托福阅读课件tpo11 ancient egyptian sculpture

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新托福TPO11阅读原文及译文(一)

新托福TPO11阅读原文(一):Ancient Egyptian SculptureTPO11-1：Ancient Egyptian SculptureIn order to understand ancient Egyptian art, it is vital to know as much as possible of the elite Egyptians' view of the world and the functions and contexts of the art produced for them. Without this knowledge we can appreciate only the formal content of Egyptian art, and we will fail to understand why it was produced or the concepts that shaped it and caused it to adopt its distinctive forms. In fact, a lack of understanding concerning the purposes of Egyptian art has often led it to be compared unfavorably with the art of other cultures: Why did the Egyptians not develop sculpture in which the body turned and twisted through space like classical Greek statuary? Why do the artists seem to get left and right confused? And why did they not discover the geometric perspective as European artists did in the Renaissance? The answer to such questions has nothing to do with a lack of skill or imagination on the part of Egyptian artists and everything to do with the purposes for which they were producing their art.The majority of three-dimensional representations, whether standing, seated, or kneeling, exhibit what is called frontality: they face straight ahead, neither twisting nor turning. When such statues are viewed in isolation, out of their original context and without knowledge of their function, it is easy to criticize them for their rigid attitudes that remained unchanged for three thousand years. Frontality is, however, directly related to the functions of Egyptian statuary and the contexts in which the statues were set up. Statues were created not for their decorative effect but to play a primary role in the cults of the gods, the king, and the dead. They were designed to be put in places where these beings could manifest themselves in order to be the recipients of ritual actions. Thus it made sense to show the statue looking ahead at what was happening in front of it, so that the living performer of the ritual could interact with the divine or deceased recipient. Very often such statues were enclosed in rectangular shrines or wall niches whose only opening was at the front, making itnatural for the statue to display frontality. Other statues were designed to be placed within an architectural setting, for instance, in front of the monumental entrance gateways to temples known as pylons, or in pillared courts, where they would be placed against or between pillars: their frontality worked perfectly within the architectural context.Statues were normally made of stone, wood, or metal. Stone statues were worked from single rectangular blocks of material and retained the compactness of the original shape. The stone between the arms and the body and between the legs in standing figures or the legs and the seat in seated ones was not normally cut away. From a practical aspect this protected the figures against breakage and psychologically gives the images a sense of strength and power, usually enhanced by a supporting back pillar. By contrast, wooden statues were carved from several pieces of wood that were pegged together to form the finished work, and metal statues were either made by wrapping sheet metal around a wooden core or cast by the lost wax process. The arms could be held away from the body and carry separate items in their hands; there is no back pillar. The effect is altogether lighter and freer than that achieved in stone, but because both perform the same function, formal wooden and metal statues still display frontality.Apart from statues representing deities, kings, and named members of the elite that can be called formal, there is another group of three-dimensional representations that depicts generic figures, frequently servants, from the nonelite population. The function of these is quite different. Many are made to be put in the tombs of the elite in order to serve the tomb owners in the afterlife. Unlike formal statues that are limited to static poses of standing, sitting, and kneeling, these figures depict a wide range of actions, such as grinding grain, baking bread, producing pots, and making music, and they are shown in appropriate poses, bending and squatting as they carry out their tasks.TPO11-1译文：古埃及雕塑要想深入解读古埃及艺术，极为重要的一点是要尽可能多地了解其精英阶层的世界观以及当时艺术创造的功能和背景。

TPO11-1 Ancient Egyptian Sculpture

TPO11-1 解析Ancient Egyptian Sculpture1. The word vital（至关重要的）in the passage is closest inA. attractive 有魅力的B. essential 基本的C. usual 通常的D. practical 实际的解析：词汇题。

vital为形容词。

原句说知道这种艺术的功能和来龙去脉怎么样，下一句说没有这一知识我们只能欣赏埃及艺术的内容，没法理解它形成的原因，因此可以推断第一句表明了了解其功能和来龙去脉的重要性，选B。

A、C、D说不通。

2. Paragraph 1 suggests that one reason Egyptian art is viewed less favorably th an other art is that Egyptian art lacks第1段表明埃及艺术比其他艺术较不受喜爱的一个原因是埃及艺术缺乏A. a realistic sense of human body proportion 人体比例的实在感（倒数第2句提到埃及艺术没有发现几何透视，但没有提到它因此不受喜爱）B. a focus on distinctive forms of varying sizes 对形状各异的独特形式的关注（第2句提到其独特的形式）C. the originality of European art 欧洲艺术的独创性（倒数第2句提到埃及雕塑不同于欧洲艺术，但不同点在于几何透视而不是独创性）D. the capacity to show the human body in motion展示运动中的人体的能力解析：细节题。

以less favorable为关键词，定位出题句为第3句，即对于埃及艺术目的缺乏了解，导致它较其他艺术不受欢迎，冒号后的句号是具体说明，从没有“身体在空间转圈和扭曲”可知它们缺乏对运动中的身体的展示，选D。

