英语5-2
Section 2 Microprocessor and Memory
Microprocessor The miniaturized circuitry in a microprocessor is grouped into important functional areas, such as the ALU and the control unit. 微处理器中的小型电路集成为重要的功能区，例如算 术逻辑单元以及控制单元。
Section 2 Microprocessor and Memory
ROM (Read-Only Memory) ROM is a type of memory circuitry that holds the computer's startup routine. ROM是一种保存计算机启动的程序的存储器。
Exercises
End
Section 2 Microprocessor and Memory
Microprocessor A microprocessor (sometimes simply referred to as a "processor") is an integrated circuit designed to process instructions. 微处理器（有时简称为处理器）是一种处理指令的集 成电路。 It is the most important component of a computer, and usually the most expensive single component, containing as 50 million miniaturized electronic components. 它是计算机中最重要的元件，并且通常是最昂贵的单 个元件，它包含5千万个小型电子元件。
电气工程及其自动化专业英语翻译
Electrical Energy TransmissionFrom reference 1Growing populations and industrializing countries create huge needs for electrical energy. Unfortunately, electricity is not always used in the same place that it is produced, meaning long-distance transmission lines and distribution systems are necessary. But transmitting electricity over distance and via networks involves energy loss.So, with growing demand comes the need to minimize this loss to achieve two main goals: reduce resource consumption while delivering more power to users. Reducing consumption can be done in at least two ways: deliver electrical energy more efficiently and change consumer habits.Transmission and distribution of electrical energy require cables and power transformers, which create three types of energy loss:the Joule effect, where energy is lost as heat in the conductor (a copper wire, for example);magnetic losses, where energy dissipates into a magnetic field;the dielectric effect, where energy is absorbed in the insulating material.The Joule effect in transmission cables accounts for losses of about 2.5 % while the losses in transformers range between 1 % and 2 % (depending on the type and ratings of the transformer). So, saving just 1 % on the electrical energy produced by a power plant of 1 000 megawatts means transmitting 10 MW more to consumers, which is far from negligible: with the same energy we can supply 1 000 - 2 000 more homes.Changing consumer habits involves awareness-raising programmers, often undertaken by governments or activist groups. Simple things, such as turning off lights in unoccupied rooms, or switching off the television at night (not just putting it into standby mode), or setting tasks such as laundry for non-peak hours are but a few examples among the myriad of possibilities.On the energy production side, building more efficient transmission anddistribution systems is another way to go about it. High efficiency transformers, superconducting transformers and high temperature superconductors are new technologies which promise much in terms of electrical energy efficiency and at the same time, new techniques are being studied. These include direct current and ultra high voltage transmission in both alternating current and direct current modes.Keywords: electrical energy transmissionFrom reference 2Disturbing loads like arc furnaces and thyristor rectifiers draw fluctuating and harmonic currents from the utility grid. These non sinusoidal currents cause a voltage drop across the finite internal grid impedance, and the voltage waveform in the vicinity becomes distorted. Hence, the normal operation of sensitive consumers is jeopardized.Active filters are a means to improve the power quality in distribution networks. In order to reduce the injection of non sinusoidal load currents shunt active filters are connnected in parallel to disturbing loads (Fig. 1). The active filter investigated in this project consists of a PWM controlled three-level VSI with a DC link capacitor.The VSI is connected to the point of common coupling via a transformer. The configuration is identical with an advanced static var compensator.The purpose of the active filter is to compensate transient and harmonic components of the load current so that only fundamental frequency components remain in the grid current. Additionally, the active filter may provide the reactive power consumed by the load. The