Martin Luther's 95 Theses(马丁路德的95条论纲)

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《马丁路德九十五条论纲》

马丁路德九十五条论纲〔1517年〕出于渴慕真道、明辨事理的愿望；文学硕士、神学硕士和维登堡大学常任讲师马丁路德神父拟主持对下列各条进行的公开辩论，并希望不能参加口头辩论者提出书面意见。

以我主耶稣基督之名。

阿门。

01．当我主耶稣基督说“你们应当悔改”（马太4：17）时，衪的意愿是希望信徒们毕生致力于悔改。

02．不应当将“悔改”一词理解为忏悔仪式，即教士主持下的告解和补赎。

03．但它也并非仅仅意味着内心忏悔，若无各种外部的苦行，亦无效能。

04．赎罪罚应与自恨、即真正的内心忏悔同步进行，直到进入天国。

05．教皇没有免除任何罪孽的意志和权力，他只能赦免凭自己的权力或教会法加于人们的惩罚。

06．教皇除宣告或证明罪孽已由神赦免外，他本人不能赦免任何罪过。

至多仅仅有权在为自己保留裁决的案件中为人赦罪。

即使如此，如果他的权力遭到否认，这种罪仍然未得赦免。

07．神为人赦罪，还要同时使他凡事谦恭，顺服于他的代表－－－神父。

08．根据教会法规，悔罪条例仅适用于活人，而不能加于任何死者身上。

09．如果教皇在其赦令中始终把死亡期和必要时刻视为例外，那么，通过他的圣灵对我们来说便是仁慈的。

10．那些在人临终时愚蠢、恶意行事的神父们，却把教会法的惩罚扩及炼狱之中。

11．将教会法的处罚改成炼狱处罚的那些稗子，显然是在主教们熟睡时由魔鬼撒下的。

（马太13：25）12．从前，作为真诚忏悔的考验，教会法的处罚是在赦罪之前，而不是在其后。

13．临终之人因其死亡而摆脱了一切惩罚，对教会法已失去感觉，故有权免除其惩罚。

14．不充分的虔诚和爱必然使临终之人感到无比恐惧，而且爱愈少，恐惧愈大。

15．这种惊惧或恐怖，足以构成炼狱的惩罚，因为这是濒临绝望的恐惧。

16．地狱、炼狱和天堂的区别似乎就是绝望、恐惧和得救的信念。

17．对炼狱中的灵魂来说，恐惧似乎会必然减少，爱心则相应地增长。

18．此时，理性或圣经似乎都未证明，炼狱中的灵魂已超脱于功罪之外，不能滋长爱心。

对九十条论纲的解读

聂福玲（2014/04/02)对九十五条论纲的解读（关于赎罪券效能的辩论）两个基本问题：1、何以马丁路德的95条论纲点燃了改教之火？（经济、历史、意识形态）2. 论纲中的哪一条成为改教最亮的火花？解读：路德发表的“九十五条论纲其条目和当时包销赎罪券的美因斯大主教阿尔伯特给予传教士特兹尔的售符指令的95 条数目恰恰相同，统计一下，路德的论纲中，有73 条是直接或间接斥责赎罪券的买卖的。

（路德所有的论点没有根据自己平时的逻辑展开，而是根据对手的指令拟定自己的论题）其中，第30－37，42－52条为路德的主要观点，91－95其四条为路德的抗议动机。

一、路德核心论点：补赎并不是机械的动作，而是持久的内在悔改。

[参见，真诚的悔改不再以补赎礼，乃在于内心的悔改。

(1-4条）]二、路德以核心论点为起始。

提出自己两大反对。

1. 第一反对：反对赎罪券的贩卖，抨击售卖赎罪券的欺骗行为。

（直接坚决反对）理由：A\教宗并无任何赦免罪疚的能力。

（5－12；20－21）B\炼狱的灵魂与功能无缘，教宗对其拥有的权柄只是代祷，而非拯救。

（16，25－27，29）C\赎罪券只是敛财的工具，而非最大的恩典。

（64，66，67，28)D\购买赎罪券不能赎罪反而惹上帝愤怒。

（45；46）2、第二反对：论纲里开始流露出对教皇至上权力的否定的思想，然而另一方面又劝导信众仍然跟随教皇，把赎罪券的过错归咎与传教士。

（此反对的声音还不够激烈，且有互相矛盾之处。

说明路德本身并不想反对教皇。

）例如：否定教皇权力（5，6，22，33，56，86，88）肯定教皇权力（7，38，48，49，50，53，61，70，71，74，77，78，91）三、论纲流露出“信仰得救”的思想，强调内心的忏悔。

（2，3，35，36，37，48，62，95）强调了“个体”重要，诚实的人将依靠信仰而生”答案1.路德并不是第一个反对赎罪券的人，但是路德“反对宣言”的却正好与德国大规模的改教运动爆发有机的联系在一起。

