Air-sea carbon fluxes and their controlling factors in the Prydz Bay in the Antarctic
河南开封各县市重点高中2023-2024学年高二下学期期末考试英语试题(含答案)
2023-2024学年河南开封各县市重点高中高二下学期期末考试英语试卷考试时间：120分钟注意事项:1.答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在答题卡上。
2.回答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用铅笔把答题卡对应题目的答案标号涂黑；如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。
回答非选择题时，将答案写在答题卡上，写在试卷上无效。
3.考试结束后，本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
第I卷（选择题）一、阅读理解：本大题共16小题，共38分。
AA Midsummer Night's Dream may be one of Shakespeare's most performed play—but its latest version from the Royal Shakespeare Company will be unlike any seen before.Titled Dream，the 50-minute online production combines live performance with motion-capture （动作捕捉）technology，3 D graphics，and interactive gaming techniques that let audiences remotely guide the leading character Puck through a virtual forest.As live theater put some seriously high-tech fairy （小精灵）factors into practice，Dream promises to bring the rarest version of the play to our screens.In 2016，the theater's production of The Tempest used live motion-capture technology to create a 3 D digital image that was projected above the stage.The difference this time is that everything in the play—the performers and their surroundings—will be shown virtually.Seven actors will perform in a specially-built studio in Portsmouth，southern England，wearing motion-capture suits.They will be surrounded by a 360-degree camera set，made up of 47 cameras with every movement almost immediately presented digitally，which is presented to viewers online.With its much-reduced characters，Dream is not a complete production of A Midsummer Night's Dream；rather，it is a story inspired by it，focusing on Puck and the fairies.Up to 2，000 audience members for each performance can become part of the show and will be invited to guide Puck through the forest.Onscreen，the chosen audience will appear as a cloud of tiny fireflies （萤火虫）.By using their mouse or finger on the screen of a smart device，they will be able to move their firefly across the screen，and Puck will be at their beck and call to go through the virtual space.For viewers watching at home，the virtual fairies moving through adigital forest will look more like a video game than the average Royal Shakespeare Company show.But the performances are delivered live and in real time.Every night's performance will be unique."Without the fireflies—the audiences—Puck wouldn't be going anywhere，" said E.M.Williams who plays the role. "The audiences are very much the fuel and the energy of the show."1.What makes Dream different from The Tempest？______A. The number of actors and actresses.B. The surroundings around the performers.C. The 3 D digital image it chooses to show.D. The way it presents everything in the play.2.Which aspect of the play does Paragraph 3 focus on？______A. Its leading characters.B. The design of its content.C. Its production process.D. The inspiration for the play.3.What does the underlined part "be at their beck and call" in the last but one paragraph mean？______A. Be willing to guide them.B. Be likely to receive a call.C. Be difficult to control.D. Be ready to follow their order.4.What do E.M.Williams' words in the last paragraph show？______A. The cost of the show.B. The pleasure of the audiences.C. The importance of the audiences.D. The task of the leading character.BIt had always been assumed that the rarity of lightning in ocean storms was due to cleaner air over the vast seas，but keen observations have shown that even highly polluted air is associated with reduced lightning at sea when sea spray aerosols（气溶胶）are abundant.In their paper published in the journal Nature Communications，an international team of researchers describes their multi-year study of atmospheric conditions over the oceans bordering Africa and what it showed about salt in sea spray aerosols and its impact on lightning.The researchers obtained atmospheric data on Africa and the oceans around it for the period 2013 to 2017.The data included numbers of lightning flashes，rainfall，temperatures and cloud representations.They looked for differences in atmospheric conditions in storms that occurred over land versus those that occurred over the sea and found one main difference：the amount of salt in the air.Lightning is produced when upwardly moving air in clouds forms ice crystals（冰晶）—aerosol particles then begin to bump into one another，creating an electrical charge.Lightning happens when the electrical field in one part of the cloud becomes positively charged （usually at the top of the cloud）and another negatively charged （usually at the bottom of the cloud）.And clouds form，of course，when vapor evaporates（蒸发）from the surface of the Earth and the water drops bond with aerosols.The researchers found that things are slightly different over the ocean.When water evaporates from the sea，it bears a load of salt.When the salt water bonds with aerosols to form water droplets，they tend to be bigger and heavier than those that form over land due to the salt—and that results in more of the water in the clouds falling as rain before it can rise up and form ice crystals.The result is far fewer lightning discharges.The researchers suggest their findings could be useful in improving the accuracy of both climate models and meteorological reports.It could also possibly lead some to attempt to seed storm clouds with salt to reduce their severity.5.What is the common belief of lightning over oceans？______A. Lightning pollutes the remote sea.B. Polluted air leads to less lightning at sea.C. Cleaner air results in less lightning at sea.D. Cleaner air contributes to more lightning at sea.6.How does the author mainly develop paragraph 3？______A. By presenting facts.B. By listing similarities.C. By giving examples.D. By making comparisons.7.How do water droplets on land differ from those at sea？______A. They drop much faster.B. They contain more water.C. They are bigger and heavier.D. They are smaller and lighter.8.What can be the best title for the text？______A. Salt in Sea Spray Worsens Storms over the Sea.B. Salt in Sea Spray Keeps Lightning Strikes Away.C. Lightning Strikes Are More Common over Oceans.D. Sea Spray Is Found Evaporating Faster over Oceans.CAround seven out of every ten Americans who work in offices do their work in an open environment，defined as at desks without meaningful partitions （隔板），according to an International Facility Management Association survey.Thatis，if they even have a desk——workers may be assigned only a few feet of a communal（共用的）table.The open-plan office space trend，popularized by creative agencies and technology start-ups，went mainstream because of the belief that open-space environments support innovation.More nearness between employees，the thinking went，would create more interaction and teamwork，promote social interaction and urge productivity.But in fact，purely open-plan offices have been shown to have the opposite effects，creating so much distraction（分心）that employees stayed away from each other.A study funded by Harvard Business Sehaol，the results of which were published last year，tracked what happened when a British company moved its employees from traditional office space，with offices with walls，to an open office.Face-to-face interaction became less——employees spent 72 percent less time interacting with their colleagues.Instead of talking more with each other，the employees put on headphones and began communicating by text and email.As digital communication channels surged，productivity declined. Neuroscience also holds some clues as to why the tight quarters in communal work spaces——where workers are only given about half the space they were given a decade ago——are so hard to work in. "The human voice sets off the most powerful emotional response in our auditory（听觉的）experience.Voice above 55 decibels（分贝）—— roughly the sound of a loud phone call——causes measurable stress，" according to a Wall Street Journal article，"The Neuroscience-Optimized Office"."Even more troublesome are overheard 'halfversations'，in which the listener only knows about one side of a dialogue；our brains automatically imagine the other，" wrote authors John Medina and Ryan Mullenix.But the solution，say experts including Newport，isn't to go back to putting everyone into offices with walls.9.What can we learn about the open office trend according to paragraph 1？______A. It allows 10 people at most to work together.B. It is believed to stimulate workers' creativity.C. It is only popular with new technology companies.D. It is aimed at promoting workers' social interaction.10.What does the underlined word"surged"in paragraph 2 probably mean？______A. Suspended timely.B. Became useless.C. Cost less.D. Increased quickly.11.What makes an open office hard to work in？______A. Hearing endless noisy phone calls.B. Showing real emotions publicly.C. Facing communication barriers at work.D. Hearing part of a dialogue between colleagues.12.What will probably be discussed in the following paragraph？______A. What are benefits of the open offices with walls.B. Why the open office makes workers distracted.C. How to deal with the disadvantages of the open office.D. How to draw workers' attention to their colleagues nearby.DDo you know the websites that let you name a star after your beloved one，your kid or your dog for a small fee？Yeah，those are all fake— you could pay me to "name" a star for ﹩50，and I'll take your money and show the name online.I'll even send you a fancy certificate!It seems that you've named a star，but it just doesn't count.Actually，the only organization that owns official naming rights is the International Astronomical Union，or the IAU.It was founded in 1919 and based in Paris，France.It is where astronomers and other professionals have reached the agreements and is the official record-keeping body for all discoveries in space.Recently they do open up an opportunity for the public to name a dozen of planets outside the solar system.These planets will be among the first to be studied with the James Webb Space Telescope.However，they currently only have boring and complicated documents that were used to find them.That's why the IAU is looking for something more interesting. But before you start naming the planets，you should know the rules.First，nothing is rude or annoying.Second，the name should be less than 16 characters long and pronounceable in at least one language with no commercial or business names and nothing is named after a living individual or a pet.The competition，named "Stars Worlds"，is open next Thursday，January 20th.It's the third such contest the IAU has held，and the purpose is to get the public more interested in science as well as the organization.The competition also helps to break centuries of European dominance when it comes to naming things in the night sky.So people around the world can share the joy of discovery and make their mark in history.13.How does the author introduce the topic of the passage？______A. By listing figures.B. By taking an example.C. By offering a solution.D. By showing differences.14.What can we know about the IAU from the passage？______A. It was founded by France.B. It studies the space telescope.C. It organizes trips to the space.D. It has the right to name the stars.15.What is the last paragraph mainly about？______A. Why the competition is held.B. How the competition develops.C. What to expect in the competition.D. How to take part in the competition.16.Where is this passage most likely taken from？______A. A novel.B. A textbook.C. A diary.D. A magazine.二、阅读七选五：本大题共5小题，共10分。
碳中和英语作文四级
As a high school student deeply concerned with environmental issues, the concept of carbon neutrality has always fascinated me. Its a term that has been buzzing in the ears of environmentalists and policymakers alike, and its not just a buzzwordits a commitment to combating climate change. This essay is my attempt to delve into the intricacies of carbon neutrality, its importance, and how it can be achieved.Carbon neutrality, or achieving a netzero carbon footprint, is the idea of balancing the amount of carbon dioxide CO2 released into the atmosphere with an equivalent amount being removed. Its a goal that many countries, corporations, and individuals are striving towards as a way to mitigate the effects of global warming.My interest in carbon neutrality was sparked by a school project where we were tasked with researching climate change and its impacts. I learned that the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial processes are the primary sources of CO2 emissions. These activities have led to a significant increase in the Earths temperature, causing a myriad of problems such as melting ice caps, rising sea levels, and extreme weather events.Understanding the gravity of the situation, I started to explore ways to reduce my own carbon footprint. One of the first steps I took was to reduce my consumption of meat, particularly beef, which has a high carbon footprint due to the methane emissions from cattle farming. I also began cycling to school instead of taking the car, which not only reduced my carbon emissions but also improved my health and wellbeing.Moreover, I became an advocate for renewable energy sources like solar and wind power. I was amazed to learn that these sources can generate electricity without emitting any CO2. I even convinced my family to install solar panels on our rooftop, which has significantly reduced our reliance on fossil fuels.However, achieving carbon neutrality on a global scale requires more than just individual actions. It necessitates systemic changes and policy interventions. Governments play a crucial role in setting regulations and incentives to encourage businesses to adopt cleaner technologies and practices. For instance, carbon pricing, through mechanisms like carbon taxes or capandtrade systems, can provide a financial incentive for companies to reduce their emissions.Additionally, investing in research and development of new technologies is vital. Innovations in carbon capture and storage CCS, for example, can help remove CO2 from the atmosphere and store it underground, effectively neutralizing it. Theres also the potential of afforestation, where planting trees can absorb CO2 and store it as biomass.One inspiring example of a country taking significant steps towards carbon neutrality is Costa Rica. The nation has set a goal to become completely carbonneutral by 2050. They are investing heavily in renewable energy, sustainable agriculture, and reforestation efforts. This commitment is a testament to what can be achieved when a nation prioritizes environmental sustainability.In conclusion, carbon neutrality is not just a lofty ideal but a necessary step towards a sustainable future. It requires a collective effort from individuals, businesses, and governments. As a high school student, I am doing my part by making conscious choices in my daily life and advocating for change. I believe that with determination and innovation, we can create a world where our actions do not come at the expense of our planets health. Its a challenge, but one that I, and many others, are eager to embrace.。
