The World Bank and The International Monetary …：世界银行和国际货币…-精选文档-PPT课件

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国际组织的作用英语作文

International organizations play a pivotal role in the contemporary world,shaping global policies,fostering cooperation,and addressing a myriad of issues that transcend national borders.Here are some of the key functions that these organizations serve:1.Promoting Peace and Security:Organizations like the United Nations UN work towards maintaining international peace and security by mediating conflicts,deploying peacekeeping missions,and promoting disarmament.2.Economic Development:Entities such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund IMF focus on reducing poverty and promoting economic growth by providing financial assistance,technical support,and policy advice to developing countries.3.Human Rights Protection:The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights OHCHR and other groups work to uphold human rights standards globally, ensuring that individuals are treated fairly and with dignity.4.Environmental Conservation:Bodies like the United Nations Environment Programme UNEP are dedicated to protecting the environment and promoting sustainable development,addressing issues such as climate change,biodiversity loss,and pollution.5.Health and Disease Control:The World Health Organization WHO leads international efforts to combat diseases,improve health systems,and respond to global health emergencies,such as the COVID19pandemic.cation and Cultural Exchange:UNESCO promotes international cooperation in education,science,and culture,aiming to build peace in the minds of people through the exchange of knowledge and ideas.7.Trade Regulation:The World Trade Organization WTO sets the rules for international trade,ensuring that trade flows as smoothly,predictably,and freely as possible.8.Humanitarian Aid:Organizations such as the International Committee of the Red Cross ICRC and various UN agencies provide humanitarian assistance to those affected by conflicts and natural disasters.9.Standard Setting:International organizations often set global standards and guidelines in various fields,such as telecommunications International Telecommunication Union, aviation International Civil Aviation Organization,and labor rights International Labour Organization.10.Advocacy and Lobbying:NGOs and other international advocacy groups work to influence policy and raise awareness on specific issues,such as human trafficking,gender equality,and climate justice.11.Research and Knowledge Sharing:Many international organizations conduct research and share findings to inform policy and practice,contributing to the global knowledge base.12.Disaster Response and Management:Organizations like the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs OCHA coordinate disaster response efforts, providing immediate assistance and longterm recovery support.13.Migration and Refugee Support:The UN High Commissioner for Refugees UNHCR works to protect and support refugees,internally displaced persons,and stateless people.14.Technology and Innovation:Organizations such as the International Telecommunication Union ITU promote the development and equitable distribution of communication technologies.15.Legal Frameworks:International organizations contribute to the development of international law and treaties,shaping the legal landscape that governs global affairs. These roles are not exhaustive but highlight the multifaceted impact international organizations have on the world stage.They serve as platforms for dialogue,cooperation, and collective action,addressing challenges that no single nation can tackle alone.。

商务翻译(英译汉) Unit 9 The World Bank

【参考译文】人们对历史研究方法产生了兴趣，这与其说是因为外部对历史作为一门知识学科的有效性提出了挑战，还不如说是因为历史学家内部发生了争吵。
10. This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to combine agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.
development, agriculture, and environmental and natural
resource management.
9. Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.
11. It is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working but that the latter is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former.

高级口译重点词组及句子翻译（教材）

高级口译重点词组及句子翻译（教材）高级口译重点词组及句子翻译（教材）中译英：（词汇语短语部分）1.制药有限公司pharmaceutical CO. Ltd2.副总经理deputy managing director3.研究成果research findings/achievements4.旅馆住宿费hotel accommodation fee5.舒适如归make sb. comfortable6.排忧解难help sb. out7.建交the establishment of diplomatic relations8.积贫积弱enduring impoverishment/long-standing debility9.任人宰割at the mercy of other countries10.落后要挨打lagging behind leaves one vulnerable to attacks11.发展是硬道理development is of overriding importance12.与时俱进keep pace with the times13.全面建设小康社会to build a moderately prosperous society in all respects14.科学发展观the scientific outlook on development15.自主创新independent innovation16.包容性增长inclusive growth17.改善民生improve people’s well-being18.生态文明建设ecological development19.互利共赢win-win20.双边关系bilateral relations21.销售部经理sales manager22.调整价格adjust the price23.合同格式format of contract24.古迹名胜places of historic interest and scenic beauty25.石刻碑文stone inscription26.经典佳作great classics of ancient writers, scholars and calligraphers27.华夏祖先Chinese ancestors28.世界自然与文化遗产World Natural and Cultural Heritage29.汇率大幅波动currencies fluctuate drastically30.同舟共济、合作共赢的精神in a spirit of staying united in times of troubleand collaborating with each other for a win-win situation31.有机统一体an integral concept32.首要任务the top priority33.实体经济the real economy34.由温饱到小康的历史性跨越 a historic breakthrough from a period ofhaving only basic needs met to a comfortable life35.发展诉求development aspiration36.任重道远an arduous and uphill task37.减免债务debt reduction and annihilation38.优惠贷款concessional loan39.常住居民permanent residents40.龙头作用play a leading role41.支柱产业pillar industry42.海纳百川、有容乃大the sea admits hundreds of rivers for its capacity to hold43.磁悬浮列车the maglev train44.大宗商品bulk commodity45.底子薄weak economic basis英译中1.in an atmosphere of learning 在学术气氛中2.reduce inventory 缩短开发周期/doc/4014573985.html,pound rate 复利率4.service-oriented 服务型5.win-win thinking 双赢思维模式6.predominant 主导的/doc/4014573985.html,mute 外来工作者8.temperate climate zone 温带地区9.gross domestic product 国内生产总值10.international cuisine 国际烹饪水准11.scope of business 经营范围12.make an inquiry 询价13.free sample 免费样品14.floor offer 底盘15.business transaction 生意顺利成交16.gracious hospitality 友好款待17.bosom friend 知己18.thriving and robust 蓬勃向上19.business community 商业界20.manufacturing industry 制造业21.intellectual property rights 知识产权22.transnational corporation 跨国公司23.cosmopolitan city 国际大都市24.head office 总部25.at one’s earliest convenience在某人方便的时候句子1.这表明，国际经融危机深层次影响尚未消除，世界经济系统性和结构性风险仍十分突出。

unit 22世界银行The world bank

The World BankInternational Bank for Reconstruction and Development（IBRD）, also known as the World Bank(WB), is a specialized United Nations agency established at Bretton Woods Conference in 1944. 【布雷顿森林会议（Bretton Woods Conference）：1944年7月1—22日，参加筹建联合国的44个国家的代表，在美国新罕布什尔州布雷顿森林的华盛顿山大旅社举行，为讨论和制订战后国际货币金融合作计划而召开的联合国货币金融会议（United Nation Monetary and Financial Conference）】A related institution, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), was created at the same time. The chief objective of the bank is to assist in the reconstruction and development of territories of members by facilitating the investment of capital for productive purposes.国际复兴开发银行（IBRD），又称为世界银行(WB)，是联合国属下的一个专门机构，它是根据1944年布雷顿森林会议上通过的《国际复兴开发银行协定》成立的。