关于造发明出活字印刷术的英语作文

全文分为作者个人简介和正文两个部分：作者个人简介：Hello everyone, I am an author dedicated to creating and sharing high-quality document templates. In this era of information overload, accurate and efficient communication has become especially important. I firmly believe that good communication can build bridges between people, playing an indispensable role in academia, career, and daily life. Therefore, I decided to invest my knowledge and skills into creating valuable documents to help people find inspiration and direction when needed.正文：关于造发明出活字印刷术的英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Invention That Revolutionized Knowledge: The Printing PressLooking back through the annals of history, few inventions can claim to have impacted the course of human civilization asprofoundly as the printing press. This ingenious device, conceived in the mind of a Renaissance innovator named Johannes Gutenberg, ushered in an era of unprecedented knowledge dissemination and cultural enlightenment. As a student of history, I am in awe of the transformative power this invention wielded, forever altering the landscape of learning, communication, and the very fabric of society.Before the advent of the printing press, the written word was a rare and precious commodity, reserved for the elite few who could afford the painstaking labor of scribes meticulously transcribing manuscripts by hand. Books were not merely objects of knowledge but also symbols of wealth and status, adorned with intricate illustrations and bound in the finest materials. This scarcity of written works meant that information was hoarded, controlled, and often distorted to suit the agendas of those in power.Enter Johannes Gutenberg, a goldsmith and inventor from the German city of Mainz, whose curiosity and ingenuity would forever alter the course of human history. Drawing inspiration from the wine presses of his homeland, Gutenberg conceived of a revolutionary device that could mass-produce printed materials with astonishing efficiency and accuracy. Hisgroundbreaking invention consisted of movable metal type, an oil-based ink, and an innovative screw-based printing press – a harmonious fusion of technology and craftsmanship that would democratize knowledge on an unprecedented scale.The impact of Gutenberg's printing press was nothing short of seismic. Suddenly, books that had once been the exclusive domain of the wealthy and powerful were within reach of the masses. Ideas that had been stifled and suppressed could now spread like wildfire, igniting intellectual discourse and challenging long-held beliefs. The printing press became a catalyst for the Renaissance, fueling the dissemination of classical texts, philosophical treatises, and scientific discoveries across Europe and beyond.One of the most profound consequences of the printing press was its role in advancing the Protestant Reformation. Martin Luther's 95 Theses, which challenged the authority of the Catholic Church, were rapidly disseminated through the power of the printed word, sparking a religious and cultural upheaval that would reshape the course of European history. The printing press empowered ordinary people to engage with Scripture and religious teachings in their own languages, undermining themonopoly on knowledge that had been held by the clergy for centuries.Moreover, the printing press facilitated the spread of scientific knowledge and inquiry, enabling scholars and researchers to share their findings and theories with a wider audience. From Copernicus's heliocentric model of the solar system to Newton's laws of motion, the printed word allowed revolutionary ideas to transcend geographical boundaries and challenge long-held assumptions about the natural world.As a student of history, I am endlessly fascinated by the ripple effects of Gutenberg's invention, which extended far beyond the realm of academia and literature. The printing press played a pivotal role in shaping political discourse and fostering the rise of modern nation-states. Printed materials, such as pamphlets and newspapers, became powerful tools for disseminating information, rallying public opinion, and even fomenting revolutions against oppressive regimes.In the modern era, the legacy of the printing press continues to resonate. While the digital age has ushered in new modes of information dissemination, the principles of mass communication and the democratization of knowledge can be traced back to Gutenberg's revolutionary creation. From theprinted page to the digital screen, the quest for knowledge and the free exchange of ideas remains a cornerstone of human progress.As I reflect on the profound impact of the printing press, I am reminded of the enduring power of human ingenuity and curiosity. Gutenberg's invention was not born out of a vacuum but rather from a篇2The Invention That Revolutionized Communication: The Printing PressHave you ever wondered how books were produced before the digital age? It's hard to imagine a world without the ease of mass-producing written materials. However, this wasn't always the case. Before the groundbreaking invention of the printing press, books were painstakingly handwritten, making them scarce and accessible only to the privileged few. This all changed in the 15th century when a German goldsmith named Johannes Gutenberg introduced a revolutionary technology that transformed the way information was disseminated, paving the way for the spread of knowledge and igniting a cultural renaissance.The Journey to a Groundbreaking InventionGutenberg's path to creating the printing press was not a straightforward one. Born in Mainz, Germany, around 1400, he spent his early years training as a goldsmith, honing his skills in metalworking and familiarizing himself with the art of casting metals. It was this expertise that would later prove invaluable in his pioneering work.In the 1430s, Gutenberg began experimenting with printing techniques, drawing inspiration from the wine presses used in his region. He realized that by adapting this technology, he could develop a machine capable of transferring ink onto paper or vellum (a type of parchment made from calfskin). However, his initial attempts were unsuccessful, as he struggled to find a suitable material for creating reusable characters.The Breakthrough: Movable TypeGutenberg's eureka moment came when he conceived the idea of movable type. Instead of carving entire pages into wooden blocks, as was the practice at the time, he devised a system where individual letters and symbols could be arranged, inked, and pressed onto paper or vellum. This revolutionary concept meant that pages could be composed quickly andefficiently, and the same characters could be reused countless times.To bring his vision to life, Gutenberg needed to create a durable and precise alloy for casting the individual characters. After numerous trials and errors, he settled on a mixture of lead, tin, and antimony – a combination that proved both malleable and durable. With this breakthrough, he was able to cast thousands of individual letters and symbols, each meticulously crafted to ensure uniformity and legibility.The Birth of the Printing PressArmed with his movable type and a deep understanding of metalworking, Gutenberg set about constructing his printing press. He drew inspiration from the wine presses of the region, adapting the design to accommodate his innovative printing technique. The result was a remarkable machine that revolutionized the way books were produced.The printing process involved carefully arranging the individual characters into a desired text, securing them in a frame, inking the surface, and then applying immense pressure to transfer the inked characters onto the paper or vellum. This process, while labor-intensive, was exponentially faster and moreefficient than the traditional method of hand-copying manuscripts.The Impact of the Printing