2023年高考英语外刊时文精读专题03看到空中的碳足迹(含答案)
高考英语外刊时文精读专题：2023年高考英语外刊时文精读精练 (3)Carbon emissions碳排放Seeing footprints in the air看到空中的碳足迹主题语境：人与自然主题语境内容：环境保护【外刊原文】（斜体单词为超纲词汇，认识即可；下划线单词为课标词汇，需熟记。
）Chris Jones of the University of California, Berkeley, was on a river in the Amazon rainforest when he put the finishing touches on the world’s first online household carbon calculator(计算器). That was in 2005. He hoped that, if he could show people how much greenhouse gas was associated with daily activities—driving the car, heating the house—they might change their behaviour and contribute in some small measure to saving the Amazon. Seventeen years later, trackers are providing a wealth of often-neglect ed information about the carbon emissions of everyday life. They provide local and micro data which usefully supplement the global findings of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.Trackers work by asking users to answer questions such as: how many miles a year do you drive; how much is your annual household electricity bill; how often do you eat meat? They then calculate a personal or household estimate of emissions of carbon-dioxide equivalent (CO2e，二氧化碳当量排放量) per year. Alex Beale, a climate blogger in Atlanta who has studied them, reckons there are dozens of household carbon trackers and hundreds of specialist ones, including those which calculate emissions from food or other industries, such as a new one from the Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) to track emissions from shipping. For individuals, reckons Mr Beale, the most comprehensive are the Cool Climate tracker run by Dr Jones at Berkeley and the calculator set up by the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) and SEI. What do they tell us?Dr Jones describes the main household polluting activities as “cars, coal, cows and consumption,roughly in that order”. By far the largest single source of emissions is the family vehicle. One car of average fuel efficiency driven 14,000 miles (22,500km) spews out 7 tonnes of carbon, according to Dr Jones’s tracker. Swapping it for an electric vehicle would save over 6 tonnes,or an eighth of the average American household’s yearly emissions.No other change would generate that much saving, though electricity in the home is responsible for over 5 tonnes of carbon emissions a year, so generating it with solar panels（太阳能电池板） would come close . Like electric vehicles, a roof full of solar panels is not cheap. Changing diets costs less, and American households consume meat worth 2.7 tonnes of CO2e a year, far more than most people. If Americans went vegetarian（素食者）, that would be like half an average solar roof.These household averages, however,disguise what may be the most important thing carbon trackers reveal: that apparently similar households produce very different emissions. By combining their tracker’s res ults with postal（邮政的）code data, the University of California team worked out average emissions by area. Places with high emissions—mostly suburbs（郊区）—produce four or five times as much carbon as inner cities or rural areas, a much larger multiple than mig ht have been expected. Chicago’s households produce37 tonnes of CO2e a year; suburban Eola’s, some35 miles (56km) from the Windy City, emit96 tonnes. This is not only because of commuting（通勤）. Trips to and from work account for less than a fifth of miles driven; the rest are to shops, schools and so on.Even more striking is the difference air travel makes. The average household contribution from flying is 1.5 tonnes, less than a car. But half of Americans never fly. According to Cool Climate, flying 100,000 miles a yearproduces a stunning（惊人的）43 extra tonnes of CO2. If jet-set households were to cut their travel sharply, they would have a disproportionate（不成比例的）effect on emissions. They might even do something for the Amazon.Over the next 30 years, many countries are promising to move to net-zero carbon, imply ing that household emissions will have to be cut to close to nothing. Stephanie Roe, WWF’s lead climate scientist, reckons that, at best, half the reduction might be achieved through demand-side measures, such as behavioural changes by individuals and households. And even that would require companies and governments to provide more incentives（激励）to change through supply-side investments to make low-carbon options cheaper and more widely available.Trackers, it seems, have daunting（令人怯步的）lessons for public bodies and private households alike.【课标词汇】1.associate将…（与…）联系起来，把…联系在一起Most people associate this brand with good quality.大多数人把这个品牌和优良品质联系在一起。
专业英语lesson14
Lesson 14Air pollutionAir pollution is the human introduction into the atmosphere of chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or damages the natural environment. Air pollution causes deaths and respiratory disease. Air pollution is often identified with major stationary sources, but the greatest source of emissions is mobile sources, mainly automobiles. Gases such as carbon dioxide, which contribute to global warming, have recently gained recognition as pollutants by climate scientists, while they also recognize that carbon dioxide is essential for plant life through photosynthesis.The atmosphere is a complex，dynamic natural gaseous system that is essential to support life on planet Earth. Stratospheric ozone depletion due to air pollution has long been recognized as a threat to human health as well as to the Earth's ecosystems.An air pollutant is known as a substance in the air that can cause harm to humans and the environment. Pollutants can be in the form of solid particles, liquid droplets, or gases. In addition, they may be natural or man-made.Pollutants can be classified as primary or secondary. Usually, primary pollutants are directly emitted from a process, such as ash from a volcanic eruption, the carbon monoxide gas from a motor vehicle exhaust or sulfur dioxide released from factories.Secondary pollutants are not emitted directly. Rather, they form in the air when primary pollutants react or interact. An important example of a secondary pollutant is ground level ozone —one of the many secondary pollutants that make up photochemical smog.Note that some pollutants may be both primary and secondary: that is, they are both emitted directly and formed from other primary pollutants.Major primary pollutants produced by human activity include:●Sulfur oxides (SOx) especially sulfur dioxide, a chemical compoundwith the formula SO2. SO2 is produced by volcanoes and in various industrial processes. Since coal and petroleum often contain sulfur compounds, their combustion generates sulfur dioxide.Further oxidation of SO2, usually in the presence of a catalyst such as NO2, forms H2SO4, and thus acid rain. This is one of the causes for concern over the environmental impact of the use of these fuels as power sources.●Nitrogen oxides (NOx) especially nitrogen dioxide are emitted fromhigh temperature combustion. Can be seen as the brown haze dome above or plume downwind of cities. Nitrogen dioxide is the chemical compound with the formula NO2. It is one of the several nitrogen oxides. This reddish-brown toxic gas has a characteristic sharp, biting odor. NO2 is one of the most prominent air pollutants.●Carbon monoxide - is a colorless, odorless, non-irritating butvery poisonous gas. It is a product by incomplete combustion of fuel such as natural gas, coal or wood. Vehicular exhaust is a major source of carbon monoxide.●Carbon dioxide (CO2)，a greenhouse gas emitted form combustion.●Volatile organic compounds VOCs are an important outdoor airpollutant. In this field they are often divided into the separate categories of methane (CH4) and non-methane (NMVOCs). Methane is an extremely efficient greenhouse gas which contributes to enhanced global warming. Other hydrocarbon VOCs are also significant greenhouse gases via their role in creating ozone and in prolonging the life of methane in the atmosphere, although the effect varies depending on local air quality. Within the NMVOCs, the aromatic compounds benzene, toluene and xylene are suspected carcinogens and may lead to leukemia through prolonged exposure.1，3-butadiene is another dangerous compound which is often associated with industrial uses.●Particulate matter Particulates, alternatively referred to asparticulate matter (PM) or fine particles, are tiny particles of solid or liquid suspended in a gas. In contrast, aerosol refers to particles and the gas together. Sources of particulate matter can be man made or natural. Some particulates occur naturally, originating from volcanoes, dust storms, forest and grassland fires, living vegetation, and sea spray. Human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels in vehicles, power plants and various industrial processes also generate significant amounts of aerosols. Averaged over the globe, anthropogenic aerosols—those made by human activities—currently account for about 10 percent of the total amount of aerosols in our atmosphere. Increased levels of fine particles in the air are linked to health hazards such as heart disease, altered lung function and lung cancer.●Toxic metals, such as lead, cadmium and copper.●Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), harmful to the ozone layer emittedfrom products currently banned from use.●Ammonia (NH3)，emitted from agricultural processes. Ammonia is acompound with the formula NH3. It is normally encountered as a gas with a characteristic pungent odor. Ammonia contributes significantly to the nutritional needs of terrestrial organisms by serving as a precursor to foodstuffs and fertilizers. Ammonia,either directly or indirectly, is also a building block for the synthesis of many pharmaceuticals. Although in wide use, ammonia is both caustic and hazardous.●Odors，such as from garbage, sewage, and industrial processes.● Radioactive pollutants produced by nuclear explosions, warexplosives, and natural processes such as the radioactive decay of radon.Secondary pollutants include:●Particulate matter formed from gaseous primary pollutants andcompounds in photochemical smog. Smog is a kind of air pollution;the word “smog” is a portmanteau of smoke and fog. Classic smog results from large amounts of coal burning in an area caused bya mixture of smoke and sulfur dioxide. Modern smog does not usuallycome from coal but from vehicular and industrial emissions that are acted on in the atmosphere by sunlight to form secondary pollutants that also combine with the primary emissions to form photochemical smog.●Ground level ozone (O3) formed from NOx and VOCs. Ozone (O3) isa key constituent of the troposphere (it is also an importantconstituent of certain regions of the stratosphere commonly known as the Ozone layer). Photochemical and chemical reactions involving it drive many of the chemical processes that occur in the atmosphere by day and by night. At abnormally high concentrations brought about by human activities (largely the combustion of fossil fuel), it is a pollutant, and a constituent of smog.●Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) - similarly formed from NOx and VOCs.Minor air pollutants include:● A large number of minor hazardous air pollutants. Some of theseare regulated in USA under the Clean Air Act and in Europe under the Air Framework Directive.● A variety of persistent organic pollutants, which can attach toparticulate matter.Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are organic compounds that are resistant to environmental degradation through chemical, biological, and photolytic processes. Because of this, they have been observed to persist in the environment, to be capable of long-range transport, bioaccumulate in human and animal tissue, biomagnify in food chains, and to have potential significant impacts on human health and the environment.14课：空气污染空气污染是人类引入氛围的化学品、颗粒、或生物材料,造成损害或不舒服,人类或其他生物破坏的自然环境。
研究生涉海英语课后习题答案Unit4
