供应链管理 第六章练习与答案
供应链管理第6版习题与案例集第6章 供应链管理环境下的库存控制
第6章供应链管理环境下的库存控制策略思考与练习1.简单阐述库存在企业运营中的重要性。
2.订货点法库存管理策略包括哪几种？3.如何看待供应链整合下的库存问题？它与传统的企业库存管理有何不同？举例说明？4.如何理解供应链管理中的不确定性？它对供应链的库存管理会产生怎样的影响？作为一个供应链管理执行经理，如何来控制供应链运作过程中的不确定性？5.怎样才能保证供应链上游供应端的物料供应的齐全配套性？为此，在库存管理上应做哪些创新？6.阐述VMI的基本思想。
如果您是一位采购经理，如何在实际管理中运用VMI？7.举例说明VOI、VMI、JMI三种库存管理模式的不同。
8.比较联合库存管理思想与多级库存管理思想之间的异同点。
9.供应链库存管理中涉及的成本主要包括哪些？讨论案例江铃发动机：探索全新汽配供应链王宗阳是生产发动机活塞簧的南平华闽公司副总裁，对于华闽蒸蒸日上的整车配套OE 业务王宗阳非常满意，但对于供应商必须压货三个月或者更长时间的整车配套供应链规则却不能说太满意。
在目前的整车OE供应链中，整车厂和一级供应商为了自己的零库存和低成本，都采用把库存全部转嫁到下级供应商的做法，于是在各个汽车厂或发动机厂附近建外库并备上三个月或者更长时间的库存成了华闽这样的汽配企业的负担。
库存也意味着企业资金的无效占压，即使“三个月甚至更长”成为汽配行业统一默认的“潜规则”，仍然意味着华闽这样的上游汽配厂不小的负担。
不过，这样的情况正在悄然发生变化。
江铃发动机采用了一种更加协同的供应链，它已经开始实施由第三方物流进行供应链管理的第三方物流直送工位模式，并将自己6个月内的生产计划通过供应链平台与上游供应商进行协同。
如何解释江铃发动机在供应链模式探索上的改变呢？汽车行业专家指出，用更协同、科学的供应链方式取代旧有不透明、不平等模式其实是汽车行业发展的需要，因为目前的整车OEM配套有一个鲜明的趋势，就是越来越紧密的合作和战略性结合的上下游关系。
供应链物流管理(supply chain logistics management)鲍尔索克斯 课后习题答案1-6章
Chapter1：1.Why can the current movement toward establishing supply chains becharacterized as a revolution?Because the current movement toward establishing supply chains has reshaped contemporary strategic thinking.Two massive shifts, supply chain revolution and a related logistical renaissance, in expectation and practice concerning the performance of business operations are highly interrelated but they are significantly different aspects of contemporary strategic thinking.pare the concept of a modern supply chain with more traditionaldistribution channels. Be specific regarding similarities and differences. Traditional distribution channels typically had an order fulfillment time of 15-30 days. But if something went wrong, this time would increase dramatically. It was a common practice to maintain inventory at every stage of the supply chain like retailers, wholesalers, and manufacturers. The market was characterized by scarcity to the primary goal of traditional model was to ensure availability of products. However, today customers want more options in product offerings. Modern supply chain is geared towards meeting the changing consumer needs. Transportation capacity and operational performance has become more reliable and economical. Logistical systems are capable of capable of delivering products at exact times. So customer orders can be fulfilled faster. With massive development in information technology, the need to maintain inventory has reduced dramatically. The occurrence of failures, characteristic of traditional supply chain, has been replaced by a commitment towards zero-defect of six sigma performance. In essence a high level of performance is achieved at a lower total cost with commitment of fewer financial resources than that in the past.3.What specific role does logistics play in supply chain operations?Logistics is the primary conduit of product and service flow within a supply chain arrangement. It is the work required to move and to position inventory throughout a supply chain. It is a combination of order management, inventory, transportation, warehousing, material handling and packaging as integrated throughout a facility network. Logistics is essential for effective supply chain connectivity.4.Describe “integrative management”. Be specific concerning the relationship betweenfunctionality and process.The challenge to achieving integrated management results from the long-standing tradition of performing and measuring work on a functional basis. Since the industrial revolution, achieving best practice has focused managerial attention on functional specialization. The prevailing belief was the better the performance of a specific function, the greater the efficiency of the overall process.The fundamental challenge of integrated management is to redirect traditional emphasis on functionality in an effort to focus on process achievement. Integrative process management seeks to identify and achieve lowest total cost by capturing trade-offs that exist between functions. The focus of integrated management is lowest total process cost, which is not necessarily the achievement of the lowest cost for each function included in the process.5.In terms of enterprise extension, describe the importance of the information sharingand process specialization paradigms.The information sharing paradigm is the widespread belief that achieving a high degree of cooperative behavior requires that supply chain participants voluntarily share operating information and jointly plan strategies. The guiding principle is that information sharing is essential among supply chain participants to collectively do the things customers demand faster and more efficiently.The process specialization paradigm is commitment to focusing collaborative arrangements on planning joint operations with a goal of eliminating nonproductive or non-value-adding redundancy by firms in a supply chain. The basic idea is to design the overall supply chain processes in a manner that identifies a specific firm’s competencies along with the responsibility and accountability to perform each element of essential work in a manner that maximizes overall results.Importance: Sharing information and joint planning can reduce risk related to inventory positioning. Collaboration can eliminate duplicative or redundant work, such as repetitive quality inspection, by designating and empowering a specified member of the supply chain to be fully responsible and accountable. Such extended enterprise integration introduces new challenges regarding measurement, benefit and risk sharing, trust, leadership, and conflict resolution.6.Describe and illustrate an integrated service provider. How does the conceptof integrated service provider differ from traditional service providers, such as for-hire transportation and warehousing?Integrated Service Providers (ISP) also known as third-party logistics providers provide a range of logistics services that includes all work necessary to service customers. With the regulatory changes in the transportation the traditional logistics services providers started offering warehousing and shared transportation services. Therefore the ISPs initiated the radical shift from single function to multifunction outsourcing. Their services include order entry to product delivery and in certain situations they also provide wide range of value-added services. For example United Parcel Services (UPS) stocks Nike shoes and warm-ups at its Louisville warehouse and processes orders hourly. All the related communication and financial administration are handled by an UPS call center in San Antonio. Therefore UPS handles the basic logistics and value-added services for Nike.In contrast the traditional service providers, such as for-hire transportation and warehousing specialize in specific functions. For instance, the for-hire transportationindustry consists of carriers who specialize in moving products between geographic locations. The companies offering warehouse services are traditionally called public warehouses and they provide storage supplemented by specialized services.pare and contrast anticipatory and response-based business models.Why has responsiveness become popular in supply chain collaborations? Anticipatory and response-based business models are the two ways used by firms to fulfill customer requirements. However the fundamental difference in the two models is timingAnticipatory model has been the traditional business practice, which was mainly forecast driven. Since information about purchasing behavior was not readily available, and the channel partners were loosely collaborating, businesses were driven by forecasts. However the forecasts used by the manufacturers, wholesales, distributors, and retailers were often different that led to a lot of excess inventory in the system. All the work was performed in anticipation of future projections, so the likelihood of misgauging customer requirements was very high. In addition each firm in the chain duplicated the anticipatory process.Response-based model aims to reduce or eliminate forecast reliance by joint planning and rapid exchange of information between supply chain partners. This model has been made possible because managers can now obtain and share accurate sales information faster. Consequently customers can be provided with their desired items faster. This model requires fewer steps and therefore less cost to complete a fulfillment process compared to the anticipatory model. Response-based model is similar to a build to order model however the former has a faster response time and allows higher degree of customization.Responsiveness propelled by information technology development has become the cornerstone of today’s supply chain collaboration. Higher responsiveness can not only increase the level of customer satisfaction but can also reduce the overall cost of doing that.pare and contrast manufacturing and geographic postponement. Manufacturing and geographic postponement are strategies and practices that reduces the anticipatory risks of supply chain performance. The factors favoring one pr the other form depends on the volume, value, competitive initiatives desired customer service levels. Manufacturing or form postponement aims at manufacturing the products one order at a time with no preparatory work or component procurement until the customer specifications are fully known and customer commitment is received. The goal of this postponement strategy is to maintain products in a neutral or non-committed status as long as possible. In an ideal situation a standard or base product is manufactured in large quantities to obtain economy of scale while deferring the finalization until the customer commitment. In this scenario, economy of scope is introduced by producing the base product to accommodate a wide range of different customers. An example of manufacturing postponement is observed in mixing paintcolor at retail stores to accommodate the individual customer’s request. This strategy not only reduces the risks of logistics malfunction but also increases the use of light manufacturing and final assembly at logistical facilitiesOn the other hand, Geographical or logistical postponement focuses on response acceleration. This strategy aims to build and stock a full-line inventory at one or more strategic locations. Forward deployment of inventory is postponed until the customer order is received. In an ideal situation this postponement strategy eliminates the risk of anticipatory risk of inventory deployment while retaining manufacturing economy scale. An example of geographical postponement is the Sears Store Delivery System. The logistics of the appliances is not initiated till the customer order is received. An appliance purchased on Monday can be installed at customer’s home as early as Wednesday. And there is a possibility that the product is not manufactured until that night or early Tuesday.In a number of supply chains both types of postponement strategies are combined to create a highly responsive strategy.9.Define and illustrate cash-to-cash conversion, dwell-time minimization andcash spin. How does supply chain strategy and structure impact each?Cash-to-cash conversion is the time required to convert raw material or inventory purchases into sales revenue. It is directly related to inventory turn. Its benefits are realized by reducing and sharing risk and inventory investment. In traditional business the benefits were enjoyed at the expense of business partners. For example, terms of 2% net 10 meant that a prompt payment discount could be earned if the invoice is paid within ten days from the time of delivery. In a response based system these benefits can be shared by managing the inventory transfer velocity across the supply chain. To facilitate such arrangements supply chain partners often use dead net pricing, which factors discounts and allowances in the selling price. Therefore incentives of timely payment are replaced by performance commitments at a specified net price. Managing supply chain logistics as a continuous synchronized process also serves to reduce dwell time.Dwell time is the ratio of the time that an asset sits idle to the time required to satisfy its designated supply chain mission. As an example dwell time would represent the ratio of the time inventory is in store to the time it is moving or contributing to achieve supply chain objectives. Dwell time can be reduced if the supply chain partners are willing to eliminate duplicate work. Therefore each firm could be designated to perform and be accountable for the value-added work in order to reduce the overall dwell.Cash spin basically refers to free cash spin. This concept aims to reduce the overall assets committed to the supply chain performance. Therefore capital invested on inventory or warehouse can be made available for redeployment by revising the supply chain arrangement. Free capital can be reinvested in other projects that would have otherwise not been considered.10.Discuss and support the following argument: "Supply chain arrangements mayreduce consumer value."A somewhat more abstract but often cited potential downside of supply chain management could be labeled the dark side of collaboration. The argument is that the public does not benefit across the board from supply chain efficiency.Supply chain criticism comes in two parts.First, the line of reasoning is that operating efficiency does not automatically translate to or guarantee lower consumer prices. Firms that collaborate may individually or collectively make larger profits and thereby generate large shareholder wealth. However, no mechanisms exist to guarantee that efficiencies will be passed on to consumers in the form of lower retail prices. In fact, the supporting logic is that as supply chains.The second criticism of supply chain arrangements builds on the premise that operating efficiency may not always be socially equitable. The argument questions the benefits of more precise matching of supply to demand in terms of the overall reduction in surplus goods.Chapter2：1.Illustrate a common trade-off that occurs between the work areas of logistics. Any illustration that demonstrates an inherent trade-off between information, inventory, transportation, warehousing, material handling or packaging is acceptable. The following are a few examples of such trade-offs:Information is increasingly being used as a substitute for inventory. For instance, a warehouse manager that is in constant contact with a supplier of his/her stocks need not hold traditional, high levels of inventory. By being “connected”, the supplier realizes when the warehouse is in need of product and can make accommodations of product processing and shipping accordingly. Improved, faster means of transportation also prevent manufacturers and merchandisers from holding high levels of inventory.Poor packaging can lead to product damage in transit. Management should either improve packaging or seek a transportation mode that is more stable and less damage-inducing. Regardless, greater costs will be incurred upfront – though they are likely to be offset with reduced costs of product recollection and rework.2.Discuss and elaborate the following statement: "The selection of a superiorlocation network can create substantial competitive advantage."The statement “The selection of Superior location network can create sub stantial competitive advantage” holds true with regard to logistical networks. The network design implies customer service and cost considerations. Added value (and perhaps a competitive advantage) may be derived from the “intimacy” of being located near customers. Networks that strive for the highest levels of effectiveness (superior serviceperformance) often do so at significantly higher expense. Networks may also be designed for efficient product flows in order to lower transportation and inventory holding costs. Depending upon the competitive environment in which a firm operates, competitive advantage may result from either being located near the customers to provide superior service or through low cost service with the cost-efficient network design.3.Why are customer-accommodation operations typically more erratic thanmanufacturing support and procurement operations?Market or physical distribution operations are typically more erratic because they are initiated by the customer, whose behavior cannot be controlled by the firm. Manufacturing