TPO11词汇

第一篇：Ancient Egyptian Sculpture(TPO11) sculpture['sculp·ture || 'skʌlptʃə]n.雕刻, 雕塑, 雕刻品v.雕刻; 以雕刻装饰; 做...的雕像; 雕刻于; 从事雕刻Egyptian[E·gyp·tian || ɪ'dʒɪpʃn]n.埃及人adj.埃及的vital[vi·tal || 'vaɪtl] = essentialadj.重要的, 充满活力的, 生命的essential[es·sen·tial || ɪ'senʃl]adj.必要的, 本质的, 重要的context[con·text || 'kɒntekst]n.上下文; 来龙去脉, 背景; 文章脉络appreciate[ap·pre·ci·ate || ə'priːʃɪeɪt]v.赏识; 鉴赏; 感激; 涨价; 增值statuary[stat·u·ar·y || 'stætʃʊərɪ]n.雕像; 雕塑术; 塑像; 雕塑家adj.雕塑的; 适于雕塑的; 雕塑用的unfavorablyadv.不利地; 反对地; 不适宜地; 令人不快地confused[con'fused || -zd]adj.困惑的; 烦恼的geometric[ge·o·met·ric || ‚dʒɪəʊ'metrɪk]adj.几何学的, 几何学图形的, 几何学上的renaissance[Ren·ais·sance || rə'neɪsəns]n.复活, 文艺复兴, 复兴imagination[im·ag·i·na·tion || ɪ‚mædʒɪ'neɪʃn]n.想像力; 空想; 创造力; 妄想content[con·tent || 'kɒntent]n.内容, 要旨; 容纳的东西; 含量, 容量; 具体内容#满足v.使满足adj.满足的, 满意的; 甘愿的n.内容, 要旨; 容纳的东西; 含量, 容量; 具体内容#满足purpose[pur·pose || 'pɜrpəs /'pɜː-]n.目的, 决心, 意向v.意欲, 计划, 企图representation[rep·re·sen·ta·tion || ‚re prɪzen'teɪʃn] n.代表, 代理; 表示, 表现; 代表权; 表述kneel[nɪːl]v.跪下three-dimensional三维的dimensional[di'men·sion·al || -ʃənl]adj.空间的in isolation孤立着; 脱离中original[o·rig·i·nal || ə'rɪdʒənl]n.原物, 原作adj.最初的, 独创的, 原始的context[con·text || 'kɒntekst] = environmentn.上下文; 来龙去脉, 背景; 文章脉络environment[en'vi·ron·ment || -mənt]n.环境, 围绕, 外界rigid[rig·id || 'rɪdʒɪd]adj.坚硬的; 不易弯曲的; 坚固的; 严格的decorative[dec·o·ra·tive || 'dekərətɪv]adj.装饰性的, 装潢用的recipient[re·cip·i·ent || rɪ'sɪpɪənt]n.接受者; 接受器, 容器; 受领者; 间接宾语performer[per'form·er || pər'fɔrmə(r) /pə'fɔː-]n.表演者ritual[rit·u·al || 'rɪtʃʊəl]n.仪式, 宗教仪式, 典礼adj.仪式的, 依仪式而行的pylon[py·lon || 'paɪlɑn /-lən]n.塔门, 路标塔pillar[pil·lar || 'pɪlə(r)]n.柱子, 重要的支持者, 栋梁v.用柱支持deceased[de'ceased || -st]adj.已故的interact['in·ter·act || 'ɪntə'rækt]v.互相作用; 互动; 互相影响decorative[dec·o·ra·tive || 'dekərətɪv]adj.装饰性的, 装潢用的rectangular[rec·tan·gu·lar || rek'tæŋgjələ(r)]adj.矩形的, 长方形的; 直角的, 有直角的shrine[ʃraɪn]n.圣坛; 圣祠; 神龛; 神殿v.将...置于神龛内core[kɔː] = centern.核心, 争论的核心, 果心v.挖...的核centern.中心, 中锋, 中心点v.集中; 定中心; 使聚集在一点; 居中; 被置于中心; 有中心peg[peg]n.钉; 桩; 栓; 衣夹v.钉木钉, 限制, 固定; 坚持不懈地工作psychologicallyadv.心理上地; 心理学地retain[re·tain || rɪ'teɪn]v.保持, 保留compactness[com'pact·ness || -nɪs]n.紧密; 紧凑; 坚实; 小巧practical[prac·ti·cal || 'præktɪkl]adj.实际的, 实用性的, 现实的pillar[pil·lar || 'pɪlə(r)]n.柱子, 重要的支持者, 栋梁v.用柱支持contrast[con·trast || 'kɒntrɑːst]n.对比; 差异; 对照, 相反, 变化; 清晰度, 暗亮像素之间的差异(计算机用语)v.使对比, 使对照; 形成对照wax[wæks]n.蜡, 增加, 蜡状物v.上蜡于; 变大; 月亮渐满; 增大adj.蜡状的item[i·tem || 'aɪtəm]n.项目; 条款; 品目; 细目deity[de·ity || 'diːɪtɪ]n.神, 神性depict[de·pict || dɪ'pɪkt] = portrayv.描述; 描写portray[por·tray || pɔr'treɪ /pɔː-]v.画; 把...描绘成; 描写; 扮演generic[ge·ner·ic || dʒɪ'nerɪk]adj.属的; 一般的; 类的figure[fig·ure || 'fɪgjər /'fɪgə]n.图形, 形状, 数字v.描绘, 演算, 表示; 出现, 出名, 估计第二篇：Orientation and Navigation(TPO11)orientation[o·ri·en·ta·tion || ‚ɔːrɪen'teɪʃn]n.适应, 和周围配合; 定方位, 方向, 倾向; 打印的方向, 可以读或看一张图片的方向(计算机用语); 向东方navigation[nav·i·ga·tion || ‚nævɪ'geɪʃn]n.航海, 导航, 航空specific[spe·cif·ic || spɪ'sɪfɪk]n.特性; 详情; 特效药; 详细说明书adj.特殊的, 具有特效的, 明确的perplexed[per'plexed || pər'plekst /pə-]adj.困惑的, 不知所措的initiate[in·i·ti·ate ||ɪ'nɪʃɪeɪt]n.接受初步知识者; 新加入者v.开始; 传授; 发动involve[in·volve || ɪn'vɑlv /-'vɒlv] = puzzledv.包括, 潜心于, 使陷于puzzled['pʌzld]adj.困惑的, 茫然的, 搞糊涂的He then set up experiments with caged starlings and found that their orientation was. in fact, in the proper migratory direction except when the sky was overcast, at which times there was no clear direction to their restless movements.Experiments revealed that caged starlings’ orientaion was accurate unless the weather was overcast.overcast[,o·ver'cast || ‚əʊvə(r)kɑːst]adj.