研究⽣涉海英语课后习题答案Unit4Unit 4 Climate V ariabilityText APart IUnderstanding and LearningBackground information1. Philosophical Transactions: the world's first science journal. In 1662, the newly formed “Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge” was grante d a charter to publish by King Charles II and on 6 March 1665, the first issue of Philosophical Transactions was published under the visionary editorship of Henry Oldenburg, who was also the Secretary of the Society. The first volumes of the world's first scientific journal were very different from today's journal, but in essence it served the same function，namely to inform the Fellows of the Society and other interested readers of the latest scientific discoveries. As such, Philosophical Transactions established the important principles of scientific priority and peer review, which have become the central foundations of scientific journals ever since. In 1886, the breadth and scope of scientific discovery had increased to such an extent that it became necessary to divide the journal into two, Philosophical TransactionsA and B, covering the physical sciences and the life sciences respectively.2. The Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research carries out research in the Arctic and Antarctic as well as in the high and mid latitude oceans.3. Tambora’s explosion: In 1815，Tambora in Indonesia exploded with the force of roughly 1, 000 megatons of TNT, the largest volcanic eruption in recorded history. Detailed Study of the TextI.Reality has a way of trumping art, and human-induced climate change isvery real indeed.(Para. 2)Meaning: The situation of climate change caused by human beings in reality is more critical than what is described in science fictions.trump:1. v. beat 胜过;压过The Socialists tried to trump this with their slogan.社会党党员设法⽤他们的⼝号把它压过去。
高一英语考试试卷
高一英语考试试卷考试范围：xxx ；考试时间：xxx 分钟；出题人：xxx 姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________1．答题前填写好自己的姓名、班级、考号等信息 2．请将答案正确填写在答题卡上一、单项选择1.Once made out, the plan must be carried out ___ any difficulty. A ．instead of B ．in need of C ．because of D ．regardless of 2.．The fact has worried many scientists ______ the earth is becoming warmer and warmer these years.A ．whatB ．whichC ．thatD ．though3.In some parts of Europe, incomes are high, ________ in other parts they are much lower.A ．whileB ．sinceC ．ifD ．as 4.. —What do you think of their marriage? —______, if I were Kate, I would not marry him. A ．Generally speaking B ．On the contrary C ．To be honestD ．As a result 5.She could n’t but_______for the PLA men to find and rescue her. A ．wait B ．waiting C ．to wait D ．to have waited 6.As is known to us, the new minister will be ______ in office by the Queen. A ．recognized B ．understood C ．confirmed D ．permitted 7.Most of us hate people ________ talk much but do little.A．whom B．whose C．which D．who8.I'm afraid you have no _____ but to come along with us. A．possibility B．permission C．choice D．selection9.Now that you’re grown up，you’d better spend your time just on the things you find_______.A．worth doing themB．worth being doneC．worthy of doing themD．worthy of being done10.Mrs White found her husband ________by letters and papersand________ very worried.A．surrounding ; lookedB．surrounded ; lookedC．surrounding; lookingD．surrounded ; looking二、单词拼写单词拼写11.Do you have any ______________（证据）for what you said just now?12.Her ________(信仰) in God is very firm.13.__________(偶尔) Alice would look up from her books.14.It will be to your __________(弊端，不利)if you arrive at the interview late.15.At last we came to the __________(结论) that he was a cheat.16.Learning to walk again after his accident required great p_________.17.Einstein is a great scientific g__________.18.She was a about her daughter still being out late at night.19.She was i________ badly in an accident during the work.20.When you heat a metal ,it c .21.第二卷(非选择题)第三部分写作 (满分30分)第一节单词拼写 (每小题1分)根据所给汉语注释，写出所缺单词的正确形式(每空限写一词)。
英译汉。高英
Lesson 11)The one I am thinking of particularly is entered by Gothicarched gateway of aged brick and stone .You pass from the heat and glare of a big, open square into a cool, dark cavern which extends as far as the eye can see, losing itself in the shadowy distance.此时此刻我要说的集市的入口是一座古老的砖石结构的哥特式拱门，年代非常久远。
当你穿过一个烈日暴晒的大型露天广场，然后走进一个凉爽、幽暗的洞穴。
这洞穴一直一直向前延伸，一眼望不到尽头，最终消失在远处的阴影里。
2)It is a point of honor with the customers not to let the shopkeeper guess what it is she really likes and want until the last moment. 对于顾客来说，至关重要的一点是，不到最后一刻是不能让店主猜到她心里究竟中意哪样东西、想买哪样东西的.3)The seller ,on the other hand ,makes a point of protesting that the price he is charging is depriving him of all profit, and that he is sacrificing this because of his personal regard for the customer. 而在店主那一方来说，则是竭尽全力的让顾客相信，他开出的价钱使他根本无利可图，而他之所以愿意这样做完全是出于本人对顾客的敬重。
托福阅读真题第154篇TheRoleoftheOceaninControllingClimate
托福阅读真题第154篇TheRoleoftheOceaninControllingClimate第1 段：要预测未来的气候情况，科学家必须依靠复杂的计算机模型。
这些模型使用数学方程来表示大气、海洋和陆地中的物理过程和相互作用。
起点通常基于当前测量值或es时间过去的情况。
然后，使用遍布全球的球形网格，在网格交叉点执行数千次计算，以表示和评估空中、海洋和陆地的状况将如何随时间变化。
由于它们的复杂性和大小，超级计算机被用来运行全面的气候模型。
他们的输出中的大部分不确定性来自从表示气候的各个方面的方式by different models, and even more so, because there are aspects of climate that are not well understood, one of which is how the ocean impacts climate.1. According to paragraph 1, the results of full-scale climate models are questionable in part becauseO the supercomputers used for such modeling are large and complexO thousands of calculations have to be performed to assess conditionsO past conditions cannot always be estimated accuratelyO there are multiple ways to represent the same aspect of climateParagraph 2：The ocean's role in global warming stems principally from its huge capacity to absorb carbon dioxide and to store and transport heat. In the sea, 海洋植物和藻类，尤其是浮游植物的光合成，从大气中去除了大量的二氧化碳因此，海洋中浮游植物的生长（生产力）越大，二氧化碳的去除量就越大。
英语高考真题(完整版含答案)
英语高考真题（完整版含答案）English College Entrance Examination (Complete Version with Answers)IntroductionIn this article, we will provide a complete version of the English college entrance examination, including the exam questions and their corresponding answers. This will serve as a valuable resource for students preparing for the English college entrance examination. Please note that the format of the exam questions and answers will be presented in a clear and organized manner to ensure the best reading experience for the readers.Reading ComprehensionSection A: Multiple Choice Questions1. Read the following passage and answer the questions below.In recent years, the issue of climate change has gained significant attention worldwide. Scientists have repeatedly warned about the devastating consequences of global warming. One of the major contributors to climate change is the excessive emission of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, from human activities. These gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, causing the planet to warm up.According to recent studies, the global average temperature has increased by 1 degree Celsius since the Industrial Revolution. This may seem like a small number, but it has already led to a rise in sea levels, melting of polar ice caps, and more frequent extreme weather events.Given the urgency of the situation, it is crucial for individuals, communities, and governments to take immediate action to mitigate the effects of climate change. This can be achieved through adopting sustainable practices, reducing carbon emissions, and investing in renewable energy sources.1. Why has the issue of climate change gained significant attention?a) Due to recent scientific warnings about its consequences.b) Because of the increase in global temperatures.c) As a result of extreme weather events.d) All of the above.Answer: d) All of the above.2. What is one of the major contributors to climate change?a) Excessive emissions of greenhouse gases.b) Depletion of the ozone layer.c) Deforestation.d) Ocean pollution.Answer: a) Excessive emissions of greenhouse gases.3. How much has the global average temperature increased since the Industrial Revolution?a) 0.5 degrees Celsius.b) 1 degree Celsius.c) 2 degrees Celsius.d) 4 degrees Celsius.Answer: b) 1 degree Celsius.Section B: Passage CompletionRead the following passage and complete the sentences below.Technology has greatly impacted our lives, both positively and negatively. On one hand, it has revolutionized communication, allowing people from different parts of the world to connect instantly. On the other hand, it has also led to increased screen time and decreased face-to-face interactions.Moreover, the reliance on technology has raised concerns about privacy and cybersecurity. Hacking, identity theft, and online scams have become prevalent issues in today's digitally connected society. It is important for individuals to be vigilant and take necessary precautions to protect their personal information online.To strike a balance between the benefits and drawbacks of technology, it is vital for individuals to cultivate healthy habits and practice digital detox regularly. This can include time spent away from screens, engaging in physical activities, and maintaining meaningful relationships offline.4. Technology has revolutionized communication by________________.Answer: allowing instant connections between people from different parts of the world.5. The downside of technology includes ________________.Answer: increased screen time and decreased face-to-face interactions.6. Individuals should take measures to protect their personal information due to ________________.Answer: concerns about privacy and cybersecurity.ConclusionIn this article, we have provided a complete version of the English college entrance examination, including reading comprehension questions and their corresponding answers. It is important for students preparing for the English college entrance examination to practice answering different types of questions, as this will help improve their overall performance. By familiarizing themselves with various exam formats, students can gain confidence and enhance their chances of success.。
温室气体对海洋的影响英文演讲稿
温室气体对海洋的影响英文演讲稿sea pollution is becoming an increasing problem for our planet and we have a responsibility to reduce sea pollution.i need to describe the proble our ship currently dumps all its rubbishinto the sea.it's easy to result in huge endanger. first of all, non-organic substances such as plastic bags kill fish and whales. because fish get trapped and whales cannot digest the secondly some rubbish is inherently toxic.i can suggest some solutions. first and foremost we can create a better system of disposing of rubbish for instance. we ought to store rubbish. next, we are supposed to make ships environmentally and friendly. a case in point is that we should stop providing plastic bags.we must act now before it is too late!the seas and oceans receive the brunt of human waste, whether it is by deliberate dumping or by natural run-off from the land.in fact over 80% of all marine pollution comes from land-based activities and many pollutants are deposited in estuaries and coastal waters. here the pollutants enter marine food chains, building up their concentrations until they reach toxic levels. it often takes human casualties to alert us to pollution and such was the case in minimata bay in japan when many people died as a result of a pollutant building up in food chains. a factory was discharging waste containing methyl mercury in low concentrations into the sea and as this pollutant passed through food chains it became more concentratedin the tissues of marine organisms until it reached toxic levels.as a consequence people died from eating fish and shellfish contaminated with mercury and people suffered from mercury poisoning.future marineknow you today from the 20xx, let me do a return tour, you tour in with the "ocean", i think you must be harvested. as we all know, oceans of the earth's seven tenths, very serious marine pollution in 20xx, but in , due to advanced science and technology, "decontamination robot" has become the bane of marine pollution, so, when there is no pollution in the ocean. now, i take you first "multi-functional reception", and replace "changes in the marine location device", it all took us off to another world. today's oceans, is hometo human beings, 50 percent of people worldwide live in the ocean, you will find it very curious about how to survive in the ocean? fact well, sea world, where there is an "oxygen control room," oxygen produced from here, through the "oxygen cylinder" sent to every corner of ocean, people breathing in fresh oxygen, emit carbon dioxide, and then by the "oxygen control room" to receive, but also to create such a cycle of oxygen ... ....harbour fish is strange, since the sea water into fresh water, the fish learned human language, but also to talk with people it can be fun! you to the front of a large group of fish, fish said: "good morning!" fish will speak english, i am really not believe it. listen to my introduction to you on the residential areas. although before you see is a blank, but people live here. the sea and land were not the same person, they food is simple, a "simple food dan" can be over days, so they are very relaxed. live it? to four "sea" as their home, think of where to sleep on where to sleep, carefree.then, you visit the royal palace, park ... ... must have felt very grand, magnificent it! perhaps you worry about, so many people living in the seabed, the environment will not occur the problem? not. harbour achieved without factory, but there are production. and no worse than the production of the land, because we row down the waste land, water, through the "decontamination robot" "pass" "make the robot" for processing, making available all kinds of things ... ... strange, wonderful sea world tour finished, how? i am sure you will feel the power of science is so magical.。
九年级上册英语读写题
九年级上册英语读写题一、阅读理解题（10道）（一）阅读短文，根据短文内容回答问题。
