chapter_10Directives

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C_chap10_Additional Capabilities

School of Information Engineering, Nanchang HangKong University
#define PI = 3.14159 Replaces “PI” with "= 3.14159"
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Chapter 10 Additional Capabilities
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Chapter 10 Additional Capabilities
Preprocessor
The role played by each processor program during the build process:
School of Information Engineering, Nanchang HangKong University
The compiler always receives the expanded version after the text has been inserted in place of the symbolic name by the preprocessor
School of Information Engineering, Nanchang HangKong University
The typedef Declaration Statement
Another example:
typedef int ARRAY[100]; ARRAY first, second; Equivalent to the two definitions int first[100]; and int second[100];
Macros
For example, the equivalence established by the statement…

C++ Beginner's Guide

Contents
*.Chapter 1: C++ Fundamentals
This module will introduce you to C++, its history, its design philosophy, and several of its most important features. This module provides a brief overview of several C++ features, including the general form of a C++ program, some basic control statements, and operators. It does not go into too many details, but rather concentrates on the general concepts common to any C++ program.
*.Chapter 8: Classes and Objects
The class is C++’s basic unit of encapsulation. Classes are used to create objects. To write object-oriented programs, you will need to use classes. Classes and objects are so fundamental to C++ that much of the remainder of this book is devoted to them inone way or another.

语言学常用术语英汉对照表

语言学常用术语英汉对照表语言学常用术语英汉对照表Ｃhapter 1 Inｔｒodｕｃtion to Ling ｕistics语言学简介1、anthropoｌogical lingｕistics 人类语言学2、applied linguisｔics应用语言学3、arbitｒａrｉness任意性4、petence 语言能力５、putational ｌinguisｔics计算机语言学６、cultural tｒａnｓmｉssion 文化传递性7、dｅscrｉpｔivｅ(grammar) 描写(语法)８、dｅsｃriptive fｕｎctｉon描写功能9、deｓiｇn feａtuｒes识别特征１0、diａｃhronic linguistｉcs历时语言学11、dｕａlｉty二重性12、dｉｓplacｅment不受时空限制得特征13、emotive fuｎｃtiｏn表情功能１４、exｐrｅｓsivｅfuncｔioｎ表达功能1５、geneｒal linguisｉｔcs 普通语言学16、ｉdｅaｔioｎａl funｃtion概念功能1７、iｎtｅrｐｅｒｓoｎａl funｃtiｏn人际功能18、lanｇuｅ语言１9、ｌinguistiｃs [lｉ?'gwｉstｉks] 语言学２0、morphｏlｏgy 形态学２１、mａthemａtical lingｕistｉcs 数理语言学22、ｍetaliｎguistｉc fuｎcｔion23、neｕrologｉcaｌliｎｇｕｉsｔics 神经语言学24、ｐhonetｉcｓ语音学25、pｈonolｏgy 音系学2６、pragmaｔics 语用学2７、prｅscriptiｖｅ(grａmｍａｒ）规定(语法) 2８、ｐsychｏlｉnguｉsｔicｓ心理语言学２9、paｒole言语3０、ｐerformance语言运用31、pｒodｕctivｉty能产性32、pｏetic funｃtioｎ诗学功能3３、phatic mｕniｏn 交感性谈话34、reｆerentｉal fｕncｔion所指功能35、semanｔiｃs语义学3６、ｓｏciａl functiｏｎ社会功能37、socio-ｌiｎguistics 社会语言学３８、synchｒoniｃlingｕistiｃs共时语言学39、syntax句法学40、textｕal funcｔiｏn语篇功能41、Tｒaｄiｔional Gｒamｍar传统语法Chapｔer 2 Phoｎｏlｏｇy 音系学1、ａcouｓtｉcｐhonｅtics声学语音学2、ａrticｕlatｏｒy pｈonetｉｃs发音语音学３、affricate破擦音4、aｌlｏpｈonｅ音位变体5、aｌveolａr齿龈音6、aｕditoｒy pｈonetｉｃs听觉语音学7、ａsｐｉｒaｔiｏn送气８、assｉmｉlatioｎrules同化现象9、bａck vowel后元音１0、ｂilabｉal双唇音1１、broad tranｓcriptiｏn宽式音标１2、central voweｌ中元音13、clｏse vowel闭元音14、ｐlemeｎtaｒｙdｉstriｂｕtioｎ互补分布15、ｄｅlｅtｉon rｕles省略规则16、deｎtaｌ齿音17、diｐhthｏnｇ双元音１8、friｃative摩擦音1９、ｆront vowｅl前元音２0、gliｄe滑音21、glｏｔtal声门音22、hard palate硬腭２３、InteｒnａtionａlＰhonetｉcs Ａｌpｈabｅt国际音标24、intoｎation语调２5、labｉｏdenｔaｌ唇齿音26、liquid流音２7、mａnner oｆartｉｃｕｌａｔｉon发音方式28、ｍinｉmal pａir 最小对立体2９、mｉｎｉmaｌseｔ最小对立组３0、mｏnｏpｈtｈong单元音３1、narｒow trａnscription严式音标32、nasaｌ鼻音3３、nａsaｌcaｖity鼻腔3４、open ｖｏｗｅl开元音35、oral caｖｉty口腔３6、ｐalatal硬腭37、ｐｈａryngeaｌcａvity咽腔3８、plaｃe of artｉcｕlatiｏｎ发音部位39、phoｎｅ因素4０、phｏnｅｍe音素41、phｏnemic ｃoｎtｒast音位对立42、rounded vowel元唇元音43、seｍi－ｃlose vowel半闭元音4４、semi－ｏpenｖoｗel半开元音45、ｓｅquｅｎtial ｒuｌes序列规则４６、segment切分成分4７、ｓegmenｔation切分４8、soft paｌate软腭49、stop塞音50、stｒesｓ重音51、suprasegｍentａｌfeaｔuｒes超切分特征5２、teeth riｄgｅ齿龈5３、ｔoｎe声调5４、unrounｄed ｖoｗeｌ非圆唇元音５5、uｖuｌa小舌56、veｌaｒ软腭音５7、vｅｌｕｍ软腭58、ｖoicｉnｇ浊音化Ｃhａpter 3 Ｍoｒpｈology 形态学１、affiｘ词缀2、allomorpｈ语素变体3、ｂasｅ词基4、bound morphｅmｅ黏着语素5、ｌexｉcｏｎ词汇6、closed clａｓsｗoｒｄs封闭词类7、pound ｗords 合成词８、derivａtion派生;派生过程9、ｄerivationａl morphｅm派生语素１０、free moｒpｈeｍe自由语素11、inｆlectiｏnalｍorphemｅ屈折语素12、infinitｉｖe markｅr不定式标记１３、morph形素14、moｒpｈoｌｏgical rｕｌes形态规则15、open clasｓwｏrdｓ开放词类1６、root词根１7、sｔeｍ词干Chapter 4Synｔax 句法学１、ａuｘiliary助动词2、caｔegory范畴3、plement补足语;补充成分4、pｌｅment clause补足分句5、ｃｏordｉnaｔioｎruｌe并列规则6、cｏordinａｔe struｃtｕre并列结构7、deep stｒuctｕre深层结构8、deterｍiｎer限定词９、head中心词1０、head movemｅnt中心词移位11、insertion插入１2、inverｓｉon倒装1３、ｍajoｒlexiｃal categｏries主要词汇范畴14、matrｉx clａuse主句15、minor lｅxiｃａl categories次要词汇范畴16、phrase stｒuｃturｅ短语结构1７、mｏｄifier修饰成分18、ｑｕalifier后置修饰成分19、ｓpecifiｅr标志语20、sｕbcategoｒizａtion次范畴化21、surfaｃe struｃture表层结构２2、sｙnｔactic category句法范畴２３、trace语迹2４、trａnｓfoｒｍation转换Chapｔeｒ５Seｍａnｔiｃｓ语义学1、antonｙmy反义现象2、ａrgumenｔ谓元；变元3、behａｖiorism行为主义4、co－hypoｎym并列下义词5、colloｃationaｌｓynｏｎym搭配同义词6、ｐlｅmenｔａrｙaｎtoｎyｍ互补反义词7、ｐletｅhｏmｏnｙm完全同形异义词8、pｏｎentiａl analyｓｉs成分分析9、coｎceptualist ｖｉew概念论１０、ｃonｔexｔuａlism语境主义11、ｃontradiｔioｎ自相矛盾得说法1２、ｄｉalectal syｎｏｎym方言同义词1３、emoｔｉｖe ｍｅaｎing情感意义１4、entailｍeｎt蕴含15、eｖａluatｉve mｅaninｇ评价意义1６、graｄable antonym层级反义词１７、homogrａph同形异义词１8、ｈoｍonyｍy同音同形异义关系19、homophonｅ同音异义词20、ｈｙpｏnｙm下义词21、hｙｐonymｙ下义关系22、inｃoｎsｉsteｎcy自相矛盾２3、ｐolｙｓemy多义关系２４、polysymous word多义词25、ｐresuｐｐｏsitｉoｎ预设26、predicatｉｏn anａlysis述谓分析27、predicａtｅ谓词28、nａminｇtheｏry命名论２9、nｏ－plａce preｄicaitoｎ空位述谓解耦股３０、one－ｐlacｅprediｃａtiｏn一位述谓结构31、referencｅ（所指）语义32、referｅnt所指物;所指对象3３、ｒｅlａtiｏｎal opｐosｉｔe关系反义词34、semantic trｉanｇle语义三角35、sense意义３６、sｔyｌｉstic syｎonym语体同义词37、suｐｅｒorｄｉnatｅ上坐标词3８、sｙmboｌ符号3９、ｓynonyｍ同义词40、synonymy同义关系4１、ｔwo-plaｃe prｅdiｃaiton二位述谓结构42、tｈree-plａｃe predｉｃaｔion三位述谓结构Chaｐteｒ6 Prａgmａtics语用学１、mｉｓｓives承诺类２、CｏｏpｅrativeＰrinciple合作原则3、cｏnstatives述事话语４、conｔexｔ语境5、cｏnventioｎａl impｌicaturｅ规约含义６、ｄecｌaｒationｓ宣告类７、direｃｔives指令类8、ｅxpressｉves表情类9、ｉllocｕtｉoｎarｙacｔ言外功能10、illｏcｕｔiｏnary ｐoiｎt言外之得1１、impｌicature蕴含；含义;会话含义；言外之意１２、inｄirecｔsｐeech ａｃt间接言语行为１３、ｌocuｔioｎary act言内行为1４、maxiｍofｒｅlation关系准则1５、mａｘimｏf manner方式准则16、mａxim of quality质准则１7、maｘiｍoｆquantity量准则18、particｕlariｚed cｏｎveｒｓａtiｏｎal ｉmpｌicatuｒe特殊会话含义１9、pｅｒfomatives行事话语20、perｌｏcutiｏnarｙact言后行为21、ｐreｓupｐoｓｉｔiｏｎ前提2２、prｉmaｒｙspeecｈact 主要言语行为23、represenｔatiｖes表述类24、secondary speecｈacｔ次要言语行为25、sentｅnｃe ｍeａniｎg句子意义26、ｓpeｅcｈacｔtheorｙ言语行为理论27、ｕｔterance meanｉng话语意义Chaｐｔｅr 7 LangｕaｇｅChaｎｇe语言变化1、acronｙｍｓ词首字母缩略词2、back-formatiｏn 逆成法3、bleｎdｉng混成法4、borrowｉｎg借词5、cｌipped ｗoｒｄs截略词6、coiｎagｅ创新词7、functionaｌshift功能性变化8、histoｒical ｌinguistics历史语言学９、MｉdｄleＥnｇｌisｈ中世纪英语10、Modern English现代英语1１、mｏrpｈologiｃalｃhange形态变化１２、neｇation rule否定规则13、Ｏｌd Eｎglｉｓh古英语１4、pｈonｏlｏｇical ｃｈaｎｇｅ音位变化15、seｍantic cｈange语义变化16、semａntｉｃshift语义转移17、syntａcｔｉc cｈａngｅ句法变化Cｈapter 8 Languageａｎd socieｔy语言与社会1、bilｉngｕaliｓm双语制2、Bｌack Englｉsｈ黑人英语3、creolｅ克里奥尔语４、diｇloｓsia双语；双言制５、eｔhnｉc dｉalect种族变体６、fｉｅld of ｄｉｓcouｒｓe语场7、gｅndｅr性别8、ｉｄioleｃt个人变体９、mode oｆdｉscourse语式10、mulｔilinguａｌism多语制11、pidｇiｎ洋泾浜语12、rｅgiｏｎaｌｄiａｌect地域方言13、rｅgｉsｔer语域14、sociｏlｅｃt社会变体15、speecｈmunｉtｙ言语社团１６、sｐeｅch vaｒiety言语变体17、ｔeｎor of disｃoｕｒｓe语旨Chａpter ９Laｎｇuage ａnｄcultｕre语言与社会1、ａccｕｌturａtion 同化过程2、amａｌgamation混合3、ａssimｉｌatioｎ同化(现象);同化(作用)4、connoｔａtivｅｍｅaｎing内涵意义５、colｏur words颜色词6、culturaｌoverｌａｐ文化重叠7、culturaｌｉmｐerｉalisｍ文化帝国主义８、denotaｔiｖe meanｉnｇ外延意义9、ｌingｕｉsｔｉc ｒelatiｖity语言相对性１0、ｍeｔａｐhor隐喻1１、Sａｐir-Ｗhorf Hypoｔhesis萨丕尔——沃尔夫假说12、ｓocｉalizatｉｏn社会化13、ｔabｏo禁忌语1４、inｔeｒｃulｔural municaｔioｎ跨文化交际15、linguisｔiｃｉmpｅrialiｓm语言学中得帝国主义16、ｌiｎguｉstｉcｎaｔionaliｓm语言学中得民族主义Chapter 10 Ｌangｕａge aｃquisiｔｉoｎ语言习得1、ａphasｉa失语症2、ｂeｈａviｏrｉst 行为主义者3、caretaｋer ｔalk保姆式语言4、cogniｔivｅｌiｎｇuｉsticｓ认知语言学５、ｃoｎｔeｎt worｄ实词6、Critical ＰｅrioｄＨypotｈｅsis临界期假说7、ｄｙｓｇrａphia书写困难８、dyslexｉa失读症9、ｆeｅdback反馈１０、fuｎｃtion eleｍent起功能作用成分1１、ｈｅaring impaｉｒment听力受损1２、innaｔist语法天生主义者１3、iｎterａctiｏnist互动主义者1４、LanguａgｅＡcquｉsｉｔiｏn Ｄｅviｃe语言习得机制15、lexicaｌcontrasｔ词汇对比16、mentａl retａrdation智障1７、mothｅreｓe保姆式语言18、over－extｅnsiｏn过度扩展19、ｐｒototｙpe theorｙ原型理论2０、recast修正性重复２1、stｕtterｉng口吃22、ｔeleｇｒaphｉc speecｈ电报式言语23、under-extensｉon扩展不足2４、Uｎｉｖeｒｓａl Grammar普遍语法Ｃhapter 1１Ｓecond ｌanguagｅacquiｓitｉon第二语言习得１、affｅct/ｓocial ｓtratｅgieｓ社会策略2、ａgｅｏｆacqｕiｓｉtion习得年龄3、cognｉｔivｅstｒaｔegｉｅs认知策略4、pｒehｅnsiblｅｉnｐｕt可理解性输入5、Consｔrａstive Aｎaｌｙsis对比分析6、cｒosｓ-aｓsociatioｎ互相联想7、Erｒor Aｎａlysiｓ错误分析8、foｒｅｉｇn laｎguage外语9、foreｉgner talk外国人谈话1０、ｆossiliｚａtion语言石化(现象)１1、Input Hｙｐothesiｓ输入假说12、ｉnstrumental moｔiｖatｉｏｎ工具动机１3、intａke 纳入14、inteｇratｉvｅmoｔivation综合动机15、inteｒference干扰１6、iｎterlaｎguａｇｅ中介语17、ｉｎterlinguａl ｅｒｒors语际错误;受母语影响得错误18、Ｉntraｌiｎguａl eｒror语内错误1９、ｉｎtrinsic motivaｔion内在动机２0、ｉnｔｕiｔion知觉;语感２1、learｎeｒｌaｎｇｕage学习者语言22、learｎing ｓtrategieｓ学习策略23、languａge aｐtitude语言能力２4、lanｇｕａgeｔransｆｅｒ语言迁移2５、meｔacogｎitiｖe strａtｅｇｉes元认知策略26、mｏtivatｉon动机２7、moｄifｉed iｎput修改后得输入２８、ｍodifiｅd ｉntｅｒaction变化性得互动2９、negatｉve traｎsfer消极迁移;负迁移３0、ｏveｒgeneralizaｔion概括过头31、personaｌitｙ人格;性格;个性3２、positｉve transfer积极迁移；正迁移33、ｒｅｓｕlｔaｔｉｖｅmoｔivation结果动机34、secoｎｄlanguage第二语言35、seconｄlanguage acｑｕiｓiｔioｎ第二语言习得36、teacher talk教师谈话37、target languａge目标语Ｃｈａpter 12Language and tｈe brain 语言与大脑１、aｃquired dysgrapｈia习得性书写障碍2、ａcqｕiｒｅd dｙｓｌexｉa习得性失读症3、angular gyrｕｓ隅骨4、auｔopsy stｕdies尸检研究5、braｉn stｅｍ脑干6、Ｂroｃa’s aphasia布罗卡失语症7、Ｂrｏca’s area布罗卡区8、ｂｏttom-ｕp prｏcｅssinｇ自下而上处理过程ｃerｅbruｍ大脑9、ｃentral ｓulcus中央沟10、ｃerebｅllｕm小脑脑向背侧突出得一个较大得部分,尤与肌肉得共济运动与维持身体平衡有关11、cerebrａl hemisｐhere大脑半球12、cohort modｅl交股模型１3、pｕtarized Ａxial Tomograｐhｙ计算机化轴向层面X射线摄影法1４、corpus(语言)素材15、ｃｏｒpｕｓcａｌlosuｍ胼胝体1６、cｏrｔex大脑皮层17、dｅep dｙslexiａ深层诵读困难18、Diｃhotｉc lｉsｔeniｎg studiｅs双耳分听实验19、eｖeｎt－ｒelaｔed potentｉａl ｅxperiｍent2０、eye movｅｍenｔｅxpｅriment眼动实验21、fissure裂缝;裂隙22、flueｎt apｈasia流利性失语症２3、frontａl lobｅ额叶(大脑半球得前部,其下部位于颅前窝,后界中央沟24、Funcｔiｏnal MＲI功能磁共振成像25、garden path sentence花园路径句26、global ａpｈasia整体性失语症２7、gyruｓ回2８、hieｒａｒｃhiｃal strｕｃtｕre层级结构29、late closure ｐrincｉpｌe后封闭原则;晚封闭原则30、lateral fisｓurｅ侧脑裂31、lａｔｅrａliｚａtiｏn侧化32、leｓion损害33、lexｉcaｌdｅciｓion词汇判断;词汇确定法3４、lｏbes叶,身体器官得由表面得沟裂分出得部分３５、lｏngiｔuｄinaｌfissurｅ纵裂36、MagnetｉｃResonａｎce Iｍａｇing磁共振成像37、neｕｒon神经细胞,神经元3８、mｉnimaｌａｔｔachment priｎｃiｐle最低限度结合原则３９、modｕle模块；组块40、non－flueｎt ａpｈasiａ失语症４1、oｃcipｉtal lobe枕叶大脑半球得后叶,呈三面得锥形, 与前方得顶叶与下方得颞叶没有明显得界限４2、ｐａrietal ｌobe顶叶Pｏsitron emiｓsｉon Toｍｏｇｒa ｐhy正电子发射X射线层析照相术;计算机辅助正电子发射断层扫描技术43、phoｌogicaｌdyｓｌeｘｉa拼音性失读症４4、primiｎg启动45、primiｎg eｆｆeｃt启动效应46、ｐｒiming eｘpeｒiment启动实验４7、right eaｒadvantａgｅ右耳优势;右耳听力强48、ｓelｅctional restｒictｉoｎ选择限制49、sentencｅａｍbiguiｔy句子歧义５０、“Sｏdｉｕm Ａmyｓtaｌ“Ｔest阿米妥纳实验Spoone ｒiｓｍ斯本内现象51、spliｔbrain ｓtudｉｅs裂脑研究52、sｕｌｃｕs沟53、suｒface dyｓlexia浅层诵读困难54、syntａｃtic pａrｓer句法处理器55、tｅｍpoｒａｌlobe颞叶56、ｔimed-ｒeａding ｅxｐeｒiment限时阅读实验57、top-dｏｗn ｐrocｅsｓinｇ自上而下处理过程58、Werniｃke’s apｈａsia韦尼克失语症。