阴天的, 愁闷的, 阴暗的migratory['mi·gra·to·ry || 'maɪgrətɔrɪ /-trɪ]adj.迁移的; 流浪的; 有迁居习惯的; 游走性的starling[star·ling || 'stɑrlɪŋ /'stɑː-]n.欧掠鸟#挡水木桩cage[keɪdʒ]n.鸟笼, 兽笼; 座厢; 起降机v.关进笼内flutter[flut·ter || 'flʌtə(r)]n.摆动; 烦扰; 鼓翼v.摆动, 烦扰, 鼓翼; 拍; 使焦急surmise[sur·mise || 'sɜrmaɪz ,sər'- /'sɜː- ,sə'm-]v.推测; 猜测, 臆测n.推测, 猜测circumstance[cir·cum·stance || 'sɜːkəmstəns]n.环境, 事件, 状况determine[de·ter·mine || dɪ'tɜːmɪn]v.决定; 判决, 裁定; 使决定, 使下决心; 确定; 决定; 判决; 终止preposterous[pre·pos·ter·ous || prɪ'pɑstərəs /-'pɒs-] = unbelievableadj.前后颠倒的, 荒谬的, 不合理的unbelievableadj.难以置信的mirror[mir·ror || 'mɪrə(r)]n.镜子, 典范, 写真v.反映; 映出cage[keɪdʒ]n.鸟笼, 兽笼; 座厢; 起降机v.关进笼内artificial[ar·ti·fi·cial || ‚ɑːtɪ'fɪʃl]adj.人工的, 人造的; 矫揉造作的, 不自然的; 假的; 人为的stationary[sta·tion·ar·y || 'steɪʃnərɪ ,-nrɪ]adj.不动的; 定居的; 不增减的; 常备军的visible[vis·i·ble || 'vɪzəbl]adj.看得见的, 显然的, 明显的precise[pre·cise || prɪ'saɪs]adj.精确的, 明白的, 严谨的compensate[com·pen·sate || 'kɒmpenseɪt]v.补偿, 赔偿; 酬报; 补偿, 赔偿; 抵消constant['con·stant || 'kɑnstənt /'kɒn-]n.常数; 恒量adj.不变的; 坚决的; 持续的planetarium[plan·e·tar·i·um || ‚plænɪ'terɪəm /-'teər-]n.行星仪, 天文dome[dəʊm]n.圆屋顶, 穹窿, 圆盖; 苍穹; 半球形物; 大厦cue[kjuː]n.提示, 尾白#线索; 暗示, 信号#角色v.把...插入演出; 给...暗示; 暗示magnetism['mag·net·ism || 'mægnɪtɪzm]n.磁性, 磁学, 吸引力landmark['land·mark || 'lændmɑrk /-mɑːk]n.地标, 陆标; 重大事件, 里程碑; 界标, 界石coastlinen.海岸线sensory[sen·so·ry || 'sensrɪ]adj.知觉的, 感觉器官的, 感觉的ceiling[ceil·ing || 's iːlɪŋ]n.天花板; 最高限度flutter[flut·ter || 'flʌtə(r)]n.摆动; 烦扰; 鼓翼v.摆动, 烦扰, 鼓翼; 拍; 使焦急orient[o·ri·ent || 'ɔːrɪənt]adj.东方的, 灿烂的, 上升的v.使朝东, 确定方向, 使适应; 适应形势, 向东rotate[ro·tate || rəʊ'teɪt]v.旋转, 转动; 轮换调防; 循环, 轮流; 使旋转, 使转动; 轮换; 使轮流; 把轮换调防sonar[so·nar || 'səʊnɑr /-nɑː]n.声纳, 声波定位仪accumulate[ac·cu·mu·late || ə'kjuːmjʊleɪt] = increasingv.积聚, 累积; 积攒; 积成堆; 累积, 聚积increase[in·crease || ɪn'krɪːs]n.增加, 利益, 增进v.增加; 繁殖; 增加; 加大alter[al·ter || 'ɔːltə]v.改变; 阉割, 去势; 修改; 变样, 改变confusion[con'fu·sion || -uːʒn]n.混乱, 无秩序, 混淆第三篇：Begging by Nestlings(TPO11)nestling[nest·ling || 'nestlɪŋ]n.刚孵出的雏鸟; 幼小动物; 婴儿beg[beg]v.乞讨; 请; 请求, 恳求; 假定...为正确; 乞讨; 请求, 恳求signalern.信号装置; 通讯兵; 信号员impose on = place onimpose[ɪm'pəʊz]v.征; 把...强加于; 加于; 利用; 施影响; 欺骗raccoon[ræ'kuːn]n.浣熊, 浣熊毛皮hawk[hɔːk]n.鹰, 隼; 骗子; 贪婪的家伙; 鹰派人物, 主战派成员v.放鹰行猎; 清嗓; 咳出defenseless (Amer.)adj.无防御的; 不能自卫的; 无保护的swallow[swal·low || 'swɑləʊ /'swɒl-]n.吞, 咽; 一次吞咽之物#燕子v.吞下, 咽下; 吞并; 淹没, 吞没; 耗尽, 用尽; 吞下; 咽下trial[tri·al || 'traɪəl]n.试验, 审讯, 考验adj.尝试的, 试验性的artificial[ar·ti·fi·cial || ‚ɑːtɪ'fɪʃl] = not realadj.人工的, 人造的; 矫揉造作的, 不自然的; 假的; 人为的relative[rel·a·tive || 'relətɪv]n.亲戚, 关系词adj.有关系的, 比较的, 相对的versus[ver·sus || 'vɜrsəs /'vɜː-]prep.对; 与...相对vulnerable[vul·ner·a·ble || 'vʌlnərəbl]adj.易受伤害的, 易受攻击的, 有弱点的evolve[e·volve || ɪ'vɒlv]v.使发展, 使进化, 推论; 进展, 展开, 进化property[prop·er·ty || 'prɑpə(r)tɪ /'prɒ-]n.财产, 性质, 所有权victimize (Amer.)['vic·tim·ize || 'vɪktɪmaɪz]v.使牺牲, 使受害, 欺骗nester['nestə(r)]n.放牧地自耕农; 穴居的兽; 筑巢的鸟advertise[ad·ver·tise || 'ædvətaɪz]v.通知, 做广告; 作宣传, 做广告prediction[pre'dic·tion || prɪ'dɪkʃn] = expectationn.预言, 预报expectation[ex·pec·ta·tion || ‚ekspek'teɪʃn]n.期待; 指望; 预料pinpoint = locate exactlyn.极小之物, 针尖v.刺破, 刺穿; 准确地确定; 用针标出...的精确位置; 使突出adj.针尖的, 精确的, 极微的derive[de·rive || dɪ'raɪv] = gainv.得自; 起源gain[geɪn]n.获得; 获利; 增加; 获得物v.得到; 使得到; 获得, 赢得; 增加, 增添; 获利, 赚钱; 取得进展; 得益; 得到改善intensity[in·ten·si·ty || ɪn'tensətɪ]n.强烈, 强度, 紧张, 紧张的程度; 力气, 能量; 感情的强度; 极度; 深沉; 清晰, 从图像装置或像素发出光的量, 亮度(计算机用语)sibling[sib·ling || 'sɪblɪŋ]n.兄弟姐妹; 民族成员; 同胞vigorouslyadv.精神旺盛地; 活泼地weakness[weak·ness || 'wɪːknɪs]n.虚弱, 弱点, 薄弱predator['predətə(r)]n.掠夺者, 食肉动物exaggerated[ex'ag·ger·at·ed || -tɪd]adj.夸张的; 过大的; 言过其实的cheatern.骗子; 背叛者; 欺诈者secure[sɪ'kjʊr /-'kjʊə]v.把...弄牢; 使安全; 关紧; 掩护adj.安全的, 放心的, 可靠的。

