专业英语复习资料
会计专业英语复习资料.doc
会计专业英语复习资料.doc会计专业英语复习资料⼀、短语中英互译1、会计分录2、投资活动3、后进先出法4、客观性原则5、注册会计师6、权责发⽣制7、累计折旧8、资产负债表9、经营决策10、银⾏存款11、到期⽇12、历史成本13、source document14、nominal rate15、credit sale16、sum-of-years-digits method17、economic entity assumption18、financial position19、fixed assets20、public hearing21、income statement22、sales discount23、value added tax24、trade mark25、bank overdraft⼆、从下列选项中选出最佳答案1、Generally，revenue is recorded by a business enterprise at a point when ：( )A、Management decides it is appropriate to do soB、The product is available for sale to consumersC、An exchange has taken place and the earning process is virtually completeD、An order for merchandise has been received2、Why are certain costs capitalized when incurred and then depreciated or amortized over subsequent accounting periods？( )A、To reduce the income tax liabilityB、To aid management in making business decisionsC、To match the costs of production with revenue as earnedD、To adhere to the accounting concept of conservatism3、What accounting principle or concept justifies the use of accruals and deferrals？( )A、Going concernB、MaterialityC、ConsistencyD、Stable monetary unit4、An accrued expense can best be described as an amount ( )A、Paid and currently matched with revenueB、Paid and not currently matched with revenueC、Not paid and not currently matched with revenueD、Not paid and currently matched with revenue5、Continuation of a business enterprise in the absence of contrary evidence is an example of the principle or concept of ( )A、Business entityB、ConsistencyC、Going concernD、Substance over form6、In preparing a bank reconciliation，the amount of checks outstanding would be：( )A、added to the bank balance according to the bank statement.B、deducted from the bank balance according to the bank statement.C、added to the cash balance according to the depositor’s records.D、deducted from the cash balance according to the depositor’s records.7、Journal entries based on the bank reconciliation are required for：( )A、additions to the cash balance according to the depositor’s records.B、deductions from the cash balance according to the depositor’srecords.C、Both A and BD、Neither A nor B8、A petty cash fund is ：( )A、used to pay relatively small amounts。
专八复习资料推荐
专八复习资料推荐专八，又叫英语专业八级考试，是英语专业本科毕业生的等级考试之一，通常被视为专业英语水平的代表。
对于考生来说，备战专八并不是一件轻松的事情，需要的不仅仅是坚定的决心和充足的时间，还需要足够的复习资料。
对于专八考试的备考资料，网上的资源丰富多彩，但我们要谨慎地选择优质的资料来进行备考。
以下是一些备受推崇的专八复习资料推荐：1.《考研英语历年真题精析》（王彦、刘洪波著）这是一本全面整理了专业英语历年真题的参考书，不仅有试题整理，还有详细的解析和词汇注解，对于备考专八来说非常实用，是备考过程中不可或缺的一本参考书。
2.《新编大学英语用法》（张道真主编）这是一本英语语言学的经典教材，既包括基础语法知识的讲解，又有丰富的语言实例和练习，可以辅助考生在专家考试中拥有英语语言学的深度理解。
3.《21天攻克雅思写作》（刘洪波著）雅思考试是全球公认的英语水平考试之一，而雅思写作是考生们比较头痛的一部分。
本参考书由专业考试解析师写作，提供简单易懂数以百计的写作实例和技巧，并对作文的常见题型进行深入讲解，可谓是一本能够帮助考生快速提升写作水平的教材。
4.《英语听力原版教材精选》（陆大龙著）英语听力考试是专八考试的重要部分，但是有效的英语听力训练却比较难找，这本书就为考生提供了宝贵的参考。
本书选取了多部优秀的英语听力原版教材，附有听力材料、听力理解和课后练习，可以帮助考生更好地掌握英语听力技巧。
5.《新东方专八写作指导》（刘毅著）刘毅老师有着丰富的英语教学经验，他的著作涉及多个考试科目。
这本参考书针对专八写作，系统地梳理了各类文章的写作方法和技巧，并附有大量的实例和模板，可以为考生的写作提供有力的支持。
除了以上推荐的参考书外，学习工具也是备考专八必不可少的。
前一段时间，网上出现了一款备受好评的英语学习App“AI易阅”。
该App基于智能语音识别和AI技术，能够为用户提供真实的英语口语训练和听力训练，以及各种题型的模拟考试。
计算机专业英语期末考复习资料
英语翻译成汉语：1、In order to solve a computational problem, its solution must be specified in terms of a sequence of computational steps, each of which may be performed by a human or a digital computer．If you want to solve the computational problem with a computer, you should learn how to program．The task of developing programs for the soultion of computational problems is referred to as programming．Computer programming is the process of planning and creating a sequence of steps for a computer to follow．In general，this process will help us resolve a problem，which is either too tedious (冗长的) or difficult to work out otherwise．So programming is breaking a task down into small steps．译：为解决计算问题，其解决方案必须被指定在一个计算步骤的序列，每一个可能由一个人或一个数字计算机。
如果你想解决计算问题的计算机，你应该学会如何计划。
制定发展任务的计划称为编程。
计算机编程的过程中规划和创建一个序列的计算机执行步骤。
一般来说，这个过程将帮助我们解决一个问题，是太冗长的或难以解决的方式。
四川大学专业英语复习资料整理(有用)考试复试必备.
一．汉译英1．声卡是一块印刷电路板，它能把数字信息译为声音，也能把声音变为数字信息，它插在母板(计算机主电路板)上的槽内（slot），而且通常连接一对喇叭(speaker)Audio card is a piece of printed circuit boards, which can translate digital information into voice, and it also can translate voice into digital information, (it is planted in the slot of the main board(the main computer circuit boards)) it is always plugged into a slot on main_board and connected with a pair of speakers.2．计算机是一种电子装置，它能接受一套指令或程序，并通过数据运算，或收集和联系其他形式的信息来执行该程序。
Computer is a kind of electronic device which can receive(adopt) a set of instructions or procedures, and carry out the procedures through data computing(calculation), or collecting and contacting(association with) other form of information.3．IT机构早在XML和Web Services出现之前就成功地编制和部署了SOA应用程序。
不过他们用模块化、可重复用部件、面向对象编程或应用编程接口等术语来谈论这个过程。
虽然它们中没有一个是与SOA完全相同的，但它们都包含了SOA的一些方面.IT institution had successfully established and worked out (deployed) the SoA applications before the appearance of XML and Web Services. But they discussed the process with modular and reusable components, object-oriented programming or application programming interface and other terms. Although none of them is identical with the SOA, all of them contain some aspects of the SOA.4．本文提出了一种基于B/S架构的单点登录模型，为企业整合各种遗留系统提供了一种简单有效的单点登录方法。
考学位英语复习资料
考学位英语复习资料在大学期间，作为具备一定专业背景的学生，我们需要通过学位英语考试来证明自己的语言能力，从而获得更大的发展机会和进一步深造的资格。
因此，对于考试复习资料的准备，就显得尤为必要。
下面将介绍一些备考学位英语时可以使用的复习资料。
1. 《考研英语词汇》这是一本非常经典的词汇书，其中收录了高频考研单词以及其在语境中的使用方法。
相信大部分考学位英语的同学也会购买这本书进行复习。
该书的一个优点是较为详细地讲解了词汇的用法和搭配，帮助我们更好地掌握和记忆单词。
缺点则是内容较为单薄，只适合用于做单词量的巩固和扩充，对于其他语言能力提升的方面并不涉及。
2. 考试真题与模拟题了解真题和模拟题是备考过程中不可或缺的一件事情。
通过做真题和模拟题，我们可以熟悉考试形式和题型，同时还可以磨练自己的应试技巧和时间管理能力。
当然，最重要的是，通过模拟题可以检验自己的语言水平，找到自己的薄弱环节，有助于我们针对性地进行复习。
同时，现在网络上也有很多考试辅导机构提供各种形式的在线模拟测试，也可以尝试使用来提升自己的应试能力。
3. 学科类英语教材考试中，学科类英语占了很大比例，因此对于有一定专业基础的学生而言，选用与自己专业相关的英语教材进行复习是一个不错的选择。
以医学专业为例，可以选用《医学英语》、《临床医学英语》等教材进行研读和背诵，既有利于我们学习学科知识，又有助于提升语言水平。
当然，这也要求我们在平时学习中多注意积累专业英语词汇和短语。
4. 听力材料和口语练习英语听力和口语也占了学位英语考试的重要部分，因此为了提升这方面的语言能力，可以准备一些听力材料和口语练习资料。
听力材料可以选择一些英语听力网站或者广播节目，也可以选用一些相关的听力教材进行学习。
同时，通过语音矫正软件进行口语练习也是一个不错的选择，可以帮助我们加强语音和语调训练，提升口语表达能力。
综上所述，备考学位英语的过程中，需要尽可能地利用各种资源，积极备考。
专业英语复习
专业英语单词Uint 1Current 电流voltage 电压resistance 电阻、电抗Circuit 电路charge 电荷ampere 安培Conductor 导体element 元素、元件diode 二极管Uint3Signal 信号amplification 放大proportional 比例的、成比例的Considerable 相当大的、值得考虑的waveform 波形oscillator 振荡器Modulator 调节器amplitude 振幅integrated 综合的、完整的load 负载Spectrum 频谱Uint 5System 系统binary 二进制pulse 脉搏、脉冲transducer 传感器、变频器Communication 传达、信息、通信Uint 8Significance 重要性、意义artificial 人造的、假的intelligence 智慧、智力Hardware 硬件software 软件memory 内存、存储器Allocate 分配Uint 14Processing 处理interference 干扰modem 调制解调器cellular 细胞的Uint16Modulation 调制demodulate 使解调、使检波carrier 载体Antenna 天线baseband 基带bandwidth 带宽Uint 17Transmission 发射、传输encoder 译码器decoder 解码器缩略词LED 发光二极管IC 集成电路BJT 双极型晶体管TTL TTL逻辑电路CMOS 互补型金属氧化物半导体UNIVAC 通用自动计算机CPU 中央处理器CD 光盘ADC 模数转换器ECG 心电图选择题答案（只有正确答案单词）Uint 1Current negative are composed of it constitute makes up resists i=ru In 功Uint 3 Video conference linear forward ……reverse common-base voltage atUint 5Two both A and B 1 A+B=C logic gatesUint 14Binary from varies be applied digital decompressionUint 16Demodulating loss filter receive intermediateUint 17 （课文没讲）判断题Uint 1⑴One milliampere is equivalent to one-thousandth (0.001) of an ampere,and one microampere is equivalent to one-billionth(0.000000001)of an ampere.……………………（×）⑵The term voltage is commonly used to indicate a difference in potential but electromotive force is not.…………（×）⑶The flow of electrons through a conductor is called an electric current.…………（√）⑷Besides the volt,smaller or larger magnitude of voltage are expressed in millivolts(mv),or microvolts.…………（×）⑸Ohm ’s Law states that the ratio of the voltage between the ends of a wire and the current flowing in it is equal to the resistance of the wire. …………（√）Uint 3⑴A junction transistor in the common-base mode can act as a current amplifier.…………（×） ⑵The small alternating voltage is applied to the common-emitter circuit and causes large changes of base current which produce small changes in the collector current flowing through the load.…………（×）⑶The common-emitter amplifier provides both current gain and voltage gain,mereoverAu>0.…………（×）⑷When the base current increases,large proportionate increases occur in the collector current.…………（√）⑸Video amplifiers amplify the electrical signal,which then is converted to sound in a loudspeaker.…………（×）Uint 5⑴In digital logic circuits,“true”can be represented by a 1 and “false”by a 0.…………（√）⑵The output of an OR gate is true only if all the inputs are true.…………（×）⑶An INVERTER has two or more inputs and a output.…………（×）⑷Any analog function can be performed by the three basic gates.（√）Uint 8⑴UNIVAC ,introduced in the early 1960s ,was based on transistors.…………（×）⑵With the development of very-large-scale intergration ,the fifth-generation computers are expected to include artificial intelligence.…………（√）⑶The control unit can take the user instructions and transform them into analog signals so that the computer’s circuitry will understand what to do next.…………（×）⑷The central processing unit(CPU) is the combination of the ALU and the operating system.…………（×）⑸The memory stores instructions and data ,it can be classified into RAM or ROM.…………（√）Uint 14⑴Before applying DSP,a digital signal must be converted into analog form.…………（×）⑵The digital signal processing is often done by performing numerical calculations.…………（√）⑶The filtering of signals to improve signal quality is done by analog electrons.…………（×）⑷In audio CD systems ,DSP technology is used to perform complex error detection.…………（√）⑸DSP technology will soon replace analog circuitry in such devices as mobile phones,multimedia computers.…………（×）Uint 16⑴The RF section provides most of the amplification and selectivity in the receiver.…………（×）⑵The purpose of the demodulator is to recover the sidebands signal.…………（×）⑶The result of the heterodyning is to produce an intermediate-frequency carrier defined byf IF=f LO-f RF.…………（√）⑷The superheterodyne receiver has the difficulty of having to build a tunable highly selective and variable filter.…………（×）⑸The purpose of carrier-frequency tuning is to select the desired signal.…………（√）Uint 17（课文没讲，随后自己填写）⑴Not very communication system makes use of a transmission medium of some kind.…………（）⑵The decoder makes the best decision that a given message was indeed sent according to the available signals .…………（）⑶The modulator produces a constant signal which is proportional in some way to the signal appearing across its output terminals.…………（）⑷The roles of the encoder and the demodulator are almost the same in that both prepare the signal for more efficient transmission.…………（）⑸A transmission line is one of the simplest transmission medium.…………（）段落翻译Uint 1Resistors restrict the flow of electric current, for example, a resistor is placed in series with a light-emitting diode (LED) to limit the current passing through the LED. The value of resistor is called resistance and is represented by the letter symbol R. Resistance is measured in ohms; the symbol for ohm is an omega Ω. One ohm is defined as that amount of resistance that will limit the current in a conductor is one ampere when the voltage applied to the conductor is one volt. 1Ωis quite small so resistor values are often given in kiloohm(kΩ) or megohm(MΩ) .译：电阻器阻碍电流的的流动，比如与发光二极管串联的电阻器限制了流过LED的电流。
教育技术学专业英语
教育技术学专业英语复习资料• 学习结果(Learning Outcomes)分类理论 言语信息(Verbal Information)智慧技能(Intellectual Skills)辨别(Discriminations)具体概念(Concrete Concepts)定义性概念(Defined Concepts)规则(Rules)高级规则认知策略(Cognitive Strategies)动作技能(Motor Skills)态度(Attitudes)•引起注意（Gain attention）•告知目标（Inform learner of objectives）•提示回忆原有知识(Stimulate recall of prior learning)•呈现教材(Present stimulus material) •提供学习指导(Provide learner guidance) •引出作业(Elicit performance)•提供反馈(Provide feedback)•评估作业(Assess performance)•促进保持与迁移(Enhance retention transfer)•Educational technology is the study and ethical practice of facilitating learning and improving performance by creating, using, and managingappropriate technological processes and resources.(Molenda and Robinson , 2004)教育技术是指通过创建、运用和管理适当的技术过程和资源来促进学习和提升绩效的研究和符合职业道德规范实践。
Nine events of instruction九段教学法:1.Gaining attention: a stimulus change toalert the learner and focus attention on desired features.–引起注意：改变刺激，将学习者注意力集中在所期望的特征上。
专业英语复习
The word civil derives from the Latin for citizen.“土木”这个词是从拉丁语“citizen”派生而来。
Civil engineering，the oldest of the engineering specialties，is the planning，design，construction, and management of the built environment．This environment includes all structures built according to scientific principles，from irrigation and drainage systems to rocket-launching facilities.土木工程，最老的工程专业，是建筑环境的规划、设计、施工和管理。
这个环境包括从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施的所有根据科学原理建造的结构物。
Civil engineers build roads，bridges，tunnels，dams，harbors，power plants，water and sewage systems，hospitals，schools，mass transit，and other public facilities essential to modern society and large population concentrations．土木工程师修建道路、桥梁、隧道、大坝、港口、发电站、水系统和污水系统，医院、学校、公共交通系统，以及现代化社会和大量人口集中的地方所必需的其他公共设施。
En vironmental specialists study the project’s impact on the local area：the potential for air and groundwater pollution，the project’s impact on local animal and plant life，and how the project can be designed to meet government requirements aimed at protecting the environment．环境专家要研究工程对当地区域的影响：潜在的空气污染和地下水污染，工程对当地动植物的影响，以及工程怎样设计才能满足政府对保护环境的要求。