CHAPTER 10_11

CHAPTER 10A day or two later Mrs. Strickland sent me round a note asking if I could go and see her that evening after dinner. I found her alone. Her black dress, simple to austerity, suggested her bereaved condition, and I was innocently astonished that notwithstanding a real emotion she was able to dress the part she had to play according to her notions of seemliness."You said that if I wanted you to do anything you wouldn't mind doing it," she remarked."It was quite true.""Will you go over to Paris and see Charlie?""I?"I was taken aback. I reflected that I had only seen him once.I did not know what she wanted me to do."Fred is set on going." Fred was Colonel MacAndrew. "But I'm sure he's not the man to go. He'll only make things worse.I don't know who else to ask."Her voice trembled a little, and I felt a brute even to hesitate."But I've not spoken ten words to your husband. He doesn't know me. He'll probably just tell me to go to the devil.""That wouldn't hurt you," said Mrs. Strickland, smiling. "What is it exactly you want me to do?"She did not answer directly."I think it's rather an advantage that he doesn't know you. You see, he never really liked Fred; he thought him a fool; he didn't understand soldiers. Fred would fly into a passion, and there'd be a quarrel, and things would be worse instead ofbetter. If you said you came on my behalf, he couldn't refuse to listen to you.""I haven't known you very long," I answered. "I don't see how anyone can be expected to tackle a case like this unless he knows all the details. I don't want to pry into what doesn't concern me. Why don't you go and see him yourself?""You forget he isn't alone."I held my tongue. I saw myself calling on Charles Strickland and sending in my card; I saw him come into the room, holding it between finger and thumb:"To what do I owe this honour?""I've come to see you about your wife.""Really. When you are a little older you will doubtless learn the advantage of minding your own business. If you will be so good as to turn your head slightly to the left, you willsee the door. I wish you good-afternoon."I foresaw that it would be difficult to make my exit with dignity, and I wished to goodness that I had not returned to London till Mrs. Strickland had composed her difficulties. I stole a glance at her. She was immersed in thought. Presently she looked up at me, sighed deeply, and smiled."It was all so unexpected," she said. "We'd been married seventeen years. I sever dreamed that Charlie was the sort of man to get infatuated with anyone. We always got on very well together. Of course, I had a great many interests that he didn't share.""Have you found out who" -- I did not quite know how to express myself -- "who the person, who it is he's gone away with?""No. No one seems to have an idea. It's so strange.Generally when a man falls in love with someone people see them about together, lunching or something, and her friends always come and tell the wife. I had no warning -- nothing. His letter came like a thunderbolt. I thought he was perfectly happy." She began to cry, poor thing, and I felt very sorry for her. But in a little while she grew calmer."It's no good making a fool of myself," she said, drying her eyes. "The only thing is to decide what is the best thing to do."She went on, talking somewhat at random, now of the recent past, then of their first meeting and their marriage; but presently I began to form a fairly coherent picture of their lives; and it seemed to me that my surmises had not been incorrect. Mrs. Strickland was the daughter of an Indian civilian, who on his retirement had settled in the depths ofthe country, but it was his habit every August to take his family to Eastbourne for change of air; and it was here, when she was twenty, that she met Charles Strickland. He was twenty-three. They played together, walked on the front together, listened together to the nigger minstrels; and she had made up her mind to accept him a week before he proposed to her. They lived in London, first in Hampstead, and then, as he grew more prosperous, in town. Two children were born to them."He always seemed very fond of them. Even if he was tired of me, I wonder that he had the heart to leave them. It's all so incredible. Even now I can hardly believe it's true."At last she showed me the letter he had written. I was curious to see it, but had not ventured to ask for it."MY DEAR AMY,"I think you will find everything all right in the flat.I have given Anne your instructions, and dinner will be ready for you and the children when you come. I shall not be there to meet you. I have made up my mind to live apart from you, and I am going to Paris in the morning. I shall post this letter on my arrival. I shall not come back. My decision is irrevocable. "Yours always,"CHARLES STRICKLAND.""Not a word of explanation or regret. Don't you think it's inhuman?""It's a very strange letter under the circumstances," I replied."There's only one explanation, and that is that he's not himself. I don't know who this woman is who's got hold of him, but she's made him into another man. It's evidently been going on a long time.""What makes you think that?""Fred found that out. My husband said he went to the club three or four nights a week to play bridge. Fred knows one of the members, and said something about Charles being a great bridge-player. The man was surprised. He said he'd never even seen Charles in the card-room. It's quite clear now that when I thought Charles was at his club he was with her."I was silent for a moment. Then I thought of the children. "It must have been difficult to explain to Robert," I said. "Oh, I never said a word to either of them. You see, we only came up to town the day before they had to go back to school.I had the presence of mind to say that their father had been called away on business."It could not have been very easy to be bright and careless with that sudden secret in her heart, nor to give her attentionto all the things that needed doing to get her children comfortably packed off. Mrs. Strickland's voice broke again. "And what is to happen to them, poor darlings? How are we going to live?"She struggled for self-control, and I saw her hands clench and unclench spasmodically. It was dreadfully painful."Of course I'll go over to Paris if you think I can do any good, but you must tell me exactly what you want me to do." "I want him to come back.""I understood from Colonel MacAndrew that you'd made up your mind to divorce him.""I'll never divorce him," she answered with a sudden violence. "Tell him that from me. He'll never be able to marry that woman. I'm as obstinate as he is, and I'll never divorce him. I have to think of my children."I think she added this to explain her attitude to me, but I thought it was due to a very natural jealousy rather than to maternal solicitude."Are you in love with him still?""I don't know. I want him to come back. If he'll do that we'll let bygones be bygones. After all, we've been married for seventeen years. I'm a broadminded woman. I wouldn't have minded what he did as long as I knew nothing about it. He must know that his infatuation won't last. If he'll come back now everything can be smoothed over, and no one will know anything about it."It chilled me a little that Mrs. Strickland should be concerned with gossip, for I did not know then how great a part is played in women's life by the opinion of others. It throws a shadow of insincerity over their most deeply felt emotions.It was known where Strickland was staying. His partner, in a violent letter, sent to his bank, had taunted him with hiding his whereabouts: and Strickland, in a cynical and humourous reply, had told his partner exactly where to find him. He was apparently living in an Hotel."I've never heard of it," said Mrs. Strickland. "But Fred knows it well. He says it's very expensive."She flushed darkly. I imagined that she saw her husband installed in a luxurious suite of rooms, dining at one smart restaurant after another, and she pictured his days spent at race-meetings and his evenings at the play."It can't go on at his age," she said. "After all, he's forty.I could understand it in a young man, but I think it's horrible in a man of his years, with children who are nearly grown up. His health will never stand it."Anger struggled in her breast with misery."Tell him that our home cries out for him. Everything is just the same, and yet everything is different. I can't live without him. I'd sooner kill myself. Talk to him about the past, and all we've gone through together. What am I to say to the children when they ask for him? His room is exactly as it was when he left it. It's waiting for him. We're all waiting for him."Now she told me exactly what I should say. She gave me elaborate answers to every possible observation of his."You will do everything you can for me?" she said pitifully. "Tell him what a state I'm in."I saw that she wished me to appeal to his sympathies by every means in my power. She was weeping freely. I was extraordinarily touched. I felt indignant at Strickland's cold cruelty, and Ipromised to do all I could to bring him back. I agreed to go over on the next day but one, and to stay in Paris till I had achieved something. Then, as it was growing late and we were both exhausted by so much emotion, I left her.。