control principle for the active filter is rather straightforward: The load current ismeasured, the fundamental active component is removed from the measurement, and the result is used as the reference for the VSI output current.In the low voltage grid, active filters may use inverters based on IGBTs with switching frequencies of 10 kHz or more. The harmonics produced by those inverters are easily suppressed with small passive filters. The VSI can be regarded nearly as an ideally controllable voltage source. Inmedium voltage applications with power ratings of several MVA, however, the switching frequency of today’s VSIs is limited to somehundred Hertz. Modern high power IGCTs can operate at around 1 kHz. Therefore, large passive filters are needed in order to remove the current ripple generated by the VSI. Furthermore, in fast control schemes the VSI no longer represents an ideal voltage source because the PWM modulator produces a considerable dead-time.In this project a fast dead-beat algorithm for PWM operated VSIs is developed [1].This algorithm improves the load current tracking performance and the stability of the active filter. Normally, for a harmonics free current measurement the VSI current would be sampled synchronously with the tips of the triangular carriers. Here, the current acquisition is shifted in order to minimize the delays in the control loop. The harmonics now included in themeasurement can be calculated and subtracted from the VSI current. Thus, an instantaneous current estimation free of harmonics is obtained.Keywords: active filtersFrom reference 3This report provides background information on electric power transmission and related policy issues. Proposals for changing federal transmission policy before the 111th Congress include S. 539, the Clean Renewable Energy and Economic Development Act, introduced on March 5, 2009; and the March 9, 2009, majority staff transmission siting draft of the Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee. The policy issues identified and discussed in this report include:Federal Transmission Planning: several current proposals call for the federal government to sponsor and supervise large scale, on-going transmission planning programs. Issues for Congress to consider are the objectives of the planning process (e.g., a focus on supporting the development of renewable power or on a broader set of transmission goals), determining how much authority new interconnection-wide planning entities should be granted, the degree to which transmission planning needs to consider non-transmission solutions to power market needs, what resources the executive agencies will need to oversee the planning process, and whether the benefits for projects included in the transmission plans (e.g., a federal permitting option) will motivate developers to add unnecessary features and costs to qualify proposals for the plan.Permitting of Transmission Lines: a contentious issue is whether the federal government should assume from the states the primary role in permitting new transmission lines. Related issues include whether Congress should view management and expansion of the grid as primarily a state or national issue, whether national authority over grid reliability (which Congress established in the Energy Policy Act of 2005) can be effectively exercised without federal authority over permitting, if it is important to accelerate the construction of new transmission lines (which is one of the assumed benefits of federal permitting), and whether the executive agencies are equipped to take on the task of permitting transmission lines.Transmission Line Funding and Cost Allocation: the primary issues are whether the the federal government should help pay for new transmission lines, and if Congress should establish a national standard for allocating the costs of interstate transmission lines to ratepayers.Transmission Modernization and the Smart Grid: issues include the need for Congressional oversight of existing federal smart grid research, development, demonstration, and grant programs; and oversight over whether the smart grid is actually proving to be a good investment for taxpayers and ratepayers.Transmission System Reliability: it is not clear whether Congress and the executive branch have the information needed to evaluate the reliability of the transmission system. Congress may also want to review whether the power industry is striking the right balance between modernization and new construction as a means of enhancing transmission reliability, and whether the reliability standards being developed for the transmission system are appropriate for a rapidly changing power system.2 中文翻译及分析出资文献 1：人口增长和工业化国家导致电力能源的庞大需求量. 不幸的是, 电力的使用和生产常常不是在相同的地方，意味着长距离传输线路配电系统是必需的. 然而长距离输电以及通过网络这就涉及到能量损耗的问题。