与其相关的国际货币基金组织(IMF)也是1944年成立的。

世界银行的主要目的是通过用于促进提高生产力的资本投资来协助成员国的重建与发展。

The bank grants loans only to member nations, for the purpose of financing specific projects. Before a nation can secure a loan, advisers and experts representing the bank must determine that the prospective borrower can meet conditions stipulated by the bank. Most of these conditions are designed to ensure that loans will be used productively and that they will be repaid. The bank requires that the borrower be unable to secure a loan for the particular project from any other source onreasonable terms and that the prospective project be technically feasible and economically sound. To ensure repayment, member governments must guarantee loans made to private concerns within their territories. After the loan has been made, the bank requires periodic reports both from the borrower and from its own observers on the use of the loan and on the progress of the project.世界银行只给成员国提供贷款，用于资助具体项目的目的。

商务英语阅读期末考试复习资料

《商务英语阅读》期末考试复习资料一、词汇翻译题（课内词汇+课外高频商务词汇）1.entrepreneur 企业家2.specification 规格详述3.human resources 人力资源4.institution 机构5.orientation 方向，导向，新员工入职培训6.decline 消减，衰亡7.bonus 奖金unch 推出，投放市场munity 社区，共同体10.necessities （生活）必需品11.stock 股票12.liquidity 流动性，变现性13.risk 风险14.potential 潜在的15.act of God 不可抗力y off 使……下岗17.listed company 上市公司18.log on 登入、连接（上网）19.absolute interest 绝对产权20.keyboard skills 打字技能21.human resources 人力资源22.account for 解释某事物的原因，占……比例23.executive 高级管理人员，执行总裁24.logo 企业或公司等专用的标记、标识25.administration 管理26.budget 预算27.feasible 可行的28.industry 产业，行业29.ingredient 成分，要素30.securities 证券mission 佣金32.dividend 股息，红利33.mature 到期，成熟34.accounts receivable 应收账款35.job description 岗位描述36.letter of intent 意向书37.living wage 基本生活工资38.bar code 条形码39.acid test 决定性的考验40.executive 高管，主管41.administrative expenses 行政管理费用42.jet lag 飞机时差反应43.customized 用户化的，按客户要求定制的44.keep-fit market 保健市场45.lecture theatre 梯形教室，梯形报告厅46.local adaptation 本土化47.balance sheet 资产负债表48.benefits package 福利套餐,整体福利49.bill of lading 提单、提货单50.access fee 使用费二、单项选择题（课内）1.Factors of production refer to _______.A.natural resources and capitalbor and entrepreneursC.both A and B2.The structure of a large manufacturing company and that of a small service firmshould be __________.A. the sameB. differentC. similar3. Organization charts show employees where they ______.A. start their workB. report to the bossC. fit into the company’s operation4. The basic management skills are ________.A.technical skills, human relations skills and conceptual skillsB.performing skills, marketing skills and planning skillsanizing skills, controlling skills and leading skills5. ________ programs include wages and salaries, incentives, and benefit forworkers.A. CompensationB. MarketingC. Orientation6. The firm’s ________ covers all the products it offers for sale.A. product lineB. product lifeC. product mix7. A nation’s ______ is the difference between the flow of money into and outof the nation.A.balance of tradeB.balance of paymentsC.payment of balance8. China is in the _______ regional economy.A. North AmericaB. EuropeC. Asia/Pacific9. A corporation can also obtain equity financing by selling securities directlyto current stockholders. “Equity” here means ______.A. reasonable qualityB. ordinary stocks and sharesC. principles of equality10.Most short-term financing is unsecured. “unsecured” here means _______.A.no interest chargeB.no collateral is requiredC.no bank loans11.The funds needed to operate an enterprise are referred to as _______.A.capitalB.resourcesbor12. Organization charts show employees where they ______.A. start their workB. report to the bossC. fit into the company’s operation13. The basic management skills are ________.A.technical skills, human relations skills and conceptual skillsB.performing skills, marketing skills and planning skillsanizing skills, controlling skills and leading skills14. ________ programs include wages and salaries, incentives, and benefit forworkers.A. CompensationB. MarketingC. Orientation15. The firm’s ________ covers all the products it offers for sale.A. product lineB. product lifeC. product mix16. _______ may be established based on costs, demands, the competitions’prices,or some combination of these.A. ProductsB. BrandsC. Prices17. A nation’s ______ is the difference between the flow of money into and outof the nation.A.balance of tradeB.balance of paymentsC.payment of balance18. China is in the _______ regional economy.A. North AmericaB. EuropeC. Asia/Pacific19.People can buy stocks from _____.A.securities marketsB. a secure marketC.financial markets20. High-risk investment techniques can provide greater returns, but they entailgreater risk of loss. “Entail” here means _________.A. retailB. investC. involve（答案自己在书上找）三、阅读理解题（课外）Passage 1Global Recession Hits the Developing WorldBoth the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund expect the world economy to shrink this year for the first time since World War Two. As recently as January, the I.M.F. had predicted growth of one-half percent. But this week its chief, Dominique Strauss-Kahn, said the world has entered what he called “a great recession”.A new World Bank report says the recession may hurt the developing world the most. Those countries depend on trade for economic growth. But world trade is expected to fall at the fastest rate in eighty years.East Asia has been hardest hit. In February, exports from China fell twenty-six percent from a year ago.Rich nations are expected to borrow heavily in world credit markets to finance spending at home. But investors are demanding very high returns if they are willing to lend to the developing world at all. Jeff Chelsky, a World Bank senior economist, says investors are avoiding higher risk debt in a flight to quality.The bank estimates that up to three trillion dollars of public and private loans in developing countries must be repaid this year. Some nations have enough foreign currency reserves, but others will struggle to find new financing to pay their existing debts.The World Bank estimates that developing nations will need between two hundred seventy and seven hundred billion dollars in financing. The amount depends on the depth of the recession.The I.M.F. is seeking to expand its lending ability. And World Bank President Robert Zoellick has called on rich nations to put some of their economic recovery spending into a crisis fund to help poor countries.Bank economist Jeff Chelsky says the poorest countries are in the greatest danger. They cannot borrow in credit markets and they depend on exports of commodities like crops or minerals. But falling commodity prices mean they now depend more than ever on foreign aid.Finance ministers and central bankers from major industrial and developing countries meet this weekend outside London to discuss the financial crisis. President Obama wants all countries in the Group of Twenty to coordinate their separate efforts to strengthen their economies.There was some good news this week, including better-than-expected reports on spending by Americans in January and February. And financial stocks rose after Citigroup reported a profit for those two months.And that's the VOA Special English Economics Report, written by Mario Ritter. I'm Steve Ember.1. According to the passage, the world economy will _______ for the first timethis year since the World War Two.A. developB. growC. expandD. become smaller2. _______may be hurt the most by the recession.A. the developing worldB. the developed countriesC. the rich countriesD. Asian countries3. Who are easier to borrow money in the world credit market?A. Rich nationsB. Poor countriesC. the World BankD. the International Monetary Fund4. What does the underlined “flight”mean in the fourth paragraph?A. travelB. flyingC. escapeD. movement through the air5.