The Internet has become an important part of our daily lives. It allows us to communicate with people around the world, get information, and do shopping easily.However, there are also some problems with the Internet. For example, some people use it to spread false information, which can cause confusion among the public. Also, spending too much time on the Internet can be harmful to our eyesight and mental health.1. What has the Internet become in our daily lives?- Answer: It has become an important part of our daily lives.- Explanation: The first sentence of the passage clearly states that "The Internet has become an important part of our daily lives."2. What can we do through the Internet?- Answer: We can communicate with people around the world, get information, and do shopping easily.- Explanation: It is mentioned in the passage that "It allows us to communicate with people around the world, get information, and do shopping easily."3. Are there any problems with the Internet?- Answer: Yes, there are.- Explanation: The passage begins with the positive aspects of the Internet and then uses "However" to introduce the problems, indicating that there are indeed problems with the Internet.4. What kind of information do some people spread on the Internet?- Answer: Some people spread false information.- Explanation: The passage states "some people use it to spread false information."5. What are the harms of spending too much time on the Internet?- Answer: It can be harmful to our eyesight and mental health.- Explanation: The passage clearly says "spending too much time on the Internet can be harmful to our eyesight and mental health."（二）Read the passage and choose the best answer to each question.Paper - making is one of the four great inventions in ancient China. It has a long history.Cai Lun, an official in the Han Dynasty, is credited with improving the paper - making process. He used bark, hemp, rags and other materials to make paper. His invention made it possible for knowledge to be recorded and spread more widely.Today, paper is still widely used in our daily life. We use it to write on, print books, make packaging, etc. However, with the development of digital technology, the use of paper in some areas is decreasing. Forexample, more and more people are reading e - books instead of printed books.1. Which country is paper - making one of the four great inventions of?- A. Japan.- B. China.- C. America.- D. England.- Answer: B.- Explanation: The first sentence of the passage clearly states that "Paper - making is one of the four great inventions in ancient China."2. Who is credited with improving the paper - making process?- A. Li Bai.- B. Cai Lun.- C. Confucius.- D. Mao Zedong.- Answer: B.- Explanation: The passage says "Cai Lun, an official in the Han Dynasty, is credited with improving the paper - making process."3. What materials did Cai Lun use to make paper?- A. Only bark.- B. Only hemp.- C. Only rags.- D. Bark, hemp, rags and other materials.- Answer: D.- Explanation: It is mentioned in the passage that "He used bark, hemp, rags and other materials to make paper."4. Why was Cai Lun's invention important?- A. Because it made paper - making more difficult.- B. Because it made it possible for knowledge to be recorded and spread more widely.- C. Because it made people stop using other materials to record knowledge.- D. Because it made the Han Dynasty more powerful.- Answer: B.- Explanation: The passage states that "His invention made it possible for knowledge to be recorded and spread more widely."5. What is happening to the use of paper with the development ofdigital technology?- A. The use of paper is increasing in all areas.- B. The use of paper is decreasing in some areas.- C. The use of paper is completely replaced by digital products.- D. The use of paper is not affected at all.- Answer: B.- Explanation: The passage says "with the development of digital technology, the use of paper in some areas is decreasing."（三）Read the following passage and complete the tasks below.English is spoken as a first language in many countries, such as the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. It is also widely spoken as a second language in other countries.There are many reasons why English is so popular. First, the British Empire once had colonies all over the world, and they spread the English language. Second, the United States is a very powerful country in the world today, and American English has a great influence. Third, English is the language of international business, science and technology.Learning English has many benefits. It can help people communicate with others from different countries, get access to more information, and have better job opportunities.1. Name some countries where English is spoken as a first language.- Answer: The United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and New Zealand.- Explanation: The first sentence of the passage clearly lists these countries where English is spoken as a first language.2. Why is English so popular?- Answer: First, the British Empire once had colonies all over the world and spread the English language. Second, the United States is a verypowerful country today and American English has a great influence. Third, English is the language of international business, science and technology.- Explanation: The passage clearly states these three reasons for the popularity of English.3. What are the benefits of learning English?- Answer: It can help people communicate with others from different countries, get access to more information, and have better job opportunities.- Explanation: The passage mentions these three benefits of learning English.（四）Read the passage and answer the questions.Mobile phones have become an essential part of our lives. We can use them to make calls, send messages, take photos, listen to music, and evendo shopping.However, mobile phones also bring some problems. For example, some people use their mobile phones while driving, which is very dangerous. Also, spending too much time on mobile phones can affect people's eyesight and sleep quality.1. What can we do with mobile phones?- Answer: We can use them to make calls, send messages, take photos, listen to music, and even do shopping.- Explanation: The first sentence of the passage lists these functionsof mobile phones.2. What are the problems that mobile phones bring?- Answer: Some people use their mobile phones while driving, which is very dangerous. Also, spending too much time on mobile phones can affect people's eyesight and sleep quality.- Explanation: The second part of the passage clearly states these problems.（五）Read the passage and choose the correct answer for each question.The environment is facing many problems today. Pollution is one of the biggest problems. Air pollution is mainly caused by factories, cars and burning of fossil fuels. Water pollution is caused by industrial waste, sewage and agricultural chemicals.Another problem is the loss of biodiversity. Many animals and plants are in danger of extinction because of habitat destruction, over - hunting and climate change.To protect the environment, we can take some measures. For example, we can use renewable energy sources like solar and wind energy, reduce waste, and protect wild animals and their habitats.1. What is one of the biggest problems the environment is facing?- A. Noise pollution.- B. Pollution.- C. Deforestation.- D. Over - population.- Answer: B.- Explanation: The passage clearly states that "Pollution is one of the biggest problems."2. What causes air pollution?- A. Only factories.- B. Only cars.- C. Factories, cars and burning of fossil fuels.- D. Only burning of fossil fuels.- Answer: C.- Explanation: The passage says "Air pollution is mainly caused by factories, cars and burning of fossil fuels."3. What causes water pollution?- A. Only industrial waste.- B. Only sewage.- C. Industrial waste, sewage and agricultural chemicals.- D. Only agricultural chemicals.- Answer: C.- Explanation: The passage states that "Water pollution is caused by industrial waste, sewage and agricultural chemicals."4. Why are many animals and plants in danger of extinction?- A. Only because of habitat destruction.- B. Only because of over - hunting.- C. Only because of climate change.- D. Because of habitat destruction, over - hunting and climate change.- Answer: D.- Explanation: The passage says "Many animals and plants are in danger of extinction because of habitat destruction, over - hunting and climate change."5. What can we do to protect the environment?- A. Use only non - renewable energy sources.- B. Increase waste.- C. Use renewable energy sources like solar and wind energy, reduce waste, and protect wild animals and their habitats.- D. Ignore the environment problems.- Answer: C.- Explanation: The passage mentions these measures to protect the environment.二、书面表达题（10道）（一）假如你是李华，你的美国朋友Tom对中国的传统节日春节很感兴趣，请你根据以下提示给他写一封信介绍春节。
讲大气排放和污染海洋的英文外刊文章
讲大气排放和污染海洋的英文外刊文章Several problems are caused by the non-organic substance. We ought not to pour wastes into the ocean, because it not only pollutes the ocean, but also lead to a series of harmful consequence. First and foremost, the non-organnic things, for instance, plastic bags, may kill fish and whales. Second, fishes can't digest them. Finally, some of the rubbish is inherently toxic, they will posion marine life.We must take actions to protect our whale from dying. One thing we should do is creating a better system of disposing of rubbish. Another effective solution is making ships environmentally friendly. Sypermarkets shall stop the giving of plastic bags.As a captain of the ship, you should spare no efforts to think more helpful ideas and stop dumping rubbish from now on. We all need to raise awareness of these problems. It now becomes necessary that we must act now, before it is too late!The seas and oceans receive the brunt of human waste, whether it is by deliberate dumping or by natural run-off from the land.In fact over 80% of all marine pollution comes from land-based activities and many pollutants are deposited inestuaries and coastal waters. Here the pollutants enter marine food chains, building up their concentrations until they reach toxic levels. It often takes human casualties to alert us to pollution and such was the case in Minimata Bay in Japan when many people died as a result of a pollutant building up in food chains.A factory was discharging waste containing methyl mercury in low concentrations into the sea and as this pollutant passed through food chains it became more concentrated in the tissues of marine organisms until it reached toxic levels.As a consequence 649 people died from eating fish and shellfish contaminated with mercury and 3500 people suffered from mercury poisoning.。
青岛某燃煤电厂排污口邻近海域表层沉积物重金属生态风险评价
生态毒理学报Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology第18卷第5期2023年10月V ol.18,No.5Oct.2023㊀㊀第一作者:赵子昂(1994 ),女,博士研究生,研究方向为生物资源保护与生态修复,E -mail:************************㊀㊀*通信作者(Corresponding author ),E -mail:*************************DOI:10.7524/AJE.1673-5897.20230519001赵子昂,冯永亮,王明丽,等.青岛某燃煤电厂排污口邻近海域表层沉积物重金属生态风险评价[J].生态毒理学报,2023,18(5):143-155Zhao Z A,Feng Y L,Wang M L,et al.Ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in surface sediment near a coal -fired power plant sewage outlet in Qingdao [J].Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology,2023,18(5):143-155(in Chinese)青岛某燃煤电厂排污口邻近海域表层沉积物重金属生态风险评价赵子昂1,冯永亮2,*,王明丽3,汝少国11.中国海洋大学海洋生命学院,青岛2660032.唐山学院基础教学部,唐山0630003.山东省青岛生态环境监测中心,青岛266003收稿日期:2023-05-19㊀㊀录用日期:2023-07-01摘要:沿海地区燃煤发电厂海水烟气脱硫系统长期㊁大量排放含有重金属的脱硫海水,可能会对排污口附近海域生态系统造成危害,然而目前关于这方面的研究尚少㊂本研究连续3年跟踪监测了该排污口附近海域表层沉积物中重金属As ㊁Cd ㊁Cr ㊁Cu ㊁Hg ㊁Pb 和Zn 的含量,其平均浓度分别为3.54㊁0.36㊁26.22㊁18.04㊁0.04㊁24.37和47.21mg ㊃kg -1㊂为降低传统沉积物重金属风险评价过程中的不确定性,分别采用Monte Carlo 模拟与沉积物质量基准(SQGs)和潜在生态风险指数(PERI)相结合的概率方法对其生态危害进行了评价㊂SQGs 结果显示,4次监测Cu ㊁Pb 和Cd 分别以50%㊁65%和80%的概率处于低风险,其他4种重金属以90%以上的概率处于低风险㊂PERI 结果显示,4次监测Hg 分别以34.41%㊁79.72%㊁60.39%和85.91%的概率处于中等风险,其他6种重金属的潜在生态危害均以100%的概率为轻微程度,7种重金属的综合生态危害以90%以上的概率为轻微程度㊂总体来讲,4次监测沉积物中重金属污染程度均为轻微,表明燃煤电厂脱硫海水的长期排放并未造成排污口附近海域表层沉积物重金属的污染㊂同时,本文结果表明采用Monte Carlo 模拟法与传统污染指数法相结合的概率方法能够更好地表征重金属的生态危害,为工业污染水域风险缓解提供更加详细的决策支持㊂关键词:重金属;沉积物;风险评价;燃煤电厂;Monte Carlo 模拟文章编号:1673-5897(2023)5-143-13㊀㊀中图分类号:X171.5㊀㊀文献标识码:AEcological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Surface Sediment near A Coal-fired Power Plant Sewage Outlet in QingdaoZhao Ziang 1,Feng Yongliang 2,*,Wang Mingli 3,Ru Shaoguo 11.Marine Life Science College,Ocean University of China,Qingdao 266003,China2.Foundation Department,Tangshan University,Tangshan 063000,China3.Qingdao Eco -Environmental Monitoring Center of Shandong Province,Qingdao 266003,ChinaReceived 19May 2023㊀㊀accepted 1July 2023Abstract :Large amounts of waste consisting of heavy metal -containing seawater are discharged from coal -fired power plants into adjacent seas daily,which is harmful to the ecosystem of the sea near the outfall.However,very144㊀生态毒理学报第18卷few studies have been carried out on the ecological risk of these heavy metals.This study conducted a three-year continuous monitoring to the average concentrations of heavy metals in the surface sediments of the sea located near the outfall of a coal-fired power plant in Qingdao.The average concentrations of As,Cd,Cr,Cu,Hg,Pb and Zn were3.54,0.36,26.22,18.04,0.04,24.37and47.21mg㊃kg-1,respectively.In order to reduce the uncertainties in the traditional risk assessment of heavy metals in surface sediment,this study combined Monte Carlo simulations with sediment quality benchmarks(SQGs)and potential ecological risk index(PERI),respectively,to conduct the ecological risk assessment.The results of SQGs showed that,during the four sampling times,risk degrees of Cu,Pb and Cd were low with50%,65%and80%probability,respectively;As,Cr,Hg,and Zn were also at the low risk degree with more than90%probability.The PERI results showed that,during the four sampling times,the risk de-gree of Hg was moderate with34.41%,79.72%,60.39%and85.91%probability,respectively;the potential eco-logical risk degree of the other six heavy metals were low with100%probability.The combined ecological risk of these seven heavy metals was at the low degree with more