TPO11 第1篇

古埃及的雕塑Ancient Egyptian Sculpture段意和细节1.为了欣赏古埃及的艺术，我们需要了解古埃及人的思想,这些艺术品的功能，以及创造这些艺术的背景。

（1.没有背景知识，不能彻底理解这些艺术2.没有背景知识，会对古埃及的艺术产生误解，所以我们要欣赏这些艺术就要了解为什么古埃及人制造了这些艺术。

）2.大多数的3D雕象都是正面描述，而且阐述了正面描述的原因。

（1.用于对上帝，国王和亡灵的敬仰；2.用于建筑物前，为建筑物添加色彩）3.制造雕塑的材料，主要是石头，木头和金属。

（1.石雕一般是长方形的石头制成的，并且保持原有的形状和比例，通常为了保护它，会给它增加一个支柱；2.木质雕塑一般是几块木头拼在一起雕刻而成；3、金属雕塑是一个木质的内里外面围上一层薄薄的金属，或者再用蜡抛光。

金属的雕塑是可以拆卸的。

）4.雕塑呈现的内容。

（一般是那些有名望的人，少部分是平民。

平民的姿势比名人的更生动，主要是为了表现出平民的工作内容。

）题目分析第1题：词汇vital的同义词是essential第2题第一段告诉我们古埃及艺术没有其他艺术招人喜欢的一个原因，是因为古埃及艺术缺乏。

4 选项1，身体比例的真实感（not a lack of skill）选项2，看重在不同尺寸的雕塑的与众不同的形式(这是古埃及艺术的优点)选项3，欧洲艺术的原创性（not a lack of imagination ）选项4，显现人体动态的艺术能力（not twisted and turned）第3题第一段作者提到了下方的条件都是理解古埃及艺术必须的，除了。

3选项1，制造这些艺术的原因(contexts of the art produced for them)选项2，古埃及贵族的信仰，思想（elite Egptians’ view of the world）选项3，古埃及艺术对后世艺术的影响，比如古希腊的技术选项4，艺术的用途(functions)第4题根据第二段，为什么古埃及雕塑是真面描述的？2选项1，制造一种心理的距离感和孤独感(viewed in isolation 只是被认为)选项2，完成在古埃及人生活典礼中的重要角色（play a role in the cults of the gods…）选项3，与装饰性的雕塑形成鲜明的对比（没有对比）选项4，反映出古埃及人死板的哲学态度（criticizethem for their rigid attitudes不了解就会批评，并不是古埃及人真实的态度）第5题Context的同义词是environment，表示背景，环境第6题作者提到“an architectural setting”是为了。