x86 Assembly Language Reference Manual

x86Assembly Language ReferenceManual Sun Microsystems,Inc.4150Network CircleSanta Clara,CA95054U.S.A.Part No:817–5477–10January2005Copyright2005Sun Microsystems,Inc.4150Network Circle,Santa Clara,CA95054U.S.A.All rights reserved.This product or document is protected by copyright and distributed under licenses restricting its use,copying,distribution,and decompilation.No part of this product or document may be reproduced in any form by any means without prior written authorization of Sun and its licensors,if any. Third-party software,including font technology,is copyrighted and licensed from Sun suppliers.Parts of the product may be derived from Berkeley BSD systems,licensed from the University of California.UNIX is a registered trademark in the U.S. and other countries,exclusively licensed through X/Open Company,Ltd.Sun,Sun Microsystems,the Sun logo,,AnswerBook,AnswerBook2,and Solaris are trademarks or registered trademarks of Sun Microsystems,Inc.in the U.S.and other countries.The OPEN LOOK and Sun™Graphical User Interface was developed by Sun Microsystems,Inc.for its users and licensees.Sun acknowledges the pioneering efforts of Xerox in researching and developing the concept of visual or graphical user interfaces for the computer industry.Sun holds a non-exclusive license from Xerox to the Xerox Graphical User Interface,which license also covers Sun’s licensees who implement OPEN LOOK GUIs and otherwise comply with Sun’s written license agreements.ernment Rights–Commercial ernment users are subject to the Sun Microsystems,Inc.standard license agreement and applicable provisions of the FAR and its supplements.DOCUMENTATION IS PROVIDED“AS IS”AND ALL EXPRESS OR IMPLIED CONDITIONS,REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES, INCLUDING ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY,FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR NON-INFRINGEMENT,ARE DISCLAIMED,EXCEPT TO THE EXTENT THAT SUCH DISCLAIMERS ARE HELD TO BE LEGALLY INVALID.Copyright2005Sun Microsystems,Inc.4150Network Circle,Santa Clara,CA95054U.S.A.Tous droits réservés.Ce produit ou document est protégépar un copyright et distribuéavec des licences qui en restreignent l’utilisation,la copie,la distribution,et ladécompilation.Aucune partie de ce produit ou document ne peutêtre reproduite sous aucune forme,par quelque moyen que ce soit,sansl’autorisation préalable etécrite de Sun et de ses bailleurs de licence,s’il y en a.Le logiciel détenu par des tiers,et qui comprend la technologie relative aux polices de caractères,est protégépar un copyright et licenciépar des fournisseurs de Sun.Des parties de ce produit pourrontêtre dérivées du système Berkeley BSD licenciés par l’Universitéde Californie.UNIX est une marque déposée aux Etats-Unis et dans d’autres pays et licenciée exclusivement par X/Open Company,Ltd.Sun,Sun Microsystems,le logo Sun,,AnswerBook,AnswerBook2,et Solaris sont des marques de fabrique ou des marques déposées,de Sun Microsystems,Inc.aux Etats-Unis et dans d’autres pays.L’interface d’utilisation graphique OPEN LOOK et Sun™aétédéveloppée par Sun Microsystems,Inc.pour ses utilisateurs et licenciés.Sun reconnaît les efforts de pionniers de Xerox pour la recherche et le développement du concept des interfaces d’utilisation visuelle ou graphique pour l’industrie de l’informatique.Sun détient une licence non exclusive de Xerox sur l’interface d’utilisation graphique Xerox,cette licence couvrantégalement les licenciés de Sun qui mettent en place l’interface d’utilisation graphique OPEN LOOK et qui en outre se conforment aux licencesécrites de Sun. CETTE PUBLICATION EST FOURNIE“EN L’ETAT”ET AUCUNE GARANTIE,EXPRESSE OU IMPLICITE,N’EST ACCORDEE,Y COMPRIS DES GARANTIES CONCERNANT LA VALEUR MARCHANDE,L’APTITUDE DE LA PUBLICATION A REPONDRE A UNE UTILISATION PARTICULIERE,OU LE FAIT QU’ELLE NE SOIT PAS CONTREFAISANTE DE PRODUIT DE TIERS.CE DENI DE GARANTIE NES’APPLIQUERAIT PAS,DANS LA MESURE OU IL SERAIT TENU JURIDIQUEMENT NUL ET NON AVENU.040910@9495ContentsPreface71Overview of the Solaris x86Assembler11Assembler Overview11Syntax Differences Between x86Assemblers12Assembler Command Line122Solaris x86Assembly Language Syntax13Lexical Conventions13Statements13Tokens15Instructions,Operands,and Addressing17Instructions17Operands18Assembler Directives203Instruction Set Mapping25Instruction Overview25General-Purpose Instructions26Data Transfer Instructions26Binary Arithmetic Instructions30Decimal Arithmetic Instructions31Logical Instructions32Shift and Rotate Instructions32Bit and Byte Instructions333Control Transfer Instructions35String Instructions38I/O Instructions39Flag Control(EFLAG)Instructions40Segment Register Instructions41Miscellaneous Instructions41Floating-Point Instructions42Data Transfer Instructions(Floating Point)42Basic Arithmetic Instructions(Floating-Point)43Comparison Instructions(Floating-Point)45Transcendental Instructions(Floating-Point)46Load Constants(Floating-Point)Instructions47Control Instructions(Floating-Point)47SIMD State Management Instructions49MMX Instructions49Data Transfer Instructions(MMX)50Conversion Instructions(MMX)50Packed Arithmetic Instructions(MMX)51Comparison Instructions(MMX)52Logical Instructions(MMX)53Shift and Rotate Instructions(MMX)53State Management Instructions(MMX)54SSE Instructions54SIMD Single-Precision Floating-Point Instructions(SSE)55MXCSR State Management Instructions(SSE)6164–Bit SIMD Integer Instructions(SSE)61Miscellaneous Instructions(SSE)62SSE2Instructions63SSE2Packed and Scalar Double-Precision Floating-Point Instructions63SSE2Packed Single-Precision Floating-Point Instructions70SSE2128–Bit SIMD Integer Instructions70SSE2Miscellaneous Instructions72Operating System Support Instructions7364–Bit AMD Opteron Considerations75Index774x86Assembly Language Reference Manual•January2005TablesTABLE3–1Data Transfer Instructions26TABLE3–2Binary Arithmetic Instructions30TABLE3–3Decimal Arithmetic Instructions32TABLE3–4Logical Instructions32TABLE3–5Shift and Rotate Instructions33TABLE3–6Bit and Byte Instructions34TABLE3–7Control Transfer Instructions36TABLE3–8String Instructions38TABLE3–9I/O Instructions40TABLE3–10Flag Control Instructions40TABLE3–11Segment Register Instructions41TABLE3–12Miscellaneous Instructions42TABLE3–13Data Transfer Instructions(Floating-Point)42TABLE3–14Basic Arithmetic Instructions(Floating-Point)44TABLE3–15Comparison Instructions(Floating-Point)45TABLE3–16Transcendental Instructions(Floating-Point)46TABLE3–17Load Constants Instructions(Floating-Point)47TABLE3–18Control Instructions(Floating-Point)47TABLE3–19SIMD State Management Instructions49TABLE3–20Data Transfer Instructions(MMX)50TABLE3–21Conversion Instructions(MMX)50TABLE3–22Packed Arithmetic Instructions(MMX)51TABLE3–23Comparison Instructions(MMX)52TABLE3–24Logical Instructions(MMX)53TABLE3–25Shift and Rotate Instructions(MMX)53TABLE3–26State Management Instructions(MMX)54TABLE3–27Data Transfer Instructions(SSE)555TABLE3–28Packed Arithmetic Instructions(SSE)56TABLE3–29Comparison Instructions(SSE)58TABLE3–30Logical Instructions(SSE)59TABLE3–31Shuffle and Unpack Instructions(SSE)59TABLE3–32Conversion Instructions(SSE)60TABLE3–33MXCSR State Management Instructions(SSE)61TABLE3–3464–Bit SIMD Integer Instructions(SSE)61TABLE3–35Miscellaneous Instructions(SSE)62TABLE3–36SSE2Data Movement Instructions64TABLE3–37SSE2Packed Arithmetic Instructions65TABLE3–38SSE2Logical Instructions66TABLE3–39SSE2Compare Instructions67TABLE3–40SSE2Shuffle and Unpack Instructions67TABLE3–41SSE2Conversion Instructions68TABLE3–42SSE2Packed Single-Precision Floating-Point Instructions70TABLE3–43SSE2128–Bit SIMD Integer Instructions71TABLE3–44SSE2Miscellaneous Instructions72TABLE3–45Operating System Support Instructions736x86Assembly Language Reference Manual•January2005PrefaceThe x86Assembly Language Reference Manual documents the syntax of the Solaris™x86 assembly language.This manual is provided to help experienced programmers understand the assembly language output of Solaris compilers.This manual is neither an introductory book about assembly language programming nor a reference manual for the x86architecture.Note–In this document the term“x86”refers to64-bit and32-bit systems manufactured using processors compatible with the AMD64or Intel Xeon/Pentium product families.For supported systems,see the Solaris10Hardware Compatibility List.Who Should Use This BookThis manual is intended for experienced x86assembly language programmers who are familiar with the x86architecture.Before You Read This BookYou should have a thorough knowledge of assembly language programming in general and be familiar with the x86architecture in speciﬁc.You should be familiar with the ELF objectﬁle format.This manual assumes that you have the following documentation available for reference:I IA-32Intel Architecture Software Developer’s Manual(Intel Corporation,2004).Volume1:Basic Architecture.Volume2:Instruction Set Reference A-M.Volume3: Instruction Set Reference N-Z.Volume4:System Programming Guide.7I AMD64Architecture Programmer’s Manual(Advanced Micro Devices,2003).Volume1:Application Programming.Volume2:System Programming.Volume3:General-Purpose and System Instructions.Volume4:128-Bit Media Instructions.Volume5:64-Bit Media and x87Floating-Point Instructions.I Linker and Libraries GuideI Sun Studio9:C User’s GuideI Sun Studio9:Fortran User’s Guide and Fortran Programming GuideI Man pages for the as(1),ld(1),and dis(1)utilities.How This Book Is OrganizedChapter1provides an overview of the x86functionality supported by the Solaris x86assembler.Chapter2documents the syntax of the Solaris x86assembly language.Chapter3maps Solaris x86assembly language instruction mnemonics to the nativex86instruction set.Accessing Sun Documentation OnlineThe SM Web site enables you to access Sun technical documentationonline.You can browse the archive or search for a speciﬁc book title orsubject.The URL is .Ordering Sun DocumentationSun Microsystems offers select product documentation in print.For a list ofdocuments and how to order them,see“Buy printed documentation”at.8x86Assembly Language Reference Manual•January2005Typographic ConventionsThe following table describes the typographic changes that are used in this book. TABLE P–1Typographic ConventionsTypeface or Symbol Meaning ExampleAaBbCc123The names of commands,ﬁles,anddirectories,and onscreen computeroutput Edit your.loginﬁle.Use ls-a to list allﬁles. machine_name%you have mail.AaBbCc123What you type,contrasted with onscreencomputer output machine_name%su Password:AaBbCc123Command-line placeholder:replace witha real name or value The command to remove aﬁle is rmﬁlename.AaBbCc123Book titles,new terms,and terms to beemphasized Read Chapter6in the User’s Guide.Perform a patch analysis.Do not save theﬁle.[Note that some emphasized items appear bold online.]Shell Prompts in Command ExamplesThe following table shows the default system prompt and superuser prompt for theC shell,Bourne shell,and Korn shell.TABLE P–2Shell PromptsShell PromptC shell prompt machine_name%C shell superuser prompt machine_name#Bourne shell and Korn shell prompt$9TABLE P–2Shell Prompts(Continued)Shell PromptBourne shell and Korn shell superuser prompt#10x86Assembly Language Reference Manual•January2005CHAPTER1Overview of the Solaris x86AssemblerThis chapter provides a brief overview of the Solaris x86assembler as.This chapterdiscusses the following topics:I“Assembler Overview”on page11I“Syntax Differences Between x86Assemblers”on page12I“Assembler Command Line”on page12Assembler OverviewThe Solaris x86assembler as translates Solaris x86assembly language into Executableand Linking Format(ELF)relocatable objectﬁles that can be linked with other objectﬁles to create an executableﬁle or a shared objectﬁle.(See Chapter7,“Object FileFormat,”in Linker and Libraries Guide,for a complete discussion of ELF objectﬁleformat.)The assembler supports macro processing by the C preprocessor(cpp)or them4macro processor.The assembler supports the instruction sets of the followingCPUs:Intel8086/8088processorsIntel286processorIntel386processorIntel486processorIntel Pentium processorIntel Pentium Pro processorIntel Pentium II processorPentium II Xeon processorIntel Celeron processorIntel Pentium III processorPentium III Xeon processorAdvanced Micro Devices Athlon processor11Advanced Micro Devices Opteron processorSyntax Differences Between x86AssemblersThere is no standard assembly language for the x86architecture.Vendorimplementations of assemblers for the x86architecture instruction sets differ in syntaxand functionality.The syntax of the Solaris x86assembler is compatible with thesyntax of the assembler distributed with earlier releases of the UNIX operating system(this syntax is sometimes termed“AT&T syntax”).Developers familiar with otherassemblers derived from the original UNIX assemblers,such as the Free SoftwareFoundation’s gas,willﬁnd the syntax of the Solaris x86assembler verystraightforward.However,the syntax of x86assemblers distributed by Intel and Microsoft(sometimestermed“Intel syntax”)differs signiﬁcantly from the syntax of the Solaris x86assembler.These differences are most pronounced in the handling of instructionoperands:I The Solaris and Intel assemblers use the opposite order for source and destinationoperands.I The Solaris assembler speciﬁes the size of memory operands by adding a suffix tothe instruction mnemonic,while the Intel assembler preﬁxes the memoryoperands.I The Solaris assembler preﬁxes immediate operands with a dollar sign($)(ASCII0x24),while the Intel assembler does not delimit immediate operands.See Chapter2for additional differences between x86assemblers.Assembler Command LineDuring the translation of higher-level languages such as C and Fortran,the compilersmight invoke as using the alias fbe(“Fortran back end”).You can invoke theassembler manually from the shell command line with either name,as or fbe.See theas(1)man page for the deﬁnitive discussion of command syntax and command lineoptions.12x86Assembly Language Reference Manual•January2005CHAPTER2Solaris x86Assembly Language SyntaxThis chapter documents the syntax of the Solaris x86assembly language.I“Lexical Conventions”on page13I“Instructions,Operands,and Addressing”on page17I“Assembler Directives”on page20Lexical ConventionsThis section discusses the lexical conventions of the Solaris x86assembly language.StatementsAn x86assembly language program consists of one or moreﬁles containing statements.A statement consists of tokens separated by whitespace and terminated by either anewline character(ASCII0x0A)or a semicolon(;)(ASCII0x3B).Whitespace consists ofspaces(ASCII0x20),tabs(ASCII0x09),and formfeeds(ASCII0x0B)that are notcontained in a string or comment.More than one statement can be placed on a singleinput line provided that each statement is terminated by a semicolon.A statement canconsist of a comment.Empty statements,consisting only of whitespace,are allowed.CommentsA comment can be appended to a statement.The comment consists of the slashcharacter(/)(ASCII0x2F)followed by the text of the comment.The comment isterminated by the newline that terminates the statement.13LabelsA label can be placed at the beginning of a statement.During assembly,the label isassigned the current value of the active location counter and serves as an instructionoperand.There are two types of lables:symbolic and numeric.Symbolic LabelsA symbolic label consists of an identiﬁer(or symbol)followed by a colon(:)(ASCII0x3A).Symbolic labels must be deﬁned only once.Symbolic labels have global scopeand appear in the objectﬁle’s symbol table.Symbolic labels with identiﬁers beginning with a period(.)(ASCII0x2E)areconsidered to have local scope and are not included in the objectﬁle’s symbol table.Numeric LabelsA numeric label consists of a single digit in the range zero(0)through nine(9)followedby a colon(:).Numeric labels are used only for local reference and are not included inthe objectﬁle’s symbol table.Numeric labels have limited scope and can be redeﬁnedrepeatedly.When a numeric label is used as a reference(as an instruction operand,for example),the suffixes b(“backward”)or f(“forward”)should be added to the numeric label.Fornumeric label N,the reference N b refers to the nearest label N deﬁned before thereference,and the reference N f refers to the nearest label N deﬁned after the reference.The following example illustrates the use of numeric labels:1:/define numeric label"1"one:/define symbolic label"one"/...assembler code...jmp1f/jump to first numeric label"1"defined/after this instruction/(this reference is equivalent to label"two")jmp1b/jump to last numeric label"1"defined/before this instruction/(this reference is equivalent to label"one")1:/redefine label"1"two:/define symbolic label"two"jmp1b/jump to last numeric label"1"defined/before this instruction/(this reference is equivalent to label"two")14x86Assembly Language Reference Manual•January2005TokensThere areﬁve classes of tokens:I Identiﬁers(symbols)I KeywordsI Numerical constantsI String ConstantsI OperatorsIdentiﬁersAn identiﬁer is an arbitrarily-long sequence of letters and digits.Theﬁrst character must be a letter;the underscore(_)(ASCII0x5F)and the period(.)(ASCII0x2E)are considered to be letters.Case is signiﬁcant:uppercase and lowercase letters are different.KeywordsKeywords such as x86instruction mnemonics(“opcodes”)and assembler directives are reserved for the assembler and should not be used as identiﬁers.See Chapter3for a list of the Solaris x86mnemonics.See“Assembler Directives”on page20for the list of as assembler directives.Numerical ConstantsNumbers in the x86architecture can be integers orﬂoating point.Integers can be signed or unsigned,with signed integers represented in two’s complement representation. Floating-point numbers can be:single-precisionﬂoating-point;double-precisionﬂoating-point;and double-extended precisionﬂoating-point.Integer ConstantsIntegers can be expressed in several bases:I Decimal.Decimal integers begin with a non-zero digit followed by zero or moredecimal digits(0–9).I Binary.Binary integers begin with“0b”or“0B”followed by zero or more binarydigits(0,1).I Octal.Octal integers begin with zero(0)followed by zero or more octal digits(0–7).I Hexadecimal.Hexadecimal integers begin with“0x”or“0X”followed by one ormore hexadecimal digits(0–9,A–F).Hexadecimal digits can be either uppercase or lowercase.Chapter2•Solaris x86Assembly Language Syntax15Floating Point ConstantsFloating point constants have the following format:I Sign(optional)–either plus(+)or minus(–)I Integer(optional)–zero or more decimal digits(0–9)I Fraction(optional)–decimal point(.)followed by zero or more decimal digitsI Exponent(optional)–the letter“e”or“E”,followed by an optional sign(plus orminus),followed by one or more decimal digits(0–9)A validﬂoating point constant must have either an integer part or a fractional part.String ConstantsA string constant consists of a sequence of characters enclosed in double quotes(")(ASCII0x22).To include a double-quote character("),single-quote character(’),orbackslash character(\)within a string,precede the character with a backslash(\)(ASCII0x5C).A character can be expressed in a string as its ASCII value in octalpreceded by a backslash(for example,the letter“J”could be expressed as“\112”).Theassembler accepts the following escape sequences in strings:Escape Sequence Character Name ASCII Value(hex)\n newline0A\r carriage return0D\b backspace08\t horizontal tab09\f form feed0C\v vertical tab0BOperatorsThe assembler supports the following operators for use in expressions.Operators haveno assigned precedence.Expressions can be grouped in square brackets([])toestablish precedence.+Addition-Subtraction\*Multiplication\/Division&Bitwise logical AND16x86Assembly Language Reference Manual•January2005|Bitwise logical OR>>Shift right<<Shift left\%Remainder!Bitwise logical AND NOT^Bitwise logical XORNote–The asterisk(*),slash(/),and percent sign(%)characters are overloaded.When used as operators in an expression,these characters must be preceded by the backslash character(\).Instructions,Operands,and Addressing Instructions are operations performed by the CPU.Operands are entities operated upon by the instruction.Addresses are the locations in memory of speciﬁed data.InstructionsAn instruction is a statement that is executed at runtime.An x86instruction statement can consist of four parts:I Label(optional)I Instruction(required)I Operands(instruction speciﬁc)I Comment(optional)See“Statements”on page13for the description of labels and comments.The terms instruction and mnemonic are used interchangeably in this document to refer to the names of x86instructions.Although the term opcode is sometimes used as a synonym for instruction,this document reserves the term opcode for the hexadecimal representation of the instruction value.Chapter2•Solaris x86Assembly Language Syntax17For most instructions,the Solaris x86assembler mnemonics are the same as the Intelor AMD mnemonics.However,the Solaris x86mnemonics might appear to bedifferent because the Solaris mnemonics are suffixed with a one-character modiﬁer thatspeciﬁes the size of the instruction operands.That is,the Solaris assembler derives itsoperand type information from the instruction name and the suffix.If a mnemonic isspeciﬁed with no type suffix,the operand type defaults to long.Possible operandtypes and their instruction suffixes are:b Byte(8–bit)w Word(16–bit)l Long(32–bit)(default)q Quadword(64–bit)The assembler recognizes the following suffixes for x87ﬂoating-point instructions:[no suffix]Instruction operands are registers onlyl(“long”)Instruction operands are64–bits(“short”)Instruction operands are32–bitSee Chapter3for a mapping between Solaris x86assembly language mnemonics andthe equivalent Intel or AMD mnemonics.OperandsAn x86instruction can have zero to three operands.Operands are separated bycommas(,)(ASCII0x2C).For instructions with two operands,theﬁrst(lefthand)operand is the source operand,and the second(righthand)operand is the destinationoperand(that is,source→destination).Note–The Intel assembler uses the opposite order(destination←source)for operands.Operands can be immediate(that is,constant expressions that evaluate to an inlinevalue),register(a value in the processor number registers),or memory(a value stored inmemory).An indirect operand contains the address of the actual operand value.Indirect operands are speciﬁed by preﬁxing the operand with an asterisk(*)(ASCII0x2A).Only jump and call instructions can use indirect operands.I Immediate operands are preﬁxed with a dollar sign($)(ASCII0x24)I Register names are preﬁxed with a percent sign(%)(ASCII0x25)18x86Assembly Language Reference Manual•January2005I Memory operands are speciﬁed either by the name of a variable or by a register thatcontains the address of a variable.A variable name implies the address of avariable and instructs the computer to reference the contents of memory at that address.Memory references have the following syntax:segment:offset(base,index,scale).I Segment is any of the x86architecture segment registers.Segment is optional:ifspeciﬁed,it must be separated from offset by a colon(:).If segment is omitted,the value of%ds(the default segment register)is assumed.I Offset is the displacement from segment of the desired memory value.Offset isoptional.I Base and index can be any of the general32–bit number registers.I Scale is a factor by which index is to be multipled before being added to base tospecify the address of the operand.Scale can have the value of1,2,4,or8.Ifscale is not speciﬁed,the default value is1.Some examples of memory addresses are:movl var,%eaxMove the contents of memory location var into number register%eax.movl%cs:var,%eaxMove the contents of memory location var in the code segment(register%cs)into number register%eax.movl$var,%eaxMove the address of var into number register%eax.movl array_base(%esi),%eaxAdd the address of memory location array_base to the contents of numberregister%esi to determine an address in memory.Move the contents of thisaddress into number register%eax.movl(%ebx,%esi,4),%eaxMultiply the contents of number register%esi by4and add the result to thecontents of number register%ebx to produce a memory reference.Move thecontents of this memory location into number register%eax.movl struct_base(%ebx,%esi,4),%eaxMultiply the contents of number register%esi by4,add the result to thecontents of number register%ebx,and add the result to the address ofstruct_base to produce an address.Move the contents of this address intonumber register%eax.Chapter2•Solaris x86Assembly Language Syntax19Assembler DirectivesDirectives are commands that are part of the assembler syntax but are not related to thex86processor instruction set.All assembler directives begin with a period(.)(ASCII0x2E)..align integer,padThe.align directive causes the next data generated to be aligned modulo integerbytes.Integer must be a positive integer expression and must be a power of2.Ifspeciﬁed,pad is an integer bye value used for padding.The default value of pad forthe text section is0x90(nop);for other sections,the default value of pad is zero(0)..ascii"string"The.ascii directive places the characters in string into the object module at thecurrent location but does not terminate the string with a null byte(\0).String mustbe enclosed in double quotes(")(ASCII0x22).The.ascii directive is not valid forthe.bss section..bcd integerThe.bcd directive generates a packed decimal(80-bit)value into the currentsection.The.bcd directive is not valid for the.bss section..bssThe.bss directive changes the current section to.bss..bss symbol,integerDeﬁne symbol in the.bss section and add integer bytes to the value of the locationcounter for.bss.When issued with arguments,the.bss directive does notchange the current section to.bss.Integer must be positive..byte byte1,byte2,...,byteNThe.byte directive generates initialized bytes into the current section.The.bytedirective is not valid for the.bss section.Each byte must be an8-bit value..2byte expression1,expression2,...,expressionNRefer to the description of the.value directive..4byte expression1,expression2,...,expressionNRefer to the description of the.long directive..8byte expression1,expression2,...,expressionNRefer to the description of the.quad directive..comm name,size,alignmentm directive allocates storage in the data section.The storage is referencedby the identiﬁer name.Size is measured in bytes and must be a positive integer.Name cannot be predeﬁned.Alignment is optional.If alignment is speciﬁed,theaddress of name is aligned to a multiple of alignment..dataThe.data directive changes the current section to.data.20x86Assembly Language Reference Manual•January2005。