___________ has called on rich nations to help poor countries.A. President ObamaB. President Robert ZoellickC. Jeff ChelskyD. the International Monetary FundPassage 2A Rough Road for ToyotaToyota became the world's largest automaker in two thousand eight. But after years of building loyalty, the Japanese company may have put its quality brand name at risk, at least temporarily.Toyota is recalling millions of cars and trucks around the world because of cases where vehicles have sped up unexpectedly. Last August, a driver in California was unable to stop. The crash killed him and three of his family members.Toyota says the problem is rare and caused by accelerator pedals becoming stuck open. On January twenty-sixth, the company suspended sales of eight of its top-selling vehicles in the United States, its largest market. Toyota dealers have been receiving parts to make repairs.General Motors and Ford both reported increased sales in January. But Toyota sales in the United States have fallen, and so has its stock price. Toyota says it expects costs and lost sales from its recent safety recalls to total two billion dollars by the end of March.Louis Lataif spent twenty-seven years in the car industry at Ford. Now he is dean of the School of Management at Boston University.LOUIS LATAIF: “It’s Toyota’s biggest such recall. It’s voluntary incidentally, it’s not mandated. So, in that respect, they are doing something fairly bold, namely, taking the hit of shutting production and correcting the vehicles that are in inventory on which they have stopped sales.”A recall late last year involved floor mats that Toyota said could cause the accelerator to get stuck. One of the vehicles in the floor mat recall was the Prius, the world’s top selling hybrid.Now American officials are investigating the brake system on the twenty ten Prius. The Transportation Department says it has received more than one hundred twenty reports, including reports of four crashes.Toyota says it found a software problem that could briefly affect the “feel” of the anti-lock brakes on rough or slippery roads. It says it fixed the brake problem last month.But a growing number of legal cases claim Toyota knew for a long time about the sudden acceleration issue with other vehicles. The problem reportedly has led to more than eight hundred crashes and nineteen deaths in the past ten years. Congress is preparing for hearings.Greg Bonner is a marketing professor at Villanova University. He says to regain trust, Toyota will have to make public everything it knows about the problems and show it accepts responsibility.The recall has also intensified questions about all the computer control systems used in modern cars.6. Toyota may have put its quality brand name at risk because__________.A. vehicles have sped up unexpectedlyB. last August, a driver in California was unable to stop.C. Toyota is recalling millions of cars and trucks around the worldD. All of the above.7. Which of the following ways is not one Toyota solves its problem about accelerator pedals?A. Toyota stopped sales of eight of its top-selling vehicles in the UnitedStatesB. Toyota is recalling millions of cars and trucks around the worldC. Toyota increased salesD. Toyota dealers have been receiving parts to make repairs.8. Whose sales decreased in January?A. General MotorsB. FordC. General Motors and FordD. Toyota9. From what Louis Lataif said about Toyota, we can infer that _________.A. Toyota didn’t solve its problem positively.B. Louis Lataif didn’t think that Toyota solved its problem properly.C. Louis Lataif thought highly of Toyota’s way of solving its problem.D. Toyota couldn’t solve its problem.10. The underlined word in the last paragraph “intensify” means ________.A. increase in degreeB. decrease in degreeC. make the questions more tenseD. become more intensePassage 3Stock Sectors - How to Classify StocksOne of the ways investors classify stocks is by type of business. The idea is to put companies in similar industries together for comparison purposes. Most analysts and financial media call these groupings “sectors” and you will often read or hear about how certain sector stocks are doing.One of the most common classification breaks the market into 11 different sectors. Investors consider two of these sectors “defensive” and the remaining nine “cyclical.” Let’s look at these two categories and see what they mean for the individual investor.DefensiveDefensive stocks include utilities and consumer staples. These companies usually don’t suffer as much in a market downturn because people don’t stop using energy or eating. They provide a balance to portfolios and offer protection in a falling market.However, for all their safety, defensive stocks usually fail to climb with a rising market for the opposite reasons they provide protection in a falling market: people don’t use significantly more energy or eat more food.Defensive stocks do exactly what their name implies, assuming they are well run companies. They give you a cushion for a soft landing in a falling market.Cyclical stocksCyclical stocks, on the other hand, cover everything else and tend to react to a variety of market conditions that can send them up or down, however when one sector is going up another may be going down.Here is a list of the nine sectors considered cyclical:∙Basic Materials∙Capital Goods∙Communications∙Consumer Cyclical∙Energy∙Financial∙Health Care∙Technology∙TransportationMost of these sectors are self-explanatory. They all involve businesses you can readily identify. Investors call them cyclical because they tend to move up and down in relation to businesses cycles or other influences.Basic materials, for example, include those items used in making other goods – lumber, for instance. When the housing market is active, the stock of lumber companies will tend to rise. However, high interest rates might put a damper on home building and reduce the demand for lumber.How to UseStocks sectors are helpful sorting and comparison tools. Don’t get hung up on using just one organization’s set of sectors, though. uses slightly different sectors in its tools, which let you compare stocks within a sector.This is extremely helpful, since one of the ways to use sector information is to compare how your stock or a stock you may want to buy, is doing relative to other companies in the same sector.If all the other stocks are up 11% and your stock is down 8%, you need to find out why. Likewise, if the numbers are reversed, you need to know why your stock is doing so much better than others in the same sector –maybe its business model has changed and it shouldn’t be in that sector any longer.ConclusionYou never want to be making investment decisions in a vacuum. Using sector information, you can see how a stock is doing relative to its peers and that will help you understand whether you have a potential winner or loser.11. According to this passage, an investor should buy _____________in a falling market.A. cyclical stocksB. defensive stocksC. technology stocksD. transportation stocks12. According to this passage, an investor should buy _____________in a rising market.A. cyclical stocksB. defensive stocksC. stocks of utilitiesD. stocks of consumer staples13. ______________sectors belong to cyclical stocks.A. 11B.2C.9D.314. Utilities and consumer staples belong to _______________.A. cyclical stocksB. defensive stocksC. technology stocksD. transportation stocks15. ___________tend to move up and down in relation to businesses cycles or other influences.A. cyclical stocksB. defensive stocksC. stocks of utilitiesD. stocks of consumer staplesPassage 1America's biggest carmaker accepted fifty billion dollars in federal aid from the Obama and Bush administrations. People joked that GM meant "Government Motors." Now, General Motors could be on the road to recovery.The company recorded over two and a half billion dollars in profit in the first half of the year. The government still owns sixty-one percent of GM as a result of the bailout. Canada is also a shareholder. But now GM plans to sell stock to the public again.GM spent just forty days in bankruptcy. It sought protection from its creditors in June of last year. GM restructured. It discontinued some vehicles and closed dealerships and factories.In April, GM repaid almost seven billion dollars in government loans. Many of its creditors are waiting to see how much they get.GM plans an IPO, an initial public offering of stock, later this year. The company could raise as much as fifteen billion dollars.Chief executive Edward Whitacre is leaving September first. He wants the government to sell all of its shares in the company during the IPO. Many experts believe the Treasury will act slowly over time after the public offering is completed.If the stock price rises, the government could profit from the rescue. But the