PressGutenberg's invention had far-reaching consequences that rippled through society, ushering in a new era of knowledge dissemination and cultural exchange. One of the most significant impacts was the democratization of learning. Books, which had previously been accessible only to the wealthy and privileged, could now be produced in larger quantities and at a lower cost, making them available to a broader audience.The printing press facilitated the spread of ideas and information across Europe and beyond, fostering intellectual discourse and driving the Renaissance, a period of unprecedented cultural, artistic, and scientific advancement. Scholars, philosophers, and scientists could now share their works with a wider audience, igniting debates and catalyzing progress in various fields.Furthermore, the printing press played a crucial role in the Protestant Reformation, a religious movement that challenged the authority of the Catholic Church. Martin Luther's 95 Theses, which sparked the Reformation, were widely distributed thanksto the printing press, allowing his ideas to gain traction and inspire followers across Europe.The Legacy of Gutenberg's InventionToday, more than five centuries after Gutenberg's groundbreaking invention, the printing press remains a testament to human ingenuity and the power of technology to shape society. While modern printing methods have evolved and become increasingly sophisticated, the fundamental principles established by Gutenberg remain at the core of the industry.Gutenberg's legacy extends far beyond the realm of printing. His invention laid the foundation for the mass dissemination of knowledge, democratizing access to information and empowering individuals to educate themselves. It paved the way for the free exchange of ideas, fostering intellectual discourse and driving societal progress.In an age where digital media dominates, it's easy to take the written word for granted. However, we owe a debt of gratitude to Johannes Gutenberg, whose revolutionary invention not only transformed the way books were produced but also ushered in a new era of knowledge-sharing and cultural advancement. His pioneering spirit and unwavering determination continue to inspire generations of inventors and innovators, reminding us ofthe profound impact that a single groundbreaking idea can have on the world.篇3The Pioneering Invention of the Printing PressHave you ever wondered how books were made before the modern printing technologies we have today? Well, up until the 15th century, every single book had to be written and copied by hand - a massively tedious undertaking. That all changed, however, with the brilliant pioneering invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg around 1440. This revolutionary new machine kicked off the Printing Revolution and transformed how knowledge could be recorded and disseminated like never before.Gutenberg's game-changing invention is considered one of the most influential events in human history. Born around 1400 in Mainz, Germany, Gutenberg was a goldsmith by profession who experimented with developing movable type - the key innovation that made the printing press such a world-changing technology. By carefully designing pieces of metal that could be inked and repeatedly rearranged to form different words and sentences, he eliminated the need for manual transcription.While the idea of movable type wasn't entirely new, with examples found in ancient China, Korea and other civilizations, Gutenberg revolutionized the concept through his pioneering creation of a vigorously efficient system. His meticulous process combined the key aspects of a new oil-based ink, adjustable molds to cast the type pieces rapidly, and an innovative press design to transfer the inked type onto paper or vellum.After years of secretive experimentation and considerable financial investment, Gutenberg finally produced his first major printed work around 1455 - the stunning Gutenberg Bible. This massive undertaking consisted of an estimated 180 individually printed copies of the Latin Vulgate translation of the Bible, containing a staggering 1,282 pages in each elegant volume. When unveiled, this tremendous technical and artistic achievement was unprecedented, clearly demonstrating the advantages of the new printing method.By utilizing movable type, Gutenberg's press could produce hundreds of pages at a rate utterly impossible through handwritten transcription alone. Moreover, every single copy was virtually identical, eliminating the minor variations that inevitably arose through manual reproduction. This consistency and increased production helped drive down costs, makingprinted materials finally accessible to the growing bourgeois merchants and scholars rather than just the wealthiest aristocrats.The ripple effects from Gutenberg's brilliant new technology were truly profound across Renaissance Europe and the world at large. Printed materials could now be circulated and read by a wider audience, allowing revolutionary ideas from great thinkers and philosophers to spread farther and faster than ever before. As literacy rates climbed, the printing press facilitated the rapid dissemination of knowledge, playing a vital role in catalyzing the Renaissance's explosive growth in arts, sciences, and intellectual pursuits.Martin Luther's Ninety-Five Theses lambasting the Catholic Church's corrupt practice of selling indulgences is considered one of the opening shots of the Protestant Reformation - an event heavily fueled by the printing press's ability to widely distribute revolutionary pamphlets and literature. Science too flourished through easier knowledge-sharing, including groundbreaking works like Nicolaus Copernicus's heliocentric model published in De revolutionibus orbium coelestium in 1543.Beyond driving social change and learning, the printing press's massive impact rippled across many spheres. The first printed books with movable type in Europe were in German, but other languages quickly followed, helping standardize spelling, grammar, and vernacular writings. Printed materials also permitted more records to be maintained, assisting bureaucracies, commerce, and cultural institutions. And perhaps most critically, by democratizing knowledge, the printing press empowered more people to read, think critically, and form their own beliefs outside dogmatic control.Gutenberg's simple yet brilliant idea to arrange movable type may seem rudimentary in today's digital age of computers and e-books. But make no mistake - this unassuming invention sparked a paradigm shift in human civilization, ushering in modernity by allowing ideas to be permanently recorded and rapidly circulated in an unprecedented manner. It laid the groundwork for future advancements in mass communication and fired the Renaissance's lust for knowledge that propelled the West out of the constraints of the medieval period.While Gutenberg sadly passed away in relative obscurity around 1468, his revolutionary creation fundamentally altered history's trajectory. The printing press decentralized learning,catalyzed intellectual renaissance across arts and sciences, facilitated religious reformation, drove linguistic standardization, and above all, empowered the common person through mass literacy. Gutenberg's key innovation made knowledge more universally accessible rather than the province of a privileged few.Every time we crack open a book, newspaper, or journal today, we are benefitting from this transformative technology's profound, reverberating legacy over half a millennium later. Gutenberg's simple machine highlighted how a single pioneering idea - by making information easier to produce and disseminate - can illuminate the world and propel humanity forward. The lasting power and significance of his revolutionary printing press is why it is deservedly considered one of the most important inventions in recorded history.。