自考04729《大学英语》总复习资料
自考04729《大学英语》总复习资料一、词汇复1. 同义词- 孤独的：独自的，寂寞的- 知识：学问，智慧- 帮助：援助，协助- 丰富：富饶，充实- 快乐：愉快，欢乐2. 反义词- 机会：困境，难题- 好的：坏的，差的- 增加：减少，减轻- 美丽：丑陋，丑恶- 安全：危险，不安全二、语法复1. 时态练- 现在进行时：I am studying English.- 过去进行时：She was reading a book.- 将来进行时：We will be leaving soon.- 现在完成时：He has finished his homework.- 过去完成时：They had already left when I arrived.2. 名词复数形式- 单数变复数：- car - cars- book - books- box - boxes- dish - dishes- 以s, x, sh, ch结尾的加es：- dress - dresses- brush - brushes- box - boxes- watch - watches- 以辅音字母+y结尾的变y为i，再加es：- city - cities- baby - babies- party - parties- body - bodies- 不规则复数形式：- man - men- woman - women- child - children- goose - geese三、阅读理解练Johnny is a shy and lonely boy. He has no friends at school and spends most of his time alone. One day, Johnny's teacher noticed his lonel。
英语专业语言学复习资料.doc
1Arbitrariness: Human language is arbitrary. This refers to the f act that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the meaning it is associated with. For example, f or the same animal dog, in English we call it /d0g/, inCh inese as “gou”, but “yilu” in Japanese.2Duality:To human language, the way meaningless elements of language at one level (sounds and letters) combine to f orm meaningf ul units (words) at anotherlevel.3A descriptive linguisticsattempts to tell what is in the language, it attempts to describe the regular structures of the language as they are used, not according to some view of how they should be used. While the prescriptive linguistics tells people what should be in the language and tries to lay down rules to tell people how to use a language. Most modern linguistics is descriptive, whereas traditional grammars are prescriptive.4Immediate constituent analysis: The approach to divide the sentence up into its immediate constituents by using binary cutting until obtaining its ultimate constituents is called immediate constituent analysis. IC analysis is a hierarchical analysis showing the dif ferent constituents at dif ferent structural levels based on the distribution of linguistic f orms. The best way to show IC structure is to use a tree diagram. The f irst divisions or cuts are known as the immediate constituents(ICs), and the f inal cuts as the ultimate constituents(UCs).5Assimilation:Sounds belonging to one word or one syllable can cause changes in sounds belonging to neighboring words or syllables. As the f ollowing sounds bring about the change, this process is called regressive assimilation.e.g. a vowel becomes [+nasal] when f ollowed by a [+nasal] consonant.6Phonetics: The study of linguistic speech sounds that occur in all human languages , how they are produced, how they are perceived, and their physical properties, is called phonetics. The task of phonetics is to identif y what are speech sounds in a language, and then to study their characteristics. It includes three main areas: articul atory phonetics, acoustic phonetics, and auditory phonetics.7 Phonology: It is the description of the systems and patterns of speech sounds in a language. It is based on a theory of what every speaker of a language unconsciously knows about the sound patterns of that language. 8 Allophone is a phonetic variant of a phoneme in a particular language.9Recursiveness：It refers to the rule which can be applied repeatedly without any def inite limit. The rules introducing prepositional phrases also introduce the important concept of recursion.10 Stress: The prominence given to certain sounds in speech. When a word has more than one syllables, one of them will be pronounced with more prominence than others. This brings us to another speech sound phenomenon, that of stress. When a word belongs to dif ferent word classes, the stress of the word will be sometimes placed on diff erent syllables. When all the words above are stressed on thefirst syllables, they are nouns, but if they have the second syllables stressed, the words become verb s. Stress may also have af unction at the sentence level. In this case, the phonetic f orm of word stress may be show which part of sentence is in f ocus.11Morphology: is thus the study of the internal structure, f orms and classes of words, intended structure relevant rule f or word f ormation.12Allomorph: An allomorph is a member of a set of morphs which represent the same morpheme. Allomorphs are phonological or orthographic variants of the same morpheme. Allophones are in complementary distribution, allomorphs are also in complementary distribution, that is to say, they cannot occur in the same environment. e.g. -s, -es, and -en are all allomorphs (in writing) of the plural morpheme.13Derivation: the f ormation of new words by adding aff ixes to other words or morphemes in morphology and word f ormation.14Acronym: words which are composed of the first letter of a series of words and are pronounced as single words. Exmples: NATO, radar and yuppy.15blending: A single new word can be f ormed by combining two separate f orms. Typically, blending is finished by taking only the beginning of one word and joining it to the end of another word. For example, brunch is f ormed by the shortened f orms of breakfast and lunch.16Compounding:is the f ormation of new words by joining two or more stems. We have three types of compounds: 1, noun compounds:noun+noun: armchair, rainbow; 2, verb compounds: verb+verb: to sleep-walk; 3, adjective compounds: verb+adjectives: stir-crazy17Root: Some morphemes like car, talk, f riend and tour can stand alone as words. Such morphemes are called f ree morphem es. A word must contain an element that can stand by itself, that is a free morpheme, such as talk. Such an element is called a root. remains when all aff ixes are stripped from a complex word, e.g. system f rom un- + system + atic + ally. 18Minimal pairs and sets: The phonologist is concerned with what differences are signif icant, or technically speaking, distinctive. A distinctive diff erence is one that brings about the change of meaning. In order to determine which are distinctive sounds, the customary practice is to set up minimal pairs-pairs of words which differ from each other only by one sound.19Stem: A “stem” is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an aff ix can be added. It may be the same as , and in other cases, dif ferent from, a root. For example, in the w ord “f riends” , “f riend” is both the root and the stem, but in the word “f riendships”, “f riendships” is its stem, “f riend” is its root. Some words (i. e., compounds ) have more than one root ,e.g., “mailman” , “girlf riend” ,ect.20Suffix: Af f ixes can be joined to the end of the root or stem, in which case they are called suff ixes.An “affix” is the collective term f or the type of f ormative that can be used, only when added to another morpheme(the root or stem). Aff ixes are limited in number in a language, and are generally classif i ed into three subtypes: pref ix, suff ix and inf ix, e. g. , “mini-”, “un-”, ect.(pref ix); “-ise”, “-tion”, ect.(suff ix).21Syntax: the term used to ref er to the structure of sentences and to the study of sentence structure.22IC analysis: the approach to divide the sentence up into its immediate constituents byusing binary cutting until obtaining its ultimate constituents. 23Semantics: the study of linguistic meaning.24Sense: the inherent part of an expression’s meaning, to gether with the context, determines its ref erent. 25Reference: (in semantics) the relationship between words and \ the things, actions, events and qualities they stand f or. An example in English is the relationship between the word tree and the object “tree” (ref erent) in the real world.26Seven types of meaning: Conceptual meaning; thematic meaning ; connotative meaning; social meaning; affective meaning；ref l ective meaning; collocative meaning;后5种称associ ative meaning27Lexical gap: the absence of a word in a particular place in a semantic field of a language. For instance, in English we have brother versus sister, son versus daughter, but no separate lexemes f or “male” and“f emale” cousin.28Pragmati cs: can be def ined as the study of languages in use. It deals with how speakers use languages in ways which cannot be predicted f rom linguistic knowledge alone, and how hearers arrive at the intended meaning of speakers. In a broad sense, pragmatics studies the principles observed by human beings when communicate with each other. We can roughly say that pragmatics takes care of meaning that is not covered by semantics. So people use the f ormula as itsdef inition:PRAGMATICS=MEANING-SEMANTICS. 29Anaphora: a process where a word or phrase (anaphor) refers back to another word or phrase which was used earlier in a text or conversation.30Cohesion: the grammatical and/or lexical relationships between the different elem ents of a text. This may be the relationship between di ff erent sentences or different parts of a sentence.31Coherence: the relationship that links the meanings of utterances in a discourse or of the sentences in a text.32Prototype: what members of a particular community think of as the best example of a lexical category, e.g. f or some English speakers “cabbage” (rather than, say, “carrot”) might be the prototypical vegetable. 33 Prototype theory: a theory of human categorization that was posited by Eleanor Rosch. Following this theory, natural categories are organized according to prototypes which are considered as the most typical or representative of the category. A robin or sparrow is regarded as a prototype of the category of “bird”. People decide whether an entity belongs to a category by comparing that entity with a prototype.34iconicity: a feature of a language which means that the structure of language reflects in some way the structure of experience, that is, the structure of the world, including the perspective imposed on the world by the speaker. Caesar’s historic words “Veni, vidi, vici (I ca me, I saw, I conquered)” is a good case to prove the iconicity of order(the similarity between temporal events and the linear arrangement of elements in a linguistic construction). Iconicity of distance a ccounts f or the fact that things which belong together conceptually tend to be put together linguistically, and things that do not belong together are put at a distance. This entails that conceptual distance corresponds to linguistic distance not merely physical distance. eg: a, I killed the chicken. b, I caused the chicken to die. Iconicity of complexity: The phenomenon that linguistic complexity ref lects conceptual complexity is usually called iconicity of complexity.35Reflective meaning: is the meaning which arises in cases of multiple conceptual meanings, when one sense of a word f orms part of our response to another sense. Ref lective meaning is the product of people’s recognition and imagination.36Ambiguity: It refers to the phenomenon that an expression has more than one meaning. Two diff erent types of ambiguity can be distinguished on the basis of what is causing it: lexical ambiguity (more than one word meaning) and structural ambiguity (more than one synt actic structure) 37The diacritics: are additional symbols or marks used together with the consonant and vowel symbols to indicate nuances of change in theirpronunciation38Complementary distribution: [p.pH] are two different phones and are varivants of the phoneme /p/such variants of a phoneme are called allophones of the same phoneme. In this case the allophones are said to be in complementary distribution, because they never occur in the same context. [p] occurred af ter [s] while [ph] occurs in other places.39syllable: A unit in speech which isof t en longer than one sound and smaller than a whole word.41 the difference between derivational affix and inflectional affix (1)Inf lectional aff ixes very of t en add a minute or delicate grammatical meaning to the stem. E.g. toys, walks, John’s, etc. In contrast, derivational aff ixes of ten change the lexical meaning.E.g. cite, citation, etc.(2)Inf lectional aff ixes don’t change the word class of the word they attach to, such as flower, flowers, whereas derivational aff ixes might or might not, such as the relation between small and smallness f or the f ormer, and that between brother and brotherhood f or the latter. (3)In English, inf lectionalaff ixes are mostly suffixes, which are always wordf inal. E.g. drums, walks, etc. But derivational aff ixes can be prefixes or suffixes. E.g. depart, teacher, etc.定义：Derivational morphemes which are used to make new words in the language and are of ten used to make words of a di ff erent grammatical category from the stem Inflectional morphemes, which are not used to produce new words, but rather to show aspects of the grammatical f unction of a word.。
英语专业英语语言学期末复习总结
