道路规划外文文献1

道路设计

1.道路设计的历史

首先，本文主要依靠大量的文字叙述，若对您造成理解上的困难，敬请谅解。

由于本文所涵盖的资料单一，本文是此系列中唯一的一篇文章。本文不像其他文章

一样有大量图片说明。其次，本文主要内容是关于欧洲公路修筑的历史。

在西欧，罗马人是具有重大意义的公路修筑的开创者。他们看到了修筑公路能

使人较快的移动地理位置的作用，这一作用对军用和民用都是极其重要的。罗马人

率先指出，要使公路发展为主要道路，就必须把地坪线提高一米。公路的最大特点

就是没有角落，这是为了降低埋伏的风险。罗马人对道路的耐久性设定了标准，这

一成就远超过了罗马帝国灭亡后所取得的其它成就。

罗马人设计公路的方法本质上与现代使用的是相同。公路由几个不同层次构成，这从基层增加了公路的强度。最底层的通常是碎石子，中间层是掺加了石灰的混凝土，而上层则是铺路石或者掺有石灰的厚石板。每一层的厚度由当地的地质条件决定。

罗马帝国消亡后，它的道路系统一直处于无人修善的状态。到了中世纪末期，

全国的道路系统几乎处于瘫痪状态，唯一的路途就是没有铺石板的路。一到冬季就

泥泞不堪，夏天则尘土飞扬，根本无法通行。同时为了绕开贫穷的地区，更是导致

了道路弯弯曲曲，加大了通行难度。这种路况加上法律监管不严，意味着除非是疯

子或者是无可奈何的情况，没人愿意去走这些路。

这种情况直到1555年国会通过了所有地方政府有责任维修损坏道路的行动后有

所改善。这次行动还包括建立高速公路拯救员职位。没有薪金和材料再加上技术匮乏，所以这个告示明显地无人理睬且效率低下也就不怎么奇怪了。

……

2.交通量分析

2.1、交通密度：

2.2、交通负荷：

3.交通密度

4.交通负载

5.土方工程

6.开挖

History of Road Design

Firstly let me apologise for this page. It is largely text based due to the nature of it and if reading is difficult then I am sorry. This is due solely to the material covered and is the only page in the series. This is not typical as the rest have graphics or images to keep you amused. Secondly this page is very much a history of road building in the United Kingdom．

The first road builders of any significance in Western Europe were the Romans, who saw the ability to move quickly as essential for both military and civil reasons. It is from the Romans that the term highway comes as all their roads were elevated 1m above the local level of the land. This was to minimise the risk of an ambush, as was the best known characteristic of the roads, their lack of corners. The standards set by the Romans in terms of durability far exceeded anything achieved after the fall of the empir e.

The Roman approach to road design is essentially the same as that in current use. The roads were constructed of several different layers, increasing in strength from the bottom. The lowest layer was normally a rubble, intermediate layers were made of li me bound concrete and the upper layer was a flag or lime grouted stone slabs. The thickness of the layers was varied according to the local ground conditions.

After the fall of the Roman Empire the road system fell into a state of disrepair and by the end of the middle ages, there was in effect no road

system in the country. The only routes available were unpaved tracks, muddy and impassable in winter and dusty and impassable in summer. Diversions around particularly poor stretches resulted in sinuous align ments. The state of the roads combined with the general lawlessness at the time meant only the determined or insane traveled.

The first change in this attitude