IPO is risky for the company. The offering will test the willingness of investors to take an equity share in the “new GM”.Buying equity is not like buying bonds. Bonds represent a loan. Equity represents ownership. Investors willing to buy equity shares in a company expect one thing -- growth.GM believes it can make that happen, in part with a new electric-and-gas hybrid.COMMERCIA L: “Chevy Volt, a car that can go up to forty miles before it uses any gas at all. That's an American revolution.”The Volt is expected to start arriving in showrooms later this year.GM is also looking overseas. The world's fastest growing car markets are in developing nations. GM is now selling more cars in China than in the United States. GM still leads the American market, though Toyota is now the biggest car company in the world.There are signs that America's big three may have put the worst of their recent troubles behind them.Chrysler also went through bankruptcy and says its sales are up. Italy's Fiat holds a twenty percent share.Ford Motor Company avoided bankruptcy and refused government help. Ford reported close to five billion dollars in profit for the first six months of the year.1. America’s biggest carmaker is _________________.A. ToyotaB. ChryslerC. GMD. Ford Motor Company2. GM stands for __________.A. Government MotorsB. General MotorsC. Both A and BD. Neither A Nor B3. People joked that GM meant “Government Motors” because _____________.A. The government still owns sixty-one percent of GM as a result of the bailout.B. They accepted fifty billion dollars in federal aid from the Obama and Bushadministrations.C. Both A and BD. Neither A Nor B4. Now, General Motors could be on the road to recovery. It plans ___________.A. to restructure.B. an IPO, an initial public offering of stock, later this yearC. to seek protection from its creditors.D. to discontinue some vehicles and closed dealerships and factories.5. According to the passage, what is not true about Chevy Volt?A. GM believes it will bring profit growth.B. It is a new electric-and-gas hybrid.C. It is a car that can go up to forty miles before it uses any gas at all.D. It has been produced.Passage 2The digital revolution, as exemplified by the Internet and electronic commerce, has shaken marketing practices to their core. In a recen t paper, Wharton’s Jerry Wind, director of the SEI Center for Advanced Studies in Management, and co-authorVijay Mahajan, a marketing professor at the College of Business Administration of the University of Texas at Austin, examine the impact of digital marketing on concepts like pricing, when customers can propose their own prices (), or buyers and sellers can haggle independently in auctions ().The paper provides an overview of some of the emerging realities and new rules of marketing in a digital world, and outlines what the new discipline of marketing may look like in the early part of the new century.To begin with, say the authors, the rapid-fire growth of the Internet is helping to drive changes. “It is not just our comp uters that are being reprogrammed; it is customers themselves,” says Wind. “These emerging cyber consumers are like an alien race that has landed in the midst of our markets. They have different expectations and different relationships with companies from which they purchase products and services.”For one thing, cyber consumers expect to be able to customize everything —from the products and services they buy and the information they seek, to the price they are willing to pay. And with digital technology opening new channels for gaining information, they are more knowledgeable and demanding than previous consumers. Digital customers can also sort products based on any desired attribute, price, nutritional value, or functionality, and they can easily obtain third-party endorsements and evaluations, tapping the experience of other users. “Companies that cannot meet their demands and expectations will be at a loss,” says Wind.Questions:6. The passage was most likely to be quoted from______.A.an overview of a paperB.an introduction to a bookC. a book on digital revolutionD. a paper discussing digital revolution7. The paper mentioned in this paper was written by______.A.Jerry WindB.Vijay MahajanC.Jerry Wind and Vijay MahajanD.an anonymous8. From the third paragraph, we can infer that______.A.the customers are also reprogrammed by computersB.e-business companies need be more knowledgeable about cyber consumersC.cyber consumers are a group of strange peopleD.cyber consumers came from outer space9. Compared with traditional customers, the emerging cyber consumers______.A.are more difficult to satisfyB.have less knowledge about businessC.have more problems with pricesD.are less willing to buy products and services10. What is mainly discussed in the passage? ______A.digital revolutionB.digital marketingC.cyber consumersD.the impact of digital marketing on concepts like pricingPassage 3Greece, economically, is in the black. With very little to export other than such farm products as tobacco, cotton and fruit, the country earns enough from ‘invisible earnings’ to pay for its needed, growing imports. From the sending out of things the Greeks, earn only $285 million; from tourism, shipping and the remittances of Greeks abroad, the country takes in an additional #375 million and this washes out the almost $400 million by which imports exceed exports.It has a balanced budget. Although more than one drachma out of four goes for defense, the government ended a recent year with a slight surplus -- $66 million. Greece has a decent reserve of almost a third of a billion dollars in gold and foreign exchange. It has a government not dependent on coalescing incompatible parties toobtain parliamentary majorities.In thus summarizing a few happy highlights, I don’t mean to minimize the vast extent of Greece’s problems. It is the poorest country by a wide margin in Free Europe, and poverty is widespread. At best an annual income of $60 to $70 is the lot of many a peasant, and substantial unemployment plagues the countryside, cities, and towns of Greece. There are few natural resources on which to build any substantial industrial base. Some years ago I wrote here:“Greek statesmanship will have to create an atmosphere in which home and foreign savings will willingly seek investment opportunities in the back ward economy of Greece. So far, most American and other foreign attempt have bogged down in the Greek government’s red tape and shrewdness about small points.”Great strides have been made. As far back as 1956, expanding tourism seemed a logical way to bring needed foreign currencies and additional jobs to Greece. At that time I talked with the Hilton Hotel people, who had been examining hotel possibilities, and to the Greek government division responsible for this area of the economy. They were hopelessly deadlocked in almost total differences of opinion and outlook.Today most of the incredibly varied, beautiful, historical sights of Greece have new, if in many cases modest, tourist facilities. Tourism itself has jumped from approximately $31 million to over $90 million. There is both a magnificent new Hilton Hotel in Athens and a completely modernized, greatly expanded Grande Bretagne, as well as other first-rate new hotels. And the advent of jets has made Athens as accessible as Paris or Rome –without the sky-high prices of traffic-choked streets of either.Questions:11. The title below that best expresses the ideas of this passage is_________.A. Greek income and expendituresB. The improving economic situation in GreeceC. The value of tourismD. Military expenditures12. Many peasants earn less than _________.A. $60 a weekB. $2 a weekC. $1 a dayD. $10 a month13. The Greek Government spends __________.A. more than 25%of its budget on military termsB. More than its collectsC. A third of a billion dollars in goldD. Less than 25% of its budget on military terms14. According to the passage, Greece has _________.A. a dictatorshipB. a monarchyC. a single majority partyD. too much red tape15. Greece imports annually goods and materials __________.A. totaling almost $700 millionB. that balance exportsC. that are paid by touristsD. costing $66 million四、篇章翻译题（课外）Passage A纳斯达克开设北京代表处随着各方吸引迅速增长的中国公司赴海外上市的争夺战愈演愈烈，纳斯达克(Nasdaq)昨日成为最新一个在北京开设代表处的全球证交所。