OSHA现场作业手册说明书

DIRECTIVE NUMBER: CPL 02-00-150 EFFECTIVE DATE: April 22, 2011 SUBJECT: Field Operations Manual (FOM)ABSTRACTPurpose: This instruction cancels and replaces OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-148,Field Operations Manual (FOM), issued November 9, 2009, whichreplaced the September 26, 1994 Instruction that implemented the FieldInspection Reference Manual (FIRM). The FOM is a revision of OSHA’senforcement policies and procedures manual that provides the field officesa reference document for identifying the responsibilities associated withthe majority of their inspection duties. This Instruction also cancels OSHAInstruction FAP 01-00-003 Federal Agency Safety and Health Programs,May 17, 1996 and Chapter 13 of OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-045,Revised Field Operations Manual, June 15, 1989.Scope: OSHA-wide.References: Title 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1903.6, Advance Notice ofInspections; 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1903.14, Policy RegardingEmployee Rescue Activities; 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1903.19,Abatement Verification; 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1904.39,Reporting Fatalities and Multiple Hospitalizations to OSHA; and Housingfor Agricultural Workers: Final Rule, Federal Register, March 4, 1980 (45FR 14180).Cancellations: OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-148, Field Operations Manual, November9, 2009.OSHA Instruction FAP 01-00-003, Federal Agency Safety and HealthPrograms, May 17, 1996.Chapter 13 of OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-045, Revised FieldOperations Manual, June 15, 1989.State Impact: Notice of Intent and Adoption required. See paragraph VI.Action Offices: National, Regional, and Area OfficesOriginating Office: Directorate of Enforcement Programs Contact: Directorate of Enforcement ProgramsOffice of General Industry Enforcement200 Constitution Avenue, NW, N3 119Washington, DC 20210202-693-1850By and Under the Authority ofDavid Michaels, PhD, MPHAssistant SecretaryExecutive SummaryThis instruction cancels and replaces OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-148, Field Operations Manual (FOM), issued November 9, 2009. The one remaining part of the prior Field Operations Manual, the chapter on Disclosure, will be added at a later date. This Instruction also cancels OSHA Instruction FAP 01-00-003 Federal Agency Safety and Health Programs, May 17, 1996 and Chapter 13 of OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-045, Revised Field Operations Manual, June 15, 1989. This Instruction constitutes OSHA’s general enforcement policies and procedures manual for use by the field offices in conducting inspections, issuing citations and proposing penalties.Significant Changes∙A new Table of Contents for the entire FOM is added.∙ A new References section for the entire FOM is added∙ A new Cancellations section for the entire FOM is added.∙Adds a Maritime Industry Sector to Section III of Chapter 10, Industry Sectors.∙Revises sections referring to the Enhanced Enforcement Program (EEP) replacing the information with the Severe Violator Enforcement Program (SVEP).∙Adds Chapter 13, Federal Agency Field Activities.∙Cancels OSHA Instruction FAP 01-00-003, Federal Agency Safety and Health Programs, May 17, 1996.DisclaimerThis manual is intended to provide instruction regarding some of the internal operations of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and is solely for the benefit of the Government. No duties, rights, or benefits, substantive or procedural, are created or implied by this manual. The contents of this manual are not enforceable by any person or entity against the Department of Labor or the United States. Statements which reflect current Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission or court precedents do not necessarily indicate acquiescence with those precedents.Table of ContentsCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONI.PURPOSE. ........................................................................................................... 1-1 II.SCOPE. ................................................................................................................ 1-1 III.REFERENCES .................................................................................................... 1-1 IV.CANCELLATIONS............................................................................................. 1-8 V. ACTION INFORMATION ................................................................................. 1-8A.R ESPONSIBLE O FFICE.......................................................................................................................................... 1-8B.A CTION O FFICES. .................................................................................................................... 1-8C. I NFORMATION O FFICES............................................................................................................ 1-8 VI. STATE IMPACT. ................................................................................................ 1-8 VII.SIGNIFICANT CHANGES. ............................................................................... 1-9 VIII.BACKGROUND. ................................................................................................. 1-9 IX. DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY. ........................................................ 1-10A.T HE A CT................................................................................................................................................................. 1-10B. C OMPLIANCE S AFETY AND H EALTH O FFICER (CSHO). ...........................................................1-10B.H E/S HE AND H IS/H ERS ..................................................................................................................................... 1-10C.P ROFESSIONAL J UDGMENT............................................................................................................................... 1-10E. W ORKPLACE AND W ORKSITE ......................................................................................................................... 1-10CHAPTER 2PROGRAM PLANNINGI.INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 2-1 II.AREA OFFICE RESPONSIBILITIES. .............................................................. 2-1A.P ROVIDING A SSISTANCE TO S MALL E MPLOYERS. ...................................................................................... 2-1B.A REA O FFICE O UTREACH P ROGRAM. ............................................................................................................. 2-1C. R ESPONDING TO R EQUESTS FOR A SSISTANCE. ............................................................................................ 2-2 III. OSHA COOPERATIVE PROGRAMS OVERVIEW. ...................................... 2-2A.V OLUNTARY P ROTECTION P ROGRAM (VPP). ........................................................................... 2-2B.O NSITE C ONSULTATION P ROGRAM. ................................................................................................................ 2-2C.S TRATEGIC P ARTNERSHIPS................................................................................................................................. 2-3D.A LLIANCE P ROGRAM ........................................................................................................................................... 2-3 IV. ENFORCEMENT PROGRAM SCHEDULING. ................................................ 2-4A.G ENERAL ................................................................................................................................................................. 2-4B.I NSPECTION P RIORITY C RITERIA. ..................................................................................................................... 2-4C.E FFECT OF C ONTEST ............................................................................................................................................ 2-5D.E NFORCEMENT E XEMPTIONS AND L IMITATIONS. ....................................................................................... 2-6E.P REEMPTION BY A NOTHER F EDERAL A GENCY ........................................................................................... 2-6F.U NITED S TATES P OSTAL S ERVICE. .................................................................................................................. 2-7G.H OME-B ASED W ORKSITES. ................................................................................................................................ 2-8H.I NSPECTION/I NVESTIGATION T YPES. ............................................................................................................... 2-8 V.UNPROGRAMMED ACTIVITY – HAZARD EVALUATION AND INSPECTION SCHEDULING ............................................................................ 2-9 VI.PROGRAMMED INSPECTIONS. ................................................................... 2-10A.S ITE-S PECIFIC T ARGETING (SST) P ROGRAM. ............................................................................................. 2-10B.S CHEDULING FOR C ONSTRUCTION I NSPECTIONS. ..................................................................................... 2-10C.S CHEDULING FOR M ARITIME I NSPECTIONS. ............................................................................. 2-11D.S PECIAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (SEP S). ................................................................................... 2-12E.N ATIONAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (NEP S) ............................................................................... 2-13F.L OCAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (LEP S) AND R EGIONAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (REP S) ............ 2-13G.O THER S PECIAL P ROGRAMS. ............................................................................................................................ 2-13H.I NSPECTION S CHEDULING AND I NTERFACE WITH C OOPERATIVE P ROGRAM P ARTICIPANTS ....... 2-13CHAPTER 3INSPECTION PROCEDURESI.INSPECTION PREPARATION. .......................................................................... 3-1 II.INSPECTION PLANNING. .................................................................................. 3-1A.R EVIEW OF I NSPECTION H ISTORY .................................................................................................................... 3-1B.R EVIEW OF C OOPERATIVE P ROGRAM P ARTICIPATION .............................................................................. 3-1C.OSHA D ATA I NITIATIVE (ODI) D ATA R EVIEW .......................................................................................... 3-2D.S AFETY AND H EALTH I SSUES R ELATING TO CSHO S.................................................................. 3-2E.A DVANCE N OTICE. ................................................................................................................................................ 3-3F.P RE-I NSPECTION C OMPULSORY P ROCESS ...................................................................................................... 3-5G.P ERSONAL S ECURITY C LEARANCE. ................................................................................................................. 3-5H.E XPERT A SSISTANCE. ........................................................................................................................................... 3-5 III. INSPECTION SCOPE. ......................................................................................... 3-6A.C OMPREHENSIVE ................................................................................................................................................... 3-6B.P ARTIAL. ................................................................................................................................................................... 3-6 IV. CONDUCT OF INSPECTION .............................................................................. 3-6A.T IME OF I NSPECTION............................................................................................................................................. 3-6B.P RESENTING C REDENTIALS. ............................................................................................................................... 3-6C.R EFUSAL TO P ERMIT I NSPECTION AND I NTERFERENCE ............................................................................. 3-7D.E MPLOYEE P ARTICIPATION. ............................................................................................................................... 3-9E.R ELEASE FOR E NTRY ............................................................................................................................................ 3-9F.B ANKRUPT OR O UT OF B USINESS. .................................................................................................................... 3-9G.E MPLOYEE R ESPONSIBILITIES. ................................................................................................. 3-10H.S TRIKE OR L ABOR D ISPUTE ............................................................................................................................. 3-10I. V ARIANCES. .......................................................................................................................................................... 3-11 V. OPENING CONFERENCE. ................................................................................ 3-11A.G ENERAL ................................................................................................................................................................ 3-11B.R EVIEW OF A PPROPRIATION A CT E XEMPTIONS AND L IMITATION. ..................................................... 3-13C.R EVIEW S CREENING FOR P ROCESS S AFETY M ANAGEMENT (PSM) C OVERAGE............................. 3-13D.R EVIEW OF V OLUNTARY C OMPLIANCE P ROGRAMS. ................................................................................ 3-14E.D ISRUPTIVE C ONDUCT. ...................................................................................................................................... 3-15F.C LASSIFIED A REAS ............................................................................................................................................. 3-16VI. REVIEW OF RECORDS. ................................................................................... 3-16A.I NJURY AND I LLNESS R ECORDS...................................................................................................................... 3-16B.R ECORDING C RITERIA. ...................................................................................................................................... 3-18C. R ECORDKEEPING D EFICIENCIES. .................................................................................................................. 3-18 VII. WALKAROUND INSPECTION. ....................................................................... 3-19A.W ALKAROUND R EPRESENTATIVES ............................................................................................................... 3-19B.E VALUATION OF S AFETY AND H EALTH M ANAGEMENT S YSTEM. ....................................................... 3-20C.R ECORD A LL F ACTS P ERTINENT TO A V IOLATION. ................................................................................. 3-20D.T ESTIFYING IN H EARINGS ................................................................................................................................ 3-21E.T RADE S ECRETS. ................................................................................................................................................. 3-21F.C OLLECTING S AMPLES. ..................................................................................................................................... 3-22G.P HOTOGRAPHS AND V IDEOTAPES.................................................................................................................. 3-22H.V IOLATIONS OF O THER L AWS. ....................................................................................................................... 3-23I.I NTERVIEWS OF N ON-M ANAGERIAL E MPLOYEES .................................................................................... 3-23J.M ULTI-E MPLOYER W ORKSITES ..................................................................................................................... 3-27 K.A DMINISTRATIVE S UBPOENA.......................................................................................................................... 3-27 L.E MPLOYER A BATEMENT A SSISTANCE. ........................................................................................................ 3-27 VIII. CLOSING CONFERENCE. .............................................................................. 3-28A.P ARTICIPANTS. ..................................................................................................................................................... 3-28B.D ISCUSSION I TEMS. ............................................................................................................................................ 3-28C.A DVICE TO A TTENDEES .................................................................................................................................... 3-29D.P ENALTIES............................................................................................................................................................. 3-30E.F EASIBLE A DMINISTRATIVE, W ORK P RACTICE AND E NGINEERING C ONTROLS. ............................ 3-30F.R EDUCING E MPLOYEE E XPOSURE. ................................................................................................................ 3-32G.A BATEMENT V ERIFICATION. ........................................................................................................................... 3-32H.E MPLOYEE D ISCRIMINATION .......................................................................................................................... 3-33 IX. SPECIAL INSPECTION PROCEDURES. ...................................................... 3-33A.F OLLOW-UP AND M ONITORING I NSPECTIONS............................................................................................ 3-33B.C ONSTRUCTION I NSPECTIONS ......................................................................................................................... 3-34C. F EDERAL A GENCY I NSPECTIONS. ................................................................................................................. 3-35CHAPTER 4VIOLATIONSI. BASIS OF VIOLATIONS ..................................................................................... 4-1A.S TANDARDS AND R EGULATIONS. .................................................................................................................... 4-1B.E MPLOYEE E XPOSURE. ........................................................................................................................................ 4-3C.R EGULATORY R EQUIREMENTS. ........................................................................................................................ 4-6D.H AZARD C OMMUNICATION. .............................................................................................................................. 4-6E. E MPLOYER/E MPLOYEE R ESPONSIBILITIES ................................................................................................... 4-6 II. SERIOUS VIOLATIONS. .................................................................................... 4-8A.S ECTION 17(K). ......................................................................................................................... 4-8B.E STABLISHING S ERIOUS V IOLATIONS ............................................................................................................ 4-8C. F OUR S TEPS TO BE D OCUMENTED. ................................................................................................................... 4-8 III. GENERAL DUTY REQUIREMENTS ............................................................. 4-14A.E VALUATION OF G ENERAL D UTY R EQUIREMENTS ................................................................................. 4-14B.E LEMENTS OF A G ENERAL D UTY R EQUIREMENT V IOLATION.............................................................. 4-14C. U SE OF THE G ENERAL D UTY C LAUSE ........................................................................................................ 4-23D.L IMITATIONS OF U SE OF THE G ENERAL D UTY C LAUSE. ..............................................................E.C LASSIFICATION OF V IOLATIONS C ITED U NDER THE G ENERAL D UTY C LAUSE. ..................F. P ROCEDURES FOR I MPLEMENTATION OF S ECTION 5(A)(1) E NFORCEMENT ............................ 4-25 4-27 4-27IV.OTHER-THAN-SERIOUS VIOLATIONS ............................................... 4-28 V.WILLFUL VIOLATIONS. ......................................................................... 4-28A.I NTENTIONAL D ISREGARD V IOLATIONS. ..........................................................................................4-28B.P LAIN I NDIFFERENCE V IOLATIONS. ...................................................................................................4-29 VI. CRIMINAL/WILLFUL VIOLATIONS. ................................................... 4-30A.A REA D IRECTOR C OORDINATION ....................................................................................................... 4-31B.C RITERIA FOR I NVESTIGATING P OSSIBLE C RIMINAL/W ILLFUL V IOLATIONS ........................ 4-31C. W ILLFUL V IOLATIONS R ELATED TO A F ATALITY .......................................................................... 4-32 VII. REPEATED VIOLATIONS. ...................................................................... 4-32A.F EDERAL AND S TATE P LAN V IOLATIONS. ........................................................................................4-32B.I DENTICAL S TANDARDS. .......................................................................................................................4-32C.D IFFERENT S TANDARDS. .......................................................................................................................4-33D.O BTAINING I NSPECTION H ISTORY. .....................................................................................................4-33E.T IME L IMITATIONS..................................................................................................................................4-34F.R EPEATED V. F AILURE TO A BATE....................................................................................................... 4-34G. A REA D IRECTOR R ESPONSIBILITIES. .............................................................................. 4-35 VIII. DE MINIMIS CONDITIONS. ................................................................... 4-36A.C RITERIA ................................................................................................................................................... 4-36B.P ROFESSIONAL J UDGMENT. ..................................................................................................................4-37C. A REA D IRECTOR R ESPONSIBILITIES. .............................................................................. 4-37 IX. CITING IN THE ALTERNATIVE ............................................................ 4-37 X. COMBINING AND GROUPING VIOLATIONS. ................................... 4-37A.C OMBINING. ..............................................................................................................................................4-37B.G ROUPING. ................................................................................................................................................4-38C. W HEN N OT TO G ROUP OR C OMBINE. ................................................................................................4-38 XI. HEALTH STANDARD VIOLATIONS ....................................................... 4-39A.C ITATION OF V ENTILATION S TANDARDS ......................................................................................... 4-39B.V IOLATIONS OF THE N OISE S TANDARD. ...........................................................................................4-40 XII. VIOLATIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY PROTECTION STANDARD(§1910.134). ....................................................................................................... XIII. VIOLATIONS OF AIR CONTAMINANT STANDARDS (§1910.1000) ... 4-43 4-43A.R EQUIREMENTS UNDER THE STANDARD: .................................................................................................. 4-43B.C LASSIFICATION OF V IOLATIONS OF A IR C ONTAMINANT S TANDARDS. ......................................... 4-43 XIV. CITING IMPROPER PERSONAL HYGIENE PRACTICES. ................... 4-45A.I NGESTION H AZARDS. .................................................................................................................................... 4-45B.A BSORPTION H AZARDS. ................................................................................................................................ 4-46C.W IPE S AMPLING. ............................................................................................................................................. 4-46D.C ITATION P OLICY ............................................................................................................................................ 4-46 XV. BIOLOGICAL MONITORING. ...................................................................... 4-47CHAPTER 5CASE FILE PREPARATION AND DOCUMENTATIONI.INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 5-1 II.INSPECTION CONDUCTED, CITATIONS BEING ISSUED. .................... 5-1A.OSHA-1 ................................................................................................................................... 5-1B.OSHA-1A. ............................................................................................................................... 5-1C. OSHA-1B. ................................................................................................................................ 5-2 III.INSPECTION CONDUCTED BUT NO CITATIONS ISSUED .................... 5-5 IV.NO INSPECTION ............................................................................................... 5-5 V. HEALTH INSPECTIONS. ................................................................................. 5-6A.D OCUMENT P OTENTIAL E XPOSURE. ............................................................................................................... 5-6B.E MPLOYER’S O CCUPATIONAL S AFETY AND H EALTH S YSTEM. ............................................................. 5-6 VI. AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSES............................................................................. 5-8A.B URDEN OF P ROOF. .............................................................................................................................................. 5-8B.E XPLANATIONS. ..................................................................................................................................................... 5-8 VII. INTERVIEW STATEMENTS. ........................................................................ 5-10A.G ENERALLY. ......................................................................................................................................................... 5-10B.CSHO S SHALL OBTAIN WRITTEN STATEMENTS WHEN: .......................................................................... 5-10C.L ANGUAGE AND W ORDING OF S TATEMENT. ............................................................................................. 5-11D.R EFUSAL TO S IGN S TATEMENT ...................................................................................................................... 5-11E.V IDEO AND A UDIOTAPED S TATEMENTS. ..................................................................................................... 5-11F.A DMINISTRATIVE D EPOSITIONS. .............................................................................................5-11 VIII. PAPERWORK AND WRITTEN PROGRAM REQUIREMENTS. .......... 5-12 IX.GUIDELINES FOR CASE FILE DOCUMENTATION FOR USE WITH VIDEOTAPES AND AUDIOTAPES .............................................................. 5-12 X.CASE FILE ACTIVITY DIARY SHEET. ..................................................... 5-12 XI. CITATIONS. ..................................................................................................... 5-12A.S TATUTE OF L IMITATIONS. .............................................................................................................................. 5-13B.I SSUING C ITATIONS. ........................................................................................................................................... 5-13C.A MENDING/W ITHDRAWING C ITATIONS AND N OTIFICATION OF P ENALTIES. .................................. 5-13D.P ROCEDURES FOR A MENDING OR W ITHDRAWING C ITATIONS ............................................................ 5-14 XII. INSPECTION RECORDS. ............................................................................... 5-15A.G ENERALLY. ......................................................................................................................................................... 5-15B.R ELEASE OF I NSPECTION I NFORMATION ..................................................................................................... 5-15C. C LASSIFIED AND T RADE S ECRET I NFORMATION ...................................................................................... 5-16。