英语语言学一、名词解释第一课1.Synchronic共时性: S aid of an approach that studies language at a theoretical “point” intime.\ A kind of description which takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present), as its point of observation. Most grammars are of this kind.ngue语言: The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.nguage: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbol used for human communication.4.Arbitrariness任意性:One design feature of human language, which refers to the face that theforms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.第二课1.Phoneme音位: Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. Thebasic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit that is of distinctive value.2.Allophone音位变体: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme.3.Minimal pair最小对立体: When two different forms are identical in every way except for onesound segment which occurs in the same place in the stings, the two words are said to form aminimal pair.第三课1.Morphology形态学: Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.2.Derivational morphemes派生词素:Some morphemes which change the category or grammatical classof words are called…3.Inflectional morphemes曲折词素: Some bound morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers and signify such concepts as tense, number, case and so on.第四课1.Syntax语法句法: A branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentencesand the rules that govern the formation of sentences.2.Syntactic categories句法范畴: Words can be grouped together into a relatively small numberof classes, called syntactic categories.3.Deep structure 深层结构: Formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’s subcategorization properties, is called deep structure or D- structure.4.Surface structure 表层结构: Corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence whichresults from appropriate transformations, is called Surface structure or S- structure.第五课1.Reference指称: Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world;it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.2.Homonymy同音异义: Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings havethe same form, i.e. different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.3.Hyponymy 上下义关系: Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.第六课1.Pragmatics语用学: Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.2.Utterance话语: a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication.3.Utterance meaning话语意义: Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context.4.Illocutionary act言外行为: An illocutionary act is the act expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something.二、简答题第一课1．What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study?Phonetics: The study of sounds used in linguistic communication. It describes individual speech sounds and indicates their physical or phonetic properties.Phonology:It studies the ways in which these sounds form patterns and systems and how they work to convey meaning in the system of language.Morphology:A field of linguistics focused on the study of the forms and formation of words in a languageSyntax: A set of rules that govern how words are combined to form phrases and sentences.Pragmatics: the study of the use of language in a social context.2．What characteristics of language do you think should be included in a good, comprehensive definition of language?The important characteristics which should be included in a good definition of language are separately: systematic, arbitrary and vocal.First of all, language is a system. It has its own set of rules for people to abide by, or people will use the language in a wrong way.Second, language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what the symbol stands for.The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language. Third, language is vocal because the primary medium for all languages is sound.3．What are the main features of human language that have been specified by C.Hockett to show that it is essentially different from animal communication system?1) Arbitrariness: no natural/motivated/logical relationship between the sign and what thesign stands for.2)Productivity:provides opportunities for sending messages that have never been sent beforeand for understanding novel messages.3) Duality: language is a system, which consists of two sets of stuctures, or two levels.4) Displacement: can be used to refer to things real or imagined, past, present or future5) Cultural transmission第二课1. How do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study? Who do you think will be moreinterested in the different between say[i]and[i],[p] and[ph],a phonetician or a philologist? Why? 语音学和音位学的研究中心有何不同?语音学家和音位学家哪一个更关心清晰音的区别?为什么?Phonetics — description of all speech sounds and their find differences.Phonology — description of sound systems of particular languages and how sounds function to distinguish meaning.A phonetician would be more interested in such differences cos such differences will not cos differences inmeaning.2. What is phone? How is it different from a phoneme? how are allophones related to a phoneme?Phone is a phonetic unit, it has no meaning.Phoneme is a phonological unit with distinctive value .The phoneme /l/ can be realized as dark/l-/and clear/l/,which are allophones of the phoneme /l/Allophones---actual realization of a phoneme in different phonetic contexts.第三课1. Think of three morpheme suffixes, give their meaning and specify the types of stem they may be suffixed to. Give at least two examples of each.Suffix: -ingMeaning: denoting a verbal action, an instance of this, or its resultStem type: added to verbsExamples: fighting: denote the action of battlebuilding: denote the action of constructionSuffix: -ableMeaning: able to beStem type: added to verbsExamples: avoidable: able to be prevented fromcalculable: able to be measured or assessedSuffix: -istMeaning: denoting a member of a profession or business activityStem type: added to nounsExamples: dramatist: a person who writes playsdentist: a person who treats the teeth disease2. Think of three morpheme prefixes, give their meaning, and specify the types of stem they may be prefixed to. Give at least two examples of each.1)prefix: un-meaning: denoting the absence of a quality or state; notstem type: added to nounsexamples: unacademic: not adopting or characteristic of a scholarly approach orlanguageunhappy: not happy2)prefix: anti-meaning: opposed to; againststem type: added to nounsexamples: anti-abortion: opposing or legislating against medically inducedabortionanti-art: against the traditional art3)prefix: re-meaning:once more; afresh; anewstem type: added to verbsexamples: restart: start once morereaccustom: accustom (someone) to something again第五课1. What are the major types of synonyms in English?并举例1)dialectal synonyms-----synonyms used in different regional2)Stylistic synonyms: synonyms differing in style3)Synonyms that differ in their emotive or evaluative meaning4)Collocational synonyms: what words they go together with5)Semantically different synonyms: differ from the words themselves2. Explain with examples “homonymy”, “polysemy”, and “hyponymy”.Homonymy: Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, i.e., different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. When two words are identical in sound, they are homophones. When two words are identical in spelling, they are homographs. When tow words are identical in both sound and spelling, they are complete homonyms. The examples are as followed:Homophones: rain/reign night/knight piece/peaceHomographs: bow v./bow n. tear v./tear n.Complete homonyms: fast adj./fast v.Polysemy: while different words may have the same or similar meaning, the same one word may have more than one meaning. This is what we call polysemy, and such a word is calleda polysemic word. The more commonly used a word is, the more likely it has acquired morethan one meaning. For example, the word table has at least six meanings when we look it up in the dictionary:1. a piece of furniture2.all the people seated at a table3.the food that is put on a table4. a thin flat piece of stone, mental, wood, etc5.orderly arrangement of facts, figures, etc6.part of a machine-tool on which the work is put to be operated onHyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. The word which is more general in meaning is called the superordinate, and the more specific words are called its hyponyms. Hyponyms of the same superordinate are co-hyponyms to each other. For example,Superordiante: flowerHyponyms: rose, tulip, carnation, lily, morning golory第六课1. What does pragmatics study? How does it differ from traditional semantics?答： Generally speaking, pragmatics is the study of meaning in the context. It studies meaning in a dynamic way and as a process. In order to have a successful communication, the speaker and hearer must take the context into their consideration so as to effect the right meaning and intention. The development and establishment pragmatics in 1960s and 1970s resulted mainly from the expansion of the study semantics. However, it is different from the traditional semantics. The major difference between them lies in that pragmatics studies meaning in a dynamic way, while semantics studies meaning in a static way. Pragmatics takes context into consideration while semantics does not. Pragmatics takes care of the aspect of meaning that is not accounted for by semantics.2. What are the five types of illocutionary speech acts Searle has specified? What is the illocutionary point of each type?答：(1) representatives: stating or describing, saying what the speaker believes to be true(2) directives: trying to get the hearer to do something(3) commissives: committing the speaker himself to some future course of action(4) expressives: expressing feelings or attitude towards an existing(5) declarations: bringing about immediate changes by saying somethingThe illocutionary point of the representatives is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said, in other words, when performing an illocutionary act of representative, the speaker is making a statement or giving a description which he himself believes to be true. Stating, believing, sweating, hypothesizing are among the most typical of the representatives.Directives ate attempts by the speaker to get the hearer to do some- thing. Inviting, suggesting, requesting, advising, wanting, threatening and ordering are all specific instances of this class.Commissives are those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action, i.e. when speaking the speaker puts himself under a certain obligation.Promising, undertaking, vowing are the most typical ones.The illocutionary point of expressives is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance. The speaker is expressing his feelings or attitudes towards an existing state of affairs, e.g. apologizing, thanking, congratulating.The last class “declarations” has the characteristic that the successful performance of an act of this type brings about the correspondence between what is said and reality.3. What are the four maxims of the CP? Try to give your own examples to show how flouting these maxims gives rise to conversational implicature?答： Cooperative Principle, abbreviated as CP. It goes as follows:Make your conversational contribution such as required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.To be more specific, there are four maxims under this general principle:(1) The maxim of quantity① Make your contribution as informative as required (for the current purpose of theexchange).② Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.(2) The maxim of quality① Do not say what you believe to be false.② Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.(3) The maxim of relationBe relevant.(4) The maxim of manner① Avoid obscurity of expression.② Avoid ambiguity.③ Be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity).④ Be orderly.。
专英复习资料综合版(词缀+单词小测+08年真题)