and procurement operations, on the other hand, are initiated by the firm and considered to be within the firm’s span of control. However, better communications between the logistics organization and customers can reduce the uncertainty and erratic nature of market-distribution operations.4.How has transportation cost, as a percentage of total logistics cost, trackedsince 1980The transportation costs as a percentage of total logistics costs in US has increased over the last 20 years. In 1980, the percentage was approximately 47 percent and this has increased to over 63 percent in 2004. Therefore transportation represents a significant portion of the overall logistics cost.5.Describe the logistics value proposition. Be specific regarding specificcustomer accommodation and cost.Logistical value proposition is a cost framework that aims to match of operating competency and commitment to meet the individual of selected groups of customers’ expectations and requirements. A well-designed logistical network must have high customer response with low operational variance and minimum inventory commitment. However the combinations will be different for different groups. Well designed and operated logistical system can help firms to achieve competitive advantage.6.Describe the fundamental similarities and differences between procurement,manufacturing support and customer-accommodation performance cycles as they relate to logistical control.Procurement performance cycles consist of the many activities that maintain the flow of materials, parts, or finished goods into a manufacturing or distribution facility. The scope of procurement activities is limited. Although similar to the customer order processing cycle, shipments are generally larger and cycles often require much more time. Maintaining raw materials inventory is sometimes less expensive relative to finished goods, since time of delivery and material security is often less sensitive into facility than out to the customer. Another difference is that the number of suppliers of a firm is generally less than the number of customers, making the procurement cycle more direct.Manufacturing support performance cycles serve as the logistics of production. These functions maintain orderly and economic flow of materials and work-in-process inventory to support production schedules. The goal is to support manufacturing requirements in the most efficient manner. These are internal cycles to the firm, thus they are rarely affected by behavioral uncertainty.Customer-accommodation performance cycles are those associated with processing and delivering customer orders. They link the customers through timely and economical product availability. Physical distribution integrates marketing and manufacturing efforts. To improve the effectiveness of the distribution system, forecast accuracy must improve to reduce uncertainty. In addition to the value of sound forecasting methods, the firm must emphasize flexibility and responsiveness to deal with the uncertainty of customers in the physical distribution cycle.pare and contrast a performance cycle node and a link. Give an exampleof each.Nodes are facility locations. Forms of communications and transportation represent links between the nodes. Most logistical work takes place at nodes whereas links represent the interface among locations. Nodes represent network facilities where materials are processed and base inventories and safety stocks are maintained. Inventory that is in between nodes is c alled “in transit”.8.How does the "quest for quality" affect logistical operations? Does theconcept of total quality have relevancy when applied to logistics?Though logistical service quality is often in the eye of the beholder –that is, the definition of quality varies among suppliers and customers, it is possible to pursue a quest for quality. The quest requires logistics organizations to identify the service qualities that customers most highly value. Upon identifying these key dimensions of service, it is up to the firm to flawlessly execute those functions that add value. Ultimately, customers may demand “perfect order” performance, a level of service that requires suppliers to meet expectations without error.The ideals of total quality – namely, doing things right the first time, does find relevance in logistics. It is far better in terms of customer service and low cost to provide customers with desired service on the first effort. Customers more highly value suppliers that meet their promises, delivering product on time, in proper quantities, and without damage. Costs are reduced in the process as fewer products are recollected and reworked. These costs of service or product failure can be eliminated if processes are corrected, ensuring that the problem is not a recurring one. Over time, customers tend to rely on those suppliers that provide sound service time and again.9.Discuss uncertainty as it relates to the overall logistical performance cycle.Discuss and illustrate how performance cycle variance can be controlled.One of the major objectives of logistical management is to reduce the uncertainty in performance cycles. Since the performance cycles are made up of many activities, eachwith its own volatility or variance, variance over the entire cycle can significantly impede the logistics organization’s efficiency and effectiveness.To control variance, the firm must conform expected cycle time to actual cycle time. If cycle time is less than expected, the delivered product becomes inventory to be stored. If the cycle time is longer than expected, then the firm must rely on safety stocks to satisfy customer demand. In either case there are costs associated with variance. The ides is to eliminate variance by equating actual cycle time to the expected cycle time. This may require adjustments in product flows into or out of the organization.10.What is the logic of designing echeloned logistical structures? Can echelonedand direct structures be combined?The echeloned logistical structure is built on the logic of stocking some level of inventory or performing specific activities at consecutive levels of supply chain. This structure utilizes warehouses to create inventory assortments and achieve consolidation economies associated with large volume transportation shipments. The inventory is position to meet the customers’ requirements faster. Typical echelon systems use either break bulk or consolidation warehouses. However the service commitment and order size economies determine the most desirable and economical structure to service the specific customer. So many supply chains use a combination of echeloned and direct structures to meet their logistical needs.Chapter3：1.Explain the differences between transactional and relationship marketing.How do these differences lead to increasing emphasis on logistical performance in supply chain management?Transactional marketing is generally focused towards short-term interaction with customers. Traditional marketing strategies followed this approach wherein exchanges/transactions are carried out with customers in order to increase their revenues and profits.Relationship marketing focuses on the long-term relations with the key supply chain partners such as the consumers, intermediate customers and suppliers. This strategy aims to develop and retain long term preference and loyalty because it has been realized in many industries that it is more important to obtain greater share of the purchases made by the existing customers than to attract new customers. This approach tries to identify the individual customers in order to satisfy their unique needs in the most cost-efficient and effective way. This requires a greater emphasis on logistical performance of the entire supply chain.2.Why are the four primary service outputs of spatial convenience, lot size,waiting time, and product variety important to logistics management?Provide examples of competing firms that differ in the level of each service output provided to customers.Since every customer has different requirements regarding service outputs, spatial convenience, lot size, waiting or delivery time, and product variety represent the four generic outputs to accommodate customer requirements.Spatial convenience measures the amount of shopping time and effort that needs to be out by the customer. Higher convenience is offered by making the product available in more number of places. As an example some household furniture manufacturers offer their products through department store, mass merchandisers and other independent department stores whereas Ethen Allen offers its products only at its own Allen retail stores.Lot size refers to the number of units that can be purchased in each transaction. A customer who wish to buy larger quantity of items for example 12 or 24 rolls of paper towels to get a lower unit price can get it from Sam’s Club and Costco. However they can buy single rolls from grocery or convenient stores. The basic tradeoff in such purchases is between the unit price and the storage or maintenance cost of such volumes.Waiting time is the amount if time a customer has to wait between ordering and receiving products. The lower the waiting time, the higher is the level of service. Buying products from retail or grocery stores has no waiting time however if someone wants to order from a catalog or via the Internet, he has to wait for the product. Although higher waiting time is associated with inconvenience, customers are rewarded in the form of lower prices.Product variety refers to the different assortments or variety offered to the consumers and end-users. Supermarkets offer a large variety of items, whereas the warehouse stores offer a much less variety. And convenience stores offer even lesser variety.3.What is meant by availability in logistics customer service? Provide examples ofthe different ways to monitor a firm’s performance in availability.Availability is the capacity to have inventory when desired by a customer. As simple as this may seem, it is not at all uncommon for an organization to expend considerable time, money, and effort to generate customer demand and then fail to have product available to meet customer requirements. The traditional practice in organizations is to stock inventory in anticipation of customer orders.Availability is based on three performance measures: Stockout Frequency, Fill Rate, and Orders Shipped Complete.Stockout Frequency: For example, a study of retail supermarkets revealed that at any point in time during a week, the average supermarket is out of stock of approximately 8 percent of the items planned to be on the shelves. It is important to note, however, that a stockout does not actually occur until a customer desires a product. The aggregation of all stockouts across all products is an indicator of how well a firm is positioned to provide basic service commitments in product availability. While it does not consider that some products may be more critical in terms of availability than others, it is the starting point in thinking about inventory availability.Fill Rate:For example, if a customer wants 100 units of an item and only 97 are available, the fill rate is 97 percent. To effectively consider fill rate, the typical procedure is to evaluate performance over time to incIude multiple customer orders. Thus, fill rate performance can be evaluated for a specific customer, product, or for any combination of customers, products, or business segments. Fill rate can be used to differentiate the level of service to be offered on specific products. In the earlier example, if all 100 products ordered were critical to a customer, then a fill rate of 97 percent could result in a stockout at the customer's plant or warehouse and severely disrupt the customer's operations. Imagine an assembly line scheduled to produce 100 automobiles that receives only 97 of its required brake assemblies. In situations where some of the items are not critical to performance, a fill rate of 97 percent may be acceptable. The customer may accept a back order or be willing to reorder the short items at a later time. Fill rate strategies need to consider customer requirements for products.Orders Shipped Complete:The most exacting measure of performance in product availability is orders shipped complete. It views having everything that a customer orders as the standard of acceptable performance. Failure to provide even one item on a customer's order results in that order being recorded as zero in terms of complete shipment.pare and contrast speed, consistency, and flexibility as optionalperformance activities. In some situations,is one activity more critical than others?Performance cycle speed is the elapsed time form when a customer establishes a need to order until the product is delivered and is ready for customer use.Speed is an essential ingredient in many just-in-time and quick-response logistical strategies as fast performance cycles reduce customer inventory requirements.Order cycle consistency is measured by the number of times that actual cycles meet the time planned for completion.most logistical managers place greater value on consistency because it directly impacts a customer’s ability to plan and perform is own activities.the issue of consistency is fundamental to effective logistics operations as it is becoming increasingly common for customers to actually specify a desired date and even specify a delivery appointment when placing orders.Flexibility involves a firm’s ability to accommodate special situations and unusual or unexpected customer requests.In some situations,adjustments can be implemented to prevent or accommodate special situations,thereby preventing malfunctions.so one may be more critical than others. 5.Why is perfect order service so difficult to achieve?An order should be delivered complete,delivered on time,at the right location,in perfect condition,with complete and accurate documentation.Each of these individual elements must comply with customer specifications.thus,complete delivery means all product the customer originally requested,on time means at the customer’s specified date and time.ing the ten categories of customer expectations in Table 3-1, develop yourown examples of how customers might evaluate performance of a supplier.。
(完整版)供应链管理第三版Unit6习题与答案.doc