第10章提示性公示语

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第10章
提示性公示语
Chapter 10 Reminder Signs
第十章提示性公示语 10.1 信息性提示 10.2 倡导性提示 10.3 要求性提示 10.4 限制性提示 10.5 禁止性提示拓展阅读练习题
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卡通风经典好书分享之摆渡人PPT模板

摆渡人
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书籍介绍
迪伦
主要人物
崔斯坦
第二部分
内容简介
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人物评价
迪伦
单亲女孩，与母亲无话可说，在学校里经常受到同学的捉弄，她决定去看望久未谋面的父亲，然而，路上突发交通事故，等她拼命爬出火车残骸之后，却惊恐地发现，自己好像是唯一的幸存者，而眼前，竟是一片荒原。走过分界线后她便再也见不到崔斯坦，对崔斯坦的思念让迪伦痛苦，逐渐坚强起来的迪伦知道自己真正追寻的是什么，她决定逆着危险重重的荒原回到起点，和崔斯坦在一起。
人物评价
崔斯坦
崔斯坦是一个灵魂摆渡人，是一个思路清晰、经验丰富又勇敢无畏的人。最初，他工作热情投入，后来经历了很多灵魂的自私、贪婪，他也开始渐渐变得冷漠。他带领着迪伦的灵魂穿越荒原，保护她免遭恶魔毒手，并告诉她真相，将她送到要去的地方，然而面对平静接受自己死亡事实，甚至开始关心他的迪
伦，他也爱上了迪伦。
《摆渡人》是英国作家克莱儿·麦克福尔（Claire Mcfall）创作的小说，作者从少年人的角度洞悉人性的温情，通过男女主人公的所见所感，道出所有人对亲情、友情和爱情终极幸福的向往。
书籍介绍
作者简介
克莱儿·麦克尔
克莱儿·麦克福尔，居住在苏格兰格拉斯哥南部，是英国文坛备受瞩目的实力作家。她的作品往往在出其不意的情节架构中饱含感人至深的真情，贯穿着人生思索和人性独白。

正则表达式语法

正则表达式语法正则表达式是一种文本模式，包括普通字符（例如，a 到z 之间的字母）和特殊字符（称为“元字符”）。

模式描述在搜索文本时要匹配的一个或多个字符串。

正则表达式示例下表包含了元字符的完整列表以及它们在正则表达式上下文中的行为：优先级顺序正则表达式从左到右进行计算，并遵循优先级顺序，这与算术表达式非常类似。

运算符下表从最高到最低说明了各种正则表达式运算符的优先级顺序：字符具有高于替换运算符的优先级，使得“m|food”匹配“m”或“food”。

若要匹配“mood”或“food”，请使用括号创建子表达式，从而产生“(m|f)ood”。

特殊字符许多元字符要求在试图匹配它们时特别对待。

若要匹配这些特殊字符，必须首先使字符“转义”，即，将反斜杠字符(\) 放在它们前面。

下表列出了特殊字符以及它们的含义：特殊字符表不可打印字符非打印字符也可以是正则表达式的组成部分。

下表列出了表示非打印字符的转义序列：转义序列字符匹配句点(.) 匹配字符串中的各种打印或非打印字符，只有一个字符例外。

这个例外就是换行符(\n)。

下面的正则表达式匹配aac、abc、acc、adc等等，以及a1c、a2c、a-c 和a#c：/a.c/若要匹配包含文件名的字符串，而句点(.) 是输入字符串的组成部分，请在正则表达式中的句点前面加反斜扛(\) 字符。

举例来说明，下面的正则表达式匹配filename.ext：/filename\.ext/这些表达式只让您匹配“任何”单个字符。

可能需要匹配列表中的特定字符组。

例如，可能需要查找用数字表示的章节标题（Chapter 1、Chapter 2 等等）。

中括号表达式若要创建匹配字符组的一个列表，请在方括号（[ 和]）内放置一个或更多单个字符。

当字符括在中括号内时，该列表称为“中括号表达式”。

与在任何别的位置一样，普通字符在中括号内表示其本身，即，它在输入文本中匹配一次其本身。

大多数特殊字符在中括号表达式内出现时失去它们的意义。

DS2208数字扫描器产品参考指南说明书

- Updated 123Scan Requirements section. - Updated Advanced Data Formatting (ADF) section. - Updated Environmental Sealing in Table 4-2. - Added the USB Cert information in Table 4-2.
-05 Rev. A
6/2018
Rev. B Software Updates Added: - New Feedback email address. - Grid Matrix parameters - Febraban parameter - USB HID POS (formerly known as Microsoft UWP USB) - Product ID (PID) Type - Product ID (PID) Value - ECLevel
-06 Rev. A
10/2018 - Added Grid Matrix sample bar code. - Moved 123Scan chapter.
-07 Rev. A
11/2019
Added: - SITA and ARINC parameters. - IBM-485 Specification Version.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or used in any form, or by any electrical or mechanical means, without permission in writing from Zebra. This includes electronic or mechanical means, such as photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval systems. The material in this manual is subject to change without notice.