九十五条论纲英语

九十五条论纲英语The 95 Theses, penned by Martin Luther in 1517, marked a seismic shift in the history of Christianity and Western civilization. These theses, posted on the door of the Wittenberg Castle Church, challenged the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and sparked the Protestant Reformation, a movement that led to the establishment of multiple denominations within Christianity. In this essay, we delve into the significance of the 95 Theses, Luther's motivations behind them, and their lasting impact on the religious landscape.**Background and Context**The 95 Theses were written in response to the sale of indulgences by the Roman Catholic Church. Indulgences were certificates that offered remission of temporal punishment for sins, allowing believers to purchase their way out of purgatory. Luther's outrage stemmed from the abuse of this practice, which he saw as a money-making scheme rather than a spiritual one. His theses, written in Latin, were a call for reform within the Church, arguing against the sale of indulgences and challenging the Church's authority.**The Main Arguments of the 95 Theses**Luther's theses are a collection of statements that challenge the traditional Catholic doctrines and practices. Among them are assertions that the Bible is the sole source of authority in matters of faith, that salvation comes through faith alone and not through good works, and that the pope and other church leaders are not infallible. Luther also questioned the sale of indulgences, arguingthat such practices were not biblical and did not lead to true repentance.**The Impact of the 95 Theses**The posting of the 95 Theses had a profound impact on the Church and society. Luther's criticisms resonated with many, sparking a movement that led to the establishment of Protestant denominations. The Reformation challenged the authority of the pope and the Catholic Church, leading to the split of Western Christianity into Protestant and Catholic branches. This divide had far-reaching consequences, shaping the religious, political, andcultural landscapes of Europe and beyond.**Critical Analysis**Luther's 95 Theses are a landmark in the history of Christianity. They represent a bold challenge to the established order, a call for reform in the face of abuse and corruption. Luther's arguments, while controversial, were rooted in his deep faith and concern for the spiritual well-being of his fellow believers. His insistence on the primacy of the Bible and the role of faith in salvation marked a significant departure from traditional Catholic teaching.However, it is important to note that Luther's reform movement was not without its flaws. The Protestant denominations that emerged during the Reformation often splintered into factions, leading to division and conflict within Christianity. Luther's own views on certain issues, such as his rejection of the authority of the pope, were also controversial and led to conflicts within the Protestant movement.**Conclusion**The 95 Theses remain a pivotal document in the history of Christianity. Luther's challenge to the Church and his assertions about the role of faith and scripture inspiritual life continue to resonate today. While the Reformation brought about many positive changes, it also created new challenges and divisions within Christianity. In纪念九十五条论纲的发布，我们不仅要庆祝这一历史事件，还要深入反思其背后的深层次含义和影响，以期在今天的宗教和社会生活中找到启示和指引。

九十五条论纲名词解释

九十五条论纲名词解释
《九十五条论纲》是马丁·路德于1517年10月31日张贴在德国维滕堡城堡教堂大门上的辩论提纲，现在普遍被认为是新教的宗教改革运动之始。

核心是因信称义。

1517年10月30日，马丁.路德写了《九十五条论纲》,第二天中午贴在维登堡教堂门口，要求公开辩论赎罪券问题，他说：当钱投入钱柜的叮当作响时候，增加的只是贪婪爱财的欲望，而不是灵魂升天；他认为出卖赎罪券是“欺骗”和“捏造”,是犯了错误，是宣传与“基督教不符”的道理。

其意义在于一般民众也有机会亲身学习，诵读和解释《圣经》,而无须借助教会和教士，这就从内部摧毁了以教宗为首的罗马教会作为精神权威存在的传统根基。

九十五条论纲的主要内容

九十五条论纲的主要内容
【原创版】
目录
1.九十五条论纲的背景和历史意义
2.九十五条论纲的主要内容概述
3.九十五条论纲的具体内容分析
4.九十五条论纲的现实意义和启示
正文
【九十五条论纲的背景和历史意义】
九十五条论纲，全名为《关于宗教、教派和教会的一般原理的九十五条论纲》，是马丁·路德于 1517 年 10 月 31 日张贴在德国维登堡城堡教堂门口的一篇论文。