Chapter 6Network Design in an Uncertain EnvironmentTrue/False1.Decisions made during the supply chain design phase regarding significantinvestments in the supply chain, such as the number and size of plants to build,the number of trucks to purchase or lease, and whether to build or leasewarehouse space, cannot be altered in the short term.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Moderate2.Decisions made during the supply chain design phase regarding significantinvestments in the supply chain, such as the number and size of plants to build,the number of trucks to purchase or lease, and whether to build or leasewarehouse space, rarely remain in place for several years.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Moderate3.Decisions made during the supply chain design phase regarding significantinvestments in the supply chain, such as the number and size of plants to build,the number of trucks to purchase or lease, and whether to build or leasewarehouse space, define the boundaries within which the supply chain mustcompete.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Moderate4.Long-term contracts for both warehousing and transportation requirements willbe more effective if the demand and price of warehousing do not change in thefuture or if the price of warehousing goes up.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Easy5.Long-term contracts for both warehousing and transportation requirements will bemore effective if either demand or the price of warehousing drops in the future.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Moderate6.The degree of demand and price uncertainty has a significant influence onthe appropriate portfolio of long- and short-term warehousing space that afirm should carry.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Easy7.If price and demand vary over time in a global network, flexibleproduction capacity can be reconfigured to maximize profits in the newenvironment. Answer: TrueDifficulty: Moderate8. A firm may choose to build a flexible global supply chain even in the presenceof little demand or supply uncertainty if certainty exists in exchange rates or prices. Answer: FalseDifficulty: Moderate9.The present value of a stream of cash flows is what that stream is worth intoday ’ s dollars.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Easy10. Discretionary cash flow (DCF) analysis evaluates the present value of anystream of future cash flows and allows management to compare two streams ofcash flows in terms of their financial value.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Easy11.The present value of future cash flows is found by using a discount factor.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Moderate12. The rate of return k is also referred to as the present value of capital.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Easy13. A negative NPV for an option indicates that the option will lose money for thesupply chain.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Moderate14.The decision with the lowest NPV will provide a supply chain with thehighest financial return.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Moderate15.In reality, demand and prices are highly uncertain and are likely to fluctuateduring the life of any supply chain decision.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Moderate16.For a global supply chain, exchange rates and inflation are unlikely to varyover time in different locations.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Easy17.The multiplicative binomial cannot take on negative values and can be used forfactors like demand, price, and exchange rates that cannot become negative.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Moderate18. A logical objection to both the multiplicative and additive binomial is the fact thatthe underlying factor takes on two values at the end of each period.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Hard19.If uncertainty is ignored, a manager will always sign long-term contracts becausethey are typically cheaper and avoid all flexible capacity because it is moreexpensive.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Moderate20.During network design, managers need a methodology that allows them toestimate the certainty in their forecast of demand and price and thenincorporate this certainty into the decision-making process.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Hard21.Decision trees with DCFs can be used to evaluate supply chain designdecisions given uncertainty in prices, demand, exchange rates, and inflation.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Moderate22.Uncertainty in demand and economic factors should not be included in thefinancial evaluation of supply chain design decisions.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Hard23.In a complex decision tree, there are thousands of possible paths that may resultfrom the first period to the last.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Easy24.Simulation methods are very good at evaluating a decision where the pathitself is decision dependent.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Hard25.Simulation models require a higher setup cost to start and operate comparedto decision tree tools.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Easy26.The main advantage of simulation models is that they can provide low-cost evaluations of complex situations.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Moderate27.Strategic planning and financial planning should be combined during supplychain network design.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Moderate28.The evaluation of supply chain networks should not use multiple metrics.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Moderate29.Financial analysis should be used as an input to decision making, not asthe decision-making process.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Moderate30.One of the best ways to speed up the process of financial analysis and arrive ata good decision is to use estimates, except when it appears that finding a veryaccurate input would take an inordinate amount of time.Answer: FalseDifficulty: EasyMultiple Choice1.Decisions made during the supply chain design phase regarding significantinvestments in the supply chain, such as the number and size of plants to build, the number of trucks to purchase or lease, and whether to build or leasewarehouse space,a.can be altered in the short term.b.cannot be altered in the short term.c.cannot be altered in the long term.d.can only be altered in the short term.e.all of the aboveAnswer: bDifficulty: Easy2.Decisions made during the supply chain design phase regarding significantinvestments in the supply chain, such as the number and size of plants to build, the number of trucks to purchase or lease, and whether to build or leasewarehouse space,a.are realigned every few weeks.b.only remain in place for several years.c.rarely remain in place for several years.d.only remain in place for a few weeks.e.often remain in place for several years.Answer: eDifficulty: Hard3.Decisions made during the supply chain design phase regarding significantinvestments in the supply chain, such as the number and size of plants to build,the number of trucks to purchase or lease, and whether to build or leasewarehouse space,a.define the boundaries within which the supply chain must compete.b.have little impact on how the supply chain must compete.c.are irrelevant regarding how the supply chain will compete.d.are the only consideration regarding how the supply chain will compete.e.none of the aboveAnswer: aDifficulty: Moderate4.Long-term contracts for both warehousing and transportation requirementswill be more effective ifa.the demand and price of warehousing do not change in the future.b.the price of warehousing goes up in the future.c.demand drops in the future.d.the price of warehousing drops in the future.e. a and b onlyAnswer: eDifficulty: Moderate5.Short-term contracts for both warehousing and transportation requirements willbe more effectivea.if the demand and price of warehousing do not change in the future.b.if the price of warehousing goes up in the future.c.if either demand or the price of warehousing drops in the future.d.only if demand drops in the future.e.only if the price of warehousing drops in the future.Answer: cDifficulty: Moderate6.The degree of demand and price uncertainty hasa.no effect on the appropriate portfolio of long- and short-termwarehousing space that a firm should carry.b. a limited influence on the appropriate portfolio of long- and short-term warehousing space that a firm should carry.c. a minor influence on the appropriate portfolio of long- and short-termwarehousing space that a firm should carry.d. a significant influence on the appropriate portfolio of long- and short-termwarehousing space that a firm should carry.e.None of the above are true.Answer: dDifficulty: Moderate7.Uncertainty of demand and pricea.drives the value of building flexible production capacity at a plant.b.eliminates the value of building flexible production capacity at a plant.c.facilitates the value of building flexible production capacity at a plant.d.has no effect on the value of building flexible production capacity ata plant.e.None of the above are true.Answer: a8.If price and demand do vary over time in a global network,a.flexible production capacity should not be used in the new environment.b.flexible production capacity will be ineffective in the new environment.c.flexible production capacity can be reconfigured to minimize profits in thenew environment.d.flexible production capacity can be reconfigured to maximize profits inthe new environment.e.flexible production capacity should never be used in an uncertainenvironment.Answer: dDifficulty: Moderate9. A firm may choose to build a flexible global supply chain even in the presenceof little demand or supply uncertainty ifa.certainty exists in both exchange rates and prices.b.certainty exists in exchange rates or prices.c.uncertainty exists in both exchange rates and prices.d.uncertainty exists in exchange rates or prices.e.uncertainty exists only in exchange rates.Answer: dDifficulty: Moderate10.The present value of a future stream of cash flows is what that streama.was worth in yesterday’ s dollars.b.is wo rth in today’ s dollars.c.will be worth in future dollars.d.might be worth in future dollars.e.none of the aboveAnswer: bDifficulty: Easy11.The process of evaluating the present value of any stream of future cash flowsso that management can compare two streams of cash flows in terms of theirfinancial value isa.annual cash flow(ACF) analysis.b.discretionary cash flow(DCF) analysis.c.discounted cash flow(DCF) analysis.d.future cash flow(FCF) analysis.e.none of theabove Answer: cDifficulty: Moderate12.The present value of future cash flow is found bya.locating the correct factor on a z-table.ing a discount factor.c.plotting the function on a graph.d.adding the total of all future cash flows.e.none of the aboveAnswer: b13.The discount factor used to obtain the present value of money in the next periodwhere k represents the rate of return isa.k.b.1+k.c.1/(1+ k).d.k /(1+ k).e.none of the aboveAnswer: cDifficulty: Moderate14.The rate of return k is also referred to as thea.discount rate.b.hurdle rate.c.opportunity cost of capital.d.all of the abovee.none of theabove Answer: dDifficulty: Easy15.What is the present value of a $27 revenue that will be received in one yearwhere the rate of return is 8% (.08)?a.$2.50b.$15.00c.$25.00d.$30.00e.none of the aboveAnswer: cDifficulty: Easy16.The net present value (NPV) of a stream of cash flows is equal toa.the sum of all cash flows for all periods being considered.b.the sum of all cash flows for all periods being considered divided bythe number of periods.c.the average of all cash flows for all periods being considered.d.the average of all cash flows for all periods being considered multipliedby the number of periods.e.the sum of all cash flows for all periods being considered discountedby the rate of return for each period.Answer: eDifficulty: Hard17. A negative NPV (net present value) for an option indicates that the option willa.gain money for the supply chain.b.lose money for the supply chain.c.maximize profit for the supply chain.d.minimize profit for the supply chain.e.none of the aboveAnswer: bDifficulty: Moderate18.The decision with the highest NPV (net present value) will provide a supply chainwitha.the highest financial return.b.the lowest financial return.c. a reasonable financial return.d.the least desirable financial return.e.none of the aboveAnswer: aDifficulty: Moderate19.The NPV (net present value) of a cash stream that is equal to $100 per period for5 periods with a rate of return of 10% (.10) per period would bea.379.07.b.416.98.c.500.00.d.610.51.e.671.56.Answer: bDifficulty: Moderate20.The NPV (net present value) of a cash stream that is equal to $75 per period for5 periods with a rate of return of 10% (.10) per period would bea.221.37.b.284.30.c.312.74.d.375.00.e.none of the aboveAnswer: cDifficulty: Moderate21.In reality, demand and prices area.highly certain and not likely to fluctuate during the life of any supply chaindecision.b.highly certain and likely to fluctuate during the life of any supplychain decision.c.highly uncertain and not likely to fluctuate during the life of any supplychain decision.d.highly uncertain and likely to fluctuate during the life of any supply chaindecision.e.none of the aboveAnswer: dDifficulty: Moderate22.For a global supply chain, exchange rates and inflation area.likely to vary over time in different locations.b.not likely to vary over time in different locations.c.not likely to vary over time in any locations.d.likely to be stable over time in all locations.e.none of the aboveAnswer: aDifficulty: Easy23.The binomial representation of uncertainty is based on the assumption that whenmoving from one period to the next, the value of the underlying factor (such asdemand or price)a.has only one possible outcome.b.has only two possible outcomes - up or down.c.has many possible outcomes.d.cannot be accurately determined.e.none of the aboveAnswer: bDifficulty: Moderate24.In the commonly used multiplicative binomial, it is assumed that the underlyingfactora. moves up by a factor u > 1 with probability p.b. moves down by a factor u > 1 with probability p.c. moves down by a factor d < 1 with probability 1 –p.d.either a or be.either a orc Answer: eDifficulty: Hard25.The multiplicative binomial can be used for factors like demand, price, andexchange rates that cannot become negative because ita.can take on negative values.b.cannot take on negative values.c.can take on positive values.d.cannot take on positive values.e.all of the aboveAnswer: bDifficulty: Hard26. A logical objection to both the multiplicative and additive binomial is the fact thatthe underlying factora.takes on only one of two possible values at the end of each period.b.takes on two values at the end of each period.c.takes on one of many possible values at the end of each period.d.takes on several of many possible values at the end of each period.e.none of the aboveAnswer: aDifficulty: Moderate27.If uncertainty is ignored, a manager willa.always sign long-term contracts because they are typically moreexpensive and avoid all flexible capacity because it is more expensive.b.always sign short-term contracts because they are typically cheaperand avoid all flexible capacity because it is more expensive.c.always sign long-term contracts because they are typically cheaperand avoid all flexible capacity because it is more expensive.d.always sign short-term contracts because they are typically cheaperand avoid all flexible capacity because it is less expensive.e.none of the aboveAnswer: cDifficulty: Hard28. A decision tree isa. a graphic device used to evaluate decisions under certainty.b. a graphic device used to evaluate decisions under uncertainty.c. a tabular device used to evaluate decisions under certainty.d. a tabular device used to evaluate decisions under uncertainty.e.none of the aboveAnswer: bDifficulty: Moderate29. Decision tree analysis is based on Bellman ’ s principle, which states that for anychoice of strategy in a given state,a. the optimal strategy is the one that is selected if the entire analysis isassumed to begin in the first period.b. the optimal strategy is the one that is selected if the entire analysis isassumed to begin in the last period.c. the optimal strategy in the next period is the one that is selected if theentire analysis is assumed to begin in the last period.d. the optimal strategy in the next period is the one that is selected if theentire analysis is assumed to begin in the next period.e. none of the aboveAnswer: dDifficulty: Hard30.The first step in decision tree analysis methodology is toa.identify factors such as demand, price, and exchange rate, whosefluctuation will be considered over the next T periods.b.identify the periodic discount rate k for each period.c.start at period T, work back to Period 0 identifying the optimal decisionand the expected cash flows at each step. Expected cash flows at eachstep in a given period should be discounted back when included inthe previous period.d.identify the duration of each period (month, quarter, etc.) and the numberof periods T over which the decision is to be evaluated.e.identify representations of uncertainty for each factor; that is, determinewhat distribution to use to model the uncertainty.Answer: dDifficulty: Moderate31.The last step in decision tree analysis methodology is toa. identify factors such as demand, price, and exchange rate, whose fluctuationwill be considered over the next T periods.b. identify the periodic discount rate k for each period.c. start at period T, work back to Period 0, identifying the optimal decision andthe expected cash flows at each step. Expected cash flows at each step in agiven period should be discounted back when included in the previous period.d.identify the duration of each period (month, quarter, etc.) and the number ofperiods T over which the decision is to be evaluated.e.identify representations of uncertainty for each factor; that is, determine whatdistribution to use to model the uncertainty.Answer: cDifficulty: Moderate32.Uncertainty in demand and economic factors should be included in thefinancial evaluation of supply chain design