信贷基本词汇英汉对照

信贷基本词汇英汉对照1. 2M method 2M法2. 3M method 3M法1.2. Accounting convention 会计惯例3. Accounting for acquisitions 购并的会计处理4. Accounting for debtors 应收账款核算5. Accounting for depreciation 折旧核算6. Accounting for foreign currencies 外汇核算7. Accounting for goodwill 商誉核算8. Accounting for stocks 存货核算9. Accounting policies 会计政策10. Accounting standards 会计准则11. Accruals concept 权责发生原则12. Achieving credit control 实现信用控制13. Acid test ratio 酸性测试比率14. Actual cash flow 实际现金流量15. Adjusting company profits 企业利润调整16. Advance payment guarantee 提前偿还保金17. Adverse trading 不利交易18. Advertising budget 广告预算19. Advising bank 通告银行20. Age analysis 账龄分析21. Aged debtors analysis 逾期账款分析22. Aged debtors'exception report 逾期应收款的特殊报告23. Aged debtors'exception report 逾期账款特别报告24. Aged debtors'report 逾期应收款报告25. Aged debtors'report 逾期账款报告26. All—monies clause 全额支付条款27. Amortization 摊销28. Analytical questionnaire 调查表分析29. Analytical skills 分析技巧30. Analyzing financial risk 财务风险分析31. Analyzing financial statements 财务报表分析32. Analyzing liquidity 流动性分析33. Analyzing profitability 盈利能力分析34. Analyzing working capital 营运资本分析35. Annual expenditure 年度支出36. Anticipating future income 预估未来收入37. Areas of financial ratios 财务比率分析的对象38. Articles of incorporation 合并条款39. Asian crisis 亚洲(金融)危机40. Assessing companies 企业评估41. Assessing country risk 国家风险评估42. Assessing credit risks 信用风险评估43. Assessing strategic power 战略地位评估44. Assessment of banks 银行的评估45. Asset conversion lending 资产转换贷款46. Asset protection lending 资产担保贷款47. Asset sale 资产出售48. Asset turnover 资产周转率49. Assets 资产50. Association of British Factors and Discounters 英国代理人与贴现商协会51. Auditor's report 审计报告52. Aval 物权担保1.2. Bad debt level 坏账等级3. Bad debt risk 坏账风险4. Bad debts performance 坏账发生情况5. Bad loans 坏账6. Balance sheet 资产负债表7. Balance sheet structure 资产负债表结构8. Bank credit 银行信贷9. Bank failures 银行破产10. Bank loans．availability 银行贷款的可获得性11. Bank status reports 银行状况报告12. Bankruptcy 破产13. Bankruptcy code 破产法14. Bankruptcy petition 破产申请书15. Basle agreement 塞尔协议16. Basle Agreement 《巴塞尔协议》17. Behavorial scoring 行为评分18. Bill of exchange 汇票19. Bill of lading 提单20. BIS 国际清算银行21. BIS agreement 国际清算银行协定22. Blue chip 蓝筹股23. Bonds 债券24. Book receivables 账面应收账款25. Borrowing money 借人资金26. Borrowing proposition 借款申请27. Breakthrough products 创新产品28. Budgets 预算29. Building company profiles 勾画企业轮廓30. Bureaux (信用咨询)公司31. Business development loan 商业开发贷款32. Business failure 破产33. Business plan 经营计划34. Business risk 经营风险35. Buyer credits 买方信贷36. Buyer power 购买方力量37. Buyer risks 买方风险1.2. Canons of lending 贷款原则3. Capex 资本支出4. Capital adequacy 资本充足性5. Capital adequacy rules 资本充足性原则6. Capital commitments 资本承付款项7. Capital expenditure 资本支出8. Capital funding 资本融资9. Capital investment 资本投资10. Capital strength 资本实力11. Capital structure 资本结构12. Capitalization of interest 利息资本化13. Capitalizing development costs 研发费用资本化14. Capitalizing development expenditures 研发费用资本化15. Capitalizing interest costs 利息成本资本化16. Cascade effect 瀑布效应17. Cash assets 现金资产18. Cash collection targets 现金托收目标19. Cash cycle 现金循环周期20. Cash cycle ratios 现金循环周期比率21. Cash cycle times 现金循环周期时间22. Cash deposit 现金储蓄23. Cash flow adjustments 现金流调整24. Cash flow analysis 现金流量分析25. Cash flow crisis 现金流危机26. Cash flow cycle 现金流量周期27. Cash flow forecasts 现金流量预测28. Cash flow lending 现金流贷出29. Cash flow profile 现金流概况30. Cash flow projections 现金流预测31. Cash flow statements 现金流量表32. Cash flows 现金流量33. Cash position 现金头寸34. Cash positive JE 现金流量35. Cash rich companies 现金充足的企业36. Cash surplus 现金盈余37. Cash tank 现金水槽38. Cash-in-advance 预付现金39. Categorized cash flow 现金流量分类40. CE 优质贷款原则41. CEO 首席执行官42. Chairman 董事长，总裁43. Chapter 11 rules 第十一章条款44. Charge 抵押45. Charged assets 抵押资产46. Chief executive officer 首席执行官47. Collateral security 抵押证券48. Collecting payments 收取付款49. Collection activitv 收款活动50. Collection cycle 收款环节51. Collection procedures 收款程序52. Collective credit risks 集合信用风险53. Comfortable liquidity positi9n 适当的流动性水平54. Commercial mortgage 商业抵押55. Commercial paper 商业票据56. Commission 佣金57. Commitment fees 承诺费58. Common stock 普通股59. Common stockholders 普通股股东60. Company and its industry 企业与所处行业61. Company assets 企业资产62. Company liabilities 企业负债63. Company loans 企业借款64. Competitive advantage 竞争优势65. Competitive forces 竞争力66. Competitive products 竞争产品67. Complaint procedures 申诉程序68. Computerized credit information 计算机化信用信息69. Computerized diaries 计算机化日志70. Confirmed letter of credit 承兑信用证71. Confirmed letters of credit 保兑信用证72. Confirming bank 确认银行73. Conservatism concept 谨慎原则74. Consistency concept 一贯性原则75. Consolidated accounts 合并报表76. Consolidated balance sheets 合并资产负债表77. Contingent liabilities 或有负债78. Continuing security clause 连续抵押条款79. Contractual payments 合同规定支出80. Control limits 控制限度81. Control of credit activities 信用活动控制82. Controlling credit 控制信贷83. Controlling credit risk 控制信用风险84. Corporate credit analysis 企业信用分析85. Corporate credit controller 企业信用控制人员86. Corporate credit risk analysis 企业信用风险分析87. Corporate customer 企业客户88. Corporate failure prediction models 企业破产预测模型89. Corporate lending 企业贷款90. Cost leadership 成本领先型91. Cost of sales 销售成本92. Costs 成本93. Country limit 国家限额94. Country risk 国家风险95. Court judgments 法院判决96. Covenant 贷款保证契约97. Covenants 保证契约98. Creative accounting 寻机性会计99. Credit analysis 信用分析100. C redit analysis of customers 客户信用分析101. C redit analysis of suppliers 供应商的信用分析102. C redit analysis on banks 银行信用分析103. C redit analysts 信用分析104. C redit assessment 信用评估105. C redit bureau reports 信用咨询公司报告106. C redit bureaux 信用机构107. C redit control 信贷控制108. C redit control activities 信贷控制活动109. C redit control performance reports 信贷控制绩效报告110. C redit controllers 信贷控制人员111. C redit cycle 信用循环112. C redit decisions 信贷决策113. C redit deterioration 信用恶化114. C redit exposure 信用敞口115. C redit granting process 授信程序116. C redit information 信用信息117. C redit information agency 信用信息机构118. C redit insurance 信贷保险119. C redit insurance advantages 信贷保险的优势120. C redit insurance brokers 信贷保险经纪人121. C redit insurance limitations 信贷保险的局限122. C redit limits 信贷限额123. C redit limits for currency blocs 货币集团国家信贷限额124. C redit limits for individual countries 国家信贷限额125. C redit management 信贷管理126. C redit managers 信贷经理127. C redit monitoring 信贷监控128. C redit notes 欠款单据129. C redit period 信用期130. C redit planning 信用计划131. C redit policy 信用政策132. C redit policy issues 信用政策发布133. C redit proposals 信用申请134. C redit protection 信贷保护135. C redit quality 信贷质量136. C redit rating 信用评级137. C redit rating agencies 信用评级机构138. C redit rating process 信用评级程序139. C redit rating system 信用评级系统140. C redit reference 信用咨询141. C redit reference agencies 信用评级机构142. C redit risk 信用风险143. C redit risk assessment 信用风险评估144. C redit risk exposure 信用风险敞口145. C redit risk insurance 信用风险保险146. C redit risk．individual customers 个体信用风险147. C redit risk：bank credit 信用风险：银行信用148. C redit risk：trade credit 信用风险：商业信用149. C redit scoring 信用风险评分150. C redit scoring model 信用评分模型151. C redit scoring system 信用评分系统152. C redit squeeze 信贷压缩153. C redit taken ratio 受信比率154. C redit terms 信贷条款155. C redit utilization reports 信贷利用报告156. C redit vetting 信用审查157. C redit watch 信用观察158. C redit worthiness 信誉159. C reditor days 应付账款天数160. C ross-default clause 交叉违约条款161. C urrency risk 货币风险162. C urrent assets 流动资产163. C urrent debts 流动负债164. C urrent ratio requirement 流动比率要求165. C urrent ratios 流动比率166. C ustomer care 客户关注167. C ustomer credit ratings 客户信用评级168. C ustomer liaison 客户联络169. C ustomer risks 客户风险170. C ut-off scores 及格线171. C ycle of credit monitoring 信用监督循环172. C yclical business 周期性行业1.2. Day’s sales outstanding 收回应收账款的平均天数3. Debentures 债券4. Debt capital 债务资本5. Debt collection agency 债务托收机构6. Debt issuer 债券发行人7. Debt protection levels 债券保护级别8. Debt ratio 负债比率9. Debt securities 债券10. Debt service ratio 还债率11. Debtor days 应收账款天数12. Debtor's assets 债权人的资产13. Default 违约14. Deferred payments 延期付款15. Definition of leverage 财务杠杆率定义16. Deposit limits 储蓄限额17. Depositing money 储蓄资金18. Depreciation 折旧19. Depreciation policies 折旧政策20. Development budget 研发预算21. Differentiation 差别化22. Direct loss 直接损失23. Directors salaries 董事薪酬24. Discretionary cash flows 自决性现金流量25. Discretionary outflows 自决性现金流出26. Distribution costs 分销成本27. Dividend cover 股息保障倍数28. Dividend payout ratio 股息支付率29. Dividends 股利30. Documentary credit 跟单信用证31. DSO 应收账款的平均回收期32. Duration of credit risk 信用风险期1.2. EBITDA 扣除利息、税收、折旧和摊销之前的收益3. ECGD 出口信贷担保局4. Economic conditions 经济环境5. Economic cycles 经济周期6. Economic depression 经济萧条7. Economic growth 经济增长8. Economic risk 经济风险9. Electronic data interchange(EDI) 电子数据交换10. Environmental factors 环境因素11. Equity capital 权益资本12. Equity finance 权益融资13. Equity stake 股权14. EU countries 欧盟国家15. EU directives 欧盟法规16. EUlaw 欧盟法律17. Eurobonds 欧洲债券18. European parliament 欧洲议会19. European Union 欧盟20. Evergreen loan 常年贷款21. Exceptional item 例外项目22. Excessive capital commitments 过多的资本承付款项23. Exchange controls 外汇管制24. Exchange-control regulations 外汇管制条例25. Exhaust method 排空法26. Existing competitors 现有竞争对手27. Existing debt 未清偿债务28. Export credit agencies 出口信贷代理机构29. Export credit insurance 出口信贷保险30. Export factoring 出口代理31. Export sales 出口额32. Exports Credit Guarantee Department 出口信贷担保局33. Extending credit 信贷展期34. External agency 外部机构35. External assessment methods 外部评估方式36. External assessments 外部评估37. External information sources 外部信息来源38. Extraordinary items 非经常性项目39. Extras 附加条件1.2. Factoring 代理3. Factoring debts 代理收账4. Factoring discounting 代理折扣5. Factors Chain International 国际代理连锁6. Failure prediction scores 财务恶化预测分值7. FASB (美国)财务会计准则委员会8. Faulty credit analysis 破产信用分析9. Fees 费用10. Finance，new business ventures 为新兴业务融资11. Finance，repay existing debt 为偿还现有债务融资12. Finance,working capital 为营运资金融资13. Financial assessment 财务评估14. Financial cash flows 融资性现金流量15. Financial collapse 财务危机16. Financial flexibility 财务弹性17. Financial forecast 财务预测18. Financial instability 财务的不稳定性19. Financial rating analysis 财务评级分析20. Financial ratios 财务比率21. Financial risk 财务风险22. Financial risk ratios 财务风险比率23. Fitch IBCA 惠誉评级24. Fitch IBCA ratings 惠誉评级25. Fixed assets 固定资产26. Fixed charge 固定费用27. Fixed charge cover 固定费用保障倍数28. Fixed costs 固定成本29. Floating assets 浮动资产30. Floating charge 浮动抵押31. Floor planning 底价协议32. Focus 聚焦33. Forced sale risk 强制出售风险34. Foreign exchange markets 外汇市场35. Forfaiting 福费廷36. Formal credit rating 正式信用评级37. Forward rate agreements 远期利率协议38. FRAs 远期利率协议39. Fund managers 基金经理40. FX transaction 外汇交易1.2. Gearing 财务杠杆率3. Geographical spread of markets 市场的地理扩展4. Global target 全球目标5. Going concern concept 持续经营原则6. Good lending 优质贷款7. Good times 良好时期8. Government agencies 政府机构9. Government interference 政府干预10. Gross income 总收入11. Guarantee of payment 支付担保12. Guaranteed loans 担保贷款13. Guarantees 担保1.2. High credit risks 高信贷风险3. High default risk 高违约风险4. High interest rates 高利率5. High risk regions 高风险区域6. Highly speculative 高度投机7. High-risk loan 高风险贷款8. High-value loan 高价值贷款9. Historical accounting 历史会计处理10. Historical cost 历史成本1.2. IASC 国际会计准则委员会3. IBTT 息税前利润4. ICE 优质贷款原则5. Idealliquidity ratios 理想的流动性比率6. Implied debt rating 隐含债务评级7. Importance of credit control 信贷控制的重要性8. Improved products 改进的产品I9. Improving reported asset values 改善资产账面价值10. In house assessment 内部评估11. In house credit analysis 内部信用分析12. In house credit assessments 内部信用评估13. In house credit ratings 内部信用评级14. Income bonds 收入债券15. Income statement 损益表16. Increasing profits 提高利润17. Increasing reported profits 提高账面利润18. Indemnity clause 赔偿条款19. Indicators of credit deterioration 信用恶化征兆20. Indirect loss 间接损失21. Individual credit transactions 个人信用交易22. Individual rating 个体评级23. Industrial reports 行业报告24. Industrial unrest 行业动荡25. Industry limit 行业限额26. Industry risk 行业风险27. Industry risk analysis 行业风险分析28. Inflow 现金流入29. Information in financial statements 财务报表中的信息30. In-house credit ratings 内部信用评级31. Initial payment 初始支付32. Insolvencies 破产33. Institutional investors 机构投资者34. Insured debt 投保债务35. Intangible fixed asset 无形固定资产36. Inter-company comparisons 企业间比较37. Inter-company loans 企业间借款38. Interest 利息39. Interest cost 利息成本40. Interest cover ratio 利息保障倍数41. Interest cover test 利息保障倍数测试42. Interest holiday 免息期43. Interest payments 利息支付44. Interest rates 利率45. Interim statements 中报(中期报表)46. Internal assessment methods 内部评估方法47. Internal financing ratio 内部融资率48. Internal Revenue Service 美国国税局49. International Accounting Standards Committee 国际会计准则委员会50. International Accounting Standards(IAS) 国际会计准则51. International Chamber of Commerce 国际商会52. International credit ratings 国际信用评级53. International Factoring Association 国际代理商协会54. International settlements 国际结算55. Inventory 存货56. Inverse of current ratio 反转流动比率57. Investment analysts 投资分析人员58. Investment policy 投资政策59. Investment risk 投资风险60. Investment spending 投资支出61. Invoice discounting 发票贴现62. Issue of bonds 债券的发行63. Issued debt capital 发行债务资本1.2. Just-in-time system(JIT) 适时系统1.1.2. Large．scale borrower 大额借贷者3. Legal guarantee 法律担保4. Legal insolvency 法律破产5. Lending agreements 贷款合约6. Lending covenants 贷款保证契约7. Lending decisions 贷款决策8. Lending proposals 贷款申请9. Lending proposition 贷款申请10. Lending transactions 贷款交易11. Letters of credit 信用证12. Leverage 财务杠杆率13. LIBOR 伦敦同业拆借利率14. Lien 留置15. Liquid assets 速动资产16. Liquidation 清算17. Liquidation expenses 清算费18. Liquidity 流动性19. Liquidity and working capital 流动性与营运资金20. Liquidity ratios 流动比率21. Liquidity run 流动性危机22. Liquidity shortage 流动性短缺23. Loan covenants 贷款合约24. Loan guarantees 贷款担保25. Loan principal 贷款本金26. Loan principal repayments 贷款本金偿还27. Loan review 贷款审查28. London Inter-bank Offered Rate 伦敦同业拆借利率29. Long’term debt 长期负债30. Long-term funding 长期融资31. Long-term risk 长期风险1.2. Marginal lending 边际贷款3. Marginal trade credit 边际交易信贷4. Market surveys 市场调查5. Marketing 市场营销6. Markets 市场7. Matching concept 配比原则8. Material adverse-change clause 重大不利变动条款9. Maximum leverage level 最高财务杠杆率限制10. Measurement and judgment 计量与判断11. Measuring risk 风险计量12. Medium-term loan 中期贷款13. Microcomputer modelling 计算机建模14. Minimum current ratio requirement 最低流动比率要求15. Minimum leverage ratio 最低举债比率16. Minimum net worth 最低净值17. Minimum net-worth requirement 最低净值要求18. Minimum risk asset ratio 最低风险资产比率19. Monitoring activity 监管活动20. Monitoring credit 信用监控21. Monitoring customer credit limits 监管客户信贷限额22. Monitoring risks 监管风险23. Monitoring total credit limits 监管全部信贷限额24. Monthly reports 月报25. Moody's debt rating 穆迪债券评级26. Mortgage 抵押27. mpr’oving balance sheet改善资产负债表28. Multiple discriminate analysis 多元分析1.2. NCI 无信贷间隔天数3. Near-cash assets 近似于现金的资产4. Negative cash flow 负现金流量5. Negative net cash flow 负净现金流量6. Negative operational cash flows 负的经营性现金流量7. Negative pledge 限制抵押8. Net book value 净账面价值9. Net cash flow 净现金流量10. Net worth test 净值测试11. New entrants 新的市场进人者12. No credit interval 无信贷间隔天数13. Non-cash items 非现金项目14. Non-core business 非核心业务15. Non-operational items 非经营性项目1.2. One-man rule 一人原则3. Open account terms 无担保条款4. Operating leases 经营租赁5. Operating profit 营业利润6. Operational cash flow 营性现金流量7. Operational flexibility ~ 营弹性8. Optimal credit 最佳信贷9. Order cycle 订货环节10. Ordinary dividend payments 普通股股利支付11. Organization of credit activities 信贷活动的组织12. Overdue payments 逾期支付13. Over-trading 过度交易14. Overview of accounts 财务报表概览·1.2. PAT 税后利润3. Payment in advance 提前付款4. Payment obligations 付款义务5. Payment records 付款记录6. Payment score 还款评分7. PBIT 息税前利润8. PBT 息后税前利润9. Percentage change 百分比变动10. Performance bonds 履约保证11. Personal guarantees 个人担保12. Planning systems 计划系统13. Pledge 典押14. Points-scoring system 评分系统15. Policy setting 政策制定16. Political risk 政治风险17. Potential bad debt 潜在坏账18. Potential credit risk 潜在信用风险19. Potential value 潜在价值20. Predicting corporate failures 企业破产预测21. Preference dividends 优先股股息22. Preferred stockholders 优先股股东23. Preliminary assessment 预备评估24. Premiums 溢价25. Primary ratios 基础比率26. Prior charge capital 优先偿付资本27. Priority cash flows 优先性现金流量28. Priority for creditors 债权人的清偿顺序29. Priority payments 优先支付30. Product life cycle 产品生命周期31. Product market analysis 产品市场分析32. Product range 产品范围33. Products 产品34. Professional fees 专业费用35. Profit 利润36. Profit and loss account 损益账户37. Profit margin 利润率38. Profitability 盈利能力39. Profitability management 盈利能力管理40. Profitability ratios 盈利能力比率41. Promissory notes 本票42. Property values 所有权价值43. Providers of credit 授信者44. Provision accounting 准备金会计处理45. Prudence concept 谨慎原则46. Public information 公共信息47. Public relations 公共关系48. Purpose of credit ratings 信用评级的目的49. Purpose of ratios 计算比率的目的50. Qualitative covenants 定性条款51. Quantitative covenants 定量条款52. Query control 质疑控制53. Quick ratio 速动比率1.2. Rating process for a company 企业评级程序3. Ratio analysis 比率分析4. Ratio analyst weaknesses ~L 率分析的缺陷5. Real insolvency 真实破产6. Real sales growth 实际销售收入增长率7. Realization concept 实现原则8. Receivables 应收账款9. Recession 衰退10. Reducing debtors 冲减应收账款11. Reducing profits 冲减利润12. Reducing provisions 冲减准备金13. Reducing reported profits 冲减账面利润14. Reducing stocks 减少存货15. Registrar of Companies 企业监管局16. Regulatory risk 监管风险17. Releasing provisions 冲回准备金18. Relocation expenses 费用再分配19. Reminder letters 催缴单20. Repayment on demand clause 即期偿还条款21. Replacement of principal 偿还本金22. Report of chairman 总裁／董事长报告23. Reserve accounting 准备金核算24. Residual cash flows 剩余现金流量25. Restricting bad debts 限制坏账26. Restrictions on secured borrowing 担保借款限制27. Retention-of-title clauses 所有权保留条款28. Revenues 总收入29. Risk analysis reports 风险分析报告30. Risk and banks 风险与银行31. Risk and companies 风险与企业32. Risk and Return 风险与回报33. Risk capital 风险资本34. Risk-reward 风险回报35. Risk-weighted assets 风险加权资产36. ROCE 资本收益率37. Romapla clauses “一手交钱一手交货”条款1.2. Secondary ratios 分解比率3. Secure methods of payment 付款的担保方式4. Secured assets 担保资产5. Secured creditors 有担保债权人6. Secured loans 担保贷款7. Securities and Exchange Commission (美国)证券交易委员会8. Security guarantees 抵押担保9. Security of payment 付款担保10. Security general principles 担保的一般原则11. Segmentation 细分12. Setting and policing credit limits 信用限额的设定与政策制定13. Settlement discount (提前)结算折扣14. Settlement terms 结算条款15. Share price 股价16. Short-term borrowing 短期借款17. Short-term creditors 短期负债18. Short-term liabilities 短期债务19. Short-termism 短期化20. SIC 常务诠释委员会21. Significance of working capital 营运资金的重要性22. Single credit customer 单一信用客户23. Single ratio analysis 单一比率分析24. Size of credit risk 信用风险的大小25. Slow stock turnover 较低的存货周转率26. Sources of assessments 评估信息来源27. Sources of credit information 信用信息来源28. Sources of risk 风险来源29. Sovereign rating 主权评级30. Specialist agencies 专业机构31. Specific debt issue 特别债券发行32. Speculative 投机性33. Speculative grades 投机性评级34. Split rating 分割评级35. Spot rate 现价(即期比率)36. Spreadsheets 电子数据表37. Staff redundancies 员工遣散费38. Standard and Poor 标准普尔39. Standard security clauses 标准担保条款40. Standard&Poor's 标准普尔41. Standby credits 备用信用证42. Standing Interpretations Committee 证券交易委员会43. Standing starting credit limits 持续更新信用限额44. Statistical analysis 统计分析45. Statistical techniques 统计技巧46. Status reports (企业)状况报告47. Stock valuations 存货核算48. Stocks 股票49. Straight line depreciation method 直线折旧法50. Strategic positioning 战略定位51. Suplus assets 盈余资产52. Suplus rating 盈余评级53. Supplier power 供应商的力量54. Supply chain 供应链55. Support rating 支持评级56. Swap agreement 换合约57. Swaps 互换58. SWOT analysis SWOT分析59. Symptoms of failure questionnaires 企业破产征兆调查表1.2. Tax payments 税务支付3. Technical insolvency 技术破产4. Technology and change 技术进步5. Term loan 定期贷款6. Term of borrowing 借款期限7. Third party guarantees 第三方担保8. Tier 1 capital 一类资本9. Tier 2 capital 二类资本10. Total credit limit 整体信用限额11. Total current assets 流动资产总额12. Trade companies 贸易企业13. Trade credit 商业信用14. Trade creditors 应付账款15. Trade cycle 商业循环16. Trade cycle times 商业循环周期17. Trade debt 应收账款18. Trade debtors 贸易债权人19. Trade Indemnity 贸易赔偿20. Trade references 贸易参考21. Trade-off 协定22. Trading outlook 交易概况23. Trading profit 营业利润24. Traditional cash flow 传统现金流量25. Triple A 三A1.2. Uncovered dividend 未保障的股利3. Uniform Customs&Practice 跟单信用证统一惯例4. Unpaid invoices 未付款发票5. Unsecured creditors 未担保的债权人6. Usefulness of liquidity ratios 流动性比率的作用7. Uses of cash 现金的使用8. Using bank risk information 使用银行风险信息9. Using financial assessments 使用财务评估10. Using ratios 财务比率的运用11. Using retention-of-title clauses 使用所有权保留条款1.2. Value of Z scores Z值模型的价值3. Variable costs 变动成本4. Variable interest 可变利息5. Variety of financial ratios 财务比率的种类6. Vetting procedures 审查程序7. Volatitle revenue dynamic 收益波动8. Volume of sales 销售量1.2. Working assets 营运资产3. working capital 营运资本4. Working capital changes 营运资本变化额5. Working capital management 营运资本管理6. working capitalratios 营运资本比率7. Write-downs 资产减值8. Write-offs 勾销1.2. z score models z值模型3. Z scores z值4. Z scoring Z值评分系统。