国际商务英语+考核作业

综合试题综合试题1I．Translate the following words and expressions (10%)(ⅰ) From English into Chinese1. manufactured goods 制成品2. protectionist measures 保护措施3. securities exchange 证劵交易4. comparative 比较优势5. Gross National Product 国民生产总值(ⅱ) From Chinese into English6. 最惠国待遇Most-Favored Nation Treatment7. 宽限期grace period8. 不可以撤销信用证irrevocable letters of credit9. 运输单据transportation documents,10. 金边债券gilt bondⅡ. Match the words and expressions on the left with the explanations on the right (5%)11. compulsory a. policy to restrict imports ( d )12. trade barriers b. unit cost getting low with the increasing of quantity. ( a )13. specialization c. products produced with efficiency ( c )14. trade terms d. something must have be done ( e )15. economics of scale: e. trade rules set by ICC ( b )Ⅲ. Make brief explanations of the following terms in English (20%) 16. quotaquota: the limited quantities or value of imports made by government for consideration to protect domestic industries.17. PPPPPP: purchasing power parity, a decisive factor for the change of exchange rate.18. deregulationderegulation: government lowers or abolishes some restrictive domestic or foreign economic policies and make the economic activity develop more freely.19. infrastructureinfrastructure: large-scale public services such as transportation, communication equipments.20. indemnityindemnity: a basic idea in all branches of insurance that the insured should be in the same position after a loss as he was before it, neither richer nor poorer as a result of loss.Ⅳ. Fill in each of the following blanks with an appropriate words (10% )Differs, Which, predecessor, mechanism. In one word, one, permanent, services, settle , World BankInstead of being a mere replacement of GATT, the WTO 21__differs__ from its22 __predecessor___ in several prominent dimension. Firstly, as the name suggests, he GATT is only an agreement, or more exactly an interim secretariat, 23__In one word__an organization entity in the true sense, while WTO is a full-fledged 24__permanent__organization. Secondly WTO has a much broader mandate promoting trade liberalization of goods and 25__services__.Thirdly, the WTO has established far greater enforcement powers to 26__settle__ trade frictions among member countries, 27__Which__is called dispute settlement 28__mechanism__.WTO has become 29__one__ of important three international economic organizations. The others two are 30.__World Bank__ and International Monetary Funds.Ⅴ. Translate the following into English (25%)31. 及时库存制源于日本，现在已经被很多国家企业采纳。

英语作文高一有关祝愿世界和平的

英语作文高一有关祝愿世界和平的Peace is a universal aspiration that transcends borders and cultures. It is the foundation upon which humanity can thrive, progress, and find true fulfillment. As we navigate the complexities of the modern world, the need for global peace has never been more pressing. In this essay, I will explore the significance of world peace and the steps we can take to achieve it.At the heart of world peace lies the fundamental recognition of our shared humanity. Regardless of our differences in race, religion, or nationality, we are all members of the same global community. We share the same hopes, dreams, and desires for a better future. When we embrace this interconnectedness, we begin to see the world not as a collection of separate entities, but as a tapestry of diverse cultures and perspectives that can enrich our lives.One of the greatest obstacles to world peace is the prevalence of conflict and violence. Wars, civil unrest, and acts of terrorism not only cause immense suffering and loss of life, but also hinder social and economic progress. These conflicts often stem from deep-rooted issues such as resource scarcity, ethnic tensions, and ideological differences. To achieve lasting peace, we must address the root causes of these conflicts and work towards sustainable solutions.This begins with promoting a culture of tolerance and understanding. Education plays a crucial role in this process, as it allows us to learn about different cultures, traditions, and belief systems. By fostering cross-cultural dialogue and exchange, we can break down stereotypes and prejudices, and cultivate a deeper appreciation for our diversity.Additionally, the role of international organizations and multilateral cooperation cannot be overstated. Institutions such as the United Nations, the World Bank, and the International Monetary Fund provide platforms for nations to come together, negotiate, and find common ground. These organizations can facilitate conflict resolution, promote economic development, and address global challenges that transcend national boundaries.Another key aspect of achieving world peace is the pursuit of economic and social justice. Poverty, inequality, and lack of access to basic resources are often drivers of conflict and instability. By investing in sustainable development, improving education and healthcare, and creating equitable economic opportunities, we cancreate a more stable and prosperous global community.The role of individuals in this endeavor cannot be overlooked. Each of us has the power to contribute to the pursuit of world peace, whether through our daily actions, our civic engagement, or our support for peace-building initiatives. Simple acts of kindness, empathy, and compassion can go a long way in fostering a culture of peace.Moreover, the advancement of technology and communication has opened up new avenues for global collaboration and collective action. Social media, for instance, has enabled people from all corners of the world to connect, share information, and mobilize for common causes. By harnessing the power of technology, we can amplify our voices, raise awareness, and inspire others to join the movement for world peace.Of course, the path to world peace is not without its challenges. Deeply entrenched conflicts, geopolitical tensions, and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction pose significant obstacles. However, with a steadfast commitment to diplomacy, conflict resolution, and a shared vision for a better future, these challenges can be overcome.In conclusion, the pursuit of world peace is a noble and essentialendeavor. It requires a collective effort from nations, institutions, and individuals alike. By embracing our shared humanity, promoting tolerance and understanding, fostering economic and social justice, and leveraging the power of technology and communication, we can create a world that is more peaceful, prosperous, and just for all. Let us strive towards this vision, not just for ourselves, but for generations to come.。