decisions, becausea.the exclusion of certainty may have a significant impact on this evaluation.b.the exclusion of uncertainty may have a significant impact on thisevaluation.c.the inclusion of certainty may have a significant impact on this evaluation.d.the inclusion of uncertainty may have a significant impact onthis evaluation.e.none of the aboveAnswer: dDifficulty: Hard33.Flexibility should be valued by taking into account uncertainty in demandand economic factors. In general, flexibility will tend toa.decrease in value with a decrease in certainty.b.increase in value with an increase in uncertainty.c.decrease in value with an increase in uncertainty.d.increase in value with an increase in certainty.e.None of the above are accurate.Answer: bDifficulty: Moderate34. A major factor that makes the decision tree methodology quite powerful isa.the choice of certainty.b.the choice of discount rate.c.the choice of uncertainty level.d.the choice of additive factor.e.all of the aboveAnswer: bDifficulty: Moderate35.The appropriate discount rate used in decision tree methodologya.should be risk-adjusted and risk may vary by period and decision node.b.should be risk-adjusted and risk may not vary by period and decisionnode.c.should not be risk-adjusted and risk may vary by period and decisionnode.d.should not be risk-adjusted and risk may not vary by period anddecision node.e.None of the above are accurate.Answer: aDifficulty: Moderate36.Alternative approaches to decision tree analysis includea.contingent claims analysis (CCA) for discrete time analysis.b.real options for the continuous time case.c.real options for the discrete time analysis.d.all of the abovee. a and b onlyAnswer: eDifficulty: Moderate37.Contingent claims analysis (CCA) and real optionsa.adjust hurdle rate so that the risk-free discount rate may be applied ineach period.b.adjust opportunity cost of capital so that the risk-free discount rate may beapplied in each period.c.adjust rate of return so that the risk-free discount rate may be appliedin each period.d.adjust transition probabilities so that the risk-free discount rate maybe applied in each period.e.none of the aboveAnswer: dDifficulty: Moderate38.Firms should use simulation for evaluating decisions whena.underlying decision trees are simple and explicit solutions forthe underlying decision tree are difficult to obtain.b.underlying decision trees are very complex and explicit solutions forthe underlying decision tree are difficult to obtain.c.underlying decision trees are simple and explicit solutions forthe underlying decision tree are easy to obtain.d.underlying decision trees are very complex and explicit solutions forthe underlying decision tree are easy to obtain.e.none of the aboveAnswer: bDifficulty: Moderate39.In a complex decision tree there area.only a few possible paths that may result from the first period to the last.b.less than thirty possible paths that may result from the first period tothe last.c.thousands of possible paths that may result from the first period tothe last.d.an infinite number of possible paths that may result from the first periodto the last.e.none of the aboveAnswer: cDifficulty: Moderate40.Simulation methods are very good at evaluating a decision wherea.the path itself is decision dependent.b.the path itself is not decision dependent.c.the discount rate is decision dependent.d.the discount rate is not decision dependent.e.none of theabove Answer: bDifficulty: Hard41.Simulation modelsa.require a higher setup cost to start and operate compared to decisiontree tools.b.require a lower setup cost to start and operate compared to decision treetools.c.require a higher setup cost to start but less to operate comparedto decision tree tools.d.require a lower setup cost to start but more to operate comparedto decision tree tools.e.none of the aboveAnswer: aDifficulty: Hard42.The main advantage of simulation models is that they cana.provide high-quality evaluations of simple situations.b.provide high-quality evaluations of complex situations.c.provide low-cost evaluations of simple situations.d.provide low-cost evaluations of complex situations.e.provide low-quality evaluations of complex situations.Answer: bDifficulty: Easy43.Strategic planning and financial planninga.should be performed independently during supply chain network design.b.should be performed sequentially during supply chain network design.c.should be performed hierarchically during supply chain network design.d.should be performed concurrently during supply chain network design.e.should be combined during supply chain network design.Answer: eDifficulty: Hard44.The evaluation of supply chain networksa.should use only one metric.b.should use multiple metrics.c.should not use more than one metric.d.should not use multiple metrics.e.should be subjective.Answer: bDifficulty: Moderate45.Financial analysis should be used asa.the decision-making process.b.an alternative decision-making process.c.an input to decision making, not as the decision-making process.d.all of the abovee.none of the aboveAnswer: cDifficulty: Moderate46.One of the best ways to speed up the process of financial analysis and arrive ata good decision is toe estimates of inputs when it appears that finding a very accurate inputwould take an inordinate amount of time.e estimates backed up by sensitivity analysis when it appears thatfinding a very accurate input would take an inordinate amount of time.e estimates of inputs except when it appears that finding avery accurate input would take an inordinate amount of time.d.make sure that every detail is very accurate.e.none of the aboveAnswer: bDifficulty: ModerateEssay/Problems1.Explain additive and multiplicative binomial representations of uncertainty.Answer : The binomial representation of uncertainty is based on the assumptionthat when moving from one period to the next, the value of the underlying factor(such as demand or price) has only two possible outcomes - up or down. In thecommonly used multiplicative binomial, it is assumed that the underlying factoreither moves up by a factor u > 1 with probability p, or down by a factor d < 1 with probability 1 –p. In the additive binomial, it is assumed that the underlying factorincreases by u in a given period with probability p and decreases by d withprobability 1 –p. The multiplicative binomial cannot take on negative values andcan be used for factors like demand, price, and exchange rates that cannotbecome negative. It also has the advantage of the growth or decline in the givenfactor being proportional to the current value of the factor and not fixedindependent of size. A logical objection to both the multiplicative and additivebinomial is the fact that the underlying factor takes on only one of two possiblevalues at the end of each period. Certainly a price can change to more than justtwo values. But by making the period short enough, this assumption may bejustified.Difficulty: Hard2.Summarize the steps in the decision tree analysis methodology.Answer: The decision tree analysis methodology is summarized as follows:1.Identify the duration of each period (month, quarter, etc.) and the number ofperiods T over which the decision is to be evaluated.2.Identify factors such as demand, price, and exchange rate, whose fluctuationwill be considered over the next T periods.3.Identify representations of uncertainty for each factor; that is, determinewhat distribution to use to model the uncertainty.4. Identify the periodic discount rate k for each period.5.Represent the decision tree with defined states in each period, as well asthe transition probabilities between states in successive periods.6. Starting at period T, work back to Period 0, identifying the optimal decision andthe expected cash flows at each step. Expected cash flows at each step in a givenperiod should be discounted back when included in the previous period. Difficulty:Moderate3.Discuss the ideas that managers should consider to make better supply chainnetwork design decisions under uncertainty.Answer: Managers should consider the following ideas to help them make betternetwork design decisions under uncertainty:1. Combine strategic planning and financial planning during network design.Inmost organizations, financial planning and strategic planning are performedindependently. Strategic planning tries to prepare for future uncertainties butoften without rigorous quantitative analysis, whereas financial planning performsquantitative analysis but assumes a predictable or well-defined future. Decisionmakers should design supply chain networks considering a portfolio of strategicoptions —the option to wait, build excess capacity, build flexible capacity, signlong-term contracts, purchase from the spot market, and so forth. The variousoptions should be evaluated in the context of future uncertainty.2. Use multiple metrics to evaluate supply chain networks.As one metric canonly give part of the picture, it is beneficial to examine network design decisionsusing multiple metrics such as firm profits, supply chain profits, customerservice levels, and response times. Often, different metrics will recommenddifferent decisions and by using multiple metrics, the differences between thestrategic choices will become clearer. The best decisions can be made when amultitude of metrics are available, because each metric enhances the overallview of the alternatives being considered.e financial analysis as an input to decision making, not as the decision-making process. Financial analysis is a great tool in the decision-making process,as it often produces an answer and an abundance of quantitative data to back upthat answer. However appealing this may be, management should not rely solelyon financial analysis to make decisions. Use of this analysis as a large part of thedecision-making process is fine, but other inputs into the decision process that aredifficult to quantify should be included in the analysis as well. Financialmethodologies alone do not provide a complete picture of the alternatives. Theseimpacts should be considered in addition to the raw financial analysis. In the finalanalysis, management must use other inputs beyond financial analysis in thedecision-making process to get the most complete view of the alternatives possible.4. Use estimates along with sensitivity analysis. Many of the inputs into financialanalysis can be difficult, if not impossible, to nail down in a very accurate fashion.This can cause financial analysis to be a long and drawn out process. One of thebest ways to speed the process along and arrive at a good decision is to useestimates of inputs when it appears that finding a very accurate input would take aninordinate amount of time. Using estimates is fine when the estimates are backed upby sensitivity analysis. By performing sensitivity analysis on the input ’ s。
供应链管理自测练习六
第六章供应链库存管理一、重点名词1.周期性订货2.短期博弈3.供应商管理库存4.联合库存管理二、单项选择题1.传统的库存控制解决主要是从（）企业的角度来考虑。
A.多个B.单个C.两个D.三个2.研究供应链上的（），就是要研究如何按照需求合理地降低整个供应链上的库存量，获得最优的订货策略。
A.仓储管理B.仓库管理C.库存管理D.货物管理3.供应链管理的绩效好坏最终应该由（）来评价。
A.领导B.用户C.企业员工D.售货员4.用MRP批量订货出现的需求（）现象，称为“MRP紧张”。
A.放大B.缩小C.不变D.成本5.需求放大效应是需求（）扭曲的结果。
A.数量B.信息C.技术D.反映6.供应链是多个组织的联合，通过有效的过程管理可以（）乃至消除库存。
A.减少B.增加C.不变D.大幅增加7.在供应链企业之间的交易合作过程中产生的各种费用，交易成本随着交易量的()而减少。
A.增加B.减少C.不变D.变化8.需求放大效应是需求信息（）的结果A.变化B.缩小C.扭曲D.放大9.为了应付不确定性，供应链上各个节点企业都设有一定的（），这是企业采取的一种应急措施。
A.在库库存B.在途库存C.已分配量D.安全库存10.（）是建立在经销商一体化基础之上的一种风险分担的库存管理模式。
A.供应商管理库存B.联合库存管理C.第三方管理库存D.分销商管理库存11.供应链成本在企业的运营费用中占有很高的比重，有一项调查表明，在某些行业可以占到（）以上。
A.90%B.85%C.75%D.95%12.在传统的多级库存优化方法中，主要考虑的供应链模式是（）。
A.生产—分销模式B.供应—分销模式C.分销—生产模式D.分销—供应模式13.（）是由于供不应求造成市场机会损失以及用户罚款等。
A.维持库存费用B.交易成本C.缺货损失成本D.订货费用14.（）是将控制中心放在核心企业上，由核心企业对供应链系统的库存进行控制，协调上游和下游企业的库存活动。
《供应链管理》练习册答案
供应链练习册答案目录第一章供应链管理概述……………………………………………………………1-4 第二章供应链的设计………………………………………………………………4-6 第三章供应链合作伙伴的选择……………………………………………………6-9 第四章供应链业务流程重构………………………………………………………9-11 第五章供应链物流管理……………………………………………………………12-14 第六章供应链采购管理………………………………………………………14-15 第七章供应链生产管理…………………………………………………………16-18 第八章供应链信息管理…………………………………………………………18-21 第九章供应链管理方法…………………………………………………………21-23 第十章供应链绩效评价……………………………………………………23-24 《供应链管理》自测模拟题……………………………………………………25-32第一章供应链管理概述一、名词解释扩展企业： 是一个概念性的组织单元或系统，它包括采购公司和供应商（一个或多个），他们通过紧密合作来实现最大化的利润分配。
供应链：生产和流通过程中，涉及将产品或服务提供给最终用户活动的上游与下游企业所形成的网链结构。
.供应链管理是一种集成的管理思想和方法，它执行供应链中从供应商到最终用户的物流的计划和控制等职能。
二、选择1、供应链的特征主要有面向用户需求和（abce ）。
a 交叉性b 增值性c 动态性d 保值性e 复杂性2、构成企业核心竞争能力的要素包括（ BCDE ）。
a产品b员工拥有的技能 c 企业的技术体系d 管理体系e 价值观3、在供应链中表现为单向流动的是（ ABC ）。
a物流b资金流 c 服务流 d 信息流 e 消费流三、判断1、供应链管理的具体目标是通过调和总成本最低化、总库存最少化、总周期时间最短化以及物流质量最优化等目标之间的冲突，实现供应链绩效最大化。
高级经济师-工商管理-章节练习-第六章供应链管理
高级经济师-工商管理-章节练习-第六章供应链管理[问答题]1.供应商管理库存有哪些原则？正确答案：详见解析参考解析：(1)合作性原则（合作精神）。
实施供应商管理库存，共享信息和信息透明（江南博哥）是很重要的，供应商和用户都要有较好的合作精神，才能够保持较好的合作关系。
(2)互惠原则（使双方成本最小)。
供应商管理库存解决的不是关于成本如何分配或者谁来支付的问题，而是通过实施供应商管理库存使双方的成本都得到减少，双方都受益。
(3)目标一致性原则。
双方都要在观念上达成一致目标。
例如，库存放在哪里、什么时候支付、是否要支付管理费、要花费多少等问题都需要双方达成一致并体现在目标框架协议中。
(4)总体优化原则。
供需双方共同努力消除浪费并共享收益。
[问答题]3.订单驱动的采购方式有哪些特点？正确答案：详见解析参考解析：①由于供应商与制造商建立了战略合作伙伴关系，办理供应合同的手续大大简化，不再需要双方询盘和报盘的反复协商，交易成本也因此大为降低；②在同步化供应链计划的协调下，制造计划、采购计划、供应计划能够并行进行，缩短了用户响应时间，采购与供应的重点在于协调各种计划的执行，使制造计划、采购计划、销售计划保持同步；③采购物资直接进人制造部门，减少采购部门的工作压力和不增加价值的活动，实现供应链的精细化运作;④信息传递方式发生变化，供应链管理环境下供应商能共享制造商的相关信息，提高供应商应变能力，减少信息失真，同时在订货过程中不断进行信息反馈，修正订货计划，使订货量与需求量保持较高的一致性。
[问答题]4.简述物流运作模式该如何选择？正确答案：详见解析参考解析：1.如果物流在企业战略中起关键作用，但自身物流管理水平却较低，对这类企业来说，组建物流联盟将会在物流设施、运输能力、专业管理技能上受益极大；2.对物流在其战略中不占关键地位，但其物流水平却很高的企业来说，可以寻找伙伴共享物流资源，通过增加物流业务获得规模效益，降低成本；3.如果企业有很高的客户服务需求标准，物流成本占总成本的比重极大，自身物流管理能力强，一般不会选择外购物流服务而采用自营方式；4.对于那些物流在其战略中地位并不是很重要、自身物流管理能力也比较欠缺的企业来说，采用第三方物流是最佳选择，因为这样能大幅度降低物流成本，提髙物流水平。
供应链管理-采购管理-第6章
问题
肯定回答 (%)
缺乏供应商的支持 23.6
部门之间协调性差 20.0
缺乏对供应商激励 18.2
采购物品的类型
16.4
进货物品质量差
12.7
特殊政策与惯例
7.1
供应商有关的准时化采购问题
问题
很难找到好的供应商 供应商不可靠 供应商太远 供应商不多 供应商不想频繁交货
肯定回答 （%） 35.6 31.1 26.7 24.4 17.8
第三节 准时化采购策略
二、对供应链管理的意义
准时化采购策略体现了供应链管理的协调性、同步性和集成 性，供应链管理需要准时化采购来保证供应链的整体性和同 步化运作。
订单驱动是使供应和需求双方都有 围绕订单运作，也就实现了准时化。
第三节 准时化采购策略 三、准时化采购的特点
（一）供应商越来越少，甚至单源供应 （二）对供应商的选择标准与以往不同 （三）对交货准时性的要求高 （四）对信息交流的需求与以往不同 （五）制定采购批量的策略与以往不同
第六节 全球采购
二、全球采购对中国企业的影响
• 利： • 1、提供了一个开拓国际市场的机遇 • 2、使我国企业更快的提供自己的产品质量和竞争能力 • 3、建立起全球化的生产和采购网络
第六节 供应商管理
二、全球采购对中国企业的影响
• 弊： • 如何适应全球化的挑战，以及国际市场的要求
（包括经济体制和贸易政策）
第六章 供应链管理环境下的 采购管理
学习要求
• 1．比较传统的采购模式和供应链管理环境 中的采购模式；
• 2．叙述准时化采购的基本思想、特点和实 施要求；
• 3．掌握供应商的选择、评价和管理过程与 方法。
第一节传统的采购模式
(完整版)供应链管理第三版Unit6习题与答案