TP-LINK TL-WR702N 150Mbps无线N迷你路由器使用说明书

TL-WR702N150Mbps Wireless N Nano RouterRev: 2.0.0COPYRIGHT & TRADEMARKSSpecifications are subject to change without notice. is a registered trademark of TP-LINK TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Other brands and product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective holders.No part of the specifications may be reproduced in any form or by any means or used to make any derivative such as translation, transformation, or adaptation without permission from TP-LINK TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Copyright © 2015 TP-LINK TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved.FCC STATEMENTThis equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device, pursuant to part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a residential installation. This equipment generates, uses and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the instructions, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation. If this equipment does cause harmful interference to radio or television reception, which can be determined by turning the equipment off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the following measures:•Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna.•Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver.•Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the receiver is connected.•Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/ TV technician for help.This device complies with part 15 of the FCC Rules. Operation is subject to the following two conditions:1) This device may not cause harmful interference.2) This device must accept any interference received, including interference that may causeundesired operation.Any changes or modifications not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance could void the user’s authority to operate the equipment.Note: The manufacturer is not responsible for any radio or TVinterference caused by unauthorized modifications to this equipment. Such modifications could void the user’s authority to operate the equipment.FCC RF Radiation Exposure StatementThis equipment complies with FCC RF radiation exposure limits set forth for an uncontrolled environment. This device and its antenna must not be co-located or operating in conjunction with any other antenna or transmitter.“To comply with FCC RF exposure compliance requirements, this grant is applicable to only Mobile Configurations. The antennas used for this transmitter must be installed to provide a separation distance of at least 20 cm from all persons and must not be co-located or operating in conjunction with any other antenna or transmitter.”CE Mark WarningThis is a class B product. In a domestic environment, this product may cause radio interference, in which case the user may be required to take adequate measures.Canadian Compliance StatementThis device complies with Industry Canada license-exempt RSS standard(s). Operation is subject to the following two conditions:(1) This device may not cause interference, and(2)This device must accept any interference, including interference that may cause undesired operation of the device.Cet appareil est conforme aux norms CNR exemptes de licence d’Industrie Canada. Le fonctionnement est soumis aux deux conditions suivantes:(1) cet appareil ne doit pas provoquer d’interférences et(2) cet appareil doit accepter toute interférence, y compris celles susceptibles de provoquer un fonctionnement non souhaité de l’appareil.Industry Canada Statement:Complies with the Canadian ICES-003 Class B specifications.Cet appareil numérique de la classe B est conforme à la norme NMB-003 du Canada.This device complies with RSS 210 of Industry Canada. This Class B device meets all the requirements of the Canadian interference-causing equipment regulations.Cet appareil numérique de la Classe B respecte toutes les exigences du Règlement sur le matériel brouilleur du Canada.Korea Warning Statements:당해무선설비는운용중전파혼신가능성이있음.NCC Notice:注意！依據低功率電波輻射性電機管理辦法第十二條經型式認證合格之低功率射頻電機，非經許可，公司、商號或使用者均不得擅自變更頻率、加大功率或變更原設計之特性或功能。

语言学名词解释

Chapter 6Pragmatics: it can be defined as the study of language in use. it deals with how speakers use language in ways which cannot be predicted from linguistic knowledge alone, and how hearers arrive at the intended meaning of speakers.Deixis: in all languages there are many words and expressions whose reference depends entirely on the situational context of the utterance and can only be understood in light of these circumstances. This aspect of pragmatics is called deixis, which means “pointing” via language.Reference:in pragmatics, the act by which a speaker or a writer uses language to enable a hearer or reader to identify something is called reference.Inference: an inference is an additional information used by the hearer to connect what is said to what is meant.Anaphora: the process where a word or phrase refers back to another word or phrase which is used in earlier text or conversation is called anaphora.Presupposion: a spesker said to you “when did you stop beating your wife”,the speaker has the assumption that you used to beat your wife and no longer do so. Such assumptions are called presupposion.Speech act theory: it was proposed by J.L.austin and has been developed by j.r. searle. Basically, they believe that language is not only used to inform or describe things, but to “do” things, perform acts.Illocutionary acts: representatives directives commissives expressives declarations Indirect speech act: whenever there is an indirect relationship between a structure and a function, we have a indirect speech act.The cooperative principle: H.P.grice belives that there must be some mechanisms governing the production and comprehension of the utterances. He suggests that there is a set of assumptions guiding the conduct of conversation. This is what he calls the CP. To put it simply, the cp means that we should say what is true in a clear and relevant manner.(quality quantity relation manner)Conversatonal implicatures: a kind of extra meaning that is not literally contained in the utterance.The six maxims of the PP(tact generosity approbati o n modesty agreement sympathy)Chapter 7Discourse：language above the sentence or above the clause.Discourse analysis: is also called discourse linguistics and discourse studies, or text linguistics. It is the study of how sentences in spoken and written language form a larger meaninful units such as paragraphs, interviews, conversations ,etc.Given information: it is the information that the addresser believes is known to the addressee.New information: it is the information that the addresser believes is not known to the addressee.Topic: the topic represents what the utterance is about and it is the one that thespeaker decides to take as the starting point.The comment is what is said about it. Cohesion:it refers to the grammatical and lexical relationships between the different elements of a discourse.Cohesive devices include reference{endophora(anaphora and cataphora)and exophora}, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction(coordinators and subordinators) and lexical cohesion(repetition synonym and superordinate).Discourse markers:expressions that are commonly used in the initial position of an utterance and are syntactically detachable from a sentence.conversational analysis: the analysis of natural conversation in order to discover what the linguistic characteristics of conversation are ans how conversation is used in oordinary life is called conversational analysis.(adjacency pairs, preference structure and presequences)Adjacency pairs:a sequence of two related utterance by two different speakers. The second part is always a response to the first.Presequences: the opening sequences that are used to set up some specific potential actions are called presequences.赞同Chapter8Sociolinguistics:when we study the language in relation to society. It is called sociolinguistics.Language varieties: l anguage changes along social changes and it also changes from region to region, fron oone social group to another and from individual to individual. The products of such changes are called varieties of the language.lile the rise and fall of xiaojie.Standard language: t he dominant and prestigious variety of language is often called standard language or standard variety or standard dialect., the variety of language which had the highest status in one community or a nation and which is based on the speech and writing of educated native speakers of a language.RP andSAEorGA. Dialect: a variety of language used recognizably in a specific region or by a specific social class is called dialect. Dialects can be classified into four types(regional or geographical dialects and temporal dialects and sociolects and idiolects)regional or geographical dialects: varieties of language spoken in a geographical areatemporal dialects:varieties of language used at a specific stages in the historical development.Sociolects: varieties of language used by people belonging to particular social class. Idiolects:varieties of language used by individual speaker, wirh peculiarities of pronunciation, vocabulary ans grammar.Register: most speakers of a language speak one way with friends, another on a job interview or presenting a report in class, another taling to children and still another with their parents. These varieties are classified according to use is called register.like(pickled, high, drunk and intoxicated)M.A.K.Halliday’s register theory i s determined by three factor field and mode andtenorField of discours e refers to what is happening, including what is talking about.e.g. the fields of linguistics and religion and advertising.Mode of discourse refers to the medium of language activity which determines the role played by the language in a situation.e.g. speech and writingTenor of discourse refers to the relationa among the participants in a language activity.e.g. colloquial and formalPidgins and creolesPidgins: a pidgin is a variety of language that is not a native language of anyone ,but is learnt on contact situation such as trading. The process by which the pidgin develops is called pidginization.Creoles: when a pidgin develops beyond its role as a trading language and becomes the first language of a social community, it becomes a creole.Creoles have large number of native speakers and not restricted at all in their uses. Once a creole is in existence, it may continue almost without change, it may be extinct, it may be evolve into a normal language or gradually merge with its base language through decreolization.Language planning: t he government carefully examine all the languages and dialects in the country and decide which is the standard official language. They also make plans for the regional use and development of other languages and dialects. This is now called language planning.)Status planning(change) and corpus planning(developDiglossia:with a handful of languages, two very different varieties of the same language are used, side by side, for two different sets of functions. A situation of this kind is called diglossia.Bilingualism: ir refers to a situation where two languages are used by an individual or by a group of speakers, such as the inhabitants of a particular region or nation. MultilingualisCode-switching:bilinguals often switch between their two languages or language varieties in the middle of a conversation. This phenomenon is called code-switching. There are two major kinds of code-switching: situational code-switching(no topic change is involved) and metaphorical code-switching.Taboo: a word that we are reluctant to use may be called a taboo word. Euphemisms: a moe acceptable substitute of a taboo word is called a euphemism.(euphemistic)It has been suggested that there are a great deal of extra politeness in female speech which makes use of the following linguistics devices1 frequent use of hedges2 abundant use of tag question3 gereater use of qualifiers and intensifiers than men4preference for ues of the standard form of language.Chapter10Cognitive linguistics: the approach that language and language use are based on our bodily experience and the way we conceptualize it is called congnitive linguistics. Categorization: the mental process of classification is called categorazation, which isone of the important capabilitied of the human mind.Category: the special term for this phenomemon is called category(dog and tree)The classical theory: the classical theory of categorization. It has four assumptions 1 a thing can not both be and not be, cannot both have the feature and not have it, and cannot both belong to a category and not belong to it.2 the features are binary 3 the categories have clear boundaries 4 all members of a category have equal status.The prototype theory: the best examples of one category are called prototype.(bird and color and fruit)Levels of categorization: s uperordinate levels basic levels and subordinate levels Basic-level categories are basic in three respects:1 perception 2 communication 3 knowledge organization(feature and attributes)Iconicity of order: it refers to the similarity between temporal events and the linear arrangement of elements in a linguistic construction.(open the bottle and pour wine) Iconicity of distance: that is, elements which have a close relationship must be placed close together.(causation and multi-adjectives befoere a noun)Iconicity of complexity: the phenomenon that linguistic complexity reflects conceptual complexity is usually called iconicity of complexity. Grammaticalization:the process whereby an independent words are shifted to the status of the grammatical elements is called grammaticalization.The difference of pragmatics and semanticsSemantics i s a branch of linguistics which is concerned with the study of meaning in all its formal aspects.Pragmatics can be defined as the study of language in use. it deals with how speaker uses the language in ways which cannot be predicted by linguistic knowledge alone and how the hearers arrive at the intended meaning of speakers.We can roughly say that pragmatics takes care of the meaning that is not covered by semantics, pragmatics=meaning-semantics.新旧信息的区别：Sometimes, given information need not be introduced into a discourse by a second speaker, because it has been introduced in the previous sentence and can thus be assumed to be in the hear’s mind. A piece of information is sometimes taken as given information because of its close association with sth. that has just been mentioned in the discourse.(Kent returned my car. One of the wheel---) . Noun phrase carrying new information usually receive more stress than those carrying given information, and they are commomly expressed in a more elborate fashion.(There was a tall man with an old-fashioned hat on, quiet elegantly dressed. ). Given information is commonly expressed in more attenuated ways that are abbreviated or reduced. Sometimes given information is simply left out of a sentence a ltogether.(A:Who’s at th door? B:The mailman.)皮钦语A pidgin usually has a limited vocabulary and very reduced grammatical structure which may expand when it is used over a long time or for many purposes. Sometimes,a pidgin dies out of its own accord. At other times it increases i n importance, and becomes used in more and more areas of life.Creoles: when a pidgin develops beyond its role as a trading language and becomes the first language of a social community, it becomes a creole.Creoles have large number of native speakers and not restricted at all in their uses. Once a creole is in existence, it may continue almost without change, it may be extinct, it may be evolve into a normal language or gradually merge with its base language through decreolization.对传统语言学的新认识：Cognitive linguistics provides many new angles for our insight into language. Its significant position in linguistics is evident. It seems to give us hope that some unsolved problems in language studies may be solved in cognitive linguistics.厕所委婉语：There are many euphemisms for toilet, such as wc,power room, men’s room, ladies’room, gentlemen,bathroom,restroom, wash room, washing room, loo, john and so on. In many cultures, people avoid referring to this place by toilet or lavatory because they are unpleasant to the ear. The use of euphemisms reflect social attitudes or social customs. We choose the words or expressions of euphemisms because they are more polite and pleasant to use without embarrassing others.女性更接近标准语：There are two possible reasons. One is that women are usually more status-conscious than men and they are aware of their lower status in society and as a result, they may use more standard speech forms in their attempt to claim equality or even achieve a higher social status. The other reason might be attributed to the education. Women are educated to behave like a lady when they are little girls and such education may influence their speech as well.隐喻转喻与传统隐喻转喻的区别及隐喻和转喻的相同点和不同点Traditionally, metaphor is a figure of speech in which one thing is compared to another by sayingthat one thing is the other, as in “He is a tiger”. It is a property of words. In the cognitive linguistic view, metaphor is a property of concepts, and it is a powerful cognitive tool for our conceptualization of abstract categories. According to cognitive linguistics, metaphor is defined as understanding one conceptual domain or cognitive domain in terms of another conceptual domain. According to the classical definition, metonymy is a figure of speech in which one word is substituted for another on the basis of some material, causal or conceptual relation. Some typical substitutions include author for work, abstract features for concrete entities. In the cognitive linguistic view, metonymy is a cognitive process in which one cognitive category, the source, provides mental process to another cognitive category, the target, within the same cognitive domain, or idealized cognitive model.The main claims made by cognitive linguists in the description of metaphor also apply to metonymy: (i) both are regarded as being conceptual in nature; (ii) both can be conventionalized;(iii) both are means of extending the resources of a language; (iv) both can be explained as mapping processes. Difference: metaphor involves a mapping across different conceptual or cognitive domains, while metonymy is a mapping within one conceptual domain.。