医学专业英语复习资料一——词根记忆姓名：学号：Suffix Meaning Example-ac pertaining to属于，关于cardiac: pertaining to the heart 心脏（病）的-al pertaining to medical: pertaining to medicine-ar pertaining to molecular: pertaining to a molecule分子的-ary pertaining tobelonging to ciliary: pertaining to the cilia 睫毛的,纤毛的,毛状的-ase enzyme 酶amylase: any enzyme that converts starch to sugar 淀粉酶-cle smallness小,少,贫乏,小气follicle: a small bodily cavity or sac 小囊,(头发的)毛囊-e an instrument 仪器auriscope: an instrument for examining the ear (检查耳朵用的)耳镜-eal pertaining to laryngeal: pertaining to the larynx喉的, 喉音的-ia condition; quality phobia: abnormal fear 恐惧，害怕-ic pertaining to toxic: pertaining to toxin有毒的；因中毒引起的-ics study of; name of a science paediatrics: study of children, their development and diseases儿科学-ine/in substance 物质insulin：substance (hormone) produced by the islets of Langerhans inthe pancreas胰岛素-ism process or condition alcoholism: excessive drinking of alcohol which bees addictive 酒精中毒-ist one who specializes in精通于……的人pharmacologist: a doctor who specializes in the study of drug s 药理专家-itis inflammation refers to a part i n……部位的炎症rhinitis: inflammation of the nasal passages 鼻炎，鼻粘膜炎-(i)um relation to a whole; related to与……相关endometrium: inner lining of the uter子宫内膜-ive characterizes by antitussive: a drug that suppresses coughing止咳药-let tiny; small droplet: a tiny drop 小滴-ment the result or product of an act ion development: thing which develops or is being developed; act ion of be ing mature-oid resembling; like像mucoid: resembling mucus 粘液样的-ole little; small centriole: the small dense structure in the middle of the centrosome细胞中心粒；中心体-oma tumor; swelling refers to a do er dermatofibroma: fibrous tumor of the skin皮肤纤维瘤-or/-er either a person or thingreceptor: a sensory nerve ending that responds to various stim uli 感受器，受体 -orycharacterized by; pertaining t o suspensory: which is hanging down 悬吊式，悬带 -osesugar fructose: fruits sugar found in honey and some fruit 果糖 -osisabnormal condition onychocryptosis: abnormal condition of a hidden nail 嵌甲 -ous pertaining to poisonous: pertaining to poison; also containing poison 有毒的，分泌毒素的-somes bodies ribosome: the body of nucleic acid 核糖体-um structure; thing; substance 结构，物质 magnesium: a white metallic chemical substance 镁（金属元素）-y condition; act; process dystrophy: disorder caused by defective nutrition or metaboli sm 营养不良The following is a list of the most monly used pound suffixes Suffix Meaning Example-algia pain; painful; condition arthralgia: pain in a joint 关节痛--aseenzyme protease: digestive enzyme 蛋白酶 -blast embryo 胚，胚胎，人类胚胎hemocytoblast: blast cell 血胚细胞，原始血细胞-carcino ma malignant tumor developing from connective tissue 相关组织的恶性肿瘤adenocarcinoma: malignant tumor developing from glandular tissue 腺癌-cele protrusion; distention 突出；膨胀，延伸 esophagocele: abnormal distention of the esophagus 食管突出-centesis surgical puncture 手术穿孔 paracentesis: surgical puncture of a cavity for the aspiration of fluid 穿刺术-capnia carbon dioxide 二氧化碳 acapnia: absence of carbon dioxide 血液二氧化碳缺乏 -cidekill germicide: (substance) which can kill germs 杀菌剂 -clast cell phagocyte:cell, especially a white blood cell, which can surround and destroy other cells 噬菌细胞-dynia painglossodynia: pain in the tongue 舌痛 -ectasia/ -ectasis expansion; dilation(膨胀，扩张)atelectasis: in plete expansion of the lungs at birth 肺不张 -ectomy surgical excision or removal ofgastrectomy: surgical removal of the stomach 胃切除术-edema excessive accumulation of s erous fluid 水肿 myxoedema: condition caused when the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone 粘液腺瘤病，粘液水肿 -emia blood condition leukemia: any of several malignant diseases where an abnormal number of leucocytes form in the blood 白血病-emesis vomiting 呕吐hematemesis: the vomiting of blood 咯血；吐血-gen something that produced or prouduces pathogen: a microorganism or agent capable of producing dis ease 病菌，病原体-genesis production 生产spermatogenesis: formation and development of spermatozoain the testes精子发生-globin protein蛋白质hemoglobin: an iron-containing protein produced by erythrocytes 血红素-gnosis knowledge diagnosis: the process of identifying the nature or presence ofa disease through knowledge and examination-gram image; picture electrocardiogram: a graphic record of the electrical activity of heart muscle or heartbeat used in the diagnosis of heart disease.Abbr. ECG and EKG. Syn. cardiogram心电图-graph(y ) process of recording记录过程electocardiography: the process of making or recording electrocardiograms. Syn. cardiography 心电图记录-iasis condition; state情况，状况cholelithiasis: the formation of gallstones 胆石症-iatry/ -iatrics healing, frequently refers toa branch of medicine 康复，常指医学的一个分支podiatry: treatment of foot disorders足部医疗-lith stone cholelith: a gallstone; a stone formed in the gallbladder 胆结石-logy the study of cytology: the science study of cells 细胞学-logist one who studies and treats urologist: a physician who specializes in the practice of urology 泌尿科医生-lysis breakdown, destruction hemolysis: the destruction or breakdown of red blood cells with release of hemoglobin溶血-malacia softening osteomalacia: softening of bone 骨软化-mania extreme pulsion or preoccu pation强迫症kleptomania: a morbid, uncontrollable pulsion to steal 盗窃癖-megaly giant acromegaly: a condition in which there is an enlargement of the facial bones as well as those of the lungs 肢端肥大症-metry/ -meter measurement spirometry: measurement of the volume of air inhaled and exhaled or the air capacity of the lungs肺(活)量测定(法),呼吸量测定(法)-odynia pain cardiodynia: pain in the heart region 心痛，胸痛-one hormone荷尔蒙，激素parathormone: which regulates calcium balance among the blood, bones, and teeth甲状旁腺激素-opia a defect in the eye眼睛的毛病myopia: being short-sighted 近视-opsy to view biopsy: excision of live tissue for microscopic diagnosis活检-osis morbid condition病态的sclerosis: abnormal hardening 硬化症-osmia smell anosmia: loss of the sense of smell嗅觉丧失-ostomy process of making an opening into or a connection between造瘘gastrostomy: surgical construction of an opening from the sur face of the abdomen into the stomach胃造口术-oxia level of oxygen氧水平hypoxia: a low oxygen level or a lack of oxygen in body tissues组织缺氧-pathy disease; diseased condition ophthalmopathy: any eye disease眼病-penia deficiency leukopenia: deficiency of leukocytes in the blood. Syn. leukocytopenia白细胞减少症-pepsia digestion eupepsia: good digestion 消化良好--pexy a fixing or setting firmly in place by suturing 缝合固定hepatopexy: surgical fixation of a displace liver肝固定术-phagia/phagyeating; swallowing 吃，吞咽dysphagia: difficulty in swallowing吞咽困难-phil attraction吸引，具有吸引力的事物basophil: type of leucocyte or white blood cell which contain s granules嗜碱性粒细胞-phobia fear xenophobia: irrational fear of strangers对外国人的恐惧，憎恶-plasia formation; development hyperplasia: overdevelopment or enlargement of an organ or tissue增生，数量型肥大-phonia voice dysphonia: difficulty in speaking发声困难-plasm formation; growth or substance of formationcytoplasm: jelly substance in the cell细胞浆-plasty surgical repair osteoplasty: surgical repair of the bone骨整形术，骨成形术--plegia stroke; paralysis 中风thermoplegia: heat or sunsrtoke热射病-pnea breathing eupnea: normal breathing呼吸正常，平静呼吸--ptosis a falling, the dropping or sagging of an organ器官下移hepatoptosis: abnormally low position of the liver肝下垂-ptysis spitting分散melanoptysis: spitting of the spleen黑色痰液;咳黑痰-poiesis production hemopoiesis: production of blood cells 造血作用，生血作用-rrhage/ -rrhagia bursting forth of blood 出血m enorrhagia: very heavy bleeding during menstruation 月经过多-rrhaphy surgical sewing or suturing splenorrhaphy: suture of the spleen脾修补术-rrhea overflow hydrorrhea: watery discharge液溢-(o)rrhe xis splitting or rupture 撕裂，破裂，疝气amniorrhexis: rupture of the amniotic ac羊膜破裂-sar a malignant tumor developing from connective tissue liposar a: malignant tumor containing fat 脂肪肉瘤-schesis a holding back; suppression uroschesis: suppression of urine闭尿，尿潴留of discharge阻碍；抑制排放-sclerosisa hardening dermatosclerosis: hardening of the skin硬皮病-scope instrument for viewing stethoscope: an instrument for performing medicate ausculation听诊器-scopy process of examining visuallyhepatoscopy: examination of the liver 肝检查-spasm involuntary contraction angiospasm: sudden contraction of the muscles in a blood vessel血管痉挛-stasis suppression; stoppage; contr ol; arrest抑制，中止hemostasis: the arrest of bleeding 止血，止血法-stenosis abnormal narrowing of a duct or canal管、道德异常狭窄laryngostenosis: abnormal narrowing of the larynx 喉狭窄-stomy surgical opening to the outsi de of the body造口colostomy: surgical operation to make an opening from the c olon结肠造口术-tention pressure hypertention: high blood pressure 高血压-therapy treatment physiotherapy: treatment of disease by physical means物理疗法--tion process hospitalization: the process of being hosipitalized住院-tocia labor; birth 生产embryotocia: abortion 流产-tome tool for incision arthrotome: instrument for cutting a joint关节刀-tomy process of cutting into gastrotomy: incision of the stomach 胃切开术-tropia turning 转弯，变向esotropia: turning inward of the eye内斜视-trophy nourishment or development of an organ器官的营养、发育dystrophy: disorder caused by defective nutrition or metaboli sm营养不良-uria a condition of the urine（小便）dysuria: difficultly in passing urine 排尿困难-version turning eversion: a turning outward外翻，翻转Here is a table of the most monly used prefixesPrefix Meaning Examplea-/an- without; not aphasia: the inability to understand written or spoken words or to speak meaningfully失语症ab- away from abortion: expulsion from the uterus流产ad- to; toward; near adnasal: near the nose 近鼻的acro- a point or tip acronyx: growing into the flesh嵌甲alb- white albino: a person lacking normal pigmentation白发病者amb-/ ambi- both ambisexual、bisexual: (person) who is sexually attracted to both males andfamales 双性恋amphi-/ both; both sides amphicentric: beginning and ending in the same vessel起止ampho- 同源的血管ana- up; back again anabolism: process of building up plex chemical substanceson the basis of simpler ones 合成代谢Angio- a blood vessel angioma: benign tumor formed of blood vessel血管瘤ante- before antenatal: during the period between conception and childbirth 出生前的，怀孕期的anti- against antidepressant: (drug) used to treat depression抗抑郁剂audi- hearing; sound audiometry: science of testing hearing听力测定auto- self autoantibody: antibody formed to attack the body’s own cells自身抗体bi- two; twice bicellular: two cells两室的bio- living organisms生命体biochemistry: chemistry living tissues生物化学brady- slow bradycardia: slow rate of heart contraction, shown by a slowpulse rate心动过缓carcin- carcinoma or cancer癌；瘤c arcinogen: a cancer-causing substance致癌物cata- downwards; under; against;along with cataract: condition where the lens of the eye gradually be es hard and opaque白内障centi- one hundredth百分之一centimeter: unit of measurement of length(=one hundredth ofa meter)厘米co(n)- with or together consanguineous: blood relationship血亲的，血缘的，密切的contra- against contraception: prevention of pregnancy by using devices or drugs 避孕法，节育法de- removal or loss decaffeinated: (coffee) with the caffeine removed 脱去咖啡因的deca- ten decagram: ten grams 十克deci- tenth deciliter: unit of measurement of liquid(=one tenth of a little)1/10公升di- two diglossia: a double tongue使用两种语言dia- through; between; apart; acr oss diathermy: process of (treating) through heat 透热疗法dis- reversal or separate disintegrate: to e to pieces分解，破裂dys- bad; difficult; disordered dysarthrosis: deformity or malformation of a joint关节变形echo- sound echocardiography: ultrasonography of the heart心回波描记，超声心动描记术ect-/ ecto- outside or outer ecchondroma: benign tumor on the surface of cartilage or bone外生软骨瘤en- in; within enostosis: benign growth inside a bone内生骨疣endo- inside endocardium: membrane which lines the heart心内膜epi- on; over epidermis: outer layer of skin表皮ery- red erythrocyte: mature non-nucleated red blood cell红细胞eso- inward; within(向内) esotropia: turning inward of the eye内斜视eu- good eugenics: study of how to improve the human race by geic selection优生学out of exhale: to breath out 呼出ex-/ exo-extra- outside extracapsular: outside a capsule囊外的hemi- half hemiplegia: severe paralysis affecting one side of the body 偏瘫,半身麻痹,半身不遂hydro- water hydrocele: collection of watery liquid found in a cavity suchas the scrotum阴囊积水hyper- higher or too much hyperglycaemia: excess of glucose in the blood高血糖症hypo- less or too little hypokalaemia: deficiency of potassium in the blood 低血钾in- in or into inbreeding: breeding between a closely related male and female 近亲交配in- not incoherent: not able to speak in a way which makes sense语无伦次infra- below or beneath infrapatellar: below or beneath the patella髌inter- between interlobular: between lobules小叶间的intra- inside intramedullary: inside the bone marrow or spinal cord 髓内itro- into introvert: person who thinks only about himself and his ownmental state性格内向的人mal- bad or abnormal malfunction: abnormal working of an argan机器等运转失常；失灵；出现故障meta- changes metaplasia: change of one tissue to another化生，转化，组织变形micro- very small microcyte: abnormally small red blood cell小红细胞mid- middle midcarpal: between the two rows of carpal bones腕骨间的milli- one thousandth milligram: unit of measurement of weight 毫克mis- error or wrong miscarriage: spontaneous abortion流产multi- many multigravida: a woman who is pregnant and has been pregnant at least twice before 经产孕妇noct- at night nocturia: passing abnormally large quantity of urine when asleep in bed at night夜尿症nona- nine or the ni h nonagon: flat shape which has nine sides九边形octa- eight octan: every eight days八日热；每隔八日发一次的odont- teeth odontology: study of teeth and associated structures, and theirdisordersonco- tumours oncology: scientific study of new gowths肿瘤学oro- mouth orolingual: pertaining to the mouth and tongue口与舌的pachy- thickening pachysomia: condition where soft tissues of the body bee abnormally thick躯体肥厚pali-/ palin- against; pathologic repetition病态的重复palindromic: (disease) which recurs复发的，再发的pan-/pan t-/ panto- all pancytopenia: abnormal depression of all the cellular elements of the blodd全血细胞减少症para- similar to or near; changed o r beyond paralyse or paralyze: to weaken (muscles) so that they cannot function使麻痹，使瘫痪pen-/ penta- five pentosuria: excretion of pentoses in the urine戊糖尿per- through percutaneous: done or administered through the skin经皮的，由皮的peri- around pericystitis: inflammation of tissue around the bladder膀胱周炎pero- deformed or defective畸形有缺陷的peromelia: congenital deformity of the limbs 四肢不全pharmac o- drugs pharmacology: study of drugs or medicines, and their action,properties and characteristics药理学，药物学pleo-/ pleio- too many pleokaryocyte: condition where a greater than normal numberof cells in cerebrospinal fluid多核细胞pluri- more pluriglandular: pertaining to or affecting several glands多线性的pneum-/ pneunm o- air or the lungs; breathing pneumonia: inflammation of a lung肺炎poly- touching many organs polyphagia: condition where a patient eats too much; morbiddesire for every king of food 多食症，杂食症post- after or later postprandial: after a meal 餐后的pre- before of in front of premature: early or before the normal time 过早的，早产presby- old age presbyopia: an old person’s sight fails gradually老花眼pro-/ supin-/ pron- before or in front oflying on the backbend forwardprognosis: prediction of the out e of a disease预测；预后quadri-/ quint- fourfive/fifthquadruplet or