than90%probability.In general,the heavy metal con-tamination degree of sediment in the four monitoring times was low,indicating that the long-term discharge of des-ulfurized seawater from coal-fired power plants did not cause heavy metal contamination in the surface sediments near the outfall.Meanwhile,the results of this study revolved that the probabilistic approach combining Monte Carlo simulation and traditional pollution index method can better characterize the ecological risk of heavy metals and provide a detailed decision support for the risk mitigation of industrially polluted waters. Keywords:heavy metals;sediments;ecological risk assessment;coal-fired power plant;Monte Carlo simulation㊀㊀近年来,沿海地区建立了越来越多的配有烟气海水脱硫系统(SFGD)的燃煤发电厂[1]㊂这些电厂利用海水弱碱性吸收烟气中SO2的同时,也会将部分重金属洗脱一起携带入海[2],从而导致附近海域重金属含量增加[3-6]㊂重金属由于具有生物毒性强㊁难生物降解以及易在生物体内累积等性质,可对海洋生物造成严重威胁,被认为是海洋环境的重要污染物[7-8]㊂例如,Zn抑制黑海胆(Arbacia lixula)生长发育的3d-EC50为21μg㊃L-1[9],导致大凤螺(Lobatusgigas)幼虫死亡的4d-LC50为8.9μg㊃L-1[10];Cu的暴露浓度为1μg㊃L-1时就会对微藻产生毒性作用[11],18μg㊃L-1时即可造成紫贻贝(Mytilus edulis) DNA损伤[12]㊂而郭娟等[13]指出脱硫海水排水口附近海域中Zn和Cu的检测范围分别为8.63~123.39μg㊃L-1和19.24~72.23μg㊃L-1㊂因此,有必要开展脱硫海水长期排放对排污口附近海域的生态风险评价工作㊂目前燃煤电厂脱硫海水重金属的研究主要集中于具有挥发性质的Hg在烟气和水环境介质中的迁移转化[14-17],而对于其他重金属,如As㊁Cd㊁Cr㊁Cu㊁Pb和Zn的长期排放对排污口附近海域的影响的研究尚未见报道㊂水环境中的重金属,由于吸附㊁水解和沉淀的共同作用,只有一小部分的自由金属离子溶解在水中,大部分都沉积于沉积物中[18]㊂因此,对重金属的生态风险评价主要集中在沉积物上㊂目前,已有多种污染指数法可用于沉积物中重金属的风险评价[19]㊂其中,沉积物质量基准(SQGs)[20-21]㊁潜在生态危害指数(potential ecological risk index,PERI)[22-23]㊁地累积指数(Igeo)[1,24]㊁富累积因子(EF)[25]㊁污染严重指数(CSI)[26]等均是较为常用的方法㊂Ranjbar Jafarabadi 等[8]采用SQGs㊁PERI㊁CSI等10种方法评价了波斯湾10个珊瑚岛沿海表层沉积物中13种重金属的生态风险,其中基于EF和PERI的结果显示V㊁Ni㊁Hg 和Cd为中等污染水平,需要引起关注㊂然而,上述污染指数法通常仅使用(或联合使用)数据的平均值㊁保守值(90%或95%分位数)和最大值来获得风险的一个平均或保守的估计[25,27]㊂这种将监测数据压缩为一个单点值的方法会导致生态风险评价中信息的丢失,产生不确定性,从而造成对风险的高估或者低估㊂因此,美国国家科学院和环境保护局推荐使用Monte Carlo模拟方法来量化风险评价中的可变性和不确定性[28-29]㊂这种随机模拟技术通过产生大量的符合一定规律的随机数,将其带入到有效的风险评价模型,进而得到风险的概率分布,为决策者提供更多的信息㊂燃煤电厂附近海域重金属浓度一般是通过浓度增量(根据电厂及SFGD的运行参数)叠加环境背景值或对电厂运行后的短期检测获得的[30]㊂然而,由第5期赵子昂等:青岛某燃煤电厂排污口邻近海域表层沉积物重金属生态风险评价145㊀于估计值或短期检测值的不确定因素较多,导致以其为基础的风险评价结果具有较大的不确定性㊂因此,本研究连续3年跟踪监测了青岛某燃煤电厂排污口附近海域沉积物中As㊁Cd㊁Cr㊁Cu㊁Hg㊁Pb和Zn 的浓度㊂基于重金属的长期暴露数据,采用Monte Carlo模拟技术与SQGs和PERI相结合的概率方法评价了排污口附近海域沉积物中重金属的生态风险㊂本研究能够为燃煤电厂排口附近海域的污染控制和生态风险减缓提供更多的科学依据㊂1㊀材料与方法(Materials and methods)1.1㊀沉积物样品的采集在青岛胶州湾某燃煤电厂排污口附近海域共设置了12个站位(图1)㊂利用采泥器分别于2012年12月26日和2013年6月21日的低潮期采集表层2cm处的沉积物混合样,去除上覆水后,装入密封的聚乙烯袋中带回实验室㊂样品运回实验室后,晾干,研磨至完全通过160目(96μm)的尼龙筛,然后存储到预先准备好的干净样品袋中以待进一步分析㊂此外,本研究还引用了王云鹏等[31]于2011年12月23日和2012年6月5日对该排污口附近表层沉积物的重金属监测数据㊂其站位设置与采样方法均与本研究相同㊂2011年12月23日未在4#站位采集到沉积物样本,2013年6月21日未在1#和4#站位采集到沉积物样本㊂沉积物样品采集回实验室后,置于冷冻干燥机中进行冻干,并研磨过160目筛,之后密封冷藏保存㊂1.2㊀重金属分析与质量控制取沉积物样品0.04g置于Teflon容器中,加入0.8mL HNO3(VʒV=1ʒ1)和0.8mL HF,再加入HClO4(VʒV=1ʒ3)后,密封超声震荡60s,然后在100ħ下恒温加热蒸干㊂再加入0.8mL HNO3(VʒV=1ʒ1),在100ħ下恒温加热蒸干㊂之后加入0.8mL的HF和HClO4,密封置于高压釜中,在170ħ烘箱内加热㊂样品蒸干之后再加入4mL4mol㊃L-1的HNO3,在170ħ烘箱内加热4h㊂最后用3%(V ʒV)HNO3稀释并移至50mL的容量瓶中,加入Rh-Re内标液,以1%(VʒV)HNO3至稀释至50mL 以备分析使用㊂重金属分析采用美国安捷伦公司生产的等离体质谱仪ICP-MS(Agilent7500CX),标准物质为安捷伦公司多元素混合标准溶液(批号:5183-4688)㊂通过该方法,金属元素As㊁Cd㊁Cr㊁Cu㊁Hg㊁Pb和Zn的图1㊀调查站位设置Fig.1㊀Map of sampling stations near the outlet of the coal-fired power plant146㊀生态毒理学报第18卷最低检出限分别为0.2㊁0.02㊁1㊁0.2㊁0.01㊁0.5和2mg ㊃kg-1;所有金属样品的回收率均在90%~110%范围内,重复样品的相对标准差均<10%㊂1.3㊀沉积物质量基准法(SQGs)SQGs方法是基于北美沉积物生物效应数据库构建的多阈值型基准,广泛用于海洋沉积物中污染物的风险评价[20,32-33]㊂Long等[20]将导致10%和50%有害生物效应的污染物浓度分别称为效应范围低值(effect range low,ERL)和效应范围中值(effect range median,ERM),随后MacDonald等[21]又对该阈值做了修改,给出了一对更为严格的阈值:临界效应水平(threshold effect level,TEL)和可能发生效应水平(probable effect level,PEL)㊂当污染物的环境浓度EEC(estimated environmental concentration)<ERL或TEL时,将不会导致有害生物效应,为低风险;当EEC>ERM或PEL时,将导致有害生物效应,为高风险;当EEC值位于二者之间时,认为污染物导致毒性效应的概率和不导致毒性效应的概率相当,为中等风险㊂每种金属的具体基准值见表1㊂1.4㊀潜在生态危害指数法(PERI)基于水生生态系统的敏感性依赖于其生产力的假设,Hakanson[22]提出了PERI方法㊂该方法结合监测浓度与生态效应㊁环境效应和毒性的关系,对沉积物中重金属的污染程度进行评估㊂其具体计算公式如下:RI=ðE ir(1)E ir=T irC if(2)C if=C i/C ir(3)式中:RI为多种金属的综合潜在生态危害指数,E ir 为金属i的潜在生态危害指数,T ir为金属i的毒性响应系数,C if为金属i的污染系数,C i为重金属i的实测浓度,C ir为金属i的沉积物背景值㊂各类重金属的背景值是该海域未受到影响时的测量值,本研究参考王云鹏等[31]所给出的胶州湾沉积物中重金属背景值和毒性响应系数(表2)㊂基于上述参考值,重金属潜在生态危害指数对应的危害程度分级标准见表3㊂表1㊀7种重金属的不同类型海洋沉积物质量基准值Table1㊀Different types of marine sediment quality guideline values for the seven heavy metals(mg㊃kg-1)重金属Heavy metalsTEL PEL ERL ERM 砷As7.2441.68.270镉Cd0.68 4.21 1.29.6铬Cr52.316081370铜Cu18.710834270汞Hg0.130.70.150.71铅Pb30.211246.7218锌Zn124271150410注:数据引自文献[21];TEL指临界效应水平;PEL指可能发生效应水平;ERL为效应范围低值;ERM为效应范围中值㊂Note:The data come from Reference[21];TEL means threshold effect level;PEL means probable effect level;ERL means effect range low;ERM means effect range median.表2㊀胶州湾沉积物中重金属浓度背景参考值及毒性响应系数Table2㊀The background values and toxic-response factors of heavy metals in sediments of Jiaozhou Bay砷As 镉Cd铬Cr铜Cu汞Hg铅Pb锌ZnC ir/(mg㊃kg-1)7.750.6658.1660.340.02426.2678.28T ir1030254051注:C i r为金属的沉积物背景值;T i r为金属的毒性响应系数㊂Note:C i r means background values of heavy metals in sediments;T i r means toxic response factor for heavy metals.第5期赵子昂等:青岛某燃煤电厂排污口邻近海域表层沉积物重金属生态风险评价147㊀1.5㊀Monte Carlo模拟本研究采用Monte Carlo模拟技术与传统的SQGs和PERI相结合的概率方法评价表层沉积物中重金属的生态风险㊂Monte Carlo模拟技术是将模型或者方法中需要输入的关键变量(如污染物的浓度)视为符合某种概率分布的随机变量,通过重复抽样,带入到模型或者方法中得到输出结果的概率分布[34]㊂本研究采用log-normal㊁log-logistic和Weibull分布分别对每种重金属的监测数据进行分布拟合,根据Kolmogorov-Smirnov检验选择最优模型:P值越接近于1,拟合效果越好[35]㊂总体上,log-logistic的拟合效果要优于其他2种分布㊂基于log-logistic,运用软件Matlab v.9.3(MathWorks Inc.,Natick,Massa-chusetts)对每个数据集进行10万次的随机抽样㊂然后再结合SQGs和PERI法,得到超过各个SQGs标准值的概率以及E ir和RI的概率分布,进而得到重金属所处各个风险水平的概率等更为详细的信息㊂2㊀结果(Results)2.1㊀表层沉积物中重金属含量4次监测排污口附近海域表层沉积物中As㊁Cd㊁Cr㊁Cu㊁Hg㊁Pb和Zn的浓度范围分别为1.54~ 7.33㊁0.08~0.72㊁12.16~54.04㊁5.08~33.10㊁0.02~ 0.08㊁8.37~35.91和14.58~85.01mg㊃kg-1,平均浓度分别为3.54㊁0.36㊁26.22㊁18.04㊁0.04㊁24.37和47.21mg㊃kg-1㊂7种重金属4次监测的平均浓度均符合中国海洋沉积物质量标准(GB18668 2002)的一类标准值㊂各个监测时间的详细结果见表4㊂排污口附近下游区域(2#~11#站位)沉积物中重金属的平均浓度大体上都高于排水口上游的1#站位和胶州湾对照点12#站位㊂如2012年12月,2#~11#站位As㊁Cd㊁Cr㊁Cu㊁Pb和Zn的平均浓度分别为4.25㊁0.34㊁37.51㊁22.03㊁26.90和57.61mg㊃kg-1,高于1#站位的2.86㊁0.10㊁17.03㊁15.29㊁23.75和40.31mg㊃kg-1,高于12#站位的3.81㊁0.08㊁23.34㊁8.58㊁16.01和表3㊀沉积物中重金属潜在生态危害指数对应的危害程度分级标准Table3㊀Criteria for degrees of the ecological risk of heavy metal in sedimentsE ir范围Range of E i r单个因子危害程度Risk degree of individual factorRI范围Range of RI多个因子综合危害程度Risk degree of multiple factorsE ir<40轻微Low RI<150轻微Low 40ɤE i r<80中等Moderate150ɤRI<300中等Moderate80ɤE i r<160强Considerable300ɤRI<600强Considerable160ɤE i r<320很强High RIȡ600很强HighE ir>320极强Extreme注:E i r为金属的潜在生态危害指数;RI为多种金属的综合潜在生态危害指数㊂Note:E i r means potential ecological risk index for a certain heavy metal;RI means the potential ecological risk index of heavy metals.表4㊀电厂排污口附近海域表层沉积物重金属含量Table4㊀Statistics of concentrations of the heavy metals in the marine surfacesediment near the outlet of the power plant(mg㊃kg-1)重金属Heavy metal2011.12a2012.06a2012.122013.06范围Range平均值Mean标准差SD范围Range平均值Mean标准差SD范围Range平均值Mean标准差SD范围Range平均值Mean标准差SD砷As 3.23~7.33 4.99 1.50 2.04~3.28 2.710.36 3.33~5.04 4.210.54 1.54~2.99 2.250.40镉Cd0.11~0.550.260.120.25~0.720.520.150.08~0.680.310.190.09~0.610.320.17铬Cr14.75~42.7824.417.0715.76~38.4123.25 6.4123.34~54.0436.228.7212.16~45.7820.3010.02铜Cu 5.35~31.4018.93 6.70 6.43~18.2513.87 3.928.58~33.1020.818.61 5.08~25.7118.71 6.45汞Hg0.03~0.050.040.0080.03~0.060.0450.010.02~0.050.030.0080.04~0.080.0540.013铅Pb8.37~25.0917.98 4.7717.46~35.9125.76 5.5315.03~35.6425.91 6.7013.48~33.7127.51 6.28锌Zn24.13~85.0155.1515.8419.84~52.7635.849.7741.66~83.4956.9613.7214.58~63.8141.0317.79注:a表示引自文献[31];SD为标准差㊂Note:a represents that the data come from Reference[31];SD means standard deviation.148㊀生态毒理学报第18卷50.53mg㊃kg-1,Hg的浓度变化不明显㊂2.2㊀基于Monte Carlo模拟的SQGs评价结果由Monte Carlo模拟与SQGs相结合,可以得到实际监测数据高于各个SQGs标准值的概率㊂表5列出了7种重金属超越4种SQGs标准值的具体概率㊂由表5可知,如果以ERL/ERM这对较为宽松的标准来看,4次监测7种重金属均以90%以上的概率处于低风险,因此以下分析均依据TEL/PEL这对较为严格的标准进行㊂从不同监测时间来看,2011年12月Cu以49.91%的概率为中等风险,49.99%的概率为低风险,其他6种重金属均以90%以上的概率为低风险㊂2012年6月Cd㊁Cu和Pb处于低风险的概率分别为81.26%㊁84.60%和82.94%,处于中等风险的概率分别为18.74%㊁15.40%和17.06%,其他4种重金属均以99%以上的概率处于低风险㊂2012年12月Cu和Pb处于低风险的概率分别为46.58%和74.39%,处于中等风险的概率分别为53.32%和25.60%,其他5种重金属均以90%以上的概率处于低风险㊂2013年6月,Cu和Pb处于低风险的概率分别为49.24%和64.22%,处于中等风险的概率分别为50.72%和35.77%,其他5种重金属均以90%以上的概率处于低风险㊂从不同重金属的角度来看,4次监测As㊁Cr㊁Hg表5㊀7种重金属超越ERL和ERM的概率Table5㊀Probabilities of exceeding ERL and ERM for the seven heavy metals重金属Heavy metal时间Sampling dateTEL PEL ERL ERM砷As 2011.127.77E-020 3.89E-020 2012.060000 2012.12 6.00E-040 1.20E-040 2013.060000镉Cd 2011.128.43E-030 5.70E-040 2012.06 1.87E-0109.01E-030 2012.127.52E-02 4.10E-04 1.69E-020 2013.06 6.72E-02 2.60E-04 1.28E-020铬Cr 2011.128.10E-040 2.07E-050 2012.06 1.63E-030 5.42E-050 2012.12 5.40E-020 2.00E-030 2013.06 5.24E-03 2.66E-05 5.80E-040铜Cu 2011.12 5.00E-01 3.00E-04 5.45E-020 2012.06 1.54E-01 3.00E-05 6.10E-030 2012.12 5.34E-01 1.00E-039.72E-02 1.52E-05 2013.06 5.08E-01 4.00E-04 6.842E-02 2.00E-05汞Hg 2011.12 1.20E-040 5.74E-050 2012.06 3.90E-040 1.20E-040 2012.12 6.00E-050 1.97E-050 2013.06 5.00E-040 1.40E-040铅Pb 2011.12 3.15E-02 1.00E-05 1.88E-030 2012.06 1.71E-010 5.35E-030 2012.12 2.56E-01 3.71E-05 1.87E-020 2013.06 3.58E-01 3.21E-05 2.00E-020锌Zn 2011.12 5.31E-030 1.56E-030 2012.06 3.30E-0409.25E-050 2012.12 2.63E-03 1.00E-05 6.40E-040 2013.06 1.79E-02 1.21E-039.26E-03 3.30E-04注:代号意义同表1㊂Note:The meanings of symbols are the same as those in Table1.第5期赵子昂等:青岛某燃煤电厂排污口邻近海域表层沉积物重金属生态风险评价149㊀和Zn 均以90%以上的概率处于低风险㊂Cd 除2012年6月以18.74%的概率处于中等风险外,其他3次均以90%以上的概率处于低风险㊂Cu 4次监测处于中等风险的概率分别为49.91%㊁15.40%㊁53.32%和50.72%㊂Pb 4次监测处于中等风险的概率分别为3.15%㊁17.06%㊁25.60%和35.77%㊂虽然2011年12月Cu 的平均浓度为18.93mg ㊃kg -1,略大于其TEL(18.7mg ㊃kg -1),处于中等风险,但其仍有49.99%的概率处于低风险㊂2012年12月Cu 的平均浓度为20.81mg ㊃kg -1,为其TEL(18.7mg ㊃kg -1)的1.11倍,处于中等风险,但其仍有46.58%的概率为低风险,可见应用Monte Carlo 模拟与SQGs 相结合能够得到更加详细的结果㊂总体来讲,4次监测As ㊁Cr ㊁Hg 和Zn 均为低风险,Cd 以80%以上的概率处于低风险,Pb 以65%以上的概率处于低风险,Cu 有3次以大约50%的概率处于中等风险㊂7种重金属对脱硫排污口附近海域的污染程度较小,其大小顺序为Cu>Pb>Cd>As ʈCr ʈHg ʈZn ㊂2.3㊀基于Monte Carlo 模拟的PERI 评价结果采用Monte Carlo 模拟与PERI 相结合的评价方法,可以得到各重金属生态危害指数(E i r )的累积概率曲线(图2),以及其所处每个风险级别的概率(表6)㊂4次监测As ㊁Cr ㊁Cu ㊁Pb 和Zn 的潜在生态危害均以100%的概率为轻微程度,4次监测Cd 的潜在生态危害均以90%以上的概率为轻微程度㊂Hg 前3次监测的平均潜在生态危害为中等程度,其处于中等程度的概率分别为79.72%㊁60.39%和85.91%,2013年6月Hg 以64.68%的概率为强危害程度㊂2011年12月㊁2012年6月㊁2012年12月和2013年6月的综合生态危害指数(RI)分别为86.10㊁110.32㊁85.89和115.33,均<150(轻微程度的上限值),属于轻微危害程度㊂Monte Carlo 模拟结果显示,4次监测沉积物中重金属的综合生态危害以90%以上的概率为轻微程度(图3)㊂总体来讲,4次监测沉积物中重金属污染程度均为轻微㊂SQGs 显示Cu ㊁Cd 和Pb 污染程度相对较大㊂PERI 方法结果显示Hg 的污染程度最大,其中夏季(2012.06和2013.06)重金属的污染程度要略高于冬季(2011.12和2012.12)㊂图2 单个重金属潜在生态危害指数(E i r )的累积概率曲线Fig.2㊀Cumulative probability curves of potential ecological risk factor (E i r )for individual heavy metal150㊀生态毒理学报第18卷表6㊀基于平均值估计和概率估计的单个重金属的生态风险Table6㊀Ecological risk of each heavy metal derived from both average estimation and probabilistic estimation时间Sampling date 重金属Heavymetal平均值估计Estimation of mean valueMonte Carlo模拟估计每个风险级别的概率Probability of each risk degree estimated by Monte Carlo simulation 平均E i r值Mean value of E i r风险级别Risk degree轻微/%Low/%中等/%Moderate/%强/%Considerable/%很强/%High/%极强/%Extreme/%2011.12As 6.44Low1000000 Cd11.89Low99.690.31000 Cr0.84Low1000000 Cu 1.57Low1000000 Hg61.23Moderate 5.8979.7214.200.180.01 Pb 3.42Low1000000 Zn0.70Low10000002012.06As 3.49Low1000000 Cd23.76Low94.93 4.960.1100 Cr0.80Low1000000 Cu 1.15Low1000000 Hg75.76Moderate 1.0160.3938.260.340 Pb 4.91Low1000000 Zn0.46Low10000002012.12As 5.43Low1000000 Cd14.25Low96.09 3.290.530.070.02 Cr 1.25Low1000000 Cu 1.72Low1000000 Hg57.58Moderate7.2985.91 6.770.030 Pb 4.93Low1000000 Zn0.73Low10000002013.06As 2.91Low1000000 Cd14.41Low96.72 2.840.380.050.01 Cr0.70Low1000000 Cu 1.55Low1000000 Hg90.00High0.1534.4164.860.580 Pb 5.24Low1000000 Zn0.52Low1000000注:As㊁Cd㊁Cr㊁Cu㊁Hg㊁Pb和Zn分别指重金属砷㊁镉㊁铬㊁铜㊁汞㊁铅和锌;Low㊁Moderate和High分别表示风险级别为轻微㊁中等和很强㊂Note:As,Cd,Cr,Cu,Hg,Pb and Zn means arsenic,cadmium,chromium,copper,mercury,lead and zinc,respectively;Low,Moderate,and High indicate that risk degree is low,moderate and very high,respectively.3㊀讨论(Discussion)本研究海域表层沉积物重金属平均浓度与胶州湾以及其他受人类活动影响较大海域的对比如表7所示㊂对比分析发现,本研究4次监测表层沉积物中Cd㊁Cr㊁Cu㊁Pb和Zn的平均浓度均高于2004年5月胶州湾的平均浓度[36],表明脱硫海水的长期大量排放确实引起了附近海域沉积物中重金属的累积㊂本研究Cd㊁Hg和Pb的平均浓度高于2009年胶州湾跨海大桥附近沉积物中的平均浓度[37],但大部分重金属含量低于胶州湾东部沉积物中的含量[38]㊂类似的,李玉等[39]运用平均富集因子发现胶州湾表层沉积物中重金属主要分布在胶州湾东部李村河口㊁娄山河口以及附近海域㊂魏璟弢等[40]应用连续提取法研究了2008年11月和2010年11月青岛近海和胶州湾内沉积物的富集状况,发现Pb和Cr存在明显富集,胶州湾东部重金属污染程度最为明显㊂本研究As㊁Cd㊁Cu㊁Hg㊁Pb和Zn的浓度比五里河河口附近海域(葫芦岛锌厂排污口邻近海域)低一个数量第5期赵子昂等:青岛某燃煤电厂排污口邻近海域表层沉积物重金属生态风险评价151㊀级[41]㊂与我国高雄湾[15]㊁香港海岸带[40]㊁泉州湾[42]以及国外一些其他海湾(表7)相比,本研究沉积物中重金属含量均低于上述区域㊂总体上,该燃煤电厂排污口附近海域沉积物中重金属的浓度较低㊂图3㊀7种重金属综合潜在生态危害指数(RI )的累积概率曲线Fig.3㊀Cumulative probability curves of comprehensive potential ecological risk index (RI)of seven heavy metals㊀㊀目前燃煤电厂脱硫海水重金属的研究主要集中于具有挥发性质的Hg 在烟气和水环境介质中的迁移转化以及其不同形态在水环境中的分布特征[1]㊂Liang 等[43]研究发现燃煤电厂排污口附近海域表层沉积物中Hg 的浓度范围为0.055~0.201mg ㊃kg -1,平均值为0.126mg ㊃kg -1,为本研究Hg 浓度的3倍左右㊂本研究采用PERI 方法过程中由于选用了该地区Hg 的较低背景值0.024mg ㊃kg -1[31,44],导致其潜在生态危害指数(E i r )范围为57.58~90.00,污染程度远大于其他重金属㊂此外,PERI 方法不仅考虑了重金属的环境背景值,还考虑了其毒性系数㊂Hg 由于具有高毒性,尤其是通过生物体产生的有机汞,其毒性系数采用了所有重金属元素中最高的40㊂Li 等[35]采用地累积指数法和PERI 法对2009年7月胶州湾表层沉积物8种重金属的污染和潜在生态危害进行了评价,发现重金属总体污染程度较轻,但Hg 污染较为严重,与本研究结果一致㊂此外,由于夏季(2012.06和2013.06)Hg 的监测浓度要略高于冬季(2011.12和2012.12),进而导致夏季重金属的综合生态危害指数(RI)也略高于冬季㊂本研究4次监测重金属的RI 均<150(轻微程度的上限值),属于轻微危害程度㊂类似的,郭军辉等[38]采用潜在生态危害指数法对2009年胶州湾东岸表层沉积物重金属的生态危害进行了评价,发现Cd 对沉积物生态环境的潜在危害为中等程度,As ㊁Cr ㊁Cu ㊁Pb 和Zn 的危害程度均为轻微,多个重金属的RI 值均<150,属于轻微危害程度㊂目前大部分针对沉积物重金属生态风险评价的方法,包括SQGs 和PERI ,都采用监测数据的平均值㊁保守值(90%或95%分位数)或最大值来获得风险的一个平均或保守的估计[25-26]㊂这种将监测数据压缩为一个单点值的方法会导致生态风险评价中信息的丢失,产生不确定性,从而造成对风险的高估或者低估㊂本研究中2012年12月Cu 的平均浓度为20.81mg ㊃kg -1,为其TEL(18.7mg ㊃kg -1)的1.11倍,处于中等风险,但结合Monte Carlo 模拟发现其仍有46.58%的概率为低风险㊂类似的,Sawe 等[45]发现坦桑尼亚的瓦米河口中As ㊁Cd ㊁Cr ㊁Pb 和Zn 的浓度以99%的概率低于SQGs 的效应范围低值,风险可忽略,但Cu 却有一定的概率对该河口造成风险㊂此外,本研究2012年6月Hg 的平均E i r 值为75.76(为中等程度上限值80的0.947倍),生态危害程度为中等,但由Monte Carlo 模拟的结果可得其仍有38.26%的概率处于强危害程度㊂Qu 等[34]指出虽然香江和天池湖的平均RI 值略高于高危害程度(high risk)的上限值600(分别为其1.08倍和1.17倍),处于高危害程度,但Monte Carlo 模拟结果显示其仍有43.3%和47.1%的概率处于较高危害程度(consider -able risk)㊂Li 等[35]指出尽管莱州湾西部Hg 的平均E i r 为20.24(为轻微程度上限值40的0.51倍),但Monte Carlo 模拟显示仍有一定的概率(0.03%)处于中等危害程度㊂可见只用平均值进行评价,可能会高估或者低估重金属的真实风险㊂采用Monte Carlo 模拟与传统评价方法相结合能够有效降低风险评估的不确定性,为污染水域沉积物重金属风险缓解提供更多的决策支持㊂目前对于像燃煤电厂这样的点污染源的暴露评价主要是基于电厂建设前的模型预测研究,缺少电厂运行后的长期跟踪监测[2]㊂并且模型涉及大量的污染物特有参数(如分子量㊁蒸气压㊁吸附系数等)和环境场景参数,其结果往往具有一定的不确定性[46]㊂本研究将脱硫海水工艺运行10年后,连续3年的跟踪监测数据作为环境暴露数据能更好地表征重金属排放对排污口附近海域的长期生态风险㊂SQGs 