TPO-11 Reading 2 解析

正确答案：C解析：这道题的全段内容是根据bird migration 能推断出什么。

段落没有直接定位词，但是可以看到用robin birds作为一个典型的例子来引出bird migration的话题。

然后说每个冬天在南美度假，会飞到南美具体的位置，也会在下一个春天返回北美的同样的树上，然后说鸟类迁徙让人类最大的问题它的迁徙路径的方向定位是怎么样的。

这就是全段内容，A选项，direct信息无法得出；B选项本段没有说到；D选项和段落中的specific以及same trees句子相互矛盾，只能选择C 选项。

也就是鸟类迁徙通常指的是在南北之间来来回回迁徙。

Q2正确答案：C解析：perplex“困惑”，所以C的puzzle正确。

原句说这个问题怎么样人们很多年，直到五十年代才给出一些answer，也就是之前都没有answer，所以答案是困扰。

Q3正确答案：D解析：句子简化题，高亮句进行简化之后，可以发现，主要信息就是：He then set up experiments and found that their direction was in the proper migratory direction except the sky was overcast. 四个选项中，很容易得出只有D选项符合句子简化后的主要信息。

Q4正确答案：A解析：词汇题。

preposterous“前后颠倒的，不合理的，荒谬的”，所以unbelievable “不值得相信的，难以置信的”正确。

Q5正确答案：B解析：题目问的是为什么Kramer 用镜子来改变太阳的明显位置。

根据mirror 和Kramer回归段落原文定位第四五句，说这个人认为鸟是用太阳导航的，为了验证这个观点，这个人用镜子做了一个实验，所以做这个实验的目的就是验证鸟是不是用太阳导航的，答案是B。

Q6正确答案：C解析：以caged starling做关键词定位至第三句，注意此题容易误选A，但原文说填空overcast的时候鸟的migratory orientation就没方向，跟restless无关。

ancient greek pottery 托福阅读

ancient greek pottery 托福阅读
【原创版】
目录
1.古希腊陶器的历史背景和特点
2.古希腊陶器的制作工艺和装饰艺术
3.古希腊陶器的主要种类和代表作品
4.古希腊陶器对后世的影响
正文
古希腊陶器是古希腊文明的重要组成部分，其历史悠久，可以追溯到公元前 8 世纪。