quad: one of four babies born to a mother at thesame time四胞胎radio- ray or radiation radiotherapy: treating a disease by exposing the affected partto radioactive 放射疗法semi- half semiptosis: the downward sagging of half or part of an organ轻度睑下垂sub- under submucous: under the mucous membrane粘膜下层的；粘膜下的super- above; extremely superalbuminosis: abnormal increase of albumin白蛋白过多syn- with; joint syndesmosis: joint where the ones are tightly linked by ligaments 韧带联合supra- above; over suprarenal: (situated) above a kidney 肾上腺tachy- fast tachycardia: rapid beating of the heart 心动过速tetra- four tetracycline: antibiotic used to treat a wide range of bacterialdiseases 四环素trans- across; through; beyond transmission: the transfer, as of a disease, from one person toanother 传染tri- three tricephalus: a fetus with three heads 三头畸胎ultra- beyond; excess ultrasonics: the science dealing with ultrasonic sound waves超声波学uni- one uniglandular: affecting only one gland 单腺的xen(o)- strange; foreign xenograft: a graft of tissue transplant between animals of different species 异种移植物医学专业英语复习资料二——单元自测姓名：学号：-al -ar vascular-ic toxicphysic physicsphysician physiologyphysical biophysical physiotherapy cardiogram (record)chromatin (substance)chromatoplasm ( jelly substance in the cell)neoplasm crinogenic (gen/o+-ic→production) -cyte cyt/o leukocyteerythocyte erythocytometererythogenesis (起源，发生) embryoma （tumor）epithelial (thelial nipple) epidermic (skin) exhale (out) expelpathogen histotherapyimmunodeficiency-ine/-in adrenalineanabolism (up) catabolism (down) anatomy (apart) osteotomy (bone) psychosis (abnormal condition)vasculolmphatic-al 有关于；…的-ar 有关于；…的vascular 血管的-ic …的toxic 有毒的physiotherapy 物理治疗physic 医学physics 物理学physician 内科医生surgen 外科医生physiology 生理学physical 身体的;物质的biophysical 生物物理学的cardiogram 心动图(record) chromatin 染色质(substance) chromatoplasm 染色浆( jelly substance in the cell；浆) neoplasm 新生物；肿瘤crinogenic 促分泌(gen/o+-ic→production) -cyte cyt/o leukocyte 白细胞erythocyte 红细胞erythocytometer 红细胞计数仪erythogenesis 红细胞发生(起源，发生)embryoma 胚胎瘤（tumor）epithelial 上皮的(thelial nipple) epidermic 表皮的(skin) exhale 呼出(out) expel 排出；驱逐pathogen 病原体histotherapy 组织治疗immunodeficiency 免疫缺陷(Acquired immuondeficiency syndrome)-ine/-in adrenaline 肾上腺anabolism合成代谢(up) catabolism 分解代谢(down)anatomy 解剖学(apart) osteotomy 骨切开术(bone) psychosis 神经病(abnormal condition)vasculolmphatic 血管淋巴管的skeletal system cartilagebone marrow skullspinal cord spinal columnelbow socketstriated muscles spleensaliva larynxtrachea anus esophagus duodenum pancreas colonstarch viablegall bladder bladderresidue sodium potassium ureter urethrapituitary cortisone glucagon testosterone estrogen progesterone ovary ovum sperm pubic hair tactileskeletal system 骨骼系统cartilage 软骨bone marrow 骨髓skull 颅骨spinal cord 脊髓spinal column 脊柱elbow 肘部socket 槽臼striated muscles 平滑肌spleen 脾saliva 唾液rib 肋骨larynx 喉管trachea 气管anus 肛门esophagus 食管duodenum 十二指肠pancreas 胰腺colon 结肠starch 淀粉viable 能存活的gall bladder 胆囊bladder 膀胱residue 残余物sodium 钾potassium 钠ureter 输尿管urethra 尿道pituitary 垂体cortisone 可的松glucagon 胰岛素testosterone 睾酮estrogen 雌激素progesterone 孕激素ovary 卵巢ovum 卵子sperm 精子pubic hair 阴毛tactile 触觉的Succunb to rheumaticepidemic disease endemic disease malfunction malnutritionerratic hereditaryward off fend offpneumonia bronchivenereal disease colitissusceptible vulnerableboil pimple pus abscess engulf phagocytecilia villus flagellummetal retardationepidemic disease 流行病endemic disease 地方病malfunction 功能失调malnutrition 营养失调Succunb to 屈服于rheumatic 风湿的erratic 异常的hereditary 遗传的ward off ；fend off 防止pneumonia 肺炎bronchi 支气管venereal disease 花柳病colitis 结肠炎susceptible 易受到...... vulnerable 易受侵害的boil 疖子pimple 小脓疱pus 脓abscess 脓肿engulf 吞噬phagocyte 巨噬细胞metal retardation 智力发育迟缓cilia 纤毛villus 绒毛flagellum 鞭毛elimination 胃肠道咽食管胰腺鼻腔口腔腹腔cuspid incisor molar pulp 牙骨质牙龈gingivitis deciduous dentitionlower jaw bone manipulate 咀嚼吞咽enamel 会厌锥形的突起乳头带状的悬雍垂牙周组织salivary gland : gland , gland , gland peristalsis 胃窦皱褶（复数rugae）喷门括约肌幽门括约肌small intestine ：duodenum , jejunum , ileumlarge intestine ：cecum , colon , sigmoid colon , rectum回盲瓣ileocecal valve 阑尾附属消化器官accessory digestive organs 乳化ascending colon transerve colon descending colon sigmoid colon胆固醇胆色素胆红素糖原解毒作用胰高血糖素胰岛素detergent-like 像洗涤剂似的肝的enzyme :淀粉酶lipaseelimination 排泄胃肠道gastrointestinal tract 咽pharynx食管esophagus 胰腺pancreas nasal cavity 鼻腔口腔buccal cavity/oral cavity 腹腔abdominal cavitycuspid犬牙incisor切牙molar磨牙pulp 牙髓cementum牙骨质gingiva 牙龈gingivitis牙龈炎deciduous dentition乳牙lower jaw bone 下颌骨manipulate处理mastication咀嚼deglutition吞咽enamel牙釉质epiglottis会厌锥形的突起cone-shaped projection papillae乳头带状的pouch-like uvula悬雍垂牙周组织peridontium salivary gland :parotid gland , sublingual gland , submandibular gland peristalsis 蠕动antrum 胃窦皱褶ruga（复数rugae）cardiac sphincter 喷门括约肌幽门括约肌pyloric sphinctersmall intestine ：duodenum , jejunum , ileumlarge intestine ：cecum , colon , sigmoid colon , rectum回盲瓣ileocecal valve 阑尾appendix附属消化器官accessory digestive organs 乳化emulsification ascending colon transerve colon descending colon sigmoid colon 胆固醇cholesterol bile pigment 胆色素胆红素bilirubin糖原glycogen 解毒作用detoxification胰高血糖素glucagon insulin 胰岛素detergent-like 像洗涤剂似的肝的hepatic enzyme :amylase 淀粉酶lipase脂肪酶消化性溃疡上消化道呕吐vomit 穿孔perforation 堵塞obstructionHP（helicobacter pylori）幽门螺旋杆菌NSAID非类固醇类消炎药内窥镜检查造影剂barium钡乏力hiatal hernia胃炎超声肝硬化肝大浮肿黄疸纤维变性micronodular 大节结的代偿失调胆石病胆囊炎避孕药胆绞痛Laparoscope paralytic ileus胰腺炎腹上部的阑尾炎脐腹腔炎ulcerative colitis结肠直肠的息肉proctoscope造口术gasduodenostomy消化性溃疡peptic ulcer 上消化道upper digestive tract呕吐vomit 穿孔perforation 堵塞obstructionHP（helicobacter pylori）幽门螺旋杆菌NSAID非类固醇类消炎药内窥镜检查endoscopy 造影剂contrast mediumbarium钡乏力fatigue hiatal hernia裂孔疝胃炎gastritis 超声ultrasound 肝硬化cirrhosis肝大hepatomegaly 浮肿edema 黄疸jaundice纤维变性fibrosis micronodular小结节的macronodular大节结的代偿失调de pensation cholelithiasis胆石病cholecystitis胆囊炎胆固醇cholesterol controceptive避孕药biliary colic胆绞痛laparoscope腹腔镜paralytic ileus 麻痹性肠梗阻胰腺炎pancreatits 腹上部的epigastric 阑尾炎appendicitis 脐navel 腹腔炎peritonitis 溃疡性结肠炎ulcerative colitis结肠直肠的colorectal 息肉ployps proctoscope直肠镜造口术ostomy 胃十二指肠造口术gasduodenostomy动脉粥样硬化局部缺血冠心病心绞痛出汗血栓形成血栓（a blood clot）栓塞栓子clinical manifestation 发绀晕厥呼吸困难水肿闭合(blockage) 心肌梗死心率失常房颤carotid artery cerebral原发性高血压(secondary继发性)收缩压pressure 舒张压pressure Glomerulonephritis pyelonephritis二尖瓣狭窄三尖瓣反流风湿性心脏病噪音充血性心力衰竭半月瓣细菌性心内膜炎uterus渗出性和增生性炎症心包炎出血止血毛细血管渗出静脉曲张静脉炎anticoagulant 痔plies /hemorrhoidleft ventricular hypertrophy interventricular pansystolic spermatic cord ligament动脉粥样硬化atherosclerosis 局部缺血ischemia冠心病coronary heart disease 心绞痛angina pcetoris出汗diaphoresis 血栓形成thrombosis 血栓thrombus（a blood clot）embolism栓塞embolus栓子clinical manifestation 临床表现发绀cyanosis 晕厥syncope呼吸困难dyspnea 水肿edema 闭合occlusion(blockage)心肌梗死myocardial infarction 心率失常arrhythmia房颤mitral fibrillation 劲动脉carotid artery 大脑的cerebral 原发性高血压essential hypertension (secondary继发性)收缩压systolic pressure 舒张压diastolic pressure glomerulonephritis肾小球肾炎pyelonephritis肾盂肾炎二尖瓣狭窄mitral stenosis 三尖瓣反流tricuspid regurgitation风湿性心脏病rhumatic heart disease 噪音murmur充血性心力衰竭congestive heart failure 半月瓣semiluner细菌性心内膜炎bacterical endocarditis 子宫uterus渗出性和增生性炎症exudative and proliferative inflammatory心包炎pericarditis 出血hemorrhage 止血hemostasis毛细血管渗出capillary oozing 静脉曲张varicose veins静脉炎phlebitis anticoagulant抗凝血剂痔plies /hemorrhoidleft ventricular hypertrophy 左心室肥大interventricular 室间的Pansystolic 全收缩期的spermatic cord 精索ligament 韧带医学专业英语复习资料三——真题自测姓名：学号：08级临床专业英语试题1.单词：英译中/中译英（每题2分）食管，肝脏，胰，胆总管，精子，病原体，穿孔，狭窄，肾，nausea,子宫内膜，脓，肺泡，会厌，软骨，营养不良，结肠，输卵管，肾上腺素，肝炎，吞噬细胞，括约肌，pigment，难产，气管切开术，流感，症状，支气管痉挛，红细胞，突触，复苏。
(完整word版)南工大专业英语期末复习资料
Chapter 1Bacterium（Bacteria）细菌 yeast 酵母 fungus（fungi 真菌 alga（algae)藻类 cultured mammalian cells 哺乳动物培养细胞 fermentation processes 发酵工程 biocatalyst 生物催化剂 antibiotics 抗生素 biomass 菌体 amino acids氨基酸enzyme steroid 甾体，类固醇polysaccharides 多糖vaccines 疫苗biochemical engineering生物化学工程immobilization 固定化genetic engineering 基因工程 genome 基因组 mutation 突变 gene 基因Comprehension1．What is biotechnology?what are its characteristics points？Key： Biotechnology is an area of applied bioscience and technology which involves the practical application of biological organisms， or their subcellular components to manufacturing and service industries and to environmental management。
A high proportion of the techniques used in biotechnology tend to be more economic, less energy demanding and safer than current traditional industrial processes and for most processes the residues are biodegradable and non—toxic。
心理学专业英语复习材料
心理学专业英语复习资料I.1. 研究方法2. 心理物理学3. 学习理论4. 社会认知5．人格测试6. 无关变量7. 纵向研究8. 晶体智力9. 运动控制10. 胼胝体11. 群体思维12. 社会懈怠13. 社会交换14. 社会赞许15. 责任分散16. 近因效应17．痕迹消退18. 倒摄遗忘19. 社会支持20. 自我效能21. 个案研究.1. 机能主义2. 自我实现—3．一般规律研究法4. 分层抽样5. 外在信度6. 选择性注意7. 知觉恒常性8. 自我概念9. 液体智力10. 安全型依恋11. 性别图示12. 亲社会行为13. 从众实验14. 头脑风暴15. 社会助长16. 旁观者效应17. 标准差18. 柱状图19. 正态分布20. 临界值21. 知觉适应.a. .b. .c. .d. .2.a. .b. , , , .c. .d. , , .3. ""a. .b. .c. B. .d. B. F. .4.a . , , . .a.b.c.d.5.b. .c. .d. .6. a ,a. a .b. .c. a .d. .7. "a "a. .b. a .c. a .d. .8. Aa. .b. .c. .d. .9.a. .b. a .c. .d. .10. a ?a. .b. , ; .c. , ; .d. .11. Aa. .b. .c. .d. .12.a. .b. .c. .d. .13.a. .b. .c. .d. .14. 'sa.b. .c. .d. .15.a. .b. .c. .d. .16. A a "" "" .a. .b. .c. .d. .17. .a.b.c.d.18.b. .c. .d. .19. .a. .b. .c. .d. .20. a ,a. .b. .c. .d. , .21a. .b. .c. .d. .22. "" 'sa. .b. .d. .23.a. .b. 4 .c. .d. .24.a. .b. .c. () .d. .25. aa. .b. .c. .d. 's .26.a. .b. "" .c. .d. .27. , , 'sa. .b. .c. .d. .28. a , .a. ;b. ;c. ;d. ;29. aa. .b. .c. .d. .30.a. .b. .c. .d. .31. ab. .c. .d. .32.a. .b. .c. .d. .33.a. .b. .c. .d. .34.a. a .b. .c. .d. , , .35. , , , , .a.b.d.36.a. .b. .c. .d. a .37 a . . a 't 's .a. .b. .c. .d. .38. .a.b.c.d.39. , 'sa. a .b. .c. .d. a .40.a. .b. .c. .d. a .41. , , a a(n) .a.b.c.d.42. , .a. .b. .c. .d. .43. ,a. .b. .c. .d. .44. a a .c.d.45.a. .b. .c. .d. .46. Aa. .b. .c. .d. .47 .a.b.c.d.48. 's ( a )a. .b. .49.a. .b. .c. .d.50. ?a.b.c.d.51. ?A)B)C)D)52．A) .B) .C) .D) .53. a a ( ) ?A)B)C)D)54. A 's ?A)B)C)D)55.A) .B) .C) .D) E. B. .56. A . , . ?A)B)C)D)57. ?B)C)D)58. a ?A) 'sB)C)D)59. a ?A) .B) .C) , , .D) .60. ?A) .B) a .C) 's 's .D).1. .2.A(n) a a .3. a 's .4. . a .5. a .6. a .7. , , .8. , , . . .9. " " .10. .11. .12. a .13. a , .14. a , .15.A a a(n) .16. a .17. a .18.A a a .19. .20.A a a(n) .21. , 's , .22. , , .23. a a . , , 't . .24. 't . a . .V． (10 , 1 )1 's .A)B)3. .A)B)4. .A)B)5. a .A)B)6. 50 .A)B)7. a .A)B)8. .A)B)9. 5 3, 2, 6, 3, 7. 4.A)B)11. .A)B), , . . , . 's .A)B)12. 's .A)B)13. .A)B)14. .A)B)15. .A)B)16 A .17. .A)B)18. Harlow's "" ( ) .A)B)19. , .A)B)20. 18 30 .A)B)21. .A)B). (20 , 10 )1. ?2. ? ? ?3. ?。
计算机专业英语复习
计算机专业英语复习Chapter 11.Raw, unprocessed facts, including text, numbers, images, and sounds.a.data2.Perform specific tasks related to managing computer resources.h. utilities3.Type of application programs that are more narrowly focused on specificdisciplines and occupations.f. specialized4.Also known as servers. b. midrange computers5.The most widely used handheld computers are smartphones and ___.d. PDAs6.Type of memory that is sometimes referred to as temporary storage becauseits contents will typically be lost if the electrical power to the computer is disrupted. e. RAM7.The most important kinds of secondary media are hard disks, solid-statestorage, and ___. c. optical disks8.The type of solid-state drive widely used for transporting data andinformation between computers and a variety of specialty devices.g. USB9.Type of file created by electronic spreadsheets to analyzethings like budgetsand to predict sales.i. worksheet10.Provides a multimedia interface to the numerous resources available on theInternet.j. WebBook1. Consists of the step-by-step instructions that tell the computer how to do its work.f. program2. Another name for a program.g. software3. Enables the application software to interact with the computer hardware.i. system software4. Type of computer that is small enough to fit on top of or alongside a desk yet is too big to carry around.a. desktop5. A container that houses most of the electronic components that make up a computer system.j. system unit6. Devices that translate the processed information from the computer into a form that humans can understand.d. output7. Unlike hard disks, this type of storage does not have any moving parts, is morereliable, and requires less power.h. solid-state8. The most widely used communication device.b. modem9. A type of a file that might contain, for example, audience handouts, speaker notes, and electronic slides.e. presentation10. A communications system connecting two or more computers.c. networkMultiple Choice1. The rules or guidelines for people to follow when using software are called:Procedures programsRules utilities2. The part of almost all of today’s computer systems tha t uses the Internet and allows users to greatly expand the capability and usefulness of their information systems.Connectivity hardwareUSB Web3. Specialized programs that are designed to allow particular input or output devices to communicate with the rest of the computer system are known as:basic programs device drivershi defs tablets4. The least powerful, yet the most widely used and fastest-growing type of computer is the: Mainframe microcomputer Midrange supercomputer5. The newest type of computer that is smaller and lighter than a notebook and typically does not have a keyboard but uses a touch sensitive screen for input.Netbook notebookTablet server6. Devices of this type translate data and programs that humans can