自动化专业英语 原文和翻译 P1U5
第五单元A Types of DC Motors直流电机分类The types of commercially available DC motors basically fall into four categories: ⑴permanent-magnet DC motors, ⑵series-wound DC motors, ⑶shunt-wound DC motors, and ⑷compound-wound DC motors. Each of these motors has different characteristics due to its basic circuit arrangement and physical properties.[1]现在可以买到的直流电机基本上有四种：⑴永磁直流电机，⑵串励直流电机，⑶并励直流电机，⑷复励直流电机。
每种类型的电动机由于其基本电路和物理特性的不同而具有不同的机械特性。
Permanent-magnet DC Motors永磁直流电机The permanent-magnet DC motors, shown in Fig. 1-5A-1, is constructed in the same manner as its DC generator counterpart. The permanent-magnet DC motor is used for low-torque applications.When this type of motor is used, the DC power supply is connected directly to the armature conductors through the brush/commutator assembly. The magnetic field is produced by permanent magnets mounted on the stator. The rotor of permanent magnet motors is a wound armature.永磁直流电机，如图Fig. 1-5A-1所示，是用与直流发电机同样的方法建造的。
电气专业英语课文翻译
An electric circuit (or network) is an interconnection of physical electrical device. The purpose of electric circuits is to distribute and convert energy into some other forms. Accordingly, the basic circuit components are an energy source (or sources), an energy converter (or converters) and conductors connecting them.电路（或者网络）是物理电气设备的一种互相连接。
电路的目的是为了将能量分配和转换到另外一种形式中。
因此，基本的电路元件包括电源、电能转换器以及连接它们的导体。
An energy source (a primary or secondary cell, a generator and the like) converts chemical, mechanical, thermal or some other forms of energy into electric energy. An energy converter, also called load (such as a lamp, heating appliance or electric motor), converts electric energy into light, heat, mechanical work and so on.电源（原生电池或者再生电池、发电机等类似装备）将化学能量、机械能量，热能或者其他形式的能量转换成电能。
电能转换器（也称为负载，如灯泡、电热器或者电动机）将电能转换成光、热、机械运动等等。
(完整版)电气工程及其自动化专业英语第五章课文翻译
Most people can formulate a mental picture of a computer, but computers do so many things and come in such a variety of shapes and sizes that it might seem difficult to distill their common characteristics into an all-purpose definition. At its core, a computer is a device that accepts input， processes data， stores data, and produces output, all according to a series of stored instructions.Computer input is whatever is put into a computer system. Input can be supplied by a person， by the environment, or by another computer。
Examples of the kinds of input that a computer can accept include the words and symbols in a document, numbers for a calculation, pictures， temperatures from a thermostat，audio signals from a microphone， and instructions from a computer program. An input device, such as a keyboard or mouse， gathers input and transforms it into a series of electronic signals for the computer.In the context of computing, data refers to the symbols that represent facts, objects， and ideas. Computers manipulate data in many ways， and we call this manipulation processing。
电气工程及其自动化专业英语课文翻译第五章第三节
第三节 输入和输出设备
扩展槽,扩展卡和扩展端口 在计算机中,数据从一个元件经过被称 为数据总线的线路向另一个传送.数据总线 的一部分在RAM和微处理器之间连接.数 据总线的另一部分和外围设备之间延伸的部 分称为扩展总线.当数据沿着扩展总线移动 时,它可能经过扩展槽,扩展卡,扩展端口 以及电线.
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一台台式计算机最多可有三种类型的扩展槽: 1) ISA(工业标准结构)槽是一种早期的技术, 目前仅使用于某些调制解调器以及其它相对 速度较慢的设备.很多新的计算机只有很少 ISA槽或没有ISA槽. 2) PCI(外部设备互连)槽提供了较快的转换 速度和32位或64位数据总线.这些槽特别用 来安放图形卡,声卡,视频捕获卡,调制解 调器或网络接口卡.
图像质量是与屏幕尺寸,点距,分辨率以 及彩色深度有关的一个指标.屏幕尺寸是以 英寸为单位从屏幕的一角对角地穿过屏幕到 达屏幕另一角的测量尺寸.典型的监视器屏 幕范围从13～21.点距(DP)是对图像清晰 度的一个度量,一个较小的点距意味着一个 清晰的图像.从技术上来说,点距是相似颜 色像素之间的以毫米为单位的距离——像素 是指形成图像的小光斑.一个光斑对目前的 监视器来说,通常是在0.23～0.26之间,
扩展卡是主板上用于插入扩展卡的一 种细长的插座.扩展卡是一块小电路板, 它使计算机具有控制存储设备,输入设备 或输出设备的能力.扩展卡也被称为"扩 展板","控制板"或"适配器ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ.