古希腊陶器的特点是造型优美、线条流畅，具有很高的艺术价值。

古希腊陶器的制作工艺独特，其制作过程分为选料、制坯、雕刻、上釉和烧制等步骤。

古希腊陶器的装饰艺术丰富多彩，包括几何图案、神话故事、动物形象等，充满了浓厚的生活气息和文化内涵。

古希腊陶器主要有两种类型，一种是红色陶器，另一种是黑色陶器。

红色陶器以红色为基调，黑色陶器以黑色为基调。

这两种陶器在古希腊文化中都有重要地位，其中，黑色陶器在公元前 6 世纪达到了巅峰，被誉为“古希腊黑陶”。

古希腊陶器的代表作品有《阿基琉斯与阿伽门农的争端》、《特洛伊之战》等，这些作品不仅展示了古希腊陶器的高超技艺，同时也反映了古希腊社会的历史和文化。

古希腊陶器对后世影响深远，其造型和装饰艺术被广泛应用于后世的艺术品制作中，如古罗马陶器、意大利文艺复兴时期的雕塑等。

古希腊陶器的艺术风格和技艺也影响了中国古代陶瓷的制作，如唐代的三彩陶器、宋代的哥窑等。

(完整版)托福TPO阅读话题分类-更新

托福阅读文章分类本分类为四大类：自然科学、生物科学、社会科学、其他学科自然科学包括：地质学、天文学生物科学：植物学、动物学、生态\环境学社会科学：艺术、历史\考古学、心理\生理学、社会学自然科学一、地质学冰川类1.OG：Green Icebergs2.TPO 15：Glacier Formation3.TPO 19：Discovering the Ice Ages地质类1.OG：Desert Formation2.OG：Geology and Landscape3.TPO 01：Groundwater4.TPO 03：Depletion of the Ogallala Aquifer5.TPO 07：The Geologic History of the Mediterranean6.TPO 12：Water in the Desert7.TPO 20：Fossil Preservation8.TPO 21：Geothermal Energy9.TPO 24：Lake Water10. TPO 27: The Formation of Volcanic Islands11. TPO 29: The History of Waterpower二、天文学火星类1.TPO 08：Running Water on Mars2.TPO 25：The Surface of Mars其他行星类1.TPO 16：Planets in Our Solar System2.TPO 22：The Allende Meteorite生物科学一、植物学1.Sample：Opportunity and Competitors2. TPO 01: Timberline Vegetation on Mountains3.TPO 05：Minerals and Plants4.TPO 09：The Arrival of Plant Life in Hawaii5.TPO 25：The Evolutionary Origin of Plants6.TPO 22：Spartina7. TPO 29: Competition二、动物学动物特点1.OG：Swimming Machines2.OG：Feeding Habits of East African Herbivores3.TPO04：Deer Population of the Puget Sound4.TPO 13：Biological Clock5.TPO 15：A Warm-blooded Turtle6.TPO 17：Symbiotic Relationship7.TPO27: Buck Rubs and Buck Scrapes8.TPO27: Predator-Prey Cycle9.TPO 30: Role of Play in Development10.TPO 30: The Pace of Evolutionary Change动物变化1.Sample：Meteorite Impact and Dinosaur Extinction2.TPO 05：The Cambrian Explosion3.TPO 08：Extinction of The Dinosaurs4.TPO 15：Mass Extinctions动物行为1.TPO 02：The Origins of Cetaceans2. TPO 11：Orientation and Navigation3.TPO 11：Begging by Nestlings4.TPO 17：Animal Signals in The Rain Forest三、生态/环境学生态系统1.TPO 03：The Long-Term Stability of Ecosystems2.TPO 19：Succession, Climax, and Ecosystems3.TPO 26：Survival of Plants and Animals in Desert Conditions 环境特点1.Sample：Electricity from Wind2.TPO 04：Petroleum Resources3.TPO 10：Variations in the Climate4.TPO 18：Lightning5.TPO 23：Urban Climates社会科学一、艺术绘画/雕塑/陶瓷1.Sample：Lascaux Cave Paintings2.TPO04：Cave Art in Europe3.TPO 10：Chinese Pottery4.TPO 11：Ancient Egyptian Sculpture5.TPO 23：Rock Art of the Australian Aborigines6.TPO 27: Crafts in the Ancient New East建筑/戏剧/电影/1.OG：Applied Arts and Fine Arts2.TPO 01：The Origins of Theater3.TPO02：Early Cinema4.TPO03：Architecture5.TPO 12：Transition to Sound in Film6.TPO 22：The Birth of Photography二、历史/考古学工业化介绍1.OG：Artisans and Industrialization2.TPO 06：Powering the Industrial Revolution3.TPO 18：Industrialization in the Netherlands and Scandinavia4.TPO 26：Energy and the Industrial Revolution贸易/经济介绍1.TPO 10：Seventeenth-Century European Economic Growth2.TPO14：Pastoralism in Ancient Inner Eurasia3.TPO 16：Trade and the Ancient Middle East4.TPO 17：Europe’s Early Sea Trade with Asia5.TPO 25：The Decline of Venetian Shipping农业发展介绍1.TPO 07：Agriculture, Iron, and The Bantu Peoples2.TPO21：The Origins of Agriculture3.TPO 23：Seventeenth-Century Dutch Agriculture国家/城市特点1.OG：Nineteenth-Century Politics inThe United States2. TPO 08：The Rise of Teotihuacan3.TPO 07：Ancient Rome and Greece4.TPO 14：Maya Water Problems5.TPO 19：The Roman Army’s Impact on Britain6.TPO 26：Sumer and The First Cities of The Ancient Near East7.TPO 29: Characteristics of Roman Army人口变化特点1.TPO 05：The Origins of the Pacific Island People2.TPO 09：Colonizing the Americas Via The Northwest Coast3.TPO 20：Westward Migration4.TPO 20：Early Settlement in the Southwest Asia5.TPO 24：Moving into Pueblos三、心理/生理学1.OG：Aggression2.OG：The Expression of Emotion3.TPO 06：Infantile Amnesia4.TPO 13：Methods of Studying Infant Perception5.TPO 18：The Mystery of Yawning6.TPO 21：Autobiographical Memory7.TPO 24：Breathing during Sleep四、社会学1. TPO 14：Children and Advertising2.TPO 09：Reflection in Teaching3.TPO 13：Types of Social Groups其他学科类1.OG：Loie Fuller2.TPO 06：William Smith3.TPO 16：Development of the Periodic Table4.TPO 12：Which Hand Did They Use?5.TOP 28: Early Saharan Pastoralists6.TPO 30 The Invention of the Mechanical Clock。

11writing

Toefl iBT Practice Test TPO 11 WritingNo. of Questions: 2Time: approx. 60 minutesBegin TestNow put on your headsetClick on CONTINUE to go on CONTINUEBegin readingYou have 3 minutes to read the passage.Click to begin reading now .A recent study reveals that people especially young people are readingfar less literature —novels, plays, and poems —than they used to. This istroubling because the trend has unfortunate effects for the reading public,for culture in general, and for the future of literature itself.While there has been a decline in book reading generally, the declinehas been especially sharp for literature. This is unfortunate becausenothing else provides the intellectual stimulation that literature does.Literature encourages us to exercise our imaginations, empathize withothers, and expand our understanding of language. So by reading lessliterature, the reading public is missing out on important benefits.Unfortunately, missing out on the benefits of literature is not the onlyproblem. What are people reading instead? Consider the prevalence ofself-help books on lists of best sellers. These are usually superficialpoorly written, and intellectually undemanding. Additionally, instead ofsitting down with a challenging novel, many persons are now more likelyto turn on the television, watch a music video, or read a Web page.Clearly, diverting time previously spent in reading literature to trivialforms of entertainment has lowered the level of culture in general.The trend of reading less literature is all the more regrettable because itis taking place during a period when good literature is being written.There are many talented writers today, but they lack an audience. Thisfact is bound to lead publishers to invest less in literature and so supportfewer serious writers. Thus, the writing as well as the reading ofliterature is likely to decline because of the poor standards of today'sreaders.Directions:You have 20 minutes to plan and write your response. Your response will be judged on the basis of the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the points in the lecture and their relationship to the reading passage. Typically, an effective response will be 150 to 225 words.Question:Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they cast doubt on specific points made in the reading passage.Write your response here.换行请按Ctrl+EnterA recent study reveals that people especially young people are readingfar less literature—novels, plays, and poems—than they used to. This istroubling because the trend has unfortunate effects for the reading public,for culture in general, and for the future of literature itself.While there has been a decline in book reading generally, the declinehas been especially sharp for literature. This is unfortunate becausenothing else provides the intellectual stimulation that literature does.Literature encourages us to exercise our imaginations, empathize withothers, and expand our understanding of language. So by reading lessliterature, the reading public is missing out on important benefits.Unfortunately, missing out on the benefits of literature is not the onlyproblem. What are people reading instead? Consider the prevalence ofself-help books on lists of best sellers. These are usually superficialpoorly written, and intellectually undemanding. Additionally, instead ofsitting down with a challenging novel, many persons are now more likelyto turn on the television, watch a music video, or read a Web page.Clearly, diverting time previously spent in reading literature to trivialforms of entertainment has lowered the level of culture in general.The trend of reading less literature is all the more regrettable because itis taking place during a period when good literature is being written.There are many talented writers today, but they lack an audience. Thisfact is bound to lead publishers to invest less in literature and so supportfewer serious writers. Thus, the writing as well as the reading ofliterature is likely to decline because of the poor standards of today'sreaders.换行请按Ctrl+EnterWrite your response here.Question:Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Some people say that the Internet provides people witha lot of valuable information. Others think access to somuch information creates problems. Which view do youagree with?Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.Directions: Read the question below. You have 30 minutes to plan, write,and revise your essay. Typically, an effective response will contain aminimum of 300 words.换行请按Ctrl+EnterYou have completed this practice test.Review answerRestart test。