全球经济衰退袭击发展中国家

This is the VOA Special English Economics Report.Both the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund expect the world economy to shrink this year for the first time since World War Two. As recently as January, the I.M.F. had predicted growth ofone-half percent. But this week its chief, Dominique Strauss-Kahn, said the world has entered what he called "a great recession."A new World Bank report says the recession may hurt the developing world the most. Those countries depend on trade for economic growth. But world trade is expected to fall at the fastest rate in eighty years.East Asia has been hardest hit. In February, exports from China fell twenty-six percent from a year ago.Rich nations are expected to borrow heavily in world credit markets to finance spending at home. But investors are demanding very high returns if they are willing to lend to the developing world at all. Jeff Chelsky, a World Bank senior economist, says investors are avoiding higher risk debt in a flight to quality.The bank estimates that up to three trillion dollars of public and private loans in developing countries must be repaid this year. Some nations have enough foreign currency reserves, but others will struggle to find new financing to pay their existing debts.The World Bank estimates that developing nations will need between two hundred seventy and seven hundred billion dollars in financing.The amount depends on the depth of the recession.The I.M.F. is seeking to expand its lending ability. And World Bank President Robert Zoellick has called on rich nations to put some of their economic recovery spending into a crisis fund to help poor countries.Bank economist Jeff Chelsky says the poorest countries are in the greatest danger. They cannot borrow in credit markets and they depend on exports of commodities like crops or minerals. But falling commodity prices mean they now depend more than ever on foreign aid.Finance ministers and central bankers from major industrial and developing countries meet this weekend outside London to discuss the financial crisis. President Obama wants all countries in the Group of Twenty to coordinate their separate efforts to strengthen their economies.There was some good news this week, including better-than-expected reports on spending by Americans in January and February. And financial stocks rose after Citigroup reported a profit for those two months.And that's the VOA Special English Economics Report, written by Mario Ritter. I'm Steve Ember.中文翻译世界银行和国际货币基金组织（I.M.F）估计今年的世界经济会发生二战以来的首次收缩，一月份，I.M.F估计全球经济增长率为1.5%，然而本周I.M.F总裁多米尼克斯特劳斯-卡恩说，世界经济已经处于“大衰退”时期。

The World Bank and The International Monetary …：世界银行和国际货币…精品文档

◦ A large scale sale of sterling ensued, which rapidly lost value against the dollar
Pound suffered from heavy inflation IMF issues$3.9 Billion Stipulations of Loan:
financial system by following the economic policies of its 185 member nations Particularly focuses on exchange rates, facilitating development, reducing poverty, and global cooperation. Also offers financial and technical assistance to its members using funds deposited with the IMF from member nations Last resort international lender
Calculated daily on the basis of exchange rates quoted at noon each day in the London Market
Allocations:
◦ General ◦ Special One-Time SDRs
Financial Crises and the IMF
◦ Foreign investing, US, China, defaulting on debt, depreciation, and bankruptcies

TheWorldBank世界银行

TheWorldBank世界银行At the same time that the International Monetary Fund was created, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (the World Bank) was also established. The function of the Bank was to provide a mechanism for supplying for long periods of time - 20 or 30 years -- the foreign exchange needed to rebuild and develop economies. It was recognized that buying equipment from abroad provides a short cut to development, but that is impossible for a country without substantial exports to obtain the currency needed to buy such equipment. By offering long-term financing, the Bank was expected to accelerate the growth of economies in this category.The World Bank obtains the money it lends from three sources. When it was founded) members were required to subscribe to its capitalization. Each was assigned a block of stock in proportion to its Gross National Product. Ten percent of the subscription was to be paid to the Bank in cash, and the remainder was to be paid if the Bank needed it to cover its financial problems. The second source is private lenders The 90 percent of subscriptions served a guarantee for the Bank's own borrowing and enabled it to compete with the U. S. government, blue-chip private corporations, and other high-quality debtors in borrowing from the public. The money it obtained from borrowing was then lent to needy nations, in this way the Bank pledged the honor and the resources of all its members to repay loans to developing or war-torn countries, If the borrower defaulted, the Bank would first use up the money paid in by its member countries, then call on them to contribute more. A third source of money has since emerged--the "profits" from interest paid by borrowers from the Bank. By charging interest the money contributed initially by member countries, the Bank has succeeded in roughly doubling these contributions.By June 1976, the Bank had made over $42.9 billion in loans to 115 countries. Most of these loans have been for projects designed to improve the in structure and thereby encourage privately financed investments: primarily improvements in transportation, communications, and energy. Since the late 1960s, the Bank has expanded its activities to include housing, education, credit to farmers, irrigation, and a variety of other projects with more direct effects on individuals, particularly the very poor.[参考译文]在建立国际货币基金组织的同时，国际复兴与开发银行(世界银行)也成立了。

金融的英语作文

金融的英语作文Financial systems are the backbone of modern economies, facilitating transactions, investments, and economic growth.In this essay, we will explore the importance of finance, its impact on society, and the role it plays in the global market.The Role of Finance in the EconomyFinance is the management of money and includes activities such as investing, borrowing, lending, budgeting, saving, and forecasting. It is crucial for businesses to access capitalfor expansion, for individuals to save for the future, andfor governments to fund public services.Investment and Economic GrowthInvestment is a key component of finance. It allowsbusinesses to grow, create jobs, and innovate. The stock market, for instance, provides a platform for companies to raise funds by issuing shares. Investors, in turn, can buy these shares and potentially benefit from the company's growth.Financial InstitutionsBanks, credit unions, and other financial institutions play a vital role in the economy. They provide loans to individuals and businesses, offer savings accounts, and facilitatetransactions through various payment systems. These institutions also help regulate the flow of money and manage the risk associated with financial transactions.Personal FinanceOn an individual level, personal finance is about managing one's income, expenses, savings, and investments. It involves creating a budget, saving for emergencies, planning for retirement, and understanding taxes. Good financial habits can lead to financial stability and independence.Global FinanceIn the global context, finance is interconnected. International trade requires a stable currency and efficient financial systems. The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are examples of international organizationsthat work to stabilize economies and provide financial support to countries in need.Challenges and InnovationsThe financial sector faces challenges such as economic downturns, financial fraud, and the need for regulatory compliance. However, it is also a sector of innovation, with the rise of fintech companies offering new ways to manage money, such as digital currencies and blockchain technology.ConclusionFinance is a complex and dynamic field that touches every aspect of our lives. It is essential for economic stability and growth, and it offers opportunities for individuals to achieve their financial goals. As the world becomes more interconnected, the importance of understanding andnavigating the financial landscape will only continue to grow.This essay has provided a brief overview of the significanceof finance in our world. It is a subject that requires continuous learning and adaptation as it evolves with the changing economic landscape.。