大多数台式计算机具有四个到八个扩展 槽,但某些扩展槽通常包括扩展卡,一个 图形卡(有时也称为"视频卡")为数据 传送至监视器提供了一个路径.一个调制 解调器提供了将数据通过电话线或电视电 缆线进行发送的方法.一个声卡载有数据 传送至扬声器或耳机,或从话筒将数据传 送回来.一个网卡使你将你的计算机和局 域网连接在一起.如果你想连接一台扫描 仪或连接从数码相机或摄像机下载的视频 图像,你可以增加其它的扩展卡.
电气工程及其自动化专业英语翻译
Semiconductor switches are very important and crucial components in powerelectronic systems.these switches are meant to be the substitutions of the mechanical switches,but they are severely limited by the properties of the semiconductor materials and process of manufacturing. 在电力电子系统，中半导体开关是非常重要和关键部件。
半导体开关将要替换机械开关,但半导体材料的性质和生产过程严重限制了他们。
Switching losses开关损耗Power losses in the power eletronic converters are comprised of the Switching losses and parasitic losses. 电力电子转换器的功率损耗分为开关损耗和寄生损耗the parasitic losses account for the losses due to the winding resistances of the inductors and transformers,the dielectric losses of capacitors,the eddy and the hysteresis losses. 寄生损失的绕组电感器、变压器的阻力、介电损耗的电容器,涡流和磁滞损耗the switching losses are significant and can be managed. 这个开关损耗是非常重要的,可以被处理。
they can be further divided into three components:(a)the on-state losses,(b)the off-state losses and the losses in the transition states. 他们可以分为三个部分: 通态损耗，断态损耗和转换过程中产生的损耗。
电气工程及其自动化专业英语
voltage drop 电压降 volt-ampere characteristics 伏安特性
metal-filament lamp 金属丝灯泡
carbon-filament lamp 碳丝灯泡
non-linear characteristics 非线性特性
Unit 1 Circuit Elements and Parameters
• With time-invariant currents and voltages, the magnetic anห้องสมุดไป่ตู้ electric fields of the associated electric plant are also timeinvariant. This is the reason why no e.m.f.s of self- (or mutual-)induction（自感或互感）appear in D.C. circuits, nor are there （倒装结构）any displacement currents （位移电 流）in the dielectric surrounding the conductors(导体周围的 电介质）.
Techniques
Unit 1 Specialized English Words
circuit components 电路元件
circuit parameters 电路参数
the dielectric 电介质
storage battery 蓄电池
electric circuit 电路
wire导线
电气工程及其自动化专业英语
Specialized English for Electrical Engineering ＆ Its Automation
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Most people can formulate a mental picture of a computer, but computers do so many things and come in such a variety of shapes and sizes that it might seem difficult to distill their common characteristics into an all-purpose definition. At its core, a computer is a device that accepts input, processes data, stores data, and produces output, all according to a series of stored instructions.Computer input is whatever is put into a computer system. Input can be supplied by a person, by the environment, or by another computer. Examples of the kinds of input that a computer can accept include the words and symbols in a document, numbers for a calculation, pictures, temperatures from a thermostat, audio signals from a microphone, and instructions from a computer program. An input device, such as a keyboard or mouse, gathers input and transforms it into a series of electronic signals for the computer.In the context of computing, data refers to the symbols that represent facts, objects, and ideas. Computers manipulate data in many ways, and we call this manipulation processing. The series of instructions that tell a computer how to carry out processing tasks is referred to as a computer program, or simply a "program." These programs form the software that sets up a computer to do a specific task. In a computer, most processing takes place in a component called the central processing unit (CPU), which is sometimes described as