托福阅读文章分类(OG+TPO1-31)

托福阅读文章分类（更新至TPO 30）1. 自然科学1.1地质学1.1.1冰川类1OG：Green Icebergs2TPO 15：Glacier Formation3TPO 19：Discovering The Ice Ages1.1.2地质现象1 OG：Geology and Landscape2TPO 01：Groundwater3TPO 02：Desert Formation4TPO 03：Depletion of The Ogallala Aquifer 5TPO 07：The Geologic History of The Mediterranean6TPO 12：Water in The Desert7TPO 20：Fossil Preservation8TPO 21：Geothermal Energy 9TPO 24：Lake Water10TPO27：The Formation of Volcanic Islands11TPO28：Groundwater1.2天文学1.2.1火星类1 TPO 08：Running Water On Mars2TPO 25：The Surface of Mars1.2.2其他行星类1TPO 16：Planets in Our Solar System2TPO 22：The Allende Meteorite2. 生物科学2.1植物学1Sample：Opportunity and Competitors2TPO01：Timberline Vegetation on Mountains3TPO 05：Minerals and Plants4TPO 09：The Arrival of Plant Life in Hawaii 5TPO 22：Spartina6TPO 25：The Evolutionary Origin of Plants 2.2动物学2.2.1动物特点1 OG：Swimming Machines2OG：Feeding Habits of East African Herbivores3TPO04：Deer Population of The Puget Sound4TPO 13：Biological Clock5TPO 15：A Warm-blooded Turtle6TPO 17：Symbiotic Relationship2.2.2动物变化1Sample：Meteorite Impact and Dinosaur Extinction2TPO 05：The Cambrian Explosion3TPO 08：Extinction of The Dinosaurs4TPO 15：Mass Extinctions2.2.3动物行为1TPO 02：The Origins of Cetaceans2TPO 11：Begging by Nestlings3TPO 11：Orientation and Navigation4TPO 17：Animal Signals in The Rain Forest 5TPO27：Predator-Prey Cycles6TPO28：Buck Rubs and Buck Scrapes 2.3生态/环境学2.3.1生态系统1TPO 03：The Long-Term Stability of Ecosystems2TPO 19：Succession, Climax, and Ecosystems3TPO 26：Survival of Plants and Animals in Desert Conditions4TPO29：Competition5TPO30：The Pace of Evolutionary Change 2.3.2环境特点1Sample：Electricity from Wind2TPO 04：Petroleum Resources3TPO 10：Variations in The Climate4TPO 18：Lightning5TPO 23：Urban Climates3. 社会科学3.1艺术3.1.1绘画/雕塑/陶瓷1Sample：Lascaux Cave Paintings2TPO04：Cave Art in Europe3TPO 10：Chinese Pottery4TPO 11：Ancient Egyptian Sculpture5 TPO 23：Rock Art of the Australian Aborigines6TPO27：Crafts in the Ancient near East7TPO29：Characteristics of Roman Pottery 3.1.2建筑/戏剧/电影/摄影1 OG：Applied Arts and Fine Arts2TPO 01：The Origins of Theater3TPO02：Early Cinema4 TPO03：Architecture5TPO 12：Transition to Sound in Film6 TPO 22：The Birth of Photography7TPO30：The Role of Play in Development 3.2历史/考古学3.2.1工业化介绍1 OG：Artisans and Industrialization2TPO 06：Powering The Industrial Revolution3TPO 18：Industrialization in The Netherlands and Scandinavia4TPO 26：Energy and the Industrial Revolution5TPO29：The History of waterpower6TPO30：The Invention of the Mechanical Clock3.2.2贸易/经济介绍1TPO 10：Seventeenth-Century European Economic Growth2TPO14：Pastoralism in Ancient Inner Eurasia3TPO 16：Trade and The Ancient Middle East4TPO 17：Europe’s Early Sea Trade with Asia 5TPO 25：The Decline of Venetian Shipping 3.2.3农业发展介绍1TPO 07：Agriculture, Iron, and The Bantu Peoples2TPO21：The Origins of Agriculture3TPO 23：Seventeenth-Century Dutch Agriculture3.2.4国家/城市特点1OG：Nineteenth-Century Politics in The United States2TPO 07：Ancient Rome and Greece3TPO 08：The Rise of Teotihuacan 4TPO 14：Maya Water Problems5TPO 19：The Roman Army’s Impact on Britain6 TPO 26：Sumer and The First Cities of The Ancient Near East3.2.5人口变化特点1TPO 05：The Origins of The Pacific Island People2TPO 09：Colonizing The Americas Via The Northwest Coast3TPO 20：Westward Migration4TPO 20：Early Settlement in The Southwest Asia5TPO 24：Moving into Pueblos6TPO28：Early Saharan Pastoralists3.3心理/生理学1 OG：Aggression2 OG：The Expression of Emotion3 TPO 06：Infantile Amnesia4 TPO 13：Methods of Studying Infant Perception5TPO 18：The Mystery of Yawning6TPO 21：Autobiographical Memory7 TPO 24：Breathing During Sleep3.4社会学1 TPO 09：Reflection in Teaching2TPO 13：Types of Social Groups3TPO 14：Children and Advertising4. 其他学科类1 OG：Loie Fuller2 TPO 06：William Smith3TPO 16：Development of The Periodic Table4TPO 12：Which Hand Did They Use?。