和PERI 方法均显示4次监测沉积物中重金属污染程度为轻微,表明燃煤电厂脱硫海水的长期排放并未造成排污口附近海域表层沉积物重金属的污染㊂除152㊀生态毒理学报第18卷重金属外,脱硫海水中的其他特征性污染物pH (H+)㊁SO42-㊁温度等也可能对排污口附近海域造成不利影响[2]㊂为研究脱硫海水排放对海洋生态环境的综合影响,本研究还根据调查了排污口附近海域的生物群落结构(本研究未列出),共发现浮游植物4门93种,其中硅藻78种;浮游动物58种,其中节肢动物类和浮游幼虫类分别有27种和17种;底栖动物8门128种,其中环节动物门69种㊂依据Shan-non-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数[31],排污口附近海域各类群生物多样性较高,群落结构较稳定,表明脱硫海水排放未对生物群落结构和生物多样性造成明显不利影响㊂表7㊀电厂排污口附近海域与其他受影响海域中表层沉积物重金属的平均浓度比较Table7㊀Mean concentrations of heavy metals found in sediment near the outlet of the power plant compared to the reported average concentrations for other impacted coastal systems(mg㊃kg-1)地区Area 砷As镉Cd铬Cr铜Cu汞Hg铅Pb锌Zn参考文献Reference中国胶州湾Jiaozhou Bay,China 3.540.3626.2218.040.0424.3747.21本研究This study中国胶州湾Jiaozhou Bay,China11.150.05922.1411.99-10.3131.1[36]中国胶州湾Jiaozhou Bay,China-0.055-19.050.03112.751.14[37]中国胶州湾Jiaozhou Bay,China10.900.5577.4036.23-52.94161.32[38]中国五里河口Wulihe Estuary,China88.25 4.11-116.600.56104.651008.75[41]中国泉州湾Quanzhou Bay,China21.70.5982.071.40.4067.70179.6[42]中国香港近岸Hong Kong Coasts,China-0.3348.93118.680.1953.56147.73[47]中国台湾高雄港Kaohsiung Harbor,Taiwan,China-0.93154.15117.600.4655.23318.33[48]意大利那不勒斯湾Gulf of Naples,Italy2.00.572827.20.70221602[49]巴西里贝拉湾Ribeira Bay,Brazil-0.20711824.6-22.9109[50]巴西塞佩提巴湾Sepetiba Bay,Brazil- 3.226631.9-40567[50]通信作者简介:冯永亮(1987 ),男,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为生态风险评价和水质基准构建㊂参考文献(References):[1]㊀Liu X Y,Sun L M,Yuan D X,et al.Mercury distributionin seawater discharged from a coal-fired power plant e-quipped with a seawater flue gas desulfurization system[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research Inter-national,2011,18(8):1324-1332[2]㊀Córdoba P.Status of flue gas desulphurisation(FGD)sys-tems from coal-fired power plants:Overview of the phys-ic-chemical control processes of wet limestone FGDs[J].Fuel,2015,144:274-286[3]㊀Clarke L B.The fate of trace elements during coal com-bustion and gasification:An overview[J].Fuel,1993,72(6):731-736[4]㊀Aunela-Tapola L,HatanpääE,Hoffren H,et al.A studyof trace element behaviour in two modern coal-fired pow-er plants:Ⅱ.Trace element balances in two plants e-quipped with semi-dry flue gas desulphurisation facilities[J].Fuel Processing Technology,1998,55:13-34[5]㊀Radojevi M.The use of seawater for flue gas desulphuri-。
保护海洋的雅思作文
保护海洋的雅思作文There are still many problems of environmental protection in recent years. One of the most serious problems is the serious pollution of air, water and soil. the polluted air does great harm to people’s health. The polluted water causes diseases and death. What is more, vegetation had been greatly reduced with the rapid growth of modern cities. To protect the environment, governments of many countries have done a lot. Legislative steps have been introduced to control air pollution, to protect the forest and sea resources.I need to describe the problem. Our ship currently dumps all its rubbish into the sea.Its easy to result in huge endanger. First of all, Non-organic substances such as plastic bags kill fish and whales. Because fish get trapped and whales cannot digest them. Secondly some rubbish is inherently toxic.and to stop any environmental pollution. Therefore, governments are playing the most important role in the environmental protection today.In my opinion, to protect environment, the government must take even more concrete measures. First, it should let people fully realize the importance of environmental protection through education. Second, much more efforts should be made toput the population planning policy into practice, because more people means more people means more pollution. Finally, those who destroy the environment intentionally should be severely punished. We should let them know that destroying environment means destroying mankind themselves.。
关于全球气候变暖的英语词汇
关于全球气候变暖的英语词汇absorption n. 吸收accelerated adj.加速的advancement n. 前进，进步afflict vt. 使痛苦，折磨agriculture n. 农业air pollutant 空气污染物alter v. 改变Antarctic adj. 南极的，南极地带的Antarctica n.南极洲atmosphere n. 大气，空气atmospheric adj. 大气的atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide 大气中的二氧化碳浓度atmospheric temperatures 大气温度attributable adj. 可归于...的benign adj. (病)良性的，(气候)良好的biosphere n. 生物圈blizzard n. 大风雪breakthrough n. 突破buildup n. 组合，形成burning of fossil fuels 燃烧燃料byproduct 副产品carbon dioxide emissions 二氧化碳的排放carbon monoxide n.[化]一氧化碳catastrophic adj.悲惨的，灾难的chemical composition of the atmosphere 大气层的化学成分cholera n.[医]霍乱circulation n. 循环climate zones 气候区climatic adj.气候上的colorless adj. 无色的combustion n.燃烧complexity n.复杂的事情，复杂性composition n. 成分，合成物compound n. 混合物，[化]化合物concentration n. 集中，浓度conserve vt. 保存crack n. 裂缝cropland n. 农田cyclone n. 飓风，龙卷风，[气]气旋deadly adj. 致命的decompositon n. 分解，腐烂deforestation n. 采伐森林，森林开伐deluge n. 洪水，豪雨；v.使泛滥descendant n. 子孙后代desert n. 沙漠；adj.沙漠的，不毛的，荒凉的desertification n. 沙漠化deteriorate v. (使)恶化detrimental adj.有害的devastate vt. 毁坏devastating adj.破坏性的dike n. 堤防disaster n.灾难，灾祸displace vt.移置，取代，转移disrupt v.使陷入混乱，破坏drought n. 干旱ecological damage 生态破坏ecosystem n.生态系统emit vt.发出，散发energy consumption 能源消耗environmental awareness 环境(保护)意识epidemic adj. 流行的，传染的；n. 时疫erode vt. 侵蚀，腐蚀；vi.受腐蚀，逐渐消蚀掉evaporation n. 蒸发（作用）extreme adj.极端的；n.极端的事物Fahrenheit adj.华氏温度计的；n. 华氏温度计fatal respiratory illness 致命的呼吸道疾病fertile adj. 肥沃的，富饶的filter n. 滤波器；vt.过滤，渗透fluctuation n. 波动，起伏forest destruction 森林破坏forest n. 森林frequency n. 频率，发生次数gas emission 气体排放geological data 地质资料geology n. 地质学，地质概况glacier n. 冰河global warming 全球变暖grassland n. 牧草地，草原greed n. 贪欲，贪婪greenery n. 温室，草木正Global warming is one of the most serious environmental issues that we face today.Scientific assessments indicate that if the human-created greenhouse gas emissions are left unchecked,the excessive warming is very likely to distort climate patterns and cause significant impacts on both natural and human systems.As the two largest emitters of greenhouse gases in today's world, both United States and China face great challenges of global warming and climate ing quantitative data from multiple sources including surveys,newspapers,and government documents,this study examines major dimensions,concerns and policy developments surrounding the issue of global warming and climate change in the United States and China. Implications of the study are discussed in the conclusion.月30日消息，随着全球气候变暖的危机越来越明显，而各国环保投资缺口明显的问题，联合国最近提出应对气候变化融资的提议。
英语三级笔译综合能力2004年试卷、答案及解析
英语三级笔译综合能力2004年试卷Section 1 Vocabulary and Grammar (25 points)This section consists of three parts. Bead the directions for each part before answering the questions. The time for this section is 25 minutes.Part 1 Vocabulary SelectionIn this party there are 20 incomplete sentences. Below each sentence, there are four choices respectively marked by letters A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase which best completes each sentence. There is only ONE right answer. Then blacken the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.1. Grover Cleveland was the first president ______ in the White House.A. got marriedB. to get marriedC. has got marriedD. was married2. If cauliflowers are not _____ from extreme temperatures, the heads get discolored.A. protectedB. shelterC. shadeD. saved3. The gas ______ from the tank is dangerous.A. given offB. giving outC. giving awayD. given up4. When it started to snow, we turned round and _____ the hotel.A. got byB. searched forC. made forD. cleared up5. Since writing home to their parents for money, they had lived _____ hope.A. inB. forC. onD. through6. Rice is the ______ food of most Southeast Asians.A. commonB. generalC. stapleD. popular7. William Byrd was the owner of the largest library in colonial ______.A. periodB. timeC. timesD. periods8. Exobiology is the study of life ______ other planets.A. inB. atC. onD. to9. The Declaration of Independence, _______ the Constitution of the United States,was drawn up with the help of Benjamin Franklin.A. andB. alsoC. as well asD. so too10. It was from the Lowell Laboratory that the ninth ______, Pluto, was sighted in1930.A. planetB. constellationC. stardomD. satellite11 .The rodent, _______ the mouse, rat, guinea pig, and porcupine, are mammals withincisor-like teeth in both jaws.A. made upB. includingC. consistingD. constitute12. ______ into oceans and rivers is a serious form of pollution.A. Pouring sewageB. Emptying litterC. Throwing garbageD. Dumping sewage13. Products which are made from dirts and are _____ high temperatures are knownas ceramics.A. tempered inB. subjected toC. exposed toD. baked in14. A pigment called melanin protects the _____ layers of skin from sun rays.A. underB. belowC. underlyingD. underneath15. Oranges are a ______ source of vitamin C.A. wellB. betterC. goodD. very16. Even after having their grandchildren live with them for ten years, the couple feltthat ______ children these days was the most difficult of all family matters.A. risingB. raisingC. caringD. taking care17. The most important ______ of the farmers in Iraq is dates, of which Iraq is theworld's leading exporter.A. economic cropB. cash cropC. money cropD. staple18. More has been learned about the Moon than any other of the Earth's neighbors inspace because of the Apollo program, which enabled men to walk on the Moon and bring back hundreds of pounds of _____.A. rocksB. rockC. stoneD. stones19. _____ the variety that the average family has in beef, fish, poultry, and vegetarianrecipes, they find most meals unexciting.A. InspiteB. InspiteC. Despite ofD. Despite20. The speaker _____ have criticized the paraprofessionals, knowing full well thatthey were seated in the audience.A. should not toB. must notC. ought not toD. may notPart 2 Vocabulary ReplacementThis part consists of 15 sentences in which one word or phrase is underlined. Below each sentence, there are four choices respectively marked by letters A, By C and D. Choose the word or phrase that can replace the underlined part without causing any grammatical error or changing the basic meaning of the sentence. There is only ONE right answer. Blacken the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.21. Iceland has the oldest parliament, which goes as far back to 930 A. D. whenAlthing, the legislative organization, was established.A. officeB. adobeC. assemblyD. building22. The only problem with the debate last week was that the beginning sounded morelike a personal attack than a dispassionate, intellectual arguing.A. discussionB. argumentC. talkD. speech23. Susan Jones was at the bus stop well on time to take the 7:01 bus, but she had tomiss her breakfast to do it.A. catch up withB. catchC. run up toD. be catching24. Since her father could not drive her to the airport, she requested her uncle to driveher instead.A. takeB. bringC. dispatchD. deliver25. A famous collection of Persian, Indian, and Arabian folktales, the Arabian Nightswas supposedly told by the legendary queen Scheherazade to her husband every night for 1,001 days.A. imaginaryB. imageryC. fabledD. legend26. What may be the oldest fossil footprint yet found was discovered in June 1968 byWilliam J. Meister, a non-professional fossil collector.A. a part-timeB. a spare-timeC. an untrainedD. an amateur27. Most of us think of sharks as dangerous, owing to lack of information rather thanfear.A. due toB. becauseC. asD. for28. Double Eagle D, the first trans-Atlantic balloon, was greeted by avid crowds inFrance.A. eagerB. surgingC. appreciativeD. vigorous29. The discovery of the connection between aspirin and Reyessyndrome, a rare anddeadly ailment, is a recent example of the caution with which drugs must be used, even for medical purposes.A. diseaseB. sickC. illD. illness30. My parents moved out of their old home sometime last year after they hadcelebrated their 50th year there.A. anniversaryB. years oldC. ageD. wedding31. The library she worked in lent books, magazines, audio-cassettes and maps to itscustomers, who could keep them for four weeks.A. borrowersB. lendersC. patronsD. clients32. A common question that people ask a story writer is whether or not he hasexperienced what he has written about.A. fictionB. scienceC. imaginaryD. literary33. At the World literacy Center, an organization that works to help people read, thehelpers work hard, enabling them to successfully reach their goals.A. assistantsB. volunteersC. part-timersD. amateurs34. The officers made it clear that they were letting her go only because that she wasold and not because she was above suspicion.A. for reasonB. due toC. because ofD. on the grounds35. The book, which is a useful guide for today's young people, deals with manyquestions and problems that face them at school and at home as well as in society.A. are facedB. confrontC. in oppositionD. meetPart 3 Error CorrectionThis part consists of 75 sentences in which there is an underlined part that indicates a grammatical error. Below each sentence, there are four choices respectively marked by letters A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that can replace the underlined part so that the error is corrected. There is only ONE right answer. Blacken the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring ANSWERSHEET.36. All don't have a free ticket must pay the admission fee.A. Everyone who doesn't have a free ticketB. No one who doesn't have a free ticketC. No one who has free ticketsD. Anyone who has free tickets37. When I last saw them, the police had chased the robbers down Columbus Street.A. were chasingB. was chasingC. chasedD. were on a chase38. Erosion that is a slow process, but it constantly changes the features on the surfaceof the earth.A. which isB. althoughC. beingD. is39. When an organism is completely encapsulated and preserved, it becomes a fossil,therefore turning into evidence of things that once lived.A. therebyB. as a result ofC. soD. in