它标志着宗教改革的开始，对后世产生了深远的影响。

【九十五条论纲的主要内容概述】
九十五条论纲主要针对当时罗马天主教会的教义和实践提出质疑，包括对教皇的权威、赎罪券的合法性、教士的道德标准等问题。

路德在论纲中强调了信仰的重要性，认为信仰是上帝和人之间的直接联系，而不是依赖教会的传统和仪式。

【九十五条论纲的具体内容分析】
九十五条论纲的内容可以概括为以下几个方面：
1.对教皇权威的质疑：路德认为教皇并非不可错误，不能单凭教皇的权威来解释圣经。

2.对赎罪券的批评：路德指出，教皇发行赎罪券是错误的，因为教会无法赦免罪恶，只有上帝才能通过信仰赦免人的罪恶。

3.对教士道德标准的要求：路德强调，教士应以基督为榜样，过简朴、贞洁的生活，不能贪图财富和权力。

4.对圣经的尊重：路德认为，圣经是信仰的唯一来源，所有人都有权阅读、解释圣经，而不应仅仅依赖教皇和教会的解释。

【九十五条论纲的现实意义和启示】
九十五条论纲的发表距今已有五百多年的历史，但它对当今社会仍有重要的启示。

我们应该尊重个人的信仰自由，每个人都有权选择自己的信仰，而不应受到外界的压力和干扰。

印刷术260字作文

印刷术260字作文英文回答：The invention of printing press has revolutionized the way we communicate and preserve information. Before the printing press, books were rare and expensive, and only the wealthy and privileged had access to knowledge. Theprinting press made it possible to mass-produce books, making them more affordable and accessible to the general population. This led to a dramatic increase in literacy and the spread of ideas.One of the most significant impacts of the printing press was on the Protestant Reformation. Martin Luther's Ninety-Five Theses, which sparked the Reformation, were widely disseminated thanks to the printing press. This allowed Luther's ideas to reach a much wider audience than would have been possible otherwise, and it played a major role in the spread of Protestantism.The printing press also had a profound impact on science. Before the printing press, scientific knowledgewas often passed down orally or through handwritten manuscripts. This made it difficult for scientists to share their findings with others, and it often led to the loss of valuable knowledge. The printing press allowed scientiststo publish their findings in books and journals, makingthem more widely available and accessible to other scientists. This led to a rapid acceleration in the pace of scientific discovery.In short, the invention of the printing press was a pivotal moment in human history. It led to a dramatic increase in literacy, the spread of ideas, and the advancement of science. It is difficult to overstate the impact that the printing press has had on our world.中文回答：印刷术的发明彻底改变了我们交流和保存信息的方式。

Martin Luther 95 Thesis (路德九十五条纲领)英文版

Martin Luther's "95 Theses"This is a selection of Martin Luther's 95 Theses as nailed to the church door in the Saxon town of Wittenberg on 31 October, 1517.1. When our Lord and Master Jesus Christ said, "Repent" (Mt 4:17), he willed the entire life of believers to be one of repentance.2. This word cannot be understood as referring to the sacrament of penance, that is, confession and satisfaction, as administered by the clergy.5. The pope neither desires nor is able to remit any penalties except those imposed by his own authority or that of the canons.20. Therefore the pope, when he uses the words "plenary remission of all penalties," does not actually mean "all penalties," but only those imposed by himself.21. Thus those indulgence preachers are in error who say that a man is absolved from every penalty and saved by papal indulgences.23. If remission of all penalties whatsoever could be granted to anyone at all, certainly it would be granted only to the most perfect, that is, to very few.27. They preach only human doctrines who say that as soon as the money clinks into the money chest, the soul flies out of purgatory.28. It is certain that when money clinks in the money chest, greed and avarice can be increased; but when the church intercedes, the result is in the hands of God alone.39. It is very difficult, even for the most learned theologians, at one and the same time to commend to the people the bounty of indulgences and the need of true contrition.40. A Christian who is truly contrite seeks and loves to pay penalties for his sins; the bounty of indulgences, however, relaxes penalties and causes men to hate them -- at least it furnishes occasion for hating them.43. Christians are to be taught that he who gives to the poor or lends to the needy does a better deed than he who buys indulgences.44. Because love grows by works of love, man thereby becomes better. Man does not, however, become better by means of indulgences but is merely freed from penalties.50. Christians are to be taught that if the pope knew the exactions of the indulgence preachers, he would rather that the basilica of St. Peter were burned to ashes than built up with the skin, flesh, and bones of his sheep.51. Christians are to be taught that the pope would and should wish to give of his own money, even though he had to sell the basilica of St. Peter, to many of those from whom certain hawkers of indulgences cajole money.56. The true treasures of the church, out of which the pope distributes indulgences, are not sufficiently discussed or known among the people of Christ.57. That indulgences are not temporal treasures is certainly clear, for many indulgence sellers do not distribute them freely but only gather them.62. The true treasure of the church is the most holy gospel of the glory and grace of God.63. But this treasure is naturally most odious, for it makes the first to be last (Mt. 20:16).64. On the other hand, the treasure of indulgences is naturally most acceptable, for it makes the last to be first.81. This unbridled preaching of indulgences makes it difficult even for learned men to rescue the reverence which is due the pope from slander or from the shrewd questions of the laity. 82. Such as: "Why does not the pope empty purgatory for the sake of holy love and the dire need of the souls that are there if he redeems an infinite number of souls for the sake of miserable money with which to build a church? The former reason would be most just; the latter is most trivial.86. Again, "Why does not the pope, whose wealth is today greater than the wealth of the richest Crassus, build this one basilica of St. Peter with his own money rather than with the money of poor believers?"87. Again, "What does the pope remit or grant to those who by perfect contrition already have a right to full remission and blessings?"90. To repress these very sharp arguments of the laity by force alone, and not to resolve them by giving reasons, is to expose the church and the pope to the ridicule of their enemies and to make Christians unhappy.91. If, therefore, indulgences were preached according to the spirit and intention of the pope, all these doubts would be readily resolved. Indeed, they would not exist.SOURCE: The entire list is available at /halsall/source/luther95.txt。