the"brain" of the computer.A computer stores data so that it will be available for processing. Most computers have more than one location for storing data, depending on how the data is being used. Memory is an area of a computer that temporarily holds data that is waiting to be processed, stored, or output. Storage is the area where data can be left on a permanent basis when it is not immediately needed for processing.Output is the results produced by a computer. Some examples of computer output include reports, documents, music, graphs, and pictures. An output device displays, prints, or transmits the results of processing.Computers are versatile machines, which are able to perform a truly amazing assortment of tasks, but some types of computer are better suited to certain tasks than other types of computers. Computers can be categorized as personal computer, handheld computers, workstations, mainframes, supercomputers , and servers.大多数人可以制订一个电脑精神的图片，但电脑做很多事情，出现这样的形状和大小不同，它似乎难以提炼成一个全能的定义，它们的共同特点。
在其核心，一台计算机是一种装置，它接受输入，处理数据，存储数据，并产生输出，根据对所有存储一系列指示。
什么是计算机输入到计算机系统的压力。
输入可提供的一人，由环境，或由另一台计算机。
对输入的各种例子，一个计算机可以接受包括文字和符号的文件，规定计算，图片，从恒温器的温度数字，音频信号从一个麦克风，从电脑程序指令。
一个输入设备，如键盘或鼠标，集输和转换成一个电子信号的计算机的一系列。
在计算中，数据是指以符号代表的事实，对象和想法。
计算机操作在很多方面的数据，我们称之为操作处理。
一系列的指令，告诉计算机如何进行处理任务，被称为一个计算机程序，或只是一个“程序”。
这些方案形成了软件，建立了计算机做特定的任务。
在计算机中，大部分处理发生在一个组件的地方称为中央处理单元（CPU），有时为“大脑的计算机”来形容。
计算机存储数据，以便它会被用作处理可用。
大多数计算机有多个用于存储数据的位置，这取决于数据如何被使用。
内存是计算机的一个领域，数据是暂时持有等待处理，存储或输出。
在数据存储，是可以在一个地区长期离开时，没有立即处理所需。
输出是由电脑产生的结果。
电脑输出的一些例子包括报告，文件，音乐，图形，图片。
输出设备显示，打印，或传送的处理结果。
电脑是多功能机，它能够执行各种各样的任务十分惊人，但某些类型的计算机更适合比其他类型的计算机的某些任务。
计算机可以被归类为个人电脑，掌上电脑，工作站，大型机，超级计算机和服务器。
A personal computer is a type of microcomputer, designed to meet the computing needs of an individual. It typically provides access to a wide variety of computing applications, such as word processing, photo editing, e-mail, and Internet access. Personal computers are available as desktop computers or notebook computers.个人计算机是一种微型计算机，它能够满足个人的计算需要，它特别提供了适应各种各样计算应用的方法，比如说文字处理、相片编辑、电子邮件以及进入互联网，个人计算机可以被当作台式计算机以及笔记本电脑一样使用A handheld computer is designed to fit into a pocket, run on batteries, and be used while you are holding it. Also called a PDA (Personal Digital Assistant) and a palmtop computer, a computer in this category is typically used as an electronic appointment book, address book, calculator, and notepad. With its slow processing speed and small screen, a handheld compute is not powerful enough to handle many of the tasks that can be accomplished by desktop or notebook personal computers. A handheld computer is designed to bea computing accessory, rather than your primary computer掌上电脑被设计成能够放进口袋，能依靠电池工作，并且当你放在手上它时能够运行。
它也被称作PDA（个人数字助手）和手掌上的电脑，这种类型的计算机典型性地被作为电子图书、通讯录、计算器以及记事本来使用。
由于其速度较慢且显示屏较小，所以掌上电脑功能不够强大无法执行台式计算机及个人电脑所能完成的很多任务。
掌上电脑旨在成为计算助手而非成为你的主要计算机。
Computers advertised as workstation are usually powerful desktop computers designed for specialized tasks. A workstation can tackle tasks that require a lot of processing speed, such as medical imaging and computer-aided design. Some workstations contain more than one microprocessor, and most have circuitry specially designed for creating and displaying three-dimensional and animated graphics . Because of its cost, a workstation is often dedicated to design tasks, and is not used for typical microcomputer applications, such as word processing, photo editing, and accessing the Web.被人们大力宣传为工作站的计算机通常是指设计来完成特定任务的功能强大的台式计算机。