understand into a form that the computer can process.Input outputsolid state tablet7. The type of secondary storage device that uses rigid metallic platters to store programs and very large data files.hard disk optical disksolid state Web8. Three types of optical discs are CDs, DVDs, and:Flash hi defMagnetic RAM9. The revolution that will dramatically affect the way we communicate and use computer technology.Wireless tablet PCUSB Web10. Type of computing that uses the Internet and the Web to shift many computer activities from a user’s computer to computers on the Internet.Cloud browserInternet WebBook1. The keyboard, mouse, monitor, and system unit are:Hardware output devicesstorage devices software2. Programs that coordinate computer resources, provide an interface, and run applications are known as:application programsoperating systemsstorage systemsutility programs3. A browser is an example of a:general purpose applicationspecialized programsystem applicationutility program4. Although not as powerful as a supercomputer, this type of computer is capable of great processing speeds and data storage.Mainframe midrangeNotebook tablet5. The smallest type of microcomputer:handheldnotebookmidrangetablet6. RAM is a type of:Computer memoryNetwork secondary storage7. Unlike memory, this type of storage holds data and programs even after electrical power to the computer system has been turned off.primaryRAMROMsecondary8. The type of file created by word processors to save, for example, memos, term papers, and letters.databasedocumentpresentationworksheet9. Uses the Internet and the Web to shift many computer activities from a user’s computer to computers on the Internet.cloud computinghigh definitionnetworkUSB10. The largest network in the world is [the]:FacbeookInternetWebUSBChapter 2Matching1. This project launched the Internet.a. ARPANET2. Programs that provide access to Web resources.b. browsers3. The browser interprets the HTML instructions and displays___.i. Web pages4. Web based e-mail accounts do not require an e-mail program to be installed on your ___.e. computer5. The billions of unwanted and unsolicited e-mail.h. spam6. Photos, lists of personal interests, contact information, and other personal information displayed on Facebook.g. profiles7. Web site designed to allow visitors to fill in missinginformation or correct inaccuracies. j. wiki8. Evaluate the accuracy of information on the Web by considering authority, accuracy, objectivity and _____.f. currency9. Clients, the Internet, and service providers are basic components of this type of computing.d. cloud10. Type of electronic commerce that involves the sale of a product or service from one business to another.c. B2BBook1. The most popular Internet activity.a. communicating2. The most common way to access the Internet is through a(n).e. ISP3. Transmission of electronic messages over the Internet.c. e-mail4. Type of instant messaging service that supports a variety of different IM services.i. universal5. The premier business-oriented social networking site.f. LinkedIn6. Another name for a blog.j. Web log7. Publishes short sentences that only take a few seconds to write.g. microblog8. Maintain huge databases relating to information provided on the Web and the Internet.h. search services9. Electronic commerce involving individuals selling to individuals.b. C2C10. The basic components of cloud computing are clients, service providers, and the___.d. InternetMultiple Choice1. The Web was introduced in 1991 in Switzerland at the:APIX CERNInternet Spider2. These programs use a URL to connect to Web sites.Browsers spamProtocols utilities3. A type of communication that allows two or more people to contact each other via direct, live communication.e-mailIMsocial networkingWebmail4. The most widely used social networking site:CERNLinkedInTwitterFacebook5. To evaluate the accuracy of information you find on the Web, you should consider the sites’ authority, accuracy, objectivity, and:currencyobjectivitylocation6. The type of electronic commerce in which a business sellsa product to the general public.B2BB2CC2CP2B7. This type of computing frees users from owning, maintaining, and storing software and data:networkclouddesktopWeb8. These programs are automatically started and operate asa part of your browser.filtersFTPplug-insspiders9. FTP, Web-based, and BitTorrent are types of:file transferprotocolsspam blockerswikis10. This type of suite can be used to maintain your security and privacy while you are on the Web:browser securityfilterplug-inInternet securityBook1. The network that connects computers all over the world.CERNInternetLANWeb2. The rules for exchanging data between computers.protocolsWebWWW3. Client-based e-mail accounts require this special program to be installed on your computer.e-mail clienthyperlinkJavautility4. Communities of individuals who share a common interest typically create Facebook: clientsgroupspagesprofiles5. E-mail that does not require an e-mail program installed on a user's computer is known as:a bloga podcastWebmaila utility6. A very well-known microblog.LinkedInGoogle+TwitterWikipedia7. These programs continually look for new information and update search services’database programs.filtersIMspiderswikis8. Using a keyword, a search engine returns a list of related sites known as:blogshitspodcastsstrikes9. This is the Internet’s equivalent to traditional cash.digital cashe-commerceiCashInternet dollars10. Using file transfer utility software, you can copy files to your computer from specially configured servers on the Internet. This is called:downloadingfilteringblogginguploadingChapter 3Matching1. Application software can be divided into two categories: basic and ___.h. mobile apps2. This GUI uses a system of ribbons, tabs, and galleries.a. ribbon3. This application can be used to analyze sales trends and also evaluate and graph stock market trends.g. spreadsheet4. A feature of most word processors that enables users to quickly apply predefined formatting characteristics to text.i. styles5. A specialized graphics program for editing or modifying digital photographs.e. image editor6. Bitmap images are also referred to as _____ images.f. raster7. A program that sets up or structures a database.b. DBMS8. Illustration programs are used to create and edit _____ images.j. vector9. Graphics that typically appear as black and white boxes that automatically link mobile devices to a variety of different content including games, text, videos, and web sites.c. QR codes10. A collection of separate application programs bundled together and made available asa group.d. software suiteBook1.Toolbars typically appear below the menu bar and include small graphic elements called _____.a. buttons2. Simplifies the process of making a selection from a list of alternatives by graphically displaying the effect of alternatives before being selected.d. galleries3. A general purpose program that creates text-based documents.j. word processor4. Program that organizes, analyzes, and graphs numeric data.g. spreadsheet5. A collection of related data.c. database6. Also known as a photo editor, this specialized graphics program edits or modifies digital photographs.e. image editor7. The overall site design for a Web site is commonly represented in a graphical site ____.f. map8. A Web site that provides access to specific mobile apps is known as an app _____.h. store9. A type of suite that is stored at a server on the Internet and is available anywhere you can access the Internet.b. cloud10. A type of specialized suite that includes a variety of programs designed to make computing easier and safer.i. utilityMultiple Choice1. The portion of the application that allows you to controland to interact with the program.dialog boxgalleryuser interfacewindow2. The type of gui that uses tabs to organize groups of related items.charactergalleryribbontraditional3. This application software organizes, analyzes, and graphs numeric data.spreadsheetword processordatabasepresentation graphics4. A collection of related data equivalent to an electronic file cabinet:databasespreadsheetword processorpresentation graphics5. These programs allow you to mix text and graphics to create publications of professional quality focusing on page design and layout.image editorspresentation graphicsworkbooksdesktop publishing6. These readers allow mobile devices to use their digital cameras to scan quick response codes.mobile readerscamera scannersRC scannersQR code readers7. A Web site that provides access to specific mobile apps is called a(n):mobile storeapp storeiPhone appssmartphone store8. A collection of separate application programs bundled together and available as a group is a:integrated packagesoftware suiteapp suiteoffice apps9. One downside of using a _________ is that you are dependent on the server providing theapplication to be available whenever you need it.cloud suiteoffice suiteutility programWindows program10. Google Docs, Zoho, and Microsoft Office Web Apps are examples of:basic applicationscloud suitesutility suitesspecialized applicationsBook1. This type of software works with end users, application software, and computer hardware to handle the majority of technical details.applicationgeneral purposesystemutility2. A rectangular area that can contain a document, program, or message.dialog boxformframewindow3. Programs that create text-based documents.DBMSsuitesspreadsheetsword processors4. Programs that organize, analyze, and graph numeric data such as budgets and financial reports.DBMSsuitesspreadsheetsword processors5. Programs that allow you to mix text and graphics to create publications of professional quality.databasedesktop publishingpresentationproductivity6. The type of image consisting of geometric shapes.bitmaprasterribbonvector7. An online diary or commentary.bitmapblogHTMLvector8. Programs that combine a variety of visual objects to create attractive, visually interesting presentations.DBMSpresentation graphicsspreadsheetword processor9. Graphics that typically appear as black and white boxes that automatically link mobile devices to a variety of different content.QR Codesbitmapsraster imagesvectors10. Also known as an online suite.cloudintegratedofficeutilityChapter 4Matching1. Programs that allow particular input or output devices to communicate with the rest of the computer system.b. device drivers2. Operating systems allow users to interact with application programs and computer hardware through a user ___.e. interface3. This type of interface uses graphical elements such as icons and windows.d. gui4. In a ribbon gui these divide menus into major activity areas.h. tabs5. While there are hundreds of different operating systems, there are only three basic categories: network, stand-alone, and ___.c. embedded6. The most recent Mac OS X version.g. Mountain Lion7. Originally developed by a graduate student at the University of Helsinki, Linus Torvalds, this operating system is a popular and powerful alternative to Windows.f. Linux8. Mobile operating system for many of Hewlett-Packard's smartphones and tablet computers.j. WebOS9. Utility program that reduces the size of files so they require less storage space and can be sent more efficiently over the Internet.i. file compression10. Wizard that provides step-by-step guidance for selecting hardware drivers and installing drivers.a. add a deviceBook1. Programs that perform specific tasks related to managing computer resources.h. utilities2. Restarting a running computer without turning off the power.j. warm boot3. Type of operating system that controls and coordinates networked computers.f. NOS4. An operating system is often referred to as the software environment or___.g. platform5. OS X Lion feature to display and provide direct access to applications.e. Launchpad6.A type of software that allows a single physical computer to operate as though it were two or more separate and independent computers.i. virtualization7.Mobile operating system that that is owned by Google and is one of the fastest-growing mobile operating systems.a. Android8.Type of program that guards computer systems from viruses and other damaging programs.b. antivirus9. If a file cannot be saved on a single track, it has to be____.d. fragmented10. Program that works with the operating system to allow communication between a device and the rest of a computer system is called a device____.c. driverMatching1. This system software coordinates computer resources, provides a user interface, and runs applications.device driveroperating systemtranslatorutility2. Starting or restarting a computer is called:bootingaligninginitializingstartup3. Type of operating system used for handheld devices such as smartphones, cable and satellite television tuner boxes, video game systems, and other small electronics.cellembeddednetworkstand-alone4. The operating system is often referred to as the software environment or the software:desktopserverplatformwindow5. An approach in which a single physical computer can support multiple operating systems that operate independently.simulationhostingmultitaskingvirtualization6. An operating system released in 2012 with a user interface very similar to the interface used with tablets and smartphones with functionality similar to Windows 