马丁路德九十五条论纲〔1517年〕

59．圣劳伦斯说过，教会的贫穷便是教会的宝藏，不过，他这样说是沿袭了他那个时代的词意。
60．细加考虑我们便会说，那种宝藏便是基督恩典所赐与教人的钥匙。
61．因为显而易见，教皇的权力足够自行赦免为他保留的惩罚和案件。
62．教会的真正宝藏应是充满神荣耀和恩典的至圣福音。
24．因此，不分青红皂白地大肆鼓吹赦罪，不可避免地使大多数人受骗上当。
25．教皇对炼狱一般拥有的这种权力，同每个主教在自己的辖区和每个神父在本教区所拥有的权力相当。
26．教皇可以出色地批准赦免炼狱中的灵魂，但并非利用他没有拥有的钥匙权，而是为其代祷。
27．他们鼓吹的仅仅是人的主张，说什麼当钱柜中的银币叮当作响，炼狱中的灵魂即会应声飞入天堂。
13．临终之人因其死亡而摆脱了一切惩罚，对教会法已失去感觉，故有权免除其惩罚。
14．不充分的虔诚和爱必然使临终之人感到无比恐惧，而且爱愈少，恐惧愈大。
15．这种惊惧或恐怖，足以构成炼狱的惩罚，因为这是濒临绝望的恐惧。
16．地狱、炼狱和天堂的区别似乎就是绝望、恐惧和得救的信念。
53．为鼓吹赎罪券而禁止其他教堂宣扬神之道的人，便是基督和教皇的仇敌。
54．在怖道中鼓吹赎罪券的时间同宣扬圣道的时间一样多或更多，便是对神之道的亵渎。
55．教皇必然有这样的看法：如果对鼓吹赎罪券这样的小事值得敲钟、游行和举行仪式，那麼对宣扬福音这样的大事，就更值得百倍地敲钟、游行和举行仪式。
68．然而，和神的恩典及十字架的虔诚相比，赎罪券实际上是最微不足道的。
69．主教和神父们一定要毕恭毕敬地接纳教皇的赦罪特使。
70．但他们更要使自己的眼睛和耳朵十分警觉，以防这些人贩卖自己的私货而忽视教皇的嘱托。

马丁路德有哪些重要著作

马丁路德有哪些重要著作马丁路德是16世纪欧洲宗教改革倡导者，基督教新教路德宗创始人。

马丁路德这个名字被全世界所认识，是因为他们发出的宗教改革的呼声，从他开始，从德国开始。

那么马丁路德有哪些重要著作呢?以下是小编为你整理的马丁路德的重要著作，希望能帮到你。

著作《九十五条论纲》马丁路德在社会上掀起了一番宗教改革运动，在这场运动中马丁路德发表了一篇著作，叫做《九十五条论纲》。

马丁路德这篇著作主要内容就是有关一些对宗教改革的想法。

文中首先是对罗马教会向民众出售赎罪券的行为进行了一番指责，他指出这个行为只会增加财富还得不到发自内心的向上帝请求宽恕。

这样的行为很不符合创办教会的原则。

马丁路德在著作中这样直接的进行批判，势必会引起罗马教会对他的打压，但幸运的是马丁路德著作没有被罗马教会粉碎掉，这本著作在很短的时间内就对整个欧洲产生了深远的影响。

马丁路德著作对宗教的一些内容进行了批判，他指出对宗教的信仰应该是个人行为，只有内心的纯洁才是真正的教员，这样的教员不仅可以和上帝有机会沟通，自身内在的行为也会指引着自己做合理的事情。

这样便会展现出来和善的情怀。

这样的过程才是真正的教员所应该具备的。

马丁路德针对教会为了让民众得到宽恕，而卖赎罪券，这个行为不仅涉及到教会对财富的贪婪，还是越权的行为。

因为教会没有权利宽恕那些有罪过的人，教会只能起一个传递作用，真正可以宽恕的只有上帝，要想得到上帝的宽恕靠赎罪券是毫无意义的，只有内心的信仰才是赎罪的唯一办法。

马丁路德著作中把这些观点都写入内容中，不仅可以给广大民众一种信心，还会联合起来反抗教会。

所以说这本著作的历史意义十分强大。

《圣经》的德译本他的许多作品都具有广泛的影响。

他的最重要的著作之一是《圣经》的德译本。

这无疑会使任何识字的人都有可能亲自学习《圣经》，而不依赖教会及其教士们(顺便提一下，路德把《圣经》译成了华丽的散文，对德国的语言和文学产生了影响)。

可是，他的译本亦是最差的一本，直到1984年仍在删改。

马丁·路德：宗教改革时期的生活与事业

马丁·路德：1517－1521年宗教改革时期的生活和事业［摘要］由于一个德国奥古斯丁教会牧师马丁·路德（Martine Luther, 1483－1546）的个人宗教争斗，引发了16世纪的宗教改革狂潮。