Chapter 6Network Design in an Uncertain EnvironmentTrue/False1. Decisions made during the supply chain design phase regarding significantinvestments in the supply chain, such as the number and size of plants to build,the number of trucks to purchase or lease, and whether to build or leasewarehouse space, cannot be altered in the short term.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Moderate2. Decisions made during the supply chain design phase regarding significantinvestments in the supply chain, such as the number and size of plants to build,the number of trucks to purchase or lease, and whether to build or leasewarehouse space, rarely remain in place for several years.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Moderate3. Decisions made during the supply chain design phase regarding significantinvestments in the supply chain, such as the number and size of plants to build,the number of trucks to purchase or lease, and whether to build or leasewarehouse space, define the boundaries within which the supply chain mustcompete.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Moderate4. Long-term contracts for both warehousing and transportation requirements willbe more effective if the demand and price of warehousing do not change in thefuture or if the price of warehousing goes up.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Easy5. Long-term contracts for both warehousing and transportation requirements willbe more effective if either demand or the price of warehousing drops in the future.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Moderate6. The degree of demand and price uncertainty has a significant influence on theappropriate portfolio of long- and short-term warehousing space that a firmshould carry.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Easy7. If price and demand vary over time in a global network, flexible productioncapacity can be reconfigured to maximize profits in the new environment.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Moderate8. A firm may choose to build a flexible global supply chain even in the presence oflittle demand or supply uncertainty if certainty exists in exchange rates or prices.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Moderate9. The present value of a stream of cash flows is what that stream is worth intoday’s dollars.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Easy10. Discretionary cash flow (DCF) analysis evaluates the present value of anystream of future cash flows and allows management to compare two streams of cash flows in terms of their financial value.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Easy11. The present value of future cash flows is found by using a discount factor.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Moderate12. The rate of return k is also referred to as the present value of capital.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Easy13. A negative NPV for an option indicates that the option will lose money for thesupply chain.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Moderate14. The decision with the lowest NPV will provide a supply chain with the highestfinancial return.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Moderate15. In reality, demand and prices are highly uncertain and are likely to fluctuateduring the life of any supply chain decision.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Moderate16. For a global supply chain, exchange rates and inflation are unlikely to vary overtime in different locations.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Easy17. The multiplicative binomial cannot take on negative values and can be used forfactors like demand, price, and exchange rates that cannot become negative.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Moderate18. A logical objection to both the multiplicative and additive binomial is the fact thatthe underlying factor takes on two values at the end of each period.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Hard19. If uncertainty is ignored, a manager will always sign long-term contracts becausethey are typically cheaper and avoid all flexible capacity because it is moreexpensive.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Moderate20. During network design, managers need a methodology that allows them toestimate the certainty in their forecast of demand and price and then incorporate this certainty into the decision-making process.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Hard21. Decision trees with DCFs can be used to evaluate supply chain design decisionsgiven uncertainty in prices, demand, exchange rates, and inflation.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Moderate22. Uncertainty in demand and economic factors should not be included in thefinancial evaluation of supply chain design decisions.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Hard23. In a complex decision tree, there are thousands of possible paths that may resultfrom the first period to the last.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Easy24. Simulation methods are very good at evaluating a decision where the path itselfis decision dependent.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Hard25. Simulation models require a higher setup cost to start and operate compared todecision tree tools.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Easy26. The main advantage of simulation models is that they can provide low-costevaluations of complex situations.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Moderate27. Strategic planning and financial planning should be combined during supplychain network design.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Moderate28. The evaluation of supply chain networks should not use multiple metrics.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Moderate29. Financial analysis should be used as an input to decision making, not as thedecision-making process.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Moderate30. One of the best ways to speed up the process of financial analysis and arrive at agood decision is to use estimates, except when it appears that finding a veryaccurate input would take an inordinate amount of time.Answer: FalseDifficulty: EasyMultiple Choice1. Decisions made during the supply chain design phase regarding significantinvestments in the supply chain, such as the number and size of plants to build,the number of trucks to purchase or lease, and whether to build or leasewarehouse space,a. can be altered in the short term.b. cannot be altered in the short term.c. cannot be altered in the long term.d. can only be altered in the short term.e. all of the aboveAnswer: bDifficulty: Easy2. Decisions made during the supply chain design phase regarding significantinvestments in the supply chain, such as the number and size of plants to build,the number of trucks to purchase or lease, and whether to build or leasewarehouse space,a. are realigned every few weeks.b. only remain in place for several years.c. rarely remain in place for several years.d. only remain in place for a few weeks.e. often remain in place for several years.Answer: eDifficulty: Hard3. Decisions made during the supply chain design phase regarding significantinvestments in the supply chain, such as the number and size of plants to build,the number of trucks to purchase or lease, and whether to build or leasewarehouse space,a. define the boundaries within which the supply chain must compete.b. have little impact on how the supply chain must compete.c. are irrelevant regarding how the supply chain will compete.d. are the only consideration regarding how the supply chain will compete.e. none of the aboveAnswer: aDifficulty: Moderate4. Long-term contracts for both warehousing and transportation requirements willbe more effective ifa. the demand and price of warehousing do not change in the future.b. the price of warehousing goes up in the future.c. demand drops in the future.d. the price of warehousing drops in the future.e. a and b onlyAnswer: eDifficulty: Moderate5. Short-term contracts for both warehousing and transportation requirements willbe more effectivea. if the demand and price of warehousing do not change in the future.b. if the price of warehousing goes up in the future.c. if either demand or the price of warehousing drops in the future.d. only if demand drops in the future.e. only if the price of warehousing drops in the future.Answer: cDifficulty: Moderate6. The degree of demand and price uncertainty hasa. no effect on the appropriate portfolio of long- and short-term warehousingspace that a firm should carry.b. a limited influence on the appropriate portfolio of long- and short-termwarehousing space that a firm should carry.c. a minor influence on the appropriate portfolio of long- and short-termwarehousing space that a firm should carry.d. a significant influence on the appropriate portfolio of long- and short-termwarehousing space that a firm should carry.e. None of the above are true.Answer: dDifficulty: Moderate7. Uncertainty of demand and pricea. drives the value of building flexible production capacity at a plant.b. eliminates the value of building flexible production capacity at a plant.c. facilitates the value of building flexible production capacity at a plant.d. has no effect on the value of building flexible production capacity at aplant.e. None of the above are true.Answer: a8. If price and demand do vary over time in a global network,a. flexible production capacity should not be used in the new environment.b. flexible production capacity will be ineffective in the new environment.c. flexible production capacity can be reconfigured to minimize profits in thenew environment.d. flexible production capacity can be reconfigured to maximize profits in thenew environment.e. flexible production capacity should never be used in an uncertainenvironment.Answer: dDifficulty: Moderate9. A firm may choose to build a flexible global supply chain even in the presence oflittle demand or supply uncertainty ifa. certainty exists in both exchange rates and prices.b. certainty exists in exchange rates or prices.c. uncertainty exists in both exchange rates and prices.d. uncertainty exists in exchange rates or prices.e. uncertainty exists only in exchange rates.Answer: dDifficulty: Moderate10. The present value of a future stream of cash flows is what that streama. was worth in yesterday’s dollars.b. is wo rth in today’s dollars.c. will be worth in future dollars.d. might be worth in future dollars.e. none of the aboveAnswer: bDifficulty: Easy11. The process of evaluating the present value of any stream of future cash flows sothat management can compare two streams of cash flows in terms of theirfinancial value isa. annual cash flow(ACF) analysis.b. discretionary cash flow(DCF) analysis.c. discounted cash flow(DCF) analysis.d. future cash flow(FCF) analysis.e. none of the aboveAnswer: cDifficulty: Moderate12. The present value of future cash flow is found bya. locating the correct factor on a z-table.b. using a discount factor.c. plotting the function on a graph.d. adding the total of all future cash flows.e. none of the aboveAnswer: b13. The discount factor used to obtain the present value of money in the next periodwhere k represents the rate of return isa. k.b. 1+k.c. 1/(1+k).d. k /(1+k).e. none of the aboveAnswer: cDifficulty: Moderate14. The rate of return k is also referred to as thea. discount rate.b. hurdle rate.c. opportunity cost of capital.d. all of the abovee. none of the aboveAnswer: dDifficulty: Easy15. What is the present value of a $27 revenue that will be received in one yearwhere the rate of return is 8% (.08)?a. $2.50b. $15.00c. $25.00d. $30.00e. none of the aboveAnswer: cDifficulty: Easy16. The net present value (NPV) of a stream of cash flows is equal toa. the sum of all cash flows for all periods being considered.b. the sum of all cash flows for all periods being considered divided by thenumber of periods.c. the average of all cash flows for all periods being considered.d. the average of all cash flows for all periods being considered multiplied bythe number of periods.e. the sum of all cash flows for all periods being considered discounted bythe rate of return for each period.Answer: eDifficulty: Hard17. A negative NPV (net present value) for an option indicates that the option willa. gain money for the supply chain.b. lose money for the supply chain.c. maximize profit for the supply chain.d. minimize profit for the supply chain.e. none of the aboveAnswer: bDifficulty: Moderate18. The decision with the highest NPV (net present value) will provide a supply chainwitha. the highest financial return.b. the lowest financial return.c. a reasonable financial return.d. the least desirable financial return.e. none of the aboveAnswer: aDifficulty: Moderate19. The NPV (net present value) of a cash stream that is equal to $100 per period for5 periods with a rate of return of 10% (.10) per period would bea. 379.07.b. 416.98.c. 500.00.d. 610.51.e. 671.56.Answer: bDifficulty: Moderate20. The NPV (net present value) of a cash stream that is equal to $75 per period for5 periods with a rate of return of 10% (.10) per period would bea. 221.37.b. 284.30.c. 312.74.d. 375.00.e. none of the aboveAnswer: cDifficulty: Moderate21. In reality, demand and prices area. highly certain and not likely to fluctuate during the life of any supply chaindecision.b. highly certain and likely to fluctuate during the life of any supply chaindecision.c. highly uncertain and not likely to fluctuate during the life of any supplychain decision.d. highly uncertain and likely to fluctuate during the life of any supply chaindecision.e. none of the aboveAnswer: dDifficulty: Moderate22. For a global supply chain, exchange rates and inflation area. likely to vary over time in different locations.b. not likely to vary over time in different locations.c. not likely to vary over time in any locations.d. likely to be stable over time in all locations.e. none of the aboveAnswer: aDifficulty: Easy23. The binomial representation of uncertainty is based on the assumption that whenmoving from one period to the next, the value of the underlying factor (such asdemand or price)a. has only one possible outcome.b. has only two possible outcomes - up or down.c. has many possible outcomes.d. cannot be accurately determined.e. none of the aboveAnswer: bDifficulty: Moderate24. In the commonly used multiplicative binomial, it is assumed that the underlyingfactora. moves up by a factor u > 1 with probability p.b. moves down by a factor u > 1 with probability p.c. moves down by a factor d < 1 with probability 1 – p.d. either a or be. either a or cAnswer: eDifficulty: Hard25. The multiplicative binomial can be used for factors like demand, price, andexchange rates that cannot become negative because ita. can take on negative values.b. cannot take on negative values.c. can take on positive values.d. cannot take on positive values.e. all of the aboveAnswer: bDifficulty: Hard26. A logical objection to both the multiplicative and additive binomial is the fact thatthe underlying factora. takes on only one of two possible values at the end of each period.b. takes on two values at the end of each period.c. takes on one of many possible values at the end of each period.d. takes on several of many possible values at the end of each period.e. none of the aboveAnswer: aDifficulty: Moderate27. If uncertainty is ignored, a manager willa. always sign long-term contracts because they are typically moreexpensive and avoid all flexible capacity because it is more expensive.b. always sign short-term contracts because they are typically cheaper andavoid all flexible capacity because it is more expensive.c. always sign long-term contracts because they are typically cheaper andavoid all flexible capacity because it is more expensive.d. always sign short-term contracts because they are typically cheaper andavoid all flexible capacity because it is less expensive.e. none of the aboveAnswer: cDifficulty: Hard28. A decision tree isa. a graphic device used to evaluate decisions under certainty.b. a graphic device used to evaluate decisions under uncertainty.c. a tabular device used to evaluate decisions under certainty.d. a tabular device used to evaluate decisions under uncertainty.e. none of the aboveAnswer: bDifficulty: Moderate29. Decision tree analysis is based on Bellman’s principle, which states that for anychoice of strategy in a given state,a. the optimal strategy is the one that is selected if the entire analysis isassumed to begin in the first period.b. the optimal strategy is the one that is selected if the entire analysis isassumed to begin in the last period.c. the optimal strategy in the next period is the one that is selected if theentire analysis is assumed to begin in the last period.d. the optimal strategy in the next period is the one that is selected if theentire analysis is assumed to begin in the next period.e. none of the aboveAnswer: dDifficulty: Hard30. The first step in decision tree analysis methodology is toa. identify factors such as demand, price, and exchange rate, whosefluctuation will be considered over the next T periods.b. identify the periodic discount rate k for each period.c. start at period T, work back to Period 0 identifying the optimal decisionand the expected cash flows at each step. Expected cash flows at eachstep in a given period should be discounted back when included in theprevious period.d. identify the duration of each period (month, quarter, etc.) and the numberof periods T over which the decision is to be evaluated.e. identify representations of uncertainty for each factor; that is, determinewhat distribution to use to model the uncertainty.Answer: dDifficulty: Moderate31. The last step in decision tree analysis methodology is toa. identify factors such as demand, price, and exchange rate, whose fluctuationwill be considered over the next T periods.b. identify the periodic discount rate k for each period.c. start at period T, work back to Period 0, identifying the optimal decision andthe expected cash flows at each step. Expected cash flows at each step in agiven period should be discounted back when included in the previous period.d. identify the duration of each period (month, quarter, etc.) and the number ofperiods T over which the decision is to be evaluated.e. identify representations of uncertainty for each factor; that is, determine whatdistribution to use to model the uncertainty.Answer: cDifficulty: Moderate32. Uncertainty in demand and