8.OS X Mountain LionOS X LionLinuxChrome7. An approach that allows a single computer to run multiple operating systems at the same time.multitaskingvirtualizationV.R.Windows8. Developed by Apple, based on Mac OS and is used as the platform for the iPhone, iPod touch, and iPad.iOSBlackberry OSAndroidWindows Phone 89. A Windows utility program that locates and eliminates unnecessary fragments and rearranges files and unused disk space to optimize operations.BackupDisk CleanupDisk DefragmenterRestore10. Dangerous programs that can be “caught” in a variety of ways including opening e-mail attachments and downloading software from the Internet.appspamutilityvirusBook1. What type of software works with users, application software, and computer hardware to handle the majority of technical details?applicationdesktopLinuxsystem2. The programs that convert programming instructions written by programmers into a language that computers understand and process are language:converterslinguistsmanagerstranslators3. The ability to switch between different applications stored in memory is called:diversionmultitaskingoperational interferenceprogramming4. Graphic representations for a program, type of file, or function:appiconimagesoftware5. This operating system feature is controlled by a mouse and changes shape depending on its current function.dialog boxmenumousepointer6. The operating system based on Linux, designed for Netbook computers, and focused on Internet connectivity through cloud computing:ChromeMacUnixWindows7. The mobile operating system developed by Apple and originally called iPhone OS:AndroidBlackBerry OSiOSMac OS8. A utility program that makes copies of files to be used in case the originals are lost or damaged:Backup and RestoreDisk CleanupDisk DefragmenterCompactor9. A troubleshooting utility that identifies and eliminates nonessential files, frees up valuable disk space, and improves system performance:Backup and RestoreDisk CleanupDisk DefragmenterCompactor10. Windows makes it easy to update drivers with Windows:BackupRestoreDriverUpdateChapter 5。
地质类专业英语复习资料
1、学科名称：Mineralogy 矿物学. Petrology 岩石学. Geomorphology 地貌学. Geochemistry 地球化学. Geophysics 地球物理. Sedimentology沉积学. Structural geology 构造地质学. Economic geology 经济地质学. Stratigraphy 地层学. Paleogeography 古地理学.Precambrian前寒武纪.paleozoic 古生代.mesozoic中生代.cenozoic新生代.aqueous 水成论.uniformitarianism均变说.catastrophism灾变说.remote sensing遥感.space shuttle航天飞机.engineering geology 工程地质学.geological mapping 地质填图. 古生物学paleontology mineral composition/component of rock 岩石组分elongate shape 椭圆形. Granulite麻粒岩.halo变质环带. geologic structure地质构造. tectonic构造.debris残骸;碎片;破片;残渣.2、常见矿物mineral：Granite花岗岩. quartz石英. feldspar长石. fluorite萤石. Dolomite白云石. cassiterite锡石. stibnite辉锑矿.silica tetrahedrons硅氧四面体.sheet silicates片状硅酸盐。
chain silicates链状. framework silicates框架硅酸盐. mica云母. chert/flint 燧石. hornblende角闪石. amphibole闪石. augite普通辉石. olivine橄榄石.orthoclase正长石. 斜长石plagioclase. 硅石silica. 玛瑙agate. 碧玉jasper。
英语专四复习资料
英语专四复习资料作为一名英语专四考生，复习资料的选择至关重要。
以下是我分享的一些有用的复习资料，希望能对大家有所帮助。
第一，词汇书词汇是英语考试的重要组成部分，词汇书是必备复习资料。
建议选择《大学英语四级词汇必备》或《考研英语词汇》这样的教材，这些词汇书根据词汇出现频率和重要程度编排，可以帮助考生高效地学习词汇。
第二，阅读材料阅读是专四考试最难的一部分，而提高阅读能力最好的方法就是多读。
建议选择英文小说、新闻报道等适合自己阅读水平的材料进行阅读练习。
也可以选择一些英语阅读专题网站，比如BBC 阅读、雅思阅读等进行练习。
第三，听力练习资料听力是英语专四考试的另一难点，需要考生掌握快速听懂英语的技能。
建议选择一些专业的英语听力教材，如《新东方听力口语精讲》等进行听力练习。
此外，也可以选择一些BBC新闻、TED Talks等英语听力材料进行练习。
第四，口语练习资料口语是英语专四考试的另一要求，需要考生掌握口语表达能力。
建议选择英语口语教材，如《新东方口语》等进行练习。
也可以选择一些英语口语交流群或者线上口语教练进行交流和练习。
第五，写作语法书写作是专四考试的最后一部分，需要考生掌握一定的写作技巧和语法知识。
建议选择《英语语法大全》或《英语修辞学》等相关教材进行阅读和掌握。
此外，也可以搜索一些相关的写作模板进行参考，帮助提高自己的写作水平。
总之，英语专四复习需要系统性和全面性，需要考生选择适合自己的复习资料进行学习和练习。
希望以上的建议能对大家有所帮助，祝愿大家取得好成绩。
会计专业英语复习资料
Post test 1 基本概念1. Things of value owned by an entity: assets Money: cashClaims of creditors: liabilitiesClaims of investors: equity2. 2 types of sources of funds：Stronger claim: liabilitiesLesser claim: equity3. A balance sheet reports the status of an entity ....ata point of time.4. Give the fundamental accounting equation: Assets = Liabilities + Equity5. The above equation is consistent with what concept?: Dual-aspect concept6. Money-measurement concept states that accounting reports only facts that can be expressed in monetary amounts.7. A balance sheet does not report all the facts abouta business. What concept limits the amount or type of information that can be reported? Money-measurement concept8. Brown Company has 10000 dollar cash. Its owner withdraws 100 dollars for his own use. The owner is (no better or worse off) than he was before. Brown company now has (less) cash. The fact that this event affects the owner differently than it affects the company is an illustration of the entity concept.9. The entity concept states that accounts are kept for entities as distinguished from the persons who own those entities.11. The going-concern concept is: Accounting assumes that an entity will continue to operate indefinitely.12. The asset-measurement concept is: if reliable information is available, accounting focuses on the fair value of assets. Nonmonetary assets are reported at their original cost.13. An item can be reported as an asset if it passes 3 of the following: item is valuable, item was acquired at a measurable cost, item is owned or controlled by the entity.14. Goodwill is a favorable name or reputation purchased by the entity.15. An asset is classified as current if it is cash or is expected to be converted into cash in the near future, usually within one year.16. A liability is classified as current if it becomes due in the near future, usually within one year.17. Marketable securities are current assets. Investments are noncurrent assets.19. An insurance policy paid in advance of the time period covered is an example of a prepaid expense.20. A building, an item of equipment, and an automobile may all be examples of plant and property.21.Parker Company operates a furniture store. On December 31,2005,it had 30 desks that it was holding for sale. These would be reported as inventory. The desk that is used by the president of Parker Company would be reported as plant and property.22.Fox Company sold $1,000 of goods on credit to Golden Company. This would be recorded as an account receivable of Fox Company and as an account payable of Golden Company.23. Indicate whether the following statements about the balance sheet of a corporation are true or false:a. Assets list all the valuable things owned bythe entity----Fb. The amount reported for the paid-in capitalitem is approximately the fair value of the stock-----Fc. The amount reported for total equity isapproximately the fair value of the corporation’sstock---Fd. Total equities (also called “net worth”) showapproximately what the entity is worth.----Fe. Retained earnings is the amount of cashretained in the entity.-----FPost test 2 资产负债表的变更：收入的核算1.On January 2, John Brown started the BrownCompany. In January, Brown Company did thefollowing things:a. It received $5,000 cash from John Brown asits capital.b. It borrowed $10,000 from a bank, giving anote therefor.c. It purchased $4,000 of inventory for cash.d. It sold $2,000 of its inventory for $6,000 to acustomer, who paid $3,500 cash and agreed to pay$2,500 within 30 days.e. It purchased an auto for $7,000. It paid$2,000 down and gave a note to the automobiledealer for the remaining $5,000f. Brown withdrew $1,000 cash for his personaluse.g. Brown was offered $10,000 for his equity inthe business, but he refused the offer.On a separate piece of paper, prepare a roughdraft of a balance sheet for Brown Company as of theclose to business January 31, and an incomestatement for January.Brown CompanyBalance Sheet as of Jan31AssetsCash……………………………………$11,500Accounts Receivable…………………2,500Inventory………………………………….2,000Automobile………………………………7,000Total………………………………………$23,000Liabilities and EquityNotes Payable………………………$15,000Paid-in Capital…………………………5,000Retained Earnings……………………3,000Total……………………………………$23,000Brown CompanyIncome Statement for January Revenue...........................$6,000Expense ...........................$2,000Income ............................$4,0002.Brown Company's income was $4,000, but itsRetained Earnings was only $3,000. Reread the firstframe and choose the item (a-g) that explains thedifference. f3.John Brown claims that the inventory as of January31 is worth $6,000, as shown by the fact thatinventory costing $2,000 was actually sold for $6,000.Would you change the balance sheet ?...(No). This isan illustration of the asset-measurement concept.Nonmonetary assets are reported at their cost ratherthan their worth or fair value.Post test 3 会计记录和系统1. On March 5, Kay Company purchased $6,000 ofinventory, paying cash. Prepare a journal entry forthis transaction below.Journal2001 Transactions Dr. Cr.March 5Inventory6,000Cash6,0002. On March 10, Kay Company made a $15,000 sale toa customer who paid $6,000 cash and agreed to payto the other $9,000 in 30 days. The merchandise soldhad cost $8,000. Prepare a journal entry for the sale,below.Journal2001 Transactions Dr. Cr.March 10Cash6,000Accounts Receivable9,000Revenues15,0003. On March 10, Kay Company made a sale for$15,000 for merchandise that had cost $8,000.Prepare a journal entry to record the cost of the salebelow.Journal2001 Transactions Dr. Cr.March 10 Expenses8,000Inventory8,0004. Recall from the previous frames that revenuesfrom the sale on March 10 were $15,000 and that themerchandise sold had cost $8,000. Prepare theclosing entries.Journal2005 Transactions Dr. Cr.March 31Revenues15,000Retained earnings15,000March 31Retained earnings8,000Expenses8,0005-10. Omit11.A critic said that the company had $25,000 cash atthe beginning of March and $25,000 at the end ofMarch, and since its cash balance was unchanged, itcouldn't be said to have any income in March. Thiscriticism is (incorrect).12.The reason the criticism is incorrect is becauseincome is an increase in retained earnings, notnecessarily in cash. For example, the sales revenue ofKay Company in March was $15,000 and its incomewas $7,000 even though $9,000 was received in cash.Post test 4 营业收入和货币资产1. The conservation concept states that increases inequity are recognized only when they are reasonablycertain, while decreases in equity are recognized assoon as they are reasonably possible.2. The materiality concept states: disregard trivialmatters but disclose all important matters.3. What is the length of the usual accounting period?One year. Financial statements prepared for shorterperiods are called interim statements.4. Cash accounting reports items that increase ordecrease cash. Accrual accounting reports items thatchange equity or retained earnings, even thoughthese changes may not affect cash.5. Increases in equity associated with the entity’soperations during a period are revenues, anddecreases are expenses. The difference betweenthem is labeled income.6. The realization concept states that revenues are recognized when goods or services are delivered.7. H Company manufactures a table in August and places it in its retail store in September. R Smith, a customer, agrees to buy the table in October, it is delivered to him in November, and he pays the bill in December. In what month is the revenue is recognized? (November)8. The receipt of cash is a debit to Cash. What is the offsetting credit and (type of account) for the following types of sales transactions?Account Crediteda. Cash received prior to delivery. Advances from customers (a liability)b. Cash received in same period as delivery. Revenuec. Cash received after the period of delivery. Accounts receivable (an asset)9.Similarly, revenue is a credit entry. What is the offsetting debit when revenue is recognized in each of these periods?Account Debiteda. Revenue recognized prior to receipt of cash. Accounts receivableb. Revenue recognized in same period as receipt of cash. Cashc. Revenue recognized in the period following receipt of cash. Advances from customers10.In February, H Company agrees to sell a table to a customer for $600, and the customer makes a down payment of $100 at that time. The cost of the table is $400. The table is delivered to the customer in March, and the customer pays the remaining $500 in April. Give the journal entries (if any) that would be made in February, March, and April for both the revenue and expense aspects of this transaction. February:Cash100Advances from customers100March:Accounts receivable500Advances from customers100Revenue600March:Expenses400Inventory400April:Cash500Accounts receivable50011.At the end of 2005, M Company had accounts receivable of $200,000, and it estimated that $2,000 of this amount was a bad debt. Its revenue in 2005, with no allowance for the bad debts, was $600,000. A. What account should be debited for the $2,000 bad debt? RevenueB. What account should be credited? Allowance for doubtful accountsC. What amount would be reported as net accounts receivable on the balance sheet? $198,000D. What amount would be reported as revenue on the 2005 income statement? $598,00012.In 2006, the $2,000 of bad debt was written off.A. What account should be debited for this written off? Allowance for doubtful accountsB. What account should be credited? AccountsreceivablePost test 5 费用的核算；损益表1. An expenditure occurs in the period in which goodsor services are acquired. An expense occurs in theperiod in