托福阅读学科分类(完全修正版)

History
4
TPO 07
Ancien Rome And Greece
History
5
TPO 10
Seventeenth-Century European Economic Growth
History
6
TPO 14
Pastoralism In Ancient Inner Eurasia
History
History/Geology
32
TPO 07
Argriculture, Iron, And The Bantu Peoples
Archaeology
33
TPO 08
The Rise Of Teotihuacan
Archaeology
34
TPO 12
Which Hand Did They Use ?
History
22
TPO 33
The First Civilizations
History
23
TPO 33
Railroads and Commercial Agriculture in Nineteenth-Century United States
History
24
TPO 34
Islamic Art and the Book
Archaeology
35
TPO 20
Early Settlements in the Southwest Asia
Archaeology
36
TPO 27
Crafts in the Ancient Near East
Archaeology
37
TPO 29

12月11日托福阅读答案解析

12月11日托福阅读答案解析第一篇Glacier Effects第一段主要讲前两段主要讲冰川的形成和融化会给地球带来很多变化，包括地表的高度，地表的形态，还有沿路的树，石头等，然后说到山岳冰川对地表的影响，山岳上的冰川移动速冻很快，会使很多V型山谷蚀刻成U型山谷和冰悬谷，最后讲到大陆冰川以及冰川崩解对地球的影响，冰川崩解化为洪水注入海洋，这个过程对地表影响更大。

解析本文考察的是地质类中的冰川形成，用词也比较专业，对于不了解冰川形成以及作用的同学来说可能比较大，不过这个比较接近Glacier Formation的后续文章，如果考前练习中做过这篇，并且单词也都记背，做这篇相对来说会有一定基础。

参考文章：TPO15-3 Glacier FormationTPO 19-3 Discovering the Ica AgesIn response to = as a result ofDepositing=puttingSculpt=shapeDrastic=very significant第二篇The Sistine Ceiling第一段讲壁画的两种方法buon和secco不以及个子优缺点。

第二段讲到画家米开朗琪罗绘制大量的壁画，通常使用一种干的比较慢的颜色进行绘画，并且每天都辛勤工作，当然他也会的很快。

第三、四、五段讲那些修复工作，有一个点时说后来大家觉得这个画家本身的风格就有点压抑(somber and little appreciation in colors/materials)。

最后对壁画修复进行了讨论，文章中人们反对修复(restoration)，认为修复太colorful，感到shocking，因为后来的人会加入自己的理解进行修复，而且年代感(age)本身也是一种特性，大家觉得这也很好。

本文是托福常考的艺术类文章，tpo中有很多关于洞穴艺术的文章，不过大多是关于洞穴壁画年龄的探讨，本文后半部分有别于我们期望的主题，主要是讨论对壁画的修复，文章有比较专业的词汇，句型也比较复杂，在有间内完成对这篇文章要求是很高的，建议多刷TPO中与文化艺术相关的文章。

TPO-11 Reading 3 阅读译文

Begging by Nestlings雏鸟的乞食行为damaging. A classic example is noisy begging by nestling songbirds when a parent returns to the nest with food. These loud cheeps and peeps might give the location of the nest away to a listening hawk or raccoon, resulting in the death of the defenseless nestlings. In fact, when tapes of begging tree swallows were played at an artificial swallow nest containing an egg, the egg in that “noisy” nest was taken or destroyed by predators before the egg in a nearby quiet nest in 29 of 37 trials.一些动物发出的信号可能会给他们自身带来过份的伤害，一个典型的例子就是鸣禽的雏鸟在它们的父母带着食物归巢时吵闹的乞食行为。

这些叽叽喳喳的叫声有时会让巢外的老鹰和浣熊听到并且定位，从而致使毫无抵抗能力的雏鸟丧命。

事实上，一个蛋被放在一个假的树燕巢中且附近播放着树燕乞食叫声的录音带时，这个“嘈杂”的巢中的蛋在39 次试验中有27 次早于放在安静的巢中的蛋而被食肉动物带走或毁掉。

Further evidence for the costs of begging comes from a study of differences in the begging calls of warbler species that nest on the ground versus those that nest in the relative safety of trees. The young of ground-nesting warblers produce begging cheeps of higher frequencies than do their tree-nesting relatives. These higher-frequency sounds do not travel as far, and so may better conceal the individuals producing them, who are especially vulnerable to predators in their ground nests. Davida tape recorder that played the begging calls of either tree-nesting or of ground-nesting warblers. The eggs “advertised” by the tree-nesters' begging calls were found bitten significantly more often than the eggs associated with the ground-nesters' calls.乞食行为成本更进一步的证据来自与一项关于地面筑巢的黄莺与住在相对安全的树上的黄莺对比的研究。