马丁·路德并不是那个时代的精英人物，他只是整个德意志在那个大变革时代复杂阶级成分的混合物，但他却是那个时代的代表，寄托着改革天主教的普世希望。

1517—1521年是路德宗教改革事业的前期，这期间他做了三件大极具影响的大事。

第一，招贴《九十五条论纲》开启了宗教改革之阀；第二，拟订了三篇改革的纲领性文件；第三，在沃姆斯宗教会议上的严正表现。

他的改革对德国历史产生了巨大影响。

[关键词] 马丁·路德宗教改革《九十五条论纲》赎罪券因信称义Abstract: As a result of a personal religion struggle, a German Augustinian friar, Martine Luther (1483-1546) launched the great protestant reformation in the 16th century. Luther was not the elite of his time. He is the compound of complex classes in Germany in that great upheaval era. However, he was the representative of his time, to the care of the widespread desire for reforming of the Catholics. The period of 1517-1521 is the early days of Luther’s reformation. During this period, he did three great events which have far-reaching influences. Firstly, he announced Ninety-five Theses. This one inaugurated the religion reformation. Secondly, he drew out three documents of the reformation. Last but not least, his serious reply at the Diet of Worms. His reformation brought great influence to Germany.Key Words: Martine Luther Religion Reformation Ninety-five Theses Indulgences Justification by Faith近代国际关系史（世界近代历史）作业欧洲的16世纪是一个风云激荡的年代，在经历了14、15世纪的文艺复兴浪潮之后，宗教界又引发了一场波澜壮阔的改革和革命运动。

四大发明印刷术的作文

四大发明印刷术的作文英文回答：The invention of printing is one of the mostsignificant technological advancements in human history. It revolutionized the way knowledge was disseminated, leadingto unprecedented levels of literacy and the spread of ideas.The first known printing press was developed in China during the Tang Dynasty (618-907 CE) by Bi Sheng. However,it was not until the 15th century that Johannes Gutenberg developed a more sophisticated printing press in Europe. This press used movable metal type, allowing for the mass production of books and other printed materials.The printing press had a profound impact on society. Before its invention, books were handwritten and extremely expensive. Only the wealthy and powerful could afford toown books, and literacy rates were low. The printing press made books more affordable and accessible, leading to asurge in literacy and the spread of knowledge.The printing press also played a key role in the Protestant Reformation. Martin Luther's 95 Theses, which sparked the Reformation, were printed and widely distributed, reaching a much larger audience than would have been possible before the invention of the printing press. This helped to spread Luther's ideas and contributed to the success of the Reformation.In addition to its impact on literacy and religion, the printing press also had a significant impact on science and technology. The printing press allowed scientists to share their ideas more easily, leading to rapid advances in scientific knowledge. It also helped to spread technological innovations, such as the steam engine and the cotton gin.The invention of printing is a testament to human ingenuity and its power to solve complex problems. The printing press has had a profound impact on society, and it continues to be an essential tool for the dissemination ofknowledge and the spread of ideas.中文回答：印刷术是中国古代四大发明之一，对世界文明的发展产生了深远的影响。

95条论纲

95条论纲
《九十五条论纲》是马丁·路德为抗议罗马教廷销售赎罪券，于1517年10月31日张贴在德国维滕贝格诸圣堂大门上的辩论提纲，被认为是新教的宗教改革运动之始。

马丁·路德在《论纲》中驳斥出卖“赎罪券”的作法，反对用金钱赎罪的办法。

路德提出，教皇没有免除人的罪恶的权力，因此赎罪券可以免罪的说法是错误的。

路德不仅质疑了赎罪券的功效，还揭露了赎罪券的本质——剥削，其意义在于，它第一次对天主教关于只有通过教会和教皇才能赎罪的说教予以公开的否定，因而被社会各阶层广为接受。

路德此举触怒了教廷，随着事态的发展，《论纲》成为引发宗教改革运动的导火线。

【人教版教材】选修一马丁·路德的宗教改革

3.另一方面，城市是可怜的。它远离了自然，侵害了人心，异化了人性。我们的不少城市，不仅没能把物质成果转化成让人们快乐、幸福的动力，反而把人们变成了追逐名利的工具。至少目前，在很多城市里，绿色消失了，纯净的水源消失了，清新的空气消失了，安全的食品消失了，人与自然的和谐共处成了遥远的神话，人与人的
A．人人都能与上帝直接沟通 B．国家权力为神所授，至高无上 C．人们靠内心的虔诚忏悔就能够获得上帝的赦免 D．人的“原罪”使人的本性变坏，只要坚持苦心修练就能获得上帝赦免
3.对马丁·路德宗教改革的理论基础“因信称
义”的解释不正确的是：
B
A．宗教仪式应当尽量简化以减轻教徒的负担 B．通过外在的苦修与事功同样可以得到上帝的宽恕和拯救 C．《圣经》是唯一的信仰权威 D．教士只不过是教徒们推选出的公仆，他们应该为教徒服务
不适合独身生活的人应该赶快做 3、主张简化
些功夫，奉上帝的名赶快结婚，男孩子最晚廿岁﹑女孩子在十五岁到十八岁之间就应该结婚，这
宗教仪式，神职人员可以娶
是他们正健康而适合结婚的年龄。妻。
材料四：
1520年马丁·路德发表了《致德意志的基督教贵族书》
所以我说，世俗权力是受上帝的委任来惩治奸邪，保护良善的。因此我们应该让世俗政权在整个基督教世界中执行它的职务，不要加以阻碍。无论什么人，
第2课
马丁·路德宗教改革
一、“九十五条论纲”
1、宗教改革首先在德国爆发的原因：
1、四分五裂的政治局面严重阻碍了德国经济的发展；（根本原因）
2、罗马教廷对德意志的政治控制和经
济搜刮；
（主要原因）