which goods or services are consumed.2. A certain asset was acquired in May. There wastherefore an expenditure in May. At the end of May,the item was either on hand, or it was not. If it wason hand, it was an asset; If it was not on hand, it wasan expense in May.3. Productive assets are unexpired costs. Expensesare expired costs.4. The matching concept states that costs associatedwith the revenues of a period are expenses of thatperiod.5. Expenses of a period consist of:a. costs of the goods and services delivered duringthat period.b. other expenditures that benefit operations ofthe period.c. losses6. If Brown company pays rent prior to the periodthat the rent covers, the amount is initially reportedas credit to cash and a debit to Prepaid Rent, which isan asset account. If Brown Company pays the rentafter the period covered, the amount is initiallyrecorded as a debit to Rent Expense and a credit toAccrued Rent, which is a liability account.7. A brand new machine owned by Fay Company wasdestroyed by fire in 2005. It was uninsured. It hasbeen purchased for $10,000 with the expectationthat it would be useful for 5 years. The expenserecorded in 2005 should be $10,000.8. Gross margin is the difference between salesrevenue and cost of sales.9. gross margin percentage: (gross margin)/(salesrevenue)10. The difference between revenues and expenses inan accounting period (or the amount by which equity[i.e., retained earnings] increased from operatingactivities during the period) is called net income.11. A distribution of earnings to shareholders is calleddividends(股利).12. retained earnings at the end of the period=retained earnings at the beginning of the period + netincome–dividends.Post test 6 存货和销售成本1. A dealer sells a television set for $800 cash. It hadcost $600. Write journal entries for the four accountsaffected by this transaction.Dr. Cash800Cr. Revenue800Dr. Cost of Sales600Cr. Inventory6002. When using the perpetual inventory method (永续盘存), a record is kept for each item, showingreceipts, issues, and the amount on hand.3. Write an equation that shows how the cost of salesis determined by deduction:Cost of sales = beginning inventory+purchases –ending inventory4.Omit5.In periods of inflation, many companies use theLIFO method in calculating their taxable incomebecause LIFO gives a higher cost of sales and hence alower taxable income.6. A company discovers that the fair value of itsinventory is $1000 lower than its cost. What journalentry should it take?Dr. Cost of Sales1,000Cr. Inventory1,0007. In a manufacturing business, what three elementsenter into the cost of a manufactured item?Direct material, direct labor, and overhead.8. Period costs become an expense during the periodin which they were incurred.9. Product costs become an expense during theperiod in which the products were sold.10. One type of overhead rate involves use of thetotal direct labor costs and total production overheadcosts for a period. Write a ratio that shows how theoverhead rate is calculated.(Total production overhead costs)/(Total directlabor costs)11. A given finished item requires $50 of directmaterials and 5 hours of direct labor at $8 per hour.The overhead rate is $4 per direct labor hour. At whatamount would the finished item be shown ininventory? $110 = 50 + 40 + 2012. An inventory turnover of 5 is generally better thanan inventory turnover of 4 because it indicates thatless capital is tied up in inventory, and there is lessrisk that the inventory will become obsolete.Post test 7 非流动资产和折旧1. The amount at which a new plant asset is recordedin the accounts includes its purchase price plus allcosts incurred to make the asset ready for itsintended use (such as transportation andinstallation).2. A plant asset is acquired in 2005. It is expected tobe worn out at the end of 10 years and to becomeobsolete in five years. What is its service life? ---Fiveyears.3. Ordinarily, land is not depreciated because itsservice life is indefinitely long.4.A plant asset is acquired in 2005 at a cost of $20000.Its estimated service life is 10 years, and its estimatedresidual value is $2000 :a. The estimated depreciable cost of the asset is$18,000b. If the straight-line depreciation method is used,the depreciation rate for this asset is 10 percent.c. What amount will be recorded as depreciationexpense in each year of the asset’s life?---$1,800d. What amount will be debited and what accountwill be credited to record this depreciation expense?Dr. Depreciation expenseCr. Accumulated depreciatione. After five years have elapsed, how would thisasset be reported on the balance sheet?1) Plant------$20,0002) Less accumulated depreciation-------$9,0003) Book value-------$11,0005. A machine is purchase on January 2, 2005, for$20,000 and its has an expected life of five years andno estimated residual value.a. If the a machine is still in use six years later, what amount of depreciation expense will be reported in for the sixth year?----zerob. What amount, if any, will be reported on the balance sheet at the end of the sixth year?1) It will not be reported.-----X2) It will be reported as follows:Machine$20,000Accumulated depreciation$20,000Book value$06. A machine is purchase on January 2, 2005, for $50,000. It has an expected service life for 10 years and no residual value. Eleven years later it is sold for $3,000 cash.a. There will be a gain of $3,000b. What account will be debited and what account credited to record this amount?Dr. CashCr. Gain on disposition of assets.7. Given an example of each of the following types of assets, and give the name of the process used in writing off the cost of the second and third type. Asset type\Example\Write-off processPlant Asset\m achine, b uilding\Depreciation Wasting asset\c oal, o il ,m inerals\Depletion Intangible asset\g oodwill, t rademark \Amortization 8. Conoil Company purchased a producing oil property for $10,000,000 on January 2, 2005. It estimated that the property contained one million barrels of oil and that the property had a service life of 20 years. In 2005, 40,000 barrels of oil were recovered from the property. What amount should be charged as an expense in 2005?------$400,0009. Wasting assets and intangible assets are reported on the balance sheet in a different way than building, equipment, and similar plant assets. The difference is that wasting assets are reported at the net amount and plant assets are reported at cost, accumulated depreciation, and net amount.10. In calculating its taxable income, a company tries to report its income as low as it can. In calculating its financial accounting income, a company tries to report its income as fairly as it can.11. As compared with straight-line depreciation, accelerated depreciation writes off more depreciation in the early years of an asset’s life and less in the later years. Over the whole life of asset, accelerated depreciation writes off the same total cost as straight-line depreciation.12. Companies usually use accelerated depreciation in tax accounting because it reduces taxable income and hence income tax in the early years.13. Assume an income tax rate of 40%. If a company calculated its financial accounting income (before income taxes) in 2005 as $6 million and its taxable income as$4 million, what amount would it report as income tax expense on its 2005 income statement?----$2,400,00014. Fill in the missing name on the following table:Income tax expense $100,000Income tax paid -60,000Deferred income tax$ 40,000 The $40,000 would be reported on the balance sheet as a liability.。
应用技术学院-计算机专业英语复习资料
应用技术学院-计算机专业英语复习资料专业英语复习资料一、请写出以下单词的中文意思。
1、floppy disk软盘2、printer打印机3、optical disk光盘4、formatting toolbar 格式工具条5、formula方程式6、relational database关系数据库7、antivirus program抗病毒程序8、fragmented破碎9、user interface用户界面10、bus line总线11、smart card智能卡12、motherboard主板13、digital camera数码相机14、fax machine传真机15、ink-jet printer喷墨打印机16、access time访问时间17、direct access直接存取18、Bluetooth蓝牙19、digital signal数字签名20、protocols协议21、operating system 操作系统22．requirements analysis 需求分析23．network security 网络安全24．data structure 数据结构25．decision support system 决策支持系统26．software crisis 软件危机27．computer virus 电脑病毒28．email attachment 电邮附件29．central processing unit ( CPU )中央处理单元30．ink-jet printer 喷墨打印机31. multimedia 多媒体32. software life cycle软件生命周期33. structured programming 结构化程序34. functional testing 功能测试35. word processor 文字处理36. code windows 代码窗口37. firewall 防火墙38. LAN local area network局域网39. hacker 黑客40. switch 开关41．数据库管理系统database management system42．传输控制协议transmission control protocol43．多文档界面multiple document interface 44．面向对象编程Object-oriented programming 45．只读存储器read-only memory46．数字视频光盘Digital Video Disc47．计算机辅助设计computer aided design48．结构化查询语言Structured Query Language49．通用串行总线Universal Serial Bus50．企业之间的电子商务交易方式EDi二、单项选择题。
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单词翻译（20分）Design-Bid-Build 设计-招标-建造模式Design-Build 设计-建造总承包模式Lowest Bidder 最低中标Construction Drawing 建筑图纸Federal Procurement Statute 联邦采购法令Budget Constraint 预算控制Unit Cost 单位成本Delivery Speed 建设速度project scope 项目范围activity network diagram 任务网络图critical path 关键路径Gantt chart 甘特图WBS 工作分析结构triple constraint 三角形约束resource utilization 资源利用back-loaded work plan 当前工作计划Project manager 项目经理project life cycle 项目生命周期a feasibility study 可行性研究stand-alone project 独立的项目intermediate phase 中间阶段 a single design phase 一个单一的设计阶段cost and staffing levels 成本和员工水平stakeholder 利益相关者application area 应用领域conceptual development 理念上的进展Import price 进口价export price 出口价Current price 时价/现行价factory price 出厂价格Offered price 报价/报盘价contract price 契约价格/合同价Closing price 收盘价/稍跌的价格competitive price 竞争价格Cost plus price 加价价格official price 公定价格/官方价格段落翻译（30分）1、The construction work can be divided into a number of stages：建筑工作可以分为以下几个阶段：1）Evaluation of plans , specifications , basic demands and features of the site .评估计划、规范、基本要求以及工地特点2) Plan and speed of the job . 计划以及工程进度3) Making the site ready . 准备施工现场4) Building the structure . 构造建筑物主体5) Cleaning up . 清理收尾2、The most common methods of construction project delivery include Design-Bid-Build(DBB)，Construction Management(CM) and Design-Manage(DM). Each of these methods has advantages and disadvantages and all can be used to successfully plan , design and undertake a given construction project.最常用的建筑项目建设模式包含设计-招标-建造模式(DBB)、设计-建造总承包模式(DB)、边设计边施工模式(CM)、设计-管理模式(DM)。
每种模式都有其各自的优点和缺点并且都可以成功地应用于建筑项目的计划、设计和实施中。
3、A Gant chart is a type of bar chart that illustrates a project schedule. Gantt charts illustrate the start and finish dates of the terminal elements and summary elements of a project. Terminal elements and summary elements comprise the work breakdown structure of the project. Some Gantt charts also show the dependency (i.e. precedence network) relationships between activities. Gantt charts can be used to show current schedule status using percent complete shadings and a vertical “TODAY”line an shown here.甘特图是一个说明项目进度计划的条形图。
甘特图说明了一个工程中终端部分及主要部分的起始日期。
工程任务分解结构由终端部分和主要部分构成。
一些甘特图（如前导网络图）显示出不同部分之间的联系。
甘特图可用已完成百分比阴影及一条指示当日进度的直线来显示当前工程的日程状况。
4、Few businesses can survive without the knowledge of costs an without an intelligent control of costs. Certainly this is true in the construction industry. A contractor maybe an excellent builder, but unless he knows his construction costs, he will never survive the vigorous competition in the industry. If a manufacturer finder that he has lost money on certain items, he may be able to raisethe prices enough to assure a profit. However, a contractor who discovers after a project is finished that he has lost money may not have an opportunity to raise the price on the next project, especially if his losses are so great that he cannot finance another project. He may lose money because of one or more reasons, such as low bidding, insufficient knowledge of job conditions, increase in the costs of materials and labor, adverse weather condition, etc.如果不懂成本或者不能理智的控制成本，任何行业都无法存在。
建筑行业也不例外。
一个承包人可能会是个很杰出的建筑师，但是如果他不懂得建筑成本理论，他将无法承受建筑行业的激烈竞争。
如果一个制造商发现他在某些项目上亏损了，那他完全能够通过提高产品价格的方法来确保最终的盈利。
然而，如果一个建筑商在项目完成之后才发现自己亏损的话，他是没有机会来提高下一个项目的价格的，尤其是当亏损过于严重时，建筑商就无法投资下一项目。
建筑商可能会因为一个或者多个原因亏损，比如说低价竞标，对工作条件的不完全了解，原料和劳动力成本的增加，以及不利的天气因素等等。
5、Managing a project includes : 管理一项工程包括：1) Identifying requirements 确定客户需求2) Establishing clear and achievable objectives 建立明确并可完成的目标3) Balancing the competing demands for quality , scope , time and cost .实现工程质量、范围、时间和成本之间的均衡4) Adapting the specifications , plans , and approach to the different concerns and expectations of the various stakeholders .调整规格、计划和方法，从而满足股东们不同的利害关系及期望值句子翻译（20分）1、这个工程的全面质量管理.需要加强。
Total Quality Control （TQC）over the project will be strengthened2、现场检查工作由我们的检查科管理（实施、指导）。
Field inspection work is handled (executed, directed) by our Inspection Section.3、这活必须返工重做。
This job will have to be done over again.4、实验结果达到质量要求。
The testing results fulfill quality requirements.5、缺陷必须立即修复。
The defet must be repaired at once.6、欢迎来到我们的工地。
Welcome to our construction site.7、这里很简陋，别介意。
It’s very simple and crude here, don’t mind, please.8、我是工地工程师（厂长，车间主任，班组长，领工，工人，职员）。
I’m a site engineer ( director, workshop head , chief of section , foreman , worker, staff member)9、王先生负责这项工作。
Mr Wang is responsible for this task.10、我负责这个工段。
I’m in charge of this section.11、注意安全！危险！当心！快躲开！Pay attention to safety ! Danger! Look out of the way!12、请戴上安全帽！Put on your safety helmet , please.13、这里严禁烟火。