economic factors should be included in the financialevaluation of supply chain design decisions, becausea. the exclusion of certainty may have a significant impact on this evaluation.b. the exclusion of uncertainty may have a significant impact on thisevaluation.c. the inclusion of certainty may have a significant impact on this evaluation.d. the inclusion of uncertainty may have a significant impact on thisevaluation.e. none of the aboveAnswer: dDifficulty: Hard33. Flexibility should be valued by taking into account uncertainty in demand andeconomic factors. In general, flexibility will tend toa. decrease in value with a decrease in certainty.b. increase in value with an increase in uncertainty.c. decrease in value with an increase in uncertainty.d. increase in value with an increase in certainty.e. None of the above are accurate.Answer: bDifficulty: Moderate34. A major factor that makes the decision tree methodology quite powerful isa. the choice of certainty.b. the choice of discount rate.c. the choice of uncertainty level.d. the choice of additive factor.e. all of the aboveAnswer: bDifficulty: Moderate35. The appropriate discount rate used in decision tree methodologya. should be risk-adjusted and risk may vary by period and decision node.b. should be risk-adjusted and risk may not vary by period and decisionnode.c. should not be risk-adjusted and risk may vary by period and decisionnode.d. should not be risk-adjusted and risk may not vary by period and decisionnode.e. None of the above are accurate.Answer: aDifficulty: Moderate36. Alternative approaches to decision tree analysis includea. contingent claims analysis (CCA) for discrete time analysis.b. real options for the continuous time case.c. real options for the discrete time analysis.d. all of the abovee. a and b onlyAnswer: eDifficulty: Moderate37. Contingent claims analysis (CCA) and real optionsa. adjust hurdle rate so that the risk-free discount rate may be applied ineach period.b. adjust opportunity cost of capital so that the risk-free discount rate may beapplied in each period.c. adjust rate of return so that the risk-free discount rate may be applied ineach period.d. adjust transition probabilities so that the risk-free discount rate may beapplied in each period.e. none of the aboveAnswer: dDifficulty: Moderate38. Firms should use simulation for evaluating decisions whena. underlying decision trees are simple and explicit solutions for theunderlying decision tree are difficult to obtain.b. underlying decision trees are very complex and explicit solutions for theunderlying decision tree are difficult to obtain.c. underlying decision trees are simple and explicit solutions for theunderlying decision tree are easy to obtain.d. underlying decision trees are very complex and explicit solutions for theunderlying decision tree are easy to obtain.e. none of the aboveAnswer: bDifficulty: Moderate39. In a complex decision tree there area. only a few possible paths that may result from the first period to the last.b. less than thirty possible paths that may result from the first period to thelast.c. thousands of possible paths that may result from the first period to thelast.d. an infinite number of possible paths that may result from the first period tothe last.e. none of the aboveAnswer: cDifficulty: Moderate40. Simulation methods are very good at evaluating a decision wherea. the path itself is decision dependent.b. the path itself is not decision dependent.c. the discount rate is decision dependent.d. the discount rate is not decision dependent.e. none of the aboveAnswer: bDifficulty: Hard41. Simulation modelsa. require a higher setup cost to start and operate compared to decision treetools.b. require a lower setup cost to start and operate compared to decision treetools.c. require a higher setup cost to start but less to operate compared todecision tree tools.d. require a lower setup cost to start but more to operate compared todecision tree tools.e. none of the aboveAnswer: aDifficulty: Hard42. The main advantage of simulation models is that they cana. provide high-quality evaluations of simple situations.b. provide high-quality evaluations of complex situations.c. provide low-cost evaluations of simple situations.d. provide low-cost evaluations of complex situations.e. provide low-quality evaluations of complex situations.Answer: bDifficulty: Easy43. Strategic planning and financial planninga. should be performed independently during supply chain network design.b. should be performed sequentially during supply chain network design.c. should be performed hierarchically during supply chain network design.d. should be performed concurrently during supply chain network design.e. should be combined during supply chain network design.Answer: eDifficulty: Hard44. The evaluation of supply chain networksa. should use only one metric.b. should use multiple metrics.c. should not use more than one metric.d. should not use multiple metrics.e. should be subjective.Answer: bDifficulty: Moderate45. Financial analysis should be used asa. the decision-making process.b. an alternative decision-making process.c. an input to decision making, not as the decision-making process.d. all of the abovee. none of the aboveAnswer: cDifficulty: Moderate46. One of the best ways to speed up the process of financial analysis and arrive at agood decision is toa. use estimates of inputs when it appears that finding a very accurate inputwould take an inordinate amount of time.b. use estimates backed up by sensitivity analysis when it appears thatfinding a very accurate input would take an inordinate amount of time.c. use estimates of inputs except when it appears that finding a veryaccurate input would take an inordinate amount of time.d. make sure that every detail is very accurate.e. none of the aboveAnswer: bDifficulty: ModerateEssay/Problems1. Explain additive and multiplicative binomial representations of uncertainty.Answer: The binomial representation of uncertainty is based on the assumptionthat when moving from one period to the next, the value of the underlying factor(such as demand or price) has only two possible outcomes - up or down. In thecommonly used multiplicative binomial, it is assumed that the underlying factoreither moves up by a factor u > 1 with probability p, or down by a factor d < 1 with probability 1 – p. In the additive binomial, it is assumed that the underlying factor increases by u in a given period with probability p and decreases by d withprobability 1 – p. The multiplicative binomial cannot take on negative values and can be used for factors like demand, price, and exchange rates that cannotbecome negative. It also has the advantage of the growth or decline in the given factor being proportional to the current value of the factor and not fixedindependent of size. A logical objection to both the multiplicative and additivebinomial is the fact that the underlying factor takes on only one of two possiblevalues at the end of each period. Certainly a price can change to more than justtwo values. But by making the period short enough, this assumption may bejustified.Difficulty: Hard2. Summarize the steps in the decision tree analysis methodology.Answer: The decision tree analysis methodology is summarized as follows:1. Identify the duration of each period (month, quarter, etc.) and the number ofperiods T over which the decision is to be evaluated.2. Identify factors such as demand, price, and exchange rate, whose fluctuationwill be considered over the next T periods.3. Identify representations of uncertainty for each factor; that is, determine whatdistribution to use to model the uncertainty.4. Identify the periodic discount rate k for each period.5. Represent the decision tree with defined states in each period, as well as thetransition probabilities between states in successive periods.6. Starting at period T, work back to Period 0, identifying the optimal decision andthe expected cash flows at each step. Expected cash flows at each step in agiven period should be discounted back when included in the previous period.Difficulty: Moderate3. Discuss the ideas that managers should consider to make better supply chainnetwork design decisions under uncertainty.Answer: Managers should consider the following ideas to help them make betternetwork design decisions under uncertainty:1. Combine strategic planning and financial planning during network design. Inmost organizations, financial planning and strategic planning are performedindependently. Strategic planning tries to prepare for future uncertainties butoften without rigorous quantitative analysis, whereas financial planning performsquantitative analysis but assumes a predictable or well-defined future. Decisionmakers should design supply chain networks considering a portfolio of strategicoptions—the option to wait, build excess capacity, build flexible capacity, signlong-term contracts, purchase from the spot market, and so forth. The variousoptions should be evaluated in the context of future uncertainty.2. Use multiple metrics to evaluate supply chain networks. As one metric canonly give part of the picture, it is beneficial to examine network design decisionsusing multiple metrics such as firm profits, supply chain profits, customer servicelevels, and response times. Often, different metrics will recommend differentdecisions and by using multiple metrics, the differences between the strategicchoices will become clearer. The best decisions can be made when a multitudeof metrics are available, because each metric enhances the overall view of thealternatives being considered.3. Use financial analysis as an input to decision making, not as the decision-making process. Financial analysis is a great tool in the decision-making process, as it often produces an answer and an abundance of quantitative data to back up that answer. However appealing this may be, management should not rely solely on financial analysis to make decisions. Use of this analysis as a large part of the decision-making process is fine, but other inputs into the decision process thatare difficult to quantify should be included in the analysis as well. Financialmethodologies alone do not provide a complete picture of the alternatives. These impacts should be considered in addition to the raw financial analysis. In the final analysis, management must use other inputs beyond financial analysis in thedecision-making process to get the most complete view of the alternativespossible.4. Use estimates along with sensitivity analysis. Many of the inputs into financialanalysis can be difficult, if not impossible, to nail down in a very accurate fashion.This can cause financial analysis to be a long and drawn out process. One of the best ways to speed the process along and arrive at a good decision is to useestimates of inputs when it appears that finding a very accurate input would takean inordinate amount of time. Using estimates is fine when the estimates arebacked up by sensitivity analysis. By performing sensitivity analysis on the input’s。
供应链管理(第三版)章节练习题题库及答案
供应链管理（第三版）章节练习题题库及答案第一章供应链认知（一）判断题（1）供应链不仅是一条连接供应商到用户的物料链、信息链、资金链，而且还是一条增值链。
（T ）（2）传统管理模式是以规模化需求和区域性的卖方市场为决策背景，通过规模效应降低成本，获得效益。
（ F ）（3）供应链管理这一名词最早出现于20世纪80年代，最初是由咨询业提出的。
（T ）（4）让最终顾客更满意是供应链全体成员的共同目标,顾客满意的实质是顾客获得超出他们承担的产品价格以上的那部分“价值”。
（T ）（5）供应链管理是以同步化、集成化生产计划为指导，以各种信息技术为支持，尤其以Internet/Intranet为依托。
（T ）（6）供应链管理整体成本最小化意味着每个节点企业的成本都是最小。
（ F ）（7）从成本方面来看，供应链管理是通过注重产品最终成本来优化供应链的。
（T ）（8）由于供应链节点企业有一个共同的追求目标，所以它们之间不再有竞争性。
（F ）（9）供应链管理中的“零库存”就是指节点企业的库存为零。
（ F ）（10）从系统的观点出发，改进服务、缩短时间、提高品质与减少库存、降低成本是可以兼得的。
（T ）二、单选题1、供应链是（C）结构。
A、直链B、支链C、网链D、环状2、供应链节点企业之间是一种（A ）关系。
A、需求与供应B、支配C、平等D、利益3、供应链管理因企业战略和适应市场需求变化的需要，链上节点企业需要动态地更新，这就使得供应链具有明显的（B ）。
A、复杂性B、动态性C、交叉性D、灵活性4、从20世纪80年代初到20世纪90年代初供应链管理处于（A ）。
A、初级阶段B、发展阶段C、成熟阶段D、建设阶段5、按照道格拉斯·兰伯特的思想，企业主动召回有问题的已售商品，属于供应链业务流程的（ B ）程序？A、订单配送B、反向物流（回流）C、需求管理D、制造流程管理三、多选题1、传统“纵向一体化”管理模式存在的弊端有（ABCD ）。
最新供应链管理课后习题答案
精品文档供应链管理课后习题答案第一章1.纵向一体化的企业拥有、管理并运作所有相关的业务职能。
横向一体化的企业由一些独立运营的企业组成，公司总部提供品牌、指导和一般战略。
比较并对比这两种类型企业的供应链战略。
答：纵向一体化企业旨在使公司各业务成分之间的互动更紧密，而且经常集中地管理它们。
这样的结构，可以更容易地通过中央决策除去供应链中的不同部分之间的冲突来实现系统的整体目标。
在横向一体化公司，协调公司内部各业务的供应链通常是没有效益的。
事实上，如果横向一体化中的每个企业都专注于它的核心功能，并以最佳状态运行，就可能达到总体的全局最优效果。
2.考虑一个企业重新设计其物流网络。
为数不多的几个集中仓库的优点是什么？大量靠近最终用户的仓库的优点是什么？答：少数位于市中心的仓库，允许公司利用风险分担，以提高服务水平并降低库存水平和成本。
不过，对外运输成本通常较高，交货间隔期较长。
另一方面，企业可以通过建立更多的靠近最终用户的仓库，以减少对外运输成本和交货间隔期。
然而，这种类型的系统将会使总库存水平和成本增加、规模经济下降、仓储费用增加，并且可能增加对内运输费用。
3.考虑一个企业选择运输服务提供商。
使用卡车承运商的优点是什么？使用诸如UPS这样的包裹速递公司的优点是什么？答：企业对运输服务的选择在很大程度上取决于公司要运输的产品的类型和大小，库存和交付的策略，和对灵活性的需求：1.如果是大量而稳定的运送大件物品或小件物品从仓库到需求点（店），货车运输会更好。
一个很好的例子就是仓库到超市之间的杂货送货。
要注意，在本例中，我们希望的是卡车满载时货物达到卡车装载量。
精品文档．精品文档快递公司可以根据客仓库直接递送顾客的是相对低成本的项目，那么用快递公司更合适。
此外，/2.如果由制造商户的个人需要灵活的提供不同的运输方式。
4.企业库存水平较高有什么优点？有什么缺点？库存水平低有什么优点和缺点？高库存水平1.答：高和订单执行快速。
(完整版)供应链管理第三版Unit6习题与答案
Chapter 6Network Desig n in an Un certa in En vir onmentTrue/False1. Decisi ons made duri ng the supply cha in desig n phase regard ing sig nifica ntin vestme nts in the supply cha in, such as the nu mber and size of pla nts to build, the nu mber of trucks to purchase or lease, and whether to build or leasewarehouse space, cannot be altered in the short term.An swer: TrueDifficulty: Moderate2. Decisi ons made duri ng the supply cha in desig n phase regard ing sig nifica ntin vestme nts in the supply cha in, such as the nu mber and size of pla nts to build, the nu mber of trucks to purchase or lease, and whether to build or leasewarehouse space, rarely rema in in place for several years.An swer: FalseDifficulty: Moderate3. Decisi ons made duri ng the supply cha in desig n phase regard ing sig nifica ntin vestme nts in the supply cha in, such as the nu mber and size of pla nts to build, the nu mber of trucks to purchase or lease, and whether to build or leasewarehouse space, defi ne the boun daries withi n which the supply cha in mustcompete.An swer: TrueDifficulty: Moderate4. Lon g-term con tracts for both warehous ing and tra nsportati on requireme nts willbe more effective if the dema nd and price of warehous ing do not cha nge in thefuture or if the price of warehous ing goes up.An swer: TrueDifficulty: Easy5. Lon g-term con tracts for both warehous ing and tra nsportati on requireme nts willbe more effective if either dema nd or the price of warehous ing drops in the future.An swer: FalseDifficulty: Moderate6. The degree of dema nd and price un certa inty has a sig nifica nt in flue nee on theappropriate portfolio of long- and short-term warehous ing space that a firm should carry.An swer: TrueDifficulty: Easy7. If price and demand vary over time in a global network, flexible productioncapacity can be reconfigured to maximize profits in the new environment. Answer: True Difficulty: Moderate8. A firm may choose to build a flexible global supply chain even in the presence oflittle demand or supply uncertainty if certainty exists in exchange rates or prices.Answer: False Difficulty: Moderate9. The present value of a stream of cash flows is what that stream is worth intoday ' s dollars.Answer: True Difficulty: Easy10. Discretionary cash flow (DCF) analysis evaluates the present value of anystream of future cash flows and allows management to compare two streams ofcash flows in terms of their financial value. Answer: False Difficulty: Easy11. The present value of future cash flows is found by using a discount factor.Answer: True Difficulty: Moderate12. The rate of return k is also referred to as the present value of capital.Answer: False Difficulty: Easy13. A negative NPV for an option indicates that the option will lose money for thesupply chain. Answer: True Difficulty: Moderate14. The decision with the lowest NPV will provide a supply chain with the highestfinancial return. Answer: False Difficulty: Moderate15. In reality, demand and prices are highly uncertain and are likely to fluctuateduring the life of any supply chain decision. Answer: True Difficulty: Moderate 16. For a global supply chain, exchange rates and inflation are unlikely to vary overtime in different locations.Answer: False Difficulty: Easy17. The multiplicative binomial cannot take on negative values and can be used forfactors like demand, price, and exchange rates that cannot become negative.Answer: True Difficulty: Moderate18. A logical objection to both the multiplicative and additive binomial is the fact thatthe underlying factor takes on two values at the end of each period. Answer: False Difficulty: Hard19. If uncertainty is ignored, a manager will always sign long-term contracts becausethey are typically cheaper and avoid all flexible capacity because it is moreexpensive. Answer: True Difficulty: Moderate20. During network design, managers need a methodology that allows them toestimate the certainty in their forecast of demand and price and then incorporatethis certainty into the decision-making process. Answer: False Difficulty: Hard 21. Decision trees with DCFs can be used to evaluate supply chain design decisionsgiven uncertainty in prices, demand, exchange rates, and inflation. Answer: TrueDifficulty: Moderate22. Uncertainty in demand and economic factors should not be included in thefinancial evaluation of supply chain design decisions. Answer: False Difficulty: Hard 23. In a complex decision tree, there are thousands of possible paths that may resultfrom the first period to the last.Answer: True Difficulty: Easy24. Simulation methods are very good at evaluating a decision where the path itselfis decision dependent.