the end40. The pictures of the Loch Ness Monster show a remarkable resemblance to aplesiosaur, a large water reptile of the Mesozoic era presuming extinct for more than 70 million years.A. supposedB. presumablyC. presumptuousD. is presumed41. In our own galaxy, the Milky Way, there are perhaps 200 billion stars, a small partof them probably have planets on which life is feasible.A. a small fraction in whichB. a small fraction of whichC. a small fraction whichD. which a fraction of42. "But you'll be able to come, won’t you?" "Yes, I think such."A. thatB. itC. soD. this43. The professor is quite difficult pleased.A. to pleaseB. to be pleasedC. for pleasingD. pleasing44. Because everyone knows, facts speak louder than words.A. SinceB. ThatC. ItD. As45. The trapeze artist who ran away with the clown broke up the lion tamer's heart.A. broke awayB. broke downC. brokeD. broken down46. His heavy drinking and fond of gambling makes him a poor role model.A. and fact that he gamblesB. and that he gamblesC. and he gambles whichD. and gambling47. Depression that inflicts people who believe their lives lack content when the rushof the busy week stops referred to by a prominent psychiatrist as Sunday Neurosis.A. has been referred to by a prominent psychiatristB. has been referred to as by a prominent psychiatristC. a prominent psychiatrist has referred to itD. it has been referred to by a prominent psychiatrist48. Just as there are occupations that require college degrees also there areoccupations for which technical training is necessary.A. so to there areB. so too there areC. so there areD. so too are there49. Most of the older civilizations which flourished during the fifth century B. C. aredied out.A. they have died outB. has died outC. have died outD. they had died out50. The student asked her professor if he would have gone on the spaceship he didknow earlier.A. if he knewB. if he knowsC. he had knownD. had he known Section 2 Reading Comprehension (55 points)In this section you will find after each of the passages a number of questions or unfin-ished statements about the passage, each with four (A, B, C and D) choices to com-plete the statement. You must choose the one which you think fits best. Then blacken the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneQuestions 51 - 56 are based on die following passage.Awarded the Nobel Prize for physics in 1918, German physicist Max Planck is best remembered as the originator of the quantum theory. His work helped usher in a new era in theoretical physics and revolutionized the scientific community’s understanding of atomic and subatomic processes.Planck introduced an idea that led to the quantum theory, which became the foundation of twentieth century physics. In December 1900, Planck worked out an equation that described the distribution of radiation accurately over the range of low to high frequencies. He had developed a theory which depended on a model of matter that seemed very strange at the time. The model required the emission of electromagnetic radiation in small chunks or particles. These particles were later called quantums. The energy associated with each quantum is measured by multiplying the frequency of the radiation, v, by a universal constant, h. Thus, energy, or E, equals hv. The constant, h, is known as Planck's constant. It is now recognized as one of the fundamental constants of the world.Planck announced his findings in 1900, but it was years before the full consequences of his revolutionary quantum theory were recognized. Throughout his life, Planck made significant contributions to optics, thermodynamics and statistical mechanics, physical chemistry, among other fields.51. In which of the following fields did Max Planck NOT make a significantcontribution?A. Optics.B. Thermodynamics.C. Statistical mechanics.D. Biology.52. The word "revolutionary" as used in Line 15 means_.A. radicalB. extremistC. momentousD. militaristic53. It can be inferred from the passage that Planck’s work led to the development of________.A. The rocketB. The atomic bombC. The internal combustion engineD. The computer54. The particles of electromagnetic radiation given off by matter are known as ____.A. quantumsB. atomsC. electronsD. valences55. The implication in this passage is that ______.A. only a German physicist could discover such a theoryB. quantum theory, which led to the development of twentieth century physics, isbasically a mathematical formulaC. Planck's constant was not discernible before 1900D. radiation was hard to study56. ―An idea‖ as used in line 5, refers to _____.A. a model of matterB. emission of electromagnetic radiationC. quantumsD. the equation that described the distribution of radiation accurately over the range of low to high frequenciesPassage TwoQuestions 57 ~ 62 are based on the following passage.There has been much speculation about the origin of baseball. In 1907 a special commission decided that the modern game was invented by Abner Doubleday in 1839. One hundred years later the National Baseball Museum was opened to honor Doubleday. Historians, however, disagree about the origin of baseball. Some say that baseball comes from bat-and-ball games of ancient times. It is a matter of record that in the 1700s English boys played a game they called ―baseball‖. Americans have played a kind of baseball since about 1800. At first the American game had different rules and different names in various parts of the country —―town ball‖, ―rounders‖, or ―one old cat‖. Youngsters today still play some of these simplified forms of the game.Baseball did not receive a standard set of rules until 1845, when Alexander Cartwright organized the Knickerbocker Baseball Club of New York City. The rules Cartwright set up for his nine-player team were widely adopted by other clubs and formed the basis of modern baseball. The game was played on a "diamond" infield with the bases 90 feet apart. The first team to score 21 runs was declared the winner. By 1858 the National Association of Baseball Players was formed with 25 amateur teams. The Cincinnati Red Stockings began to pay players in 1869.57. Which of the following is true about the origins of baseball?A. Historians agree that baseball was invented by Abner Doubleday.B. Baseball, as played in the early 19th century, differed very little from today'sgame.C. As early as the 1700s, English boys played a game called "baseball".D. The first standard set of baseball rules was established at the turn of the century.58. What was the first professional baseball team called?A. New York Knickerbockers.B. Milwaukee Braves.C. Cincinnati Red Stockings.D. Brooklyn Dodgers.59. Who first gave baseball a standard set of rules?A. Abner Doubleday.B. Alexander Cartwright.C. Albert Spalding.D. Babe Ruth.60. Which of the followings was not a predecessor of baseball?A. Rounders.B. Town ball.C. Cricket.D. One old cat.61. The tone of the passage is ______.A. persuasiveB. informativeC. biasedD. argumentative62. The passage implies that until 1869, baseball was played for all of the followingreasons except _______.A. exerciseB. leisureC. profitD. socializingPassage ThreeQuestions 63-68 are based on the following passage.The blue of the sea is caused by the scattering of sunlight by tiny particles suspended in the water. Blue light, being of short wavelength, is scattered more efficiently than light of longer wavelengths. Although waters of the open ocean are commonly some shade of blue, green water is commonly seen near coasts, especially in tropical or subtropical regions. This is caused by yellow pigments being mixed with blue water. Phytoplankton are one source of the yellow pigment. Other microscopic plants may color the water brown or brownish-red. Near the shore, silt or sediment in suspension can give water a brownish hue. Outflow of large rivers can often be observed many miles offshore by the coloration of suspended soil particles.Marine phytoplankton (Greek for "plant wanderers") are microscopic single-celled plants that include diatoms, dinoflagellates, coccolithophorids, green algae, and blue-green algae, among others. The growth of these organisms, which photogynthesize light, depends on a delicate balance of nutrient enrichment via vertical mixing, which is often limited by the availability of nitrogen and light. Diatoms are one-celled plants with patterned glass coverings. Each glass, or silicon dioxide box, is ornamented with species-specific designs, pits, and perforations making them popular with microscopists and, more recently, electron scanning microscopists.63. Green water near coastlines is almost always caused by _____.A. sand colorB. red pigments in coastal watersC. blue pigmentD. reflected light and yellow pigment from plant life64. Phytoplankton are the source of which color pigment?A. Red.B. Green.C. Yellow.D. Blue.65. What can give waters a brownish hue near the shore?A. Sediment.B. Phytoplankton.C. Blue pigment.D. Diatoms.66. Which of the following is NOT a type of phytoplankton?A. Green algae.B. Diatoms.C. Blue-green algae.D. Amoeba.67. The growth of phytoplankton is often limited by the availability of _____.A. oxygenB. hydrogenC. nitrogenD. carbon dioxide68. The main idea of this passage is that _____.A. light causes sea colorB. sea coloration is varied because of a combination of length of light waves andmicroscopic plant life and siltC. microscopic plant life causes sea colorD. water composition causes sea colorPassage FourQuestions 69 - 75 are based on the following passage.The United States government publishes guidelines for appropriate nutrient intakes. These are known as the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) and are updated regularly based on new research in nutrition. RDAs are suggested amounts of calories, protein, and some minerals and vitamins for an adequate diet. For other dietary substances, specific goals must await further research. However, for the U.S. population as a whole, increasing starch and fiber in one's diet and reducing calories (primarily from fats, sugar, and alcohol) is sensible. These suggestions are especially appropriate for people who have other factors for chronic diseases due to family history of obesity, premature heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, and high blood cholesterol, or for those who use tobacco.Snacks can furnish about one-fourth of the calorie requirements among teenagers. Those snacks should also provide much of the day's allowances for protein, minerals, and vitamins. Sandwiches, fruit, and milk make good snacks for active teenagers. Food from the food pyramid may be part of any meal. A grilled cheese sandwich or a bowl of whole-grain cereal is just as nutritious in the morning as it is at noon. In addition, a good breakfast consists of any foods that supply about one-fourth of the necessary nutrients for the day.69. The passage directly states that most of the U. S. population should increase theirintake of ______.A. proteinB. fatsC. starch and fiberD. sandwiches70. A good breakfast should supply about what percentage of the necessary nutrientsfor the day?A. One-half.B. One-third.C. One-fourth.D. Less than one-fourth.71. The passage implies which of the following?A. The rime of day when food is consumed affects its nutritive value.B. Different foods can be combined to increase total nutrition value.C. It can be detrimental to your health to eat breakfast foods later in the day.D. When food is eaten has no bearing on its nutritive effects.72. Why are RDAs regularly updated?A. New discoveries in the science of nutrition are constantly being made.B. Americans' diets are constantly changing.C. As people age, their nutritional needs change.D. Very little is currently known about nutrition.73. In this passage RDAs refers to___.A. types of vitaminsB. types of proteinC. types of mineralsD. amounts of energy, protein, vitamins, and minerals74. One implication in this passage is that _____.A. all RDAs have been establishedB. not all RDAs have been established yetC. it's not important to know RDAsD. RDAs are necessary only for sick people75. The reduction of calories in the diet is particularly good for people who sufferfrom ________.A. obesityB. premature heart disease and diabetesC. high blood pressure and cholesterol levelsD. all of the abovePassage FiveQuestions 76 - 81 are based on the following passage.The most popular organic gem is the pearl. A pearl is the response of a marine mollusk to the presence of an irritating impurity accidentally introduced into its body;a cultured pearl is the result of the intentional insertion of a mother-of-pearl bead into a live mollusk. Whether introduced accidentally or intentionally, the pearl-making process is the same: the mollusk coats the irritant with a substance called nacre. Nacre is composed chiefly of calcium carbonate. Because very few natural pearls are now on the market, most pearls used in fine jewelry are cultured. These include "Biwa" pearls and most other freshwater pearls. Cultured pearls are not easily distinguished from natural pearls except by an expert.76. Which of the following people could tell the difference between a cultured pearland an organic pearl?A. Scuba diver.B. Fisherman.C. Jeweler.D. Clerk.77. What is the chief component of nacre?A. Sand.B. Bead.C. Calcium carbonate.D. Biwa.78. The difference between a pearl and a cultured pearl is the nature of the ____.A. colorB. introduction of the irritating impurityC. coating materialD. irritating impurity79. Nacre is a substance that is ______.A. mechanically manufacturedB. the result of laboratory testingC. organically secreted by the molluskD. present in the chemical composition of freshwater pounds80. The main idea of this passage is that ______.A. most marketable pearls are cultured because nature does not produce enough ofits own to satisfy the marketB. cultured pearls are of a higher quality than natural pearlsC. there are two major methods of pearl-makingD. a natural ―drought‖ of pearl production is taking place81. Cultured pearl is formed by ____.A. insertion of a pearl into a live molluskB. an oyster into which a piece of grit has been placedC. putting in a live molluskD. placing a bead into culturePassage SixQuestions 82-87 are based on the following passage.Stress is with us all the time. It comes from mental or emotional activity as well as physical activity. It is unique and personal to each of us. So personal, in fact, that what may be relaxing to one person may be stressful to another. For example, if you're a busy executive who likes to keep occupied all of the time, "taking it easy" at the beach on a beautiful day may be extremely frustrating, nonproductive, and upsetting. You may be emotionally distressed from "doing nothing." Too much emotional stress can cause physical illnesses such as high blood pressure, ulcers, or even heart disease. Physical stress from work or exercise is not likely to cause such ailments. The truth is that physical exercise can help you to relax and to better handle your mental or emotional stress.82. Which of the following people would find ―taking it easy‖ stressful?A. Construction workers.B. Business executives.C. Farm workers.D. Truck drivers.83. Which of the following would be a determinant as to what people find stressful?A. Personality.B. Education.C. Marital status.D. Shoe size.84. This article, published by the Department of Health and Human Services,probably came from the ______.A. Federal Bureau of InvestigationB. Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health AdministrationC. Education AdministrationD. Communicable Diseases Administration85. A source of stress NOT specifically mentioned in this passage is _____.A. educational activityB. physical activityC. mental activityD. emotional activity86. Physical problems caused by emotional stress can appear as all of the followingEXCEPT _____.A. ulcersB. pregnancyC. heart diseaseD. high blood pressure87. One method mentioned to help handle stress is ____.A. physical exerciseB. tranquilizersC. drugsD. taking it easy Passage SevenQuestions 88 ~ 92 are based on the following passage.With the sudden onset of severe psychotic symptoms, the individual is said to be experiencing acute schizophrenia (精神分裂症) - "Psychotic" means out of touch with reality, or unable to separate real from unreal experiences. Some people have only one such psychotic episode. Others have many episodes during a lifetime but lead relatively normal lives during interim periods. The individual with chronic (continuous or recurring) schizophrenia often does not fully recover normal functioning and typically requires long-term treatment, generally including medication, to control the symptoms. These symptoms may include hallucinations (幻觉), incoherence, delusions, lack of judgment, deterioration of the abilities to reason and feel emotion, and a lack of interaction between the patient and his environment. The hallucinations may be a visual, auditory, or tactile. Some chronic schizophrenic patients may never be able to function without assistance of one sort or another.88. Which of the following is not a symptom of schizophrenia?A. Hallucinations.B. Delusions.C. Incoherence.D. Vertigo.89. It can be inferred from the passage that a person experiencing acute schizophreniamost likely ______.A. cannot live without medicationB. cannot go on livingC. can hold a full-time jobD. cannot distinguish real from unreal90. According to this passage, thinking that one can fly might be an example of ____.A. medicine overdoseB. being out of touch with realityC. recovering normal functioningD. symptom control91. The passage suggests that the beginning of severe psychotic symptoms of acuteschizophrenia may be any of the following EXCEPT_____.A. debilitatingB. sudden occurrenceC. occurring after a long period of normalcyD. drug-induced92. The passage implies that normal life may be possible for the chronicschizophrenic with the help of ______.A. medicinesB. neurotic episodesC. psychotic episodesD. time Passage EightQuestions 93 ~ 100 are based on the following passage.Aspirin is one of the safest and most effective drugs invented by man. The most popular medicine in the world today, it is an effective pain reliever. Its bad effects are relatively mild. It is also cheap.For millions of people suffering from arthritis, it is the only thing that works. Aspirin, in short, is truly the 20th-century wonder drug. It is also the second largest suicide drug and is the leading cause of poisoning among children. It has side effects that, although relatively mild, are largely unrecognized among users.Although aspirin was first sold by a German company in 1899, it has been around much longer than that. Hippocrates, in ancient Greece, understood the medical value of tree barks and leaves which today are known to contain a chemical found in aspirin. During the 19th century, there was a great deal of experimentation in Europe with this。
写台风的英语作文
When discussing the phenomenon of typhoons,its crucial to understand that these are powerful tropical cyclones that form in the northwest Pacific Ocean.They are characterized by strong winds,heavy rainfall,and often lead to significant damage and disruption.Heres a comprehensive essay on the topic:Title:The Impact of TyphoonsIntroductionTyphoons are one of the most formidable natural disasters that can strike coastal regions in the Pacific.Originating from the warm waters of the ocean,these weather systems can grow into massive storms with devastating potential.This essay will explore the formation,characteristics,and impacts of typhoons,as well as the measures taken to mitigate their effects.Formation and CharacteristicsTyphoons form when warm,moist air over tropical oceans rises and creates an area of low pressure.As surrounding air rushes in to fill this void,the Coriolis effect causes the storm to rotate.The warm sea surface temperatures provide the energy needed for the storm to intensify.These storms are categorized based on their wind speeds,with the most powerful being classified as super typhoons.Impact on Human SocietyThe impact of a typhoon can be catastrophic.The strong winds can lead to the collapse of buildings,the uprooting of trees,and the disruption of power and communication lines. Heavy rainfall can cause flash floods and landslides,which can be particularly dangerous in areas with steep terrain.Additionally,the storm surge associated with a typhoon can inundate coastal areas,leading to loss of life and property.Economic ConsequencesThe economic impact of a typhoon can be significant,particularly in regions where agriculture and fisheries are major industries.Crops can be destroyed,and fishing grounds can be disrupted,leading to food shortages and economic hardship. Infrastructure damage can also be costly to repair,and the interruption of trade can have a ripple effect on the economy.Preparation and ResponseGiven the potential for destruction,it is essential for communities in typhoonprone areas to be prepared.This includes having early warning systems in place,as well as evacuation plans for those living in vulnerable ernments and international organizations often provide support in the form of disaster relief and reconstruction efforts following a typhoon.ConclusionWhile typhoons are a natural part of the Earths weather patterns,their impact on human society can be minimized through careful planning and preparation.As climate change continues to affect weather patterns,it is likely that the frequency and intensity of typhoons will increase,making it even more important for communities to be prepared for these powerful storms.This essay provides a detailed overview of typhoons,from their formation to the measures taken to mitigate their effects.It is important to remember that while typhoons are a natural phenomenon,their impact on human society can be significant,and it is our responsibility to prepare for and respond to these events effectively.。
中国石油大学高级英语译文及答案
Unit 1 Sources of EnergyText APetroleumSentence structure analysis1. Instead of originating in accumulating woody matter, petroleum may be the product of the accumulating fattymatter of ocean organisms such as plankton, the myriads of single-celled creatures that float in the surface layer of the ocean. (Para.2) 石油，并不是来自于逐渐积聚的木质物质，而可能是来自于逐渐积聚的海洋生物的脂肪物质。
比如浮游生物：大量浮游在海水表层的单细胞生物。
这是一个简单句，主语petroleum，谓语动词may be，表语product，构成句子主干。
instead of 介词短语作状语，such as plankton是product一词的同位语，the myriads of single-celled creatures that float in the surface layer of the ocean是名词性短语，做plankton的同位语。
2. It is only necessary that the organisms settle down into the ooze underlying shallow arms of the ocean underconditions of oxygen shortage. (Para. 3) 生物有机体只需在缺氧的条件下沉积到海湾浅水处的淤泥里。
该句的框架为：it is +adj.+that从句，it做形式主语，真正的主语是that从句的内容。
现在分词短语underlying…做后置定语修饰ooze。
学术英语习题及部分答案
Training and Practice for English for Academic PurposesPart I1.Discuss the following questions.What are basic principles the researchers must try to follow when they write their research papers? And would you please list some deadly sins a researcher must avoid when they want to publish a research paper? What are the main contents of a research paper?2. Translate the following Chinese introduction into English.提高起重机生产力和安全性的设备研究近些年来，就用研究人员对起重机(crane)的研究兴趣与日俱增。
起重机种类繁多，从樱桃采摘机(cherry pickers)到巨型塔式起重机(huge tower cranes) ，是建筑工地不可或缺的重要设备之一。
由于建筑用起重机工作环境多变(constantly changing working environment), 操作者(operator)责任重大(heavy reliance)。
过去几十年里，超重机技术日新月异，但是操作员与其他工种人员配合协作方面的技术发展缓慢。
起重机的发展步伐如此迅猛，我们似乎要问，在某些方面，是不是已经超出(outstrip)了人们安全使用的能力？本文旨在探讨如何通过新型设备的引进提高起重机生产力以及提出相关安全性的举措，进而为新型起重机的应用和案例提供新的思路。
In recent years, researchers have become more interested in crane research.The variety of cranes, from cherry pickers to giant tower cranes, is one of the most important equipment on construction sites.As a result of the changing working environment of the construction crane, operator is responsible for heavy reliance.Over the past few decades, the technology of overweight machines has been changing rapidly, but the operators have been slow to cooperate with other workers in collaboration.The pace of development of cranes is so rapid that we seem to be asking whether in some respects, the outstrip has exceeded the ability of people to safely use it.This paper aims to explore how to improve crane productivity and raise related security measures through the introduction of new equipment, so as to provide new ideas for the application and case of new cranes.3. You are writing a research paper entitled “The Effects of Radiation from the Sun on Life o n Earth”. In your introduction you need to review, in general terms, how the sun supports life on the earth. Prepare an Introduction section for your paper based on the information below.⏹Distance from the earth: 92,976,000 miles⏹The Sun’s energy comes from nuclear fusion of hydrogen to helium.⏹Intense radiation, including lethal ultraviolet radiation, arrives at the earth’s outer atmosphere.⏹Ozone in the stratosphere protects life on earth from excessive ultraviolet radiation.⏹The seasons of the earth’s climate results from (1) the 23.30tilt of the earth’s axis of rotation from the normal to the plane of the earth’s orbit around the Sun, (2) the large coverage area of water on the earth (about 75% of the earth’s surface), an d (3) the rotation of the earth with associated generation of jet-stream patterns.⏹Radiation passing through the earth’s atmosphere loses most short-wave radiation, butsome arriving at the surface is converted into infrared radiation which is then trapped by water vapor and other tri-atomic molecules in the troposphere and stratosphere, causing global warming.Life on earth is maintained from photosynthesis and conversion of carbon dioxide to oxygen by plants.4.Translate the following parts of sentences in Introduction into proper English.（1）过去对……的研究工作说明……The previous work on … has indicated that…（2）A在1932年做了关于……的早期研究。
如何减少南极上空的臭氧空洞英语作文
如何减少南极上空的臭氧空洞英语作文The reduction of the ozone hole over Antarctica is a global environmental issue that requires collective efforts to address. There are several measures that can be taken to reduce the size of the ozone hole over Antarctica.Firstly, reducing the emission of ozone-depleting substances is crucial. Countries should strictly adhere to the Montreal Protocol, which aims to phase out the production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and halons. It is essential for nations to enforce regulations and policies to limit the release of these harmful substances into the atmosphere.Secondly, promoting the use of environmentally friendly alternatives is important. For instance, replacing CFCs with hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) can help mitigate the damage to the ozone layer. Additionally, encouraging the development and adoption of ozone-friendly technologies and products can contribute to the reduction of ozone depletion.Furthermore, raising public awareness and education onthe importance of protecting the ozone layer is crucial. Educating individuals about the impact of ozone depletion and the actions they can take to reduce their carbonfootprint can lead to widespread behavioral changes that contribute to the preservation of the ozone layer.In conclusion, reducing the size of the ozone hole over Antarctica requires a combination of international cooperation, regulatory measures, technological innovation, and public engagement. By taking proactive steps to address this issue, we can work towards protecting the ozone layer and safeguarding the environment for future generations.南极上空的臭氧空洞的减少是一个全球环境问题，需要集体努力来解决。