有关金融的英语口语对话

有关金融的英语口语对话H:Well, the term International Monetary System actually refers to a series of agreementsamong the major governments and their central banks to bring order and stability to theinternational exchange markets.霍：噢，“国际货币制度这一术语实际上是为了维护国际外汇市场的秩序和稳定，一些影响较大的政府和中央银行之间所签定的一系列协定。

The most important, signed in 1944, is called the Bretton Woods Agreemen最为重要的一个协定是1944年签定的布雷顿森林协Then it established the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund.根据该协定建立了世界银行和国际货币基金组织。

S2:Oh, you mean these agreements regulate international exchange rates?学2:那么,您是说由这些协定来管理国际汇率H:Yes. They did until 1971.霍：是的，直到1971年。

S3:What happened in 1971 to change this?学3：什么原因在1971年改变了这一点呢?H:The surplus of dollars abroad from foreign aid,霍：由于外援而造成国外的美元过剩，capital exports and chronic balance of payments deficits forced the U.S. to formally suspendgold convertibility.资本的输出和长期的国际收支逆差迫使美国正式中止了黄金可兑换性，This brought an end to the old Bretton Woods System.致使旧的布雷顿森林体系宣告结束。

WWF全球老虎生存计划

WWF全球老虎生存计划全球老虎保护区总面积超过150万平方公里中国WWF全球老虎生存计划100%再造纸WWF全球老虎生存计划Tigers Alive InitiativeThe Strategic Plan© 1986 Panda symbo l WWF – World Wide Fund For Nature (Formerly World Wildlife Fund)® “W WF” is a WWF Registered T rademark.2014宣传册Translated by Chang Youde and Li Ying, andreviewed by Fan Zhiyong and Shi Quanhua翻译：长有德、李瑛; 审阅：范志勇、石全华全球野生虎种群仅存3200只© John S. Mitchell / WWF-Canon愿景“Tigers thrive in viable wild populations in priority landscapes, and in restored, interconnected habitats, secure from the threats to their survival and coexisting with local communities.”确保全球老虎在优先景观区域和相互连通的栖息地健康稳定生存，并与当地社区和居民和谐共存。

TX2:总目标：The population of wild Tigers, across their range, increased to at least 6000 by 2022.到2022年，在全球老虎分布区域，野生虎种群数量最少增长至6000只。

The WWF Tigers Alive Initiative has an ambitious goal to double tigers in the wild by 2022: “TX2”. This goal does not allow for a business-as-usual approach. TX2 forces us to transform everything we have been doing in tiger conservation and bring it to a new level of intensity, coordination, innovation, influence and professionalism. This goal forces us to move away from our past defensive strategy, focusing on saving the tiger from extinction, to an active strategy aimed to not only halt the decline but also recover the tigers to a position of relative safety. It will require the governments of the tiger range countries to take action at an unprecedented level for any species other than our own.In November 2010 in St. Petersburg, 13 tiger range governments together with partners in conservation, committed to the goal of doubling tigers to over 6000 individuals by 2022. WWF’s goal is now a shared goal of the tiger conservation community, a shared goal of the world.通过共同的不懈努力，老虎保护取得了重大成就。

2019-2020学年人教版高中英语选修六习题：听说训练6 Word版含答案

听说训练(6)PartA模仿朗读听录音,模仿朗读短文,注意画线单词的发音。

短文读两遍。

After seven years of talks and 22,500 pages of ,the World Trade was founded on January 1,1995.This system aims to encourage trade to flow as freely as possible,making sure that trade agreements are and that any can be settled.Nowadays the WTO has become well-known as one of the world’s most powerful organizations,taking its place the World Bank and International Fund.With its head office in ,the WTO has 160 members now.答案:agreements Organizationeffective international respected disputes economic alongside Monetary GenevaPartB听录音,回答问题1.听第一段对话,并回答录音提问的第1~2题。

对话仅播放一遍,注意做好记录。

提示:两人在谈论今晚做饭的事情。

听提问,回答第1个问题。

提问读两遍:Question 1:Answer 1:听提问,回答第2个问题。

提问读两遍:Question 2:Answer 2:2.听第二段对话,并回答录音提问的第3~5题。

对话播放两遍,注意做好记录。

提示: Carol和John 谈论养宠物的计划。

听提问,回答第3个问题。

提问读两遍:Question 3:Answer 3:听提问,回答第4个问题。

商务翻译(英译汉) Unit 9 The World Bank[精]

【Tips for Translation】
重心的转移 —— 长句与难句（二）（接上一单元） 8. Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools. 【结构分析】此句中的主要结构涉及not so much...as...的固定表达，意为：“与其说……不如说……”。【参考译文】一些新学派科学家说，科学的发展与其说起源于伟大天才的真知灼见不如说是由于改进了的技术和工具等更为普通的事物。
11. It is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working but that the latter is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former.
The IBRD aims to reduce poverty in middle-income and
creditworthy poorer countries, while IDA focuses on the world’s
poorest countries.

Together, we provide low-interest loans, interest-free

科技英语11Speaking Practice

(3)Friendship is almost always the union of a part of one mind with a part of another;people are friends in spots.(友谊是两者思想的结合,志趣相投才能成为朋友.)
(4)Friendship is like a plant of slow growth. (友谊象生长着的植物,是慢慢地建立起来的.)
M: No, only a letter written to you by a friend or family member
can really be called "snail mail". L: 噢，人们只有把亲友写的信叫做snail mail。说起写信，我真是应该给我爸爸妈妈写信了。
M: I'm just too lazy to write snail mail. I think I'll go write some e-
After you. —— 您先。 About when? —— 大约何时？ All set? —— 一切妥当？ Allow me! —— 让我来！
Baloney! —— 胡扯！荒谬！ Behave! —— 放尊重点！ Bingo! —— 中了！ Boring! —— 真无聊！ Bravo! —— 太棒了！ Bullshit! —— 胡说！
Yum... —— 恩...(好吃！)
Imagine! —— 想想看！ Impossible! —— 不可能吧！ Impressive! —— 很感人，永生难忘！
(1)A bosom friend afar brings a distant land near.(海内存知己, 天涯若比邻.)