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Hard25. Simulation models require a higher setup cost to start and operate compared todecision tree tools. Answer: True Difficulty: Easy26. The main advantage of simulation models is that they can provide low-costevaluations of complex situations. Answer: False Difficulty: Moderate27. Strategic pla nning and finan cial pla nning should be comb ined duri ng supply chain n etwork desig n.An swer: TrueDifficulty: Moderate28. The evaluati on of supply cha in n etworks should not use multiple metrics.An swer: FalseDifficulty: Moderate29. Finan cial an alysis should be used as an in put to decisi on making, not as thedecisi on-mak ing process.An swer: TrueDifficulty: Moderate30. One of the best ways to speed up the process of finan cial an alysis and arrive at agood decision is to use estimates, except when it appears that finding a veryaccurate in put would take an inordin ate amount of time.An swer: FalseDifficulty: EasyMultiple Choice1. Decisi ons made duri ng the supply cha in desig n phase regard ing sig nifica ntin vestme nts in the supply cha in, such as the nu mber and size of pla nts to build, the nu mber of trucks to purchase or lease, and whether to build or leasewarehouse space,a. can be altered in the short term.b. cannot be altered in the short term.c. cannot be altered in the long term.d. can only be altered in the short term.e. all of the aboveAn swer: bDifficulty: Easy2. Decisi ons made duri ng the supply cha in desig n phase regard ing sig nifica ntin vestme nts in the supply cha in, such as the nu mber and size of pla nts to build, the nu mber of trucks to purchase or lease, and whether to build or leasewarehouse space,a. are realig ned every few weeks.b. only rema in in place for several years.c. rarely remai n in place for several years.d. only rema in in place for a few weeks.e. ofte n rema in in place for several years.An swer: eDifficulty: Hard3. Decisi ons made duri ng the supply cha in desig n phase regard ing sig nifica ntin vestme nts in the supply cha in, such as the nu mber and size of pla nts to build, the number of trucks to purchase or lease, and whether to build or lease warehouse space,a. define the boundaries within which the supply chain must compete.b. have little impact on how the supply chain must compete.c. are irrelevant regarding how the supply chain will compete.d. are the only consideration regarding how the supply chain will compete.e. none of the aboveAnswer: a Difficulty: Moderate4. Long-term contracts for both warehousing and transportation requirements will bemore effective ifa. the demand and price of warehousing do not change in the future.b. the price of warehousing goes up in the future.c. demand drops in the future.d. the price of warehousing drops in the future.e. a and b onlyAnswer: e Difficulty: Moderate5. Short-term contracts for both warehousing and transportation requirements willbe more effectivea. if the demand and price of warehousing do not change in the future.b. if the price of warehousing goes up in the future.c. if either demand or the price of warehousing drops in the future.d. only if demand drops in the future.e. only if the price of warehousing drops in the future.Answer: cDifficulty: Moderate6. The degree of demand and price uncertainty hasa. no effect on the appropriate portfolio of long- and short-term warehousingspace that a firm should carry.b. a limited influence on the appropriate portfolio of long- and short-termwarehousing space that a firm should carry.c. a minor influence on the appropriate portfolio of long- and short-termwarehousing space that a firm should carry.d. a significant influence on the appropriate portfolio of long- and short-termwarehousing space that a firm should carry.e. None of the above are true. Answer: dDifficulty: Moderate7. Uncertainty of demand and pricea. drives the value of building flexible production capacity at a plant.b. eliminates the value of building flexible production capacity at a plant.c. facilitates the value of building flexible production capacity at a plant.d. has no effect on the value of building flexible production capacity at aplant.e. None of the above are true. Answer: a8. If price and demand do vary over time in a global network,a. flexible production capacity should not be used in the new environment.b. flexible production capacity will be ineffective in the new environment.c. flexible production capacity can be reconfigured to minimize profits in thenew environment.d. flexible production capacity can be reconfigured to maximize profits in thenew environment.e. flexible production capacity should never be used in an uncertainenvironment.Answer: dDifficulty: Moderate9. A firm may choose to build a flexible global supply chain even in the presence oflittle demand or supply uncertainty ifa. certainty exists in both exchange rates and prices.b. certainty exists in exchange rates or prices.c. uncertainty exists in both exchange rates and prices.d. uncertainty exists in exchange rates or prices.e. uncertainty exists only in exchange rates.Answer: dDifficulty: Moderate10. The present value of a future stream of cash flows is what that streama. was worth in yesterday ' s dollars.b. is worth in today ' s dollars.c. will be worth in future dollars.d. might be worth in future dollars.e. none of the aboveAnswer: bDifficulty: Easy11. The process of evaluating the present value of any stream of future cash flows sothat management can compare two streams of cash flows in terms of their financial value isa. annual cash flow (ACF) analysis.b. discretionary cash flow (DCF) analysis.c. discounted cash flow (DCF) analysis.d. future cash flow (FCF) analysis.e. none of the aboveAnswer: cDifficulty: Moderate12. The present value of future cash flow is found bya. locating the correct factor on az-table.b. using a discount factor.c. plotting the function on a graph.d. adding the total of all future cashflowse. none of the above Answer: b13.The discount factor used to obtain the present value of money in the next period where k represents the rate of return is a. k. b. 1+k. c. 1/(1+ k). d. k /(1+ k ). e. none of the Answer: c Difficulty: Moderate 14. The rate of return k is also referred to as the a. b. c. d. e. Answer: d Difficulty: Easy discount rate. hurdle rate. opportunity cost of capital. all of the above none of the above 15. What is the present value of a $27 revenue that will be received in one year where the rate of return is 8% (.08)? a. $2.50 b. $15.00 c. $25.00 d. $30.00 e. none of the Answer: c Difficulty: Easy 16. The net present value (NPV) of a stream of cash flows is equal to a. the sum of all cash flows for all periods being considered. b. the sum of all cash flows for all periods being considered divided by the number of periods. c. the average of all cash flows for all periods being considered. d. the average of all cash flows for all periods being considered multiplied by the number of periods. e. the sum of all cash flows for all periods being considered discounted by the rate of return for each period. Answer: eDifficulty: Hard17. A negative NPV (net present value) for an option indicates that the option will a. gain money for the supply chain. b. lose money for the supply chain. c. maximize profit for the supply chain. d. minimize profit for the supply chain. e. none of the above Answer: bDifficulty: Moderate18. The decision with the highest NPV (net present value) will provide a supply chainwitha. the highest financial return.b. the lowest financial return.c. a reasonable financial return.d. the least desirable financialreturn.e. none of the aboveAnswer: aDifficulty: Moderate19. The NPV (net present value) of a cash stream that is equal to $100 per period for5 periods with a rate of return of 10% (.10) per period would bea. 379.07.b. 416.98.c. 500.00.d. 610.51.e. 671.56.Answer: bDifficulty: Moderate20. The NPV (net present value) of a cash stream that is equal to $75 per period for5 periods with a rate of return of 10% (.10) per period would bea. 221.37.b. 284.30.c. 312.74.d. 375.00.e. none of theAnswer: caboveDifficulty: Moderate21. In reality, demand and prices area. highly certain and not likely to fluctuate during the life of any supply chaindecision.b. highly certain and likely to fluctuate during the life of any supply chaindecision.c. highly uncertain and not likely to fluctuate during the life of any supplychain decision.d. highly uncertain and likely to fluctuate during the life of any supply chaindecision.e. none of the aboveAnswer: dDifficulty: Moderate22. For a global supply chain, exchange rates and inflation area. likely to vary over time in different locations.b. not likely to vary over time in different locations.c. not likely to vary over time in any locations.d. likely to be stable over time in all locations.e. none of the aboveAnswer: a23. The binomial representation of uncertainty is based on the assumption that whenmoving from one period to the next, the value of the underlying factor (such as demandDifficulty: Easyor price)a. has only one possible outcome.b. has only two possible outcomes - up or down.c. has many possible outcomes.d. cannot be accurately determined.e. none of the aboveAnswer: bDifficulty: Moderate24. In the commonly used multiplicative binomial, it is assumed that the underlying factora. moves up by a factor u > 1 with probability p.b. moves down by a factor u >1 with probabilityp.c. moves dow n by a factor d <1 with probability1 -p.d. either a or be. either a or cAnswer: eDifficulty: Hard25. The multiplicative binomial can be used for factors like demand, price, and exchangerates that cannot become negative because ita. can take on negative values.b. cannot take on negativevalues.c. can take on positive values.d. cannot take on positivevalues.e. all of the aboveAnswer: bDifficulty: Hard26. A logical objection to both the multiplicative and additive binomial is the fact that theunderlying factora. takes on only one of two possible values at the end of each period.b. takes on two values at the end of each period.c. takes on one of many possible values at the end of each period.d. takes on several of many possible values at the end of each period.e. none of the aboveAnswer: aDifficulty: Moderate27. If uncertainty is ignored, a manager willa. always sign long-term contracts because they are typically more expensiveand avoid all flexible capacity because it is more expensive.b. always sign short-term contracts because they are typically cheaper and avoidall flexible capacity because it is more expensive.c. always sign long-term contracts because they are typically cheaper and avoidall flexible capacity because it is more expensive.d. always sign short-term contracts because they are typically cheaper andavoid all flexible capacity because it is less expensive.e. none of the aboveAnswer: cDifficulty: Hard28. A decision tree isa. a graphic device used to evaluate decisions under certainty.b. a graphic device used to evaluate decisions under uncertainty.c. a tabular device used to evaluate decisions under certainty.d. a tabular device used to evaluate decisions under uncertainty.e. none of the aboveAnswer: bDifficulty: Moderate29. Decision tree analysis is based on Bellman ' s principle, which states that for anychoice of strategy in a given state,a. the optimal strategy is the one that is selected if the entire analysis is assumed tobegin in the first period.b. the optimal strategy is the one that is selected if the entire analysis is assumed tobegin in the last period.c. the optimal strategy in the next period is the one that is selected if theentire analysis is assumed to begin in the last period.d. the optimal strategy in the next period is the one that is selected if theentire analysis is assumed to begin in the next period.e. none of the aboveAnswer: dDifficulty: Hard30. The first step in decision tree analysis methodology is toa. identify factors such as demand, price, and exchange rate, whosefluctuation will be considered over the next T periods.b. identify the periodic discount rate k for each period.c. start at period T, work back to Period 0 identifying the optimal decision and theexpected cash flows at each step. Expected cash flows at each step in a givenperiod should be discounted back when included in the previous period.d. identify the duration of each period (month, quarter, etc.) and the numberof periods T over which the decision is to be evaluated.e. identify representations of uncertainty for each factor; that is, determinewhat distribution to use to model the uncertainty.Answer: dDifficulty: Moderate31. The last step in decision tree analysis methodology is toa. identify factors such as demand, price, and exchange rate, whose fluctuation will beconsidered over the next T periods.b. identify the periodic discount rate k for each period.c. start at period T, work back to Period 0, identifying the optimal decision and theexpected cash flows at each step. Expected cash flows at each step in a given periodshould be discounted back when included in the previous period.d. identify the duration of each period (month, quarter, etc.) and the number of periods Tover which the decision is to be evaluated.e. identify representations of uncertainty for each factor; that is, determine whatdistribution to use to model the uncertainty.Answer: cDifficulty: Moderate32. Uncertainty in demand and economic factors should be included in the financialevaluation of supply chain design decisions, becausea. the exclusion of certainty may have a significant impact on this evaluation.b. the exclusion of uncertainty may have a significant impact on thisevaluation.c. the inclusion of certainty may have a significant impact on this evaluation.d. the inclusion of uncertainty may have a significant impact on thisevaluation.e. none of the aboveAnswer: dDifficulty: Hard33. Flexibility should be valued by taking into account uncertainty in demand andeconomic factors. In general, flexibility will tend toa. decrease in value with a decrease in certainty.b. increase in value with an increase in uncertainty.c. decrease in value with an increase in uncertainty.d. increase in value with an increase in certainty.e. None of the above are accurate.Answer: bDifficulty: Moderate34. A major factor that makes the decision tree methodology quite powerful isa. the choice of certainty.b. the choice of discount rate.c. the choice of uncertaintyleveld. the choice of additive factor.e. all of the aboveAnswer: bDifficulty: Moderate35. The appropriate discount rate used in decision tree methodologya. should be risk-adjusted and risk may vary by period and decision node.b. should be risk-adjusted and risk may not vary by period and decisionnode.c. should not be risk-adjusted and risk may vary by period and decisionnode.d. should not be risk-adjusted and risk may not vary by period and decisionnode.e. None of the above are accurate.Answer: aDifficulty: Moderate36. Alternative approaches to decision tree analysis includea. contingent claims analysis (CCA) for discrete time analysis.b. real options for the continuous time case.c. real options for the discrete time analysis.d. all of the abovee. a and b onlyAnswer: eDifficulty: Moderate37. Contingent claims analysis (CCA) and real optionsa. adjust hurdle rate so that the risk-free discount rate may be applied in each period.b. adjust opportunity cost of capital so that the risk-free