2017年高考历史必考知识点：《九十五条论纲》

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▲高考历史必考知识点：《九十五条论纲》的背景马丁·路德在大学中学习法律的同时，接受了当时进步的人文主义思想。

此后又研究神学，1508 年起，在维滕堡大学担任神学教授。

曾经周游各地﹐到过罗马，耳闻目睹罗马教廷和教会的腐败黑暗，产生了改良教会的思想。

罗马教会宣扬，人死后灵魂要想升入天堂，必须由教士履行宗教仪式。

民间一般认为﹐同年10 月31 日(现代新教国家的改革节)马丁·路德将这拉丁文写就的《关于赎罪券效能的辩论(disputatio pro declaratione virtutis indulgentiarum)》(共九十五条)（但是按照《资本战争》的记录，人们对该文是否是马丁路德所贴仍有争议，而且该战争檄文的确是由学者富罗雷撰写。

事实上，这个奥古斯汀传教士的论纲是在1517年10 月31 日以邮信附件的形式寄给当时的马格德堡和美因茨大主教的。

而路德当初对于发放免罪券只是希望换一种方式而已。

）按神学辩论的惯例公布于维滕堡的大学教堂大门上（见下图，当时也常作为公告牌），要求对有关赎罪券功效问题公开讨论。

史料证明论纲其实最先是作为信件的附件递交给阿尔布雷希特·冯·勃兰登堡﹐愤于对后者刚愎自用和置若罔闻﹐作为神学教授的路德为推动学术讨论将九十五条散发给予大学同僚（抄本之一今藏于布伦瑞克-吕内堡公爵，即汉诺威选帝侯位于Wolfenbüttel的城堡图书馆里）。

虽然始终无人来和他辩论，而这篇短文却在他并不知情的情况下不胫而走，成了宗教改革运动的导火索。

教宗知道此事后，下令切责路德，又派代表到巴伐利亚的奥格斯堡。

路德当着教宗的代表面前，否认其统治基督教的权力，又替约翰·胡1。

马丁路德教宗考点

马丁路德教宗考点一、德国宗教改革原因是什么?（一）根本原因: 16世纪德国产生资本主义萌芽，四分五裂的政治局面严重阻碍德国经济的发展。

（二）主要原因:罗马教廷对德意志的政治控制和经济搜刮。

（三）主观原因:马丁路德受人文主义思想的影响，立志改革。

（四）直接原因:1517年，教皇派人到德意志兜售赎罪券。

（五）马丁.路德的宗教改革的开始:（1）开始的标志:《九十五条论纲》时间:1517年（2）、《九十五条论纲》的内容:.（3）影响:激起反对教廷风潮，揭开欧洲宗教改革序幕。

二、马丁路德宗教改革的主要内容《致德意志的教贵族书》等文章发表1、理论基础:“因信称义”。

简化宗教仪式，神职人员可娶妻;（六）《圣经》是人们唯一信仰的神圣权威，在上帝和《圣经》面前人人平等;（七）国家权力应当高于教权并且支配教权，停止向教廷纳贡，取消教廷的最高宗教司法权，教会民族化。

目的:满足资产阶级国家统一一中央集权的要求路德论婚姻马丁路德认为:「凡知道自己不适合独身生活的人应该赶快做些功夫，奉上帝的名赶快结婚，男孩子最晚廿岁、女孩子在十五岁到十八岁之间就应该结婚，这是他们正健康而适合结婚的年龄。

三、三马丁路德改革的结局及意义二、群众运动和农民起义1523发表《论世俗当局的权利》，反对暴力和农民起义，要求人民服从政府，维护封建统治。

（一）路德教派合法地位的确立1555年，确立“教随国定”的原则，路德教派取得合法的地位。

（二）马丁路德宗教改革的意义意义:教改革的实质是资产阶级反封建的思想、政动。

沉重打击了封建教会势力。

宗教改革后出现了新教，在天主教神权统治体系中打开了一一个缺口，为欧洲其他国家和地区宗教改革开辟了道路。

简要评述九十五条论纲

简要评述九十五条论纲
《九十五条论纲》是宗教改革家马丁·路德于1517年10月31日贴在莱比锡的宣赞大教堂大门上的一份文件，它包含了对教会实践的批判和对改革的呼吁。

在这份文件中，马丁·路德质疑了赎罪的概念，认为它是一种精神上的行为，应该是内心的忏悔和改过，而教会却将其变成了一种商品，通过出售赎罪状来获取金钱。

他还对教会权威提出了质疑，认为教会过于强调自身的权威和教义解释，剥夺了信徒对信仰的理解和个人的灵性成长。

《九十五条论纲》是宗教改革的开端，它引起了人们对教会实践的关注，并引发了一场改革运动，对欧洲的宗教、政治和社会产生了深远的影响。