NFPA30-2008-Chinese

Definition and Classification of Liquids ......................................... 30–20 液体的定义和分类
应用
1.4 Retroactivity ..................................... 30–13 4.1
.................................... 30–28
每个控制区液体超过分类允许的最大量
9.9 Construction Requirements .................
30–29
建筑要求
9.10 Fire Protection
................................. 30–29
通风
9.15 Exhausted Enclosures. (Reserved)
30–32
........ 30–30
应急控制系统（保留）
排气的
9.16
（保留）
Explosion Control ............................. 30–30
爆炸控制
9.17 Separation from Incompatible Materials
等价
1.6 Symbols, Units, and Formulas
.......... 30–20
第四章定义说明 .............. 30–14
4.3 Classification of Liquids ...................... 30–20
符号、单位和公式
1.7 Code Adoption Requirements. (Reserved) ....................................... 30–14

DIRECTIVE 2009_3_EC

DIRECTIVESDIRECTIVE 2009/3/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCILof 11 March 2009amending Council Directive 80/181/EEC on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to units of measurement(Text with EEA relevance)THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION,Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Community, and in particular Article 95 thereof, Having regard to the proposal from the Commission,Having regard to the opinion of the European Economic and Social Committee ( 1 ),Acting in accordance with the procedure laid down inArticle 251 of the Treaty ( 2 ), Whereas:(1) Council Directive 80/181/EEC ( 3 ) requires the UnitedKingdom and Ireland to fix a date for ending the exemptions, where they are still being applied, in respect of the units of measurement known as ‘pint’ for milk in returnable bottles and beer and cider on draught, ‘mile’ for road signs and speed indications, and ‘troy ounce’ for transactions in precious metals. However, experience has shown that, given the local character of those exemptions and the limited number of products concerned, maintaining the exemptions would not result in a non-tariff barrier to trade and, as a consequence, there is no longer a need to put an end to those exemptions.(2) It is appropriate to clarify that the scope ofDirective 80/181/EEC is consistent with the objectivesreferred to in Article 95 of the Treaty and that it is not limited to any specific Community fields of action.(3) Directive 80/181/EEC authorises the use of supple mentary indications in addition to the legal units laiddown in Chapter I of the Annex to that Directive until31 December 2009. However, in order to avoid creatingobstacles for Community undertakings exporting to certain third countries that require products to be marked in other units than those laid down in Chapter I, it is appropriate to maintain the authorisation to use supplementary indications.(4) Directive 80/181/EEC supports the smooth functioningof the internal market through the level of harmonisationof units of measurement it prescribes. In this context, it is appropriate that the Commission monitor market developments relating to that Directive and its implemen tation, notably as concerns possible obstacles to the func tioning of the internal market and any further harmoni sation required to overcome those obstacles.(5)It is appropriate that the Commission continue to strongly pursue, in the context of its third country trade relations, including the Transatlantic Economic Council, the acceptance in third country markets of products labelled only in the units of the International System of Units (SI).(6) Supplementary indications could also allow the gradualand smooth introduction of new metric units which maybe developed at the international level.(7) In 1995, the General Conference on Weights andMeasures decided to eliminate the class of SI supple mentary units as a separate class in the SI and to interpret the units ‘radian’ and ‘steradian’ as dimen sionless SI derived units, the names and symbols of which may, but need not, be used in expressions for other SI derived units, as is convenient.(8) In 1999, the General Conference on Weights andMeasures adopted, within the framework of the SI, the ‘katal’, the symbol of which is ‘kat’, as the SI unit for catalytic activity. This new harmonised SI unit was intended to ensure a coherent and uniform indication of units of measurement in the fields of medicine and biochemistry and, as a consequence, to eliminate any risk of misunderstanding arising from the use of non- harmonised units.( 1 ) OJ C 120, 16.5.2008, p. 14.( 2 ) Legislative Resolution of the European Parliament of 29 November 2007 (OJ C 297 E, 20.11.2008, p. 105), Council Common Position of 18 November 2008 (OJ C 330 E, 30.12.2008, p. 1) and Position of the European Parliament of 16 December 2008 (not yet published in the Official Journal). ( 3 ) OJ L 39, 15.2.1980, p. 40.(9) In 2007, in order to eliminate one of the major sourcesof the observed variability between different realisationsof the water triple point, the General Conference on Weights and Measures adopted a note on the definition of the ‘kelvin’. The ‘kelvin’ is defined as a fraction of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water. The note refers to water of a specific isotopic compo sition.(10) Since the acre is no longer in use for land registrationpurposes in the United Kingdom and Ireland, there is no longer any need to provide for an exemption in that respect.(11) In accordance with point 34 of the InterinstitutionalAgreement on better law-making ( 1 ), Member States areencouraged to draw up, for themselves and in the interests of the Community, their own tables illustrating, as far as possible, the correlation between this Directive and the transposition measures, and to make them public.(12) Directive 80/181/EEC should therefore be amendedaccordingly,HAVE ADOPTED THIS DIRECTIVE:Article 1 AmendmentsDirective 80/181/EEC is hereby amended as follows:(1) Article 1(b) shall be replaced by the following:‘(b) those listed in Chapter II of the Annex only in thoseMember States where they were authorised on 21 April 1973.’;(2) Article 2(a) shall be replaced by the following:‘(a) The obligations arising under Article 1 relate tomeasuring instruments used, measurements made and indications of quantity expressed in units of measurement.’;(3) Article 3(2) shall be replaced by the following:‘2. The use of supplementary indications shall be authorised.’;(4) the following Article shall be inserted:‘Article 6bThe Commission shall monitor market developments relating to this Directive and its implementation with regard to the smooth functioning of the internal market and international trade and shall submit a report on those developments, accompanied by proposals where appro priate, to the European Parliament and to the Council by 31 December 2019.’;(5) the Annex shall be amended as follows:(a) in Chapter I, point 1.1, the paragraph entitled ‘Unit ofthermodynamic temperature’ shall be replaced by the following:‘Unit of thermodynamic temperatureThe kelvin, unit of thermodynamic temperature, is the fraction 1/273,16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water.This definition refers to water having the isotopic composition defined by the following amount-of- substance ratios: 0,00015576 mole of 2 H per mole of 1 H, 0,0003799 mole of 17 O per mole of 16 O and 0,0020052 mole of 18 O per mole of 16 O.(Thirteenth CGPM (1967), resolution 4 and Twenty- third CGPM (2007), resolution 10)’;(b) in Chapter I, point 1.1.1, the title shall be replaced bythe following:‘Special name and symbol of the SI derived unit of temperature for expressing Celsius temperature’; (c) in Chapter I, point 1.2, the title shall be replaced by thefollowing:‘1.2. SI derived units’;(d) in Chapter I, point 1.2.1 shall be deleted;(e) in Chapter I, points 1.2.2 and 1.2.3 shall be replaced bythe following:‘1.2.2. General rule for SI derived unitsUnits derived coherently from SI base units are given as algebraic expressions in the form of products of powers of the SI base units with a numerical factor equal to 1.( 1 ) OJ C 321, 31.12.2003, p. 1.1.2.3. SI derived units with special names and symbols(1) Special names for the unit of power: the name volt–ampere (symbol “VA”) when it is used to express the apparent power ofalternating electric current, and var (symbol “var”) when it is used to express reactive electric power. The “var” is not included in GCPM resolutions.Units derived from SI base units may be expressed in terms of the units listed in Chapter I.In particular, derived SI units may be expressed by the special names and symbols given in the above table; for example, the SI unit of dynamic viscosity may be expressed as m–1· kg · s–1or N · s ·m–2or Pa · s.’;(f) in Chapter II, the following row shall be deleted fromthe table: (g) in Chapter II, the final sentence shall be replaced by thefollowing: ‘The units listed in this Chapter may be combined with each other or with those in Chapter I to form compound units.’Article 2 Transposition1. Member States shall adopt and publish, no later than 31 December 2009, the laws, regulations and administrative provisions necessary to comply with this Directive. They shall forthwith communicate to the Commission the text of those measures.They shall apply those measures from 1 January 2010. When they are adopted by Member States, those measures shall contain a reference to this Directive or shall be accompanied by such reference on the occasion of their official publication. Themethods of making such reference shall be laid down by Member States.2. Member States shall communicate to the Commission the text of the main provisions of national law which they adopt in the field covered by this Directive.Article 3 Entry into forceThis Directive shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union .Article 4 AddresseesThis Directive is addressed to the Member States.Done at Strasbourg, 11 March 2009.For the European ParliamentThe President H.-G. PÖTTERINGFor the Council The PresidentA. VONDRA。

采煤机牵引部说明书

摘要我国是采煤大国，采煤机是现在最主要的采煤机械，而采煤机牵引部是采煤机的重要组成部件。

它负担着采煤机工作时的移动和非工作时的调动，而且牵引速度大小直接影响工作机构的效率和质量。

所以对采煤机牵引部设计具有重要意义。

设计主要以采煤机牵引部为研究对象，主要从实际应用上对牵引部结构进行设计。

并通过对采煤机牵引部的分析计算，设计出符合工作要求的结构。

接着系统的对圆锥齿轮和圆柱齿轮以及牵引轴部进行了详细的计算和强度校核。

并且还对还采煤机的发展概况、类型、组成做了简略介绍。

其中牵引部电机输出的转矩经圆锥齿轮和圆柱齿轮减速后，最后将传递的转矩和功率传至截割部。

所设计结构具有良好的牵引特性，运行可靠，使用寿命长，反应灵敏，结构简单，效率高。

关键词：采煤机；牵引部；齿轮AbstractAbstract: Now our country is a coal power, coal winning machine is the main coal mining machinery, the ministry of coal winning machine traction is an important part of coal winning machine. It pays for shearer mobile at work and non-work to mobilize, and traction speed size directly affect the work efficiency and quality. So the shearer traction part design is of great significance.Design mainly by the ministry of coal winning machine traction as the research object, mainly from the practical application of traction on the structure design. And through the analysis of the shearer traction of calculation, design structure that conform to the requirements of the job. Then system of conical gear and spur gear and the traction axis has carried on the detailed calculation and strength check. And also for the development of coal winning machine of general situation, types, made a brief introduction. The traction motor output torque of the cone gear and spur gear deceleration, finally will transfer of torque and power to the cutting department. Design structure with good traction, reliable operation, long service life, sensitive reaction, simple structure, high efficiency.Key words: coal-winning machine；traction unit；gear目录摘要 (I)Abstract.......................................................................................................... I I第1章绪论 (1)1.1 采煤机的发展概况 (1)1.1.1 国际上采煤机的技术发展状况 (1)1.1.2 国内采煤机的发展状况 (3)1.2 采煤机的类型及其组成 (5)1.3 研究目的和意义 (7)第2章传动系统的设计 (8)2.1 主要设计内容及参数 (8)2.2 设计方案的确定 (8)2.3电动机的选用 (10)2.4 传动比的分配 (10)2.5 传动系统的计算 (11)第3章高速级圆锥齿轮齿轮设计计算 (13)3.1 选定齿轮类型、材料 (13)3.2 初步确定主要参数 (13)3.3 齿面接触强度核算 (15)3.4 轮齿弯曲强度核算 (17)第4章中间级齿轮设计计算 (20)4.1 选定齿轮类型、材料 (20)4.2 初步确定主要参数 (20)4.3 齿面接触强度核算 (23)4.4 齿轮弯曲强度核算 (26)第5章低速级齿轮设计计算 (29)5.1 选定齿轮类型、材料 (29)5.2 初步确定主要参数 (29)5.3 齿面接触强度核算 (30)5.4 齿轮弯曲强度核算 (32)第6章轴的结构设计 (33)6.1 低速一轴结构 (33)6.2 低速二轴结构 (38)6.3 低速三轴结构 (41)6.4 其他主要零件计算 (44)6.4.1 轴承的选择以及寿命计算 (44)6.4.2 轴上渐开线花键的强度计算 (45)结论 (48)致谢 (49)参考文献 (50)附录 (51)CONTENTSAbstract.......................................................................................................... I IChapter 1 Introduction................................................................................. I I1.1 Domestic and international the development adopted coal machine present condition (1)1.1.1 International the development adopted coal machine present condition (1)1.1.2 Domestic the development adopted coal machine present condition (3)1.2 The type of coal winning machine,with their composition (5)1.3 Adopt the coal machine lead a department work principle (7)Chapter 2Design Scheme (8)2.1 The main completion mission and design parameters (8)2.2 Design Scheme (8)2.3Motor selection (10)2.4 Transmission system's design (10)2.5 The calculation of the transmission system (11)Chapter 3 High speed level gear drive design (13)3.1 Make selection a wheel gear type, material (13)3.2 Preliminary determination main parameter (13)3.3 The tooth face contact strength check (15)3.4 Round Chi flection the strength check (17)Chapter 4 The middle speed class wheel design calculation (20)4.1 Make selection a wheel gear type, material (20)4.2 Preliminary determination main parameter (20)4.3 The tooth face contact strength check (23)4.4 Round Chi flection the strength check (26)Chapter 5 The low speed class wheel design calculation (29)5.1 Make selection a wheel gear type, material (29)5.2 Preliminary determination main parameter (29)5.3 The tooth face contact strength check (30)5.4 Round Chi flection the strength check (32)Chapter 6 Stalk structure design (33)6.1 Low velocity one stalk structure (33)6.2 Low velocity two stalk structures (38)6.3 Low velocity three stalk structures (41)6.4 The other major parts (44)6.4.1 Bearing selection and life span (44)6.4.2 Axis involute flower bond strength calculation (45)Conclusion (48)Send thanks (49)Reference (50)Appendix (51)第1章绪论1.1 采煤机的发展概况1.1.1国际上采煤机的技术发展状况机械化采煤开始于二十世纪40年代，是随着采煤机械的出现而开始的。

国际营销英文版第16版第10章PPT

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La Raison d’Etre
Successful economic union requires favorable economic, political, cultural, and geographic factors as a basis for success The advantages of economic union must be clear-cut and significant Benefits must greatly outweigh the disadvantages before nations forgo any part of their sovereignty
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Geographic and Temporal Proximity
Although not absolutely imperative for cooperating members of a customs union, such closeness facilitates the functioning of a common market More important than physical distance are differences across time zones Trade tends to travel more easily in north–south directions than it did in ancient times Transportation networks are interrelated and well developed when countries are close together Issues of immigration, legal and illegal, also promote closer economic integration 6

中英文对照新版欧洲医疗器械法规 MDR Part

EU MDR 2017/745医疗器械法规
2017.09.15
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主要内容
1. 法规立法和执行； 2. 适用范围； 3. 过渡期安排； 4. 法规结构。
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一、REGULATION (EU) 2017/745法规
1. REGULATION (EU) 2017/745 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 5 April 2017 on medical devices, amending Directive 2001/83/EC, Regulation (EC) No 178/2002 and Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009 and repealing Council Directives 90/385/EEC and 93/42/EEC. 欧洲议会和理事会于2017年4月5日签发的关于医疗器械第2017/745号法规，修订了第2001/83/EC号指令，第178/2002号（EU）法规和第1223/2009号（EU）法规，并废除了理事会第90/385/EEC号和第93/42/EEC号指令
• (e) cosmetic products covered by Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009;欧洲委员会第1223/2009号法规所涵盖的美容产品；
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• (f) transplants, tissues or cells of animal origin, or their derivatives, or products containing or consisting of them; however this Regulation does apply to devices manufactured utilising tissues or cells of animal origin, or their derivatives, which are non-viable or are rendered non-viable;动物源的移植器官、组织或细胞或其衍生产品，或含有或由其组成的产品；但本法规适用于使用非活性或活性动物来源的组织或细胞或其衍生产品制造而成的器械。