discount rate may beapplied in each period.c. adjust rate of return so that the risk-free discount rate may be applied ineach period.d. adjust transition probabilities so that the risk-free discount rate may beapplied in each period.e. none of the aboveAnswer: dDifficulty: Moderate38. Firms should use simulation for evaluating decisions whena. underlying decision trees are simple and explicit solutions for theunderlying decision tree are difficult to obtain.b. underlying decision trees are very complex and explicit solutions for theunderlying decision tree are difficult to obtain.c. underlying decision trees are simple and explicit solutions for theunderlying decision tree are easy to obtain.d. underlying decision trees are very complex and explicit solutions for theunderlying decision tree are easy to obtain.e. none of the aboveAnswer: bDifficulty: Moderate39. In a complex decision tree there area. only a few possible paths that may result from the first period to the last.b. less than thirty possible paths that may result from the first period to thelast.c. thousands of possible paths that may result from the first period to thelast.d. an infinite number of possible paths that may result from the first period tothe last.e. none of the aboveAnswer: cDifficulty: Moderate40. Simulation methods are very good at evaluating a decision wherea. the path itself is decision dependent.b. the path itself is not decision dependent.c. the discount rate is decision dependent.d. the discount rate is not decision dependent.e. none of the aboveAnswer: bDifficulty: Hard41. Simulation modelsa. require a higher setup cost to start and operate compared to decision treetools.b. require a lower setup cost to start and operate compared to decision treetools.c. require a higher setup cost to start but less to operate compared todecision tree tools.d. require a lower setup cost to start but more to operate compared todecision tree tools.e. none of the aboveAnswer: aDifficulty: Hard42. The main advantage of simulation models is that they cana. provide high-quality evaluations of simple situations.b. provide high-quality evaluations of complex situations.c. provide low-cost evaluations of simple situations.d. provide low-cost evaluations of complex situations.e. provide low-quality evaluations of complex situations.Answer: bDifficulty: Easy43. Strategic planning and financial planninga. should be performed independently during supply chain network design.b. should be performed sequentially during supply chain network design.c. should be performed hierarchically during supply chain network design.d. should be performed concurrently during supply chain network design.e. should be combined during supply chain network design.Answer: eDifficulty: Hard44. The evaluation of supply chain networksa. should use only one metric.b. should use multiple metrics.c. should not use more than onemetric.d. should not use multiple metrics.e. should be subjective.Answer: bDifficulty: Moderate45. Financial analysis should be used asa. the decision-making process.b. an alternative decision-making process.c. an input to decision making, not as the decision-making process.d. all of the abovee. none of the aboveAnswer: cDifficulty: Moderate46. One of the best ways to speed up the process of finan cial an alysis and arrive at a gooddecisi on is toa. use estimates of in puts whe n it appears that finding a very accurate in put wouldtake an inordin ate amount of time.b. use estimates backed up by sen sitivity an alysis whe n it appears that finding avery accurate in put would take an in ordi nate amount of time.c. use estimates of in puts except whe n it appears that finding a very accurate in putwould take an in ordi nate amount of time.d. make sure that every detail is very accurate.e. none of the aboveAn swer: bDifficulty: ModerateEssay/Problems1. Expla in additive and multiplicative bino mial represe ntati ons of un certa in ty.Answer: The binomial representation of uncertainty is based on the assumption that when moving from one period to the next, the value of the underlying factor (such as dema nd or price) has only two possible outcomes - up or dow n. In the commonly used multiplicative binomial, it is assumed that the underlying factor either moves up by a factor u > 1 withprobability p, or dow n by a factor d < 1 with probability 1 -p. In the additive binomial, it is assumed that the underlying factorin creases by u in a give n period with probability p and decreases by d with probability 1-p. The multiplicative binomial cannot take on negative values and can be used for factors like dema nd, price, and excha nge rates that cannot becomenegative. It also has the advantage of the growth or decline in the given factor beingproportional to the current value of the factor and not fixed in depe ndent of size. A logical objecti on to both the multiplicative and additive bi no mial is the fact that the un derly ing factor takes on only one of two possible values at the end of each period. Certa inly a price can cha nge to more tha n just two values. But by making the period short eno ugh, thisassumpti on may be justified.Difficulty: Hard2. Summarize the steps in the decisi on tree an alysis methodology.Answer: The decision tree analysis methodology is summarized as follows:1. Identify the duration of each period (month, quarter, etc.) and the number of periods Tover which the decision is to be evaluated.2. Ide ntify factors such as dema nd, price, and excha nge rate, whose fluctuati on will becon sidered over the n ext T periods.3. Identify representations of uncertainty for each factor; that is, determine whatdistribution to use to model the uncertainty.4. Identify the periodic discount rate k for each period.5. Represent the decision tree with defined states in each period, as well as the transitionprobabilities between states in successive periods.6. Starting at period T, work back to Period 0, identifying the optimal decision and the。
高级经济师工商管理实务第六章 供应链管理
一、单选题1、关于定单驱动的采购方式的特点，下列说法错误的是()。
A.由于供应商与创造商建立了战略合作火伴关系，办理供应合同的手续大大简化，再也不需要双方询盘和报盘的反复商议，交易成本也因此大为降低B.在同步化供应链计划的协谓下，创造计划、采购计划、供应计划能够并行进行，缩短了用户响应时间，采购与供应的重点在于协调各种计划的执行，使创造计划、采购计划、销售计划保持同步C.采购物资与创造过程分开进行，增加采购部门的工作压力，提高效率，实现供应链的精细化运作D.信息传递方式发生变化，供应链管理环境下供应商能共享创造商的相关信息，提高供应商应变能力，减少信息失真，同时在定货过程中不断进行信息反馈，修正定货计划，使定货量与需求量保持较高的一致性【参考答案】：C【试题解析】：C 项，采购物资直接进入创造部门，减少采购部门的工作压力和不增加价值的活动，实现供应链的精细化运作。
2、下列各项不属于供应商管理库存的原则的是()。
A.合作性原则B. 目标一致性原则C.总体优化原则D.利润最大化原则【参考答案】：D【试题解析】：1/25——供应商管理库存的关键体现在以下原则中：①合作性原则(合作精神)：②互惠原则(使双方成本最小)：③目标一致性原则：④总体优化原则。
3、下列各项不属于供应链环境下物流系统中的信息的是()。
A.需求信息B.供应信息C.共享信息D.市场信息【参考答案】：D【试题解析】：供应链管理环境下的物流系统中，信息的流量大大增加。
需求信息和供应信息不是逐级传递而是网络式，企业通过电子数据交换平台、互联网可以很快掌握供应链上不同环节的供求信息和市场信息。
因此，在供应链环境下的物流系统有三种信息在系统中运行：需求信息、供应信息和共享信息。
4、关于如何制定风险防范措施，下列说法错误的是()。
A.供应链企业要实现预期的战略目标，客观上要求供应链企业进行合作，形成共享利润、共担风险的双赢局面B.供应链企业要建立预警和应急处理机制，需要有一套预警评价指标体系，只要其中任一指标偏离正常水平时，发出预警信号C.供应链企业要加强激励，防范浮现道德风险，尽可能消除信息的不对称性，同时积极采取一定的激励手段和机制使合作火伴能够获取比实施败德行为更大的利益，以消除道德风险D.供应链企业要保证企业内外部对话渠道畅通，与外部建立良好的互动、协作关系，改善企业外部生存环境【参考答案】：B【试题解析】：供应链企业要建立预警和应急处理机制。
采购与供应链管理习题库06第六章 习题及参考答案
同步测试一、单项选择题1. 以下哪个不属于库存（）。
CA.在运输途中的货物B.在仓库中的货物C.销售给客户的货物D.工厂里备用的原材料2. 库存管理的重点是（）。
BA. 如何维护货物不出现破损B. 如何确定货物应该存多少，什么时候补货C. 如何保证货物不丢失D. 如何给货物定价3. 用于日常运作，是基于采购或补货批量而产生的，在下一次采购或补货前陆续耗用以支持日常销售或生产的库存是（）。
BA. 安全库存B. 周转库存C. 积压库存D. 投机库存4. 供应链库存控制区别于传统库存控制的主要特征是（）DA. 需要考虑企业的成本压力B. 需要考虑客户要求的服务水平C. 需要考虑订货的提前期D. 需要考虑供应链上下游各个企业的成本平衡与相互协作5. 以下哪种库存是被动产生的（）CA. 中转库存B. 投机库存C. 积压库存D. 安全库存6. 所谓订货提前期就（）。
AA.是从发出订货算起到接收到该订货所用的时间B.是从发出订货算起到下一次订货间隔的时间C.是从接收到上一次订货的时间算起到下一次接收到订货所用的时间D.是从接收到上一次订货算起到发出下一个订货所用的时间7.公司计划在未来一年内采购C货物8000千克，每次采购相同的数量，已知每次采购成本为50元，每千克货物的全年库存成本为5元，C货物的价格为80元/千克。
C货物的经济订货批量为（）。
B8、单次订购数量过小，会造成（）。
AA、采购成本过高B、储存成本过高C、安全库存水平过高D、库存风险成本过高9、以下（）不属于有批量价格折扣的EOQ模型的假设条件。
CA. 不考虑缺货成本B. 每天的需求量是固定的C. 采购价格与订货数量无关D. 对单次采购量无最大或最小的限制10、下列有关多周期库存的描述正确的是（）BA. 也叫一次性订货B. 在较长时间内需求反复发生，需要不断补充库存C. 这种需求具有较高时效性D. 只有订货量是该问题的决策变量11. 以下（）是JMI与VMI的主要区别。
供应链管理 第六章练习与答案
一、单选题问题 1 供应链成员企业间传输数据的主要方式不包括（）正确答案：网络传播问题2 下列不属于目前国际上采用的数据交换标准的是（）正确答案：ASTM问题3 实现EDI的条件不包括（）正确答案：采用统一的信息技术系统问题4 三层C/S（客户/服务器）结构系统的三层结构不包括（）正确答案：结构层问题5 Intranet 建立的三个层次的管理信息系统不包括正确答案：信息系统的数据库二、判断题问题6 采用EDI技术大大减少了纸质单据的传递，节省了信息传递的时间。
正确答案：对问题7 供应链环境中不确知的是最终消费者的需求，必须对最终消费者的需求作出好的预测，供应链中的需求大都来源于这种需求预测。
正确答案：对问题8 管理信息系统的核心是信息系统的集成管理正确答案：错问题9 在供应链管理的应用中，EDI是供应链企业信息集成的一种重要工具，但是由于EDI投资大，缺乏开放性等原因，发展很慢。
正确答案：对问题10 EDI是目前我国使用最为广泛的信息集成工具，是供应链集成的基础。
正确答案：错三、名词解释问题11 EDI正确答案：国际标准化组织(ISO)将EDI定义为"将商业或行政事务处理，按照一个公认的标准，形成结构化的事务处理或信息数据格式，从计算机到计算机的数据传输"。
问题12 快速反应（QR）正确答案：快速反应是指物流企业面对多品种、小批量的买方市场，不是储备了“产品”，而是准备了各种“要素”，在用户提出要求时，能以最快速度抽取“要素”，及时“组装”，提供所需服务或产品。
问题13 电子商务的本质正确答案：电子商务中，生产者和消费者之间的关系是直接的，电子商务不是搬来一些电子形式的物体，在物理时空中的商店收款台上完成交易，而是对生产者和消费者之间的各种中间（迂回）环节、中间成本进行彻底的削减，产销两点之间直线距离最短"的数学理念变为商务理念，把工业时代形成的"只有拉长迂回路径，增加中间环节，才能提高附加值"的传统理念，变为"只有快速拉近与顾客的距离，减少中间环节，才能提高附加值"的信息价值观。
供应链物流管理课后答案 Chap006
Chapter 6: Integrated Operations PlanningStudy Questions1.How does improved supply chain visibility improve the planning process?Supply chain visibility improves the planning process by providing real-time information regarding location and status of supply chain inventory and resources. Visibility implies not only being able to track supply chain inventory and resources but also that information regarding available resources can be effectively evaluated and managed. For example, at any given point in time, manufacturers may have thousands of shipments in-transit and inventory being held in hundreds of locations around the globe. Supply chain visibility requires exception management to highlight the need for resource or activity plans to minimize or prevent potential problems. Limited visibility regarding inventory in-transit and expected arrival times can result in significant uncertainty regarding product availability.2.Describe the S&OP process. What are the major trade-offs that must be considered?3.Identify and discuss the major forecast components. Why is it important to decompose demand intothese components when developing new forecasts?The major forecasting components are 1) base demand that represents an appropriate forecast of items without the impact of seasonality, trend, cycle or promotional components; 2) seasonal component is the generally recurring upward and downward movement in the demand pattern, usually on an annual basis; 3) trend component is the long range movement in periodic sales over an extended period of time; 4) cyclic component is characterized by swings in demand pattern that lasts more that a year; 5)promotional component characterizes the demand swings initiated by the company’s marketing efforts, such as advertising, deals or promotions; 6) irregular component represents the random quantities that do not fit any categories.Each one of them has different impact on the overall demand and it operates over different time horizons.Therefore by decomposing the total demand into these components, it is easier to track and control each of the components.pare and contrast the basic logic differentiator of time series and causal forecast techniques.Under what conditions would each be appropriate?Time series forecast use historical sales patterns to project future demand. The basic assumption is that patterns (levels, seasonality, and trends) will repeat themselves into the future. Causal forecast techniques, on the other hand, based future demand projections on the relationship between demand and some other “leading” factor. Examples of leading factors could include weather, sales of related products, or product life cycle factors. For example, temperature and rainfall could be used to project the sales of summer leisure products, beverages, or automotive repair (i.e., Summer weather increases the need for electronic parts while Winter weather increases the need for sheet metal due to accidents). Sales of related products could include basing the forecast on water softener supplies upon the sale of water softeners.Time series techniques are appropriate when the trend and seasonality for a project are reasonably stable.Causal techniques are better when there is a stable relationship between the leading factor and the demand and when there is a reliable measure of the leading variable.5.Discuss how a minor change in demand at the retail level can significantly impact supply chainvariation at distributors, manufacturers, and suppliers.There is a tendency for any anticipation or speculation to amplify as it proceeds down a supply chain. Each change/ error in the demand creates a disturbance for the total logistics demand. In a study done by Forrester Research, it was found that an increase in retail demand by 10 percent without clear communication to the other members of the supply chain leads to an inventory swing of 16 percent for the distributor, 28 percent for the factory warehouse, and 40 percent for factory production. Such a phenomenon obviously increases the supply chain variance, increases costs and reduces asset utilization。
物流与供应链 第6章 练习题(含答案)
一、单项选择题装 订 线 内 禁 止 答 题1. ( )是一个或多个供应链成员产生不利影响或破坏供应链运行，使其达不到预期目标甚至导致供应链失败的不确定性因素或意外事件。
A. 供应链风险B. 风险C. 突发事件D. 供应链系统风险2. 由于自然灾害给供应链运作带来中断的风险为( )。
A.延误风险B. 中断风险C. 系统风险D. 预测风险3. ( )是指对风险发生的可能性或者损失的范围与成都进行估计与度量。
A.供应链风险识别B. 供应链风险处理C. 供应链风险度量D. 供应链风险监控4. 供应链风险管理的主要目标是( )。
A.增加供应链柔性B. 放在牛鞭效应C.消除风险D. 规避和弱化供应链风险5. （ ）就是在风险发生之前运用各种方法系统地认识所面临的各种风险以及风险风险事件发生的潜在原因。
A.供应链风险度量B.供应链风险识别C. 供应链风险处理D. 供应链风险监控6.下列哪个导致供应链的风险的因素不是属于社会环境因素。
（ ）A.经济政策变化B. 政治事变C. 公共紧急事件D. 地震7.（ ）是由客户的财务实力问题带来的供应链应收账款回收风险。
A. 知识产权风险B. 采购风险C. 应收账款风险D.库存风险8.由于供应链结构本身的原因造成的供应链风险为（ ）。
A. 系统风险B. 预测风险C. 生产能力风险D. 延误风险9.通过购买保险使得风险有保险公司来承担的风险处理方式为（ ）。
A.供应链风险自担B.供应链风险转移C.供应链风险控制D. 供应链风险识别10.（ ）是供应链日常风险预警的首要环节。
A.预测B.预审C.预报D. 预控11. 建立供应链的信任机制，实现与供应链合作企业的信息共享是减少风险的（ ）。
A.战术规划B.战略规划C.作业规划D. 部门规划12. 供应链风险的( )是指采取措施一种风险可能会导致另一种风险的加剧。
A. 此消彼长性B.多样性C.偶然性D. 放大性二、多项选择题1. 核供应链风险的特点特点主要包括：（ ）。
高级经济师-工商管理-专项练习题一(参考)-第六章供应链管理-第六章主观题
高级经济师-工商管理-专项练习题一（参考）-第六章供应链管理-第六章主观题[问答题]1.供应链管理是一种先进的管理理念，它的先进性体现在是以客户和最终消费者为经营导向的，为满足客户和消费者的最（江南博哥）终期望来生产和供应的。
试论述你对供应链管理的理解。
正确答案：无参考解析：供应链管理可以从以下几个方面理解：（1）供应链管理强调企业间的合作。
供应链管理是分析研究在产品满足最终消费者需求的过程中对成本有影响的由供应商、制造商、分销商、销售商、客户组成的网状结构，要求各节点企业之间实现信息共享、风险共担、利益共存，打破传统经营意识，强调在各节点企业之间建立合作伙伴关系，并从战略的高度来认识供应链管理的重要性和必要性，从而提高整个供应链的经营效率，实现对客户需求的快速反应。
（2）供应链管理是一种集成化的管理模式。
传统的管理模式是对企业内部各部门的管理以及部门间的集成管理。
而供应链管理是充分利用网络技术和信息技术，对业务流程进行重组，实现从供应商开始，经由制造商、分销商、零售商、直到最终消费者的全要素、全过程的集成化管理。
链中各环节不是彼此分割，而是一个有机整体，它把不同的企业集成起来以增加整个供应链的效率，注重的是企业之间的合作，以达到全局最优。
（3）供应链管理以客户和最终消费者为中心。
无论构成供应链的节点企业数量多少，也无论供应链节点企业的类型、层次有多少，供应链的形成都是以客户和最终消费者的需求为导向的。
有了客户和最终消费者的需求，才有了供应链的存在，供应链管理绩效的最终指标是客户和最终消费者满意度。
[问答题]2.请论述物流管理对供应链运作绩效的影响。
正确答案：无参考解析：物流管理对供应链运作绩效的影响主要体现在以下几个方面：（1）物流管理对供应链响应周期的影响。
供应链响应周期是指整个供应链从接到客户订单到最终交货的时间间隔。
有调查表明，在供应链总的生产周期中，真正花在生产过程的时间不到总周期的5%，剩余的95%都消耗在等待、持存过程中，这不但使响应周期延长，也增加了成本。
第六章供应链管理
第六章 供应链管理、单选题 （1-35 为重点题 ） 1、（）是供应商、制造商、分销商、零售商直到最终用户连成一个整体的功能网络。
A 、供应链B 、市场链C 、电子商务D 、网上交易2、 供应链管理缩写为（） A 、 SCM B 、 SCPC 、 SCED 、 SCT3、 （）是利用计算机网络技术全面规划供应链中商流、物流、信息流、资金流等并进 行计划、组织、协调与控制。
A 、供应链管理 B 、市场链管理C 、网上交易平台D 、电子商务4、 供应链管理与传统的（）物流管理有着根本区别。
A 、企业内部的一体化 B 、企业外部的一体化 C 、企业内外一体化 D 、企业产供销一体化5、 供应链根据其复杂程度可以分为直接的供应链、扩展的供应链和（）.A 、完善供应链B 、最终的供应链C 、理想的供应链D 、未来的供应链6、 直接的供应链涉及上下游产品流、服务流、资金流的（）的企业、供应商和客户组成。
A 、多个B 、所有C 、一个D 、无穷多个7、 扩展的供应链包括（ ）涉及上下游产品流、服务流、资金流和信息流中的即时供应商的供应商和即时客户的客户。
A 、多个B 、所有C 、少数几个D 、一个 8、第三方物流供应商包括在（）中。
A 、直接供应链B 、扩展供应链C 、最终供应链D 、一般供应链10、任何一个组织都是许多（ ）中的一部分。
11、 最终客户（ ）供应链中的成员。
A 、不是B 、可能是C 、是D 、无法确定12、 供应链管理主要涉及四个领域，包括供应、生产计划、物流和（ ）。
A 、需求B 、供给C 、价格D 、市场13、 供应链管理目标在于提高用户水平和降低总的（），并且寻求两个目标间的平衡。
A 、不变成本B 、交易成本C 、可变成本D 、固定成本14、 SCM 一般包括三个领域，他们是 SCP 、 SCE 和（ ）。
9、供应链是（）存在。
A 、主观B 、虚拟C 、客观D 、理论上A 、资金链B 、物流C 、信息流D 、供应链 C 、 SCWD 、 SCT15、 SCP 指的是（ ）。
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一、单选题
问题 1 供应链成员企业间传输数据的主要方式不包括（）
正确答案：网络传播
问题2 下列不属于目前国际上采用的数据交换标准的是（）
正确答案：ASTM
问题3 实现EDI的条件不包括（）
正确答案：采用统一的信息技术系统
问题4 三层C/S（客户/服务器）结构系统的三层结构不包括（）
正确答案：结构层
问题5 Intranet 建立的三个层次的管理信息系统不包括
正确答案：信息系统的数据库
二、判断题
问题6 采用EDI技术大大减少了纸质单据的传递，节省了信息传递的时间。
正确答案：对
问题7 供应链环境中不确知的是最终消费者的需求，必须对最终消费者的需求作出好的预测，供应链中的需求大都来源于这种需求预测。
正确答案：对
问题8 管理信息系统的核心是信息系统的集成管理
正确答案：错
问题9 在供应链管理的应用中，EDI是供应链企业信息集成的一种重要工具，但是由于EDI投资大，缺乏开放性等原因，发展很慢。
正确答案：对
问题10 EDI是目前我国使用最为广泛的信息集成工具，是供应链集成的基础。
正确答案：错
三、名词解释
问题11 EDI
正确答案：国际标准化组织(ISO)将EDI定义为"将商业或行政事务处理，按照一个公认的标准，形成结构化的事务处理或信息数据格式，从计算机到计算机的数据传输"。
问题12 快速反应（QR）
正确答案：快速反应是指物流企业面对多品种、小批量的买方市场，不是储备了“产品”，而是准备了各种“要素”，在用户提出要求时，能以最快速度抽取“要素”，及时“组装”，提供所需服务或产品。
问题13 电子商务的本质
正确答案：电子商务中，生产者和消费者之间的关系是直接的，电子商务不是搬来一些电子形式的物体，在物理时空中的商店收款台上完成交易，而是对生产者和消费者之间的各种中间（迂回）环节、中间成本进行彻底的削减，产销两点之间直线距离最短"的数学理念变为商务理念，把工业时代形成的"只有拉长迂回路径，增加中间环节，才能提高附加值"的传统理念，变为"只有快速拉近与顾客的距离，减少中间环节，才能提高附加值"的信息价值观。