国际组织英语作文

国际组织英语作文International OrganizationsThe world we live in today is increasingly interconnected, with global issues and challenges that transcend national boundaries. To address these complex problems, international organizations have emerged as crucial players on the global stage. These organizations bring together nations, experts, and stakeholders to collaborate, coordinate, and find solutions to pressing global concerns.One of the most prominent international organizations is the United Nations (UN). Established in 1945 after the devastation of World War II, the UN's primary mission is to maintain international peace and security, promote human rights, and foster cooperation among nations. The UN is composed of 193 member states, each with an equal vote in the General Assembly. The organization is responsible for a wide range of activities, including peacekeeping operations, humanitarian aid, and the development of international laws and treaties.Another significant international organization is the World Health Organization (WHO), a specialized agency of the UN. The WHO isdedicated to promoting global health and well-being, and it has played a crucial role in addressing public health crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. The organization coordinates international efforts to combat infectious diseases, develop and distribute vaccines, and improve access to essential healthcare services.The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) are two other prominent international organizations that focus on economic development and financial stability. The World Bank provides loans and grants to developing countries to support infrastructure projects, poverty alleviation, and economic growth. The IMF, on the other hand, works to promote global financial stability, provide emergency lending to countries in economic distress, and develop policies to address economic imbalances.In the realm of trade and commerce, the World Trade Organization (WTO) plays a pivotal role. Established in 1995, the WTO is responsible for overseeing the rules and regulations governing international trade. It aims to promote free and fair trade, resolve trade disputes, and ensure a level playing field for all member countries.The European Union (EU) is a unique and complex international organization that has significantly influenced the political, economic, and social landscape of Europe. Comprising 27 member states, theEU has established a common market, a shared currency (the euro), and a range of policies and institutions that govern various aspectsof its member states' affairs.Beyond these well-known organizations, there are numerous other international bodies that address specific global issues, such as the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), which oversees the useof nuclear technology, and the International Criminal Court (ICC), which investigates and prosecutes individuals for war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide.The importance of international organizations cannot be overstated. In an increasingly interconnected world, these organizations provide a platform for countries to collaborate, share resources, and address shared challenges. They play a crucial role in promoting peace, security, economic development, and human rights, and they have the potential to shape the course of global affairs.However, international organizations are not without their challenges. Issues such as national sovereignty, funding, and bureaucratic inefficiencies can sometimes hinder their effectiveness. Additionally, the growing trend of nationalism and populism in some parts of the world has led to skepticism and resistance towards international cooperation and institutions.Despite these challenges, the continued relevance and importance of international organizations cannot be denied. As the world faces complex and interconnected problems, such as climate change, global health crises, and economic instability, the need for effective international cooperation and coordination has never been more pressing. By working together through these organizations, nations can harness their collective resources, expertise, and influence to address these global challenges and create a more just, peaceful, and prosperous world for all.。

China, Free Rider or Contributor

Since the reform and opening-up drive came into effect in 1978, China’s economic growth and national development have in fact contributed greatly to world prosperity, stability, and cooperation. As the world’s largest exporter and second largest consumption market, China, with its vigorous and sound development, hald economic growth. Reports from such international organizations as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund point out that China’s
China’s Huge Contribution Devalued
In international relations, the epithet free rider usually refers to countries that are unwilling to act, or that shun their responsibilities when international issues, crises, and conflicts arise. Since 2005, constant criticisms of China in U.S. academic and political circles for its socalled free riding have shaped the national mindset as regards judging and defining China’s foreign diplomacy. Tom Christensen, professor of Politics and International Affairs, Princeton University and former Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs, U.S. Department of State, is a main representative of those in this segment. In their view China, in spite of its rising international status and strength, is reluctant to help the U.S. and other Western countries deal effectively with international and regional affairs. It is moreover unwilling to sustain the costs entailed in assuming the international responsibilities that its newly-gained status entails, instead focusing on its own interests. Christensen once remarked in this regard that China’s is an “abrasive diplomacy.” This, of course, is an unfair judgment.

全球治理和国际组织

全球治理和国际组织IntroductionGlobal governance has become increasingly important in the modern world, where countries and communities face complex issues that require collective action. In this context, international organizations play a vital role in promoting cooperation and managing global challenges. This essay discusses the importance of global governance and the role of international organizations in this process.The Importance of Global GovernanceGlobal governance refers to the collective management of global issues, including environmental degradation, climate change, poverty, inequality, and national security. These challenges cannot be addressed by any single country or organization, but require a coordinated effort by multiple actors. Effective global governance can ensure that these challenges are managed responsibly and efficiently, and that the benefits of globalization are distributed equitably.The Role of International OrganizationsInternational organizations (IOs) are an essential component of global governance, providing the platform for cooperation among states and other actors. IOs play multiple roles, including:1. Providing a forum for dialogue and negotiation on global challenges2. Facilitating the development of international norms and standards3. Providing technological and financial support to developing countries4. Coordinating and monitoring international agreements and conventions.Examples of IOs include the United Nations (UN), the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the World Trade Organization (WTO).The United Nations (UN)The UN is the most prominent and inclusive IO in the world, with membership from almost all nations. The UN operates through various bodies, including the General Assembly, the Security Council, and specialized agencies such as the World Health Organization (WHO)and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). The UN has played a critical role in promoting human rights, peacekeeping, environmental protection, and poverty reduction.The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF)The World Bank and the IMF were established after World War II to promote economic stability and development in developing countries. The World Bank provides financial assistance and technical support for development projects, while the IMF provides loans to countries facing economic crises. These organizations have been criticized for promoting neoliberal policies that prioritize economic growth over social and environmental concerns.The World Trade Organization (WTO)The WTO was established in 1995 to promote free trade and reduce protectionism among member states. The WTO has been instrumental in liberalizing international trade and resolving disputes between member states. However, the organization has been criticized for promoting the interests of large multinational corporations at the expense of smaller, less powerful nations.ConclusionIn conclusion, global governance is crucial in managing global challenges and promoting sustainable development. International organizations play a vital role in providing the platform for cooperation among states and other actors, facilitating the development of international norms and standards, providing technological and financial support to developing countries, and coordinating and monitoring international agreements and conventions. While IOs have made significant contributions to global governance, there is still significant room for improvement in terms of their accountability, effectiveness, and representation of marginalized groups.。

THE WORLD BANK

1968-1980
O From 1968 to 1980, the bank concentrated on meeting the basic needs of people in the developing world. The size and number of loans to borrowers was greatly increased as loan targets expanded from infrastructure into social services and other sectors.
THE WORLD BANK
Composition
O The World Bank is a United Nations international financial institution that provides loans to developing countries for capital programs. The World Bank is a component of the World Bank Group, and a member of the United Nations Development Group. O The World Bank's official goal is the reduction of poverty. According to its Articles of Agreement, all its decisions must be guided by a commitment to the promotion of foreign investment and international trade and to the facilitation of capital investment.