Research_proposal 格式

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博士申请rp格式 -回复

博士申请rp格式-回复以下是一个博士申请研究计划的个人陈述（Research Proposal）的格式：标题：[研究计划主题]第一部分：引言（Introduction）（约500字）在引言部分，您需要明确介绍您选择这个研究方向的原因，并简要说明该研究对于学术界和现实社会的重要性。

可以包括以下内容：1. 引入话题：简要介绍研究领域和该方向的背景。

2. 研究背景和问题：阐述现有研究的局限性和存在的问题。

3. 目标和目的：阐述您的研究目标和目的，以及您希望解决的问题。

4. 研究重要性：说明您的研究对学术界和现实社会的意义。

第二部分：文献综述（Literature Review）（约700字）在文献综述部分，您需要对现有的文献进行综述，评估已有研究在该领域的贡献，并分析其局限性。

可以包括以下内容：1. 前人研究简介：介绍已有研究的主要观点和方法。

2. 研究的空白：分析前人研究的局限性和尚未解决的问题。

3. 研究的创新点：说明您的研究与前人研究的不同之处和新颖之处。

第三部分：研究框架与方法（Research Framework and Methodology）（约600字）在研究框架与方法部分，您需要详细描述您的研究框架和研究方法，并解释为什么选择这些方法。

可以包括以下内容：1. 研究框架：描述您的研究框架、理论基础和研究假设。

2. 研究方法：详细介绍您的研究方法，包括数据收集、实证分析方法等。

3. 数据来源和样本：说明您将从哪些渠道获取数据，并描述您的样本选择策略。

4. 时间表和预期结果：列出您的研究时间表，并说明您预期的研究结果。

第四部分：预期成果和研究影响（Expected Outcomes and Research Impact）（约300字）在预期成果和研究影响部分，您需要说明您的研究预计会得出什么结果，并阐述这些结果对学术界和现实社会的影响。

可以包括以下内容：1. 预期成果：阐述您希望通过研究获得的具体成果。

还不了解Proposal怎么写？解析优秀ResearchProposal模板与标准研究计划书格式

还不了解Proposal怎么写？解析优秀Research Proposal模板与标准研究计划书格式学者们经常要写研究计划来为他们的项目筹集资金。

作为一名学生，你可能需要写一份研究计划，以使你的论文或论文计划获得批准。

你所写的计划书都是为了说服某些人，比如资助机构、教育机构或导师，让他们相信你的项目是值得的。

那么你在为选择计划书的题目而发愁吗？你知道标准研究计划书格式是怎样的吗？一篇优秀且有说服力的proposal怎么写？那么相信你读完这篇文章，看过研究计划书范文，就会掌握一些写作技巧，从而撰写一篇proposal。

Research proposal即是研究计划书是通常在科学或学术界提出对资助研究、指导或扩展项目的文件，达到为此项目提供赞助与支持的请求。

一份有效的研究计划书要可以轻松快速地回答以下问题：•你想做什么，你打算怎么做?•要花多少钱? 用多少时间?•建议的项目如何与发起人的利益相关?•这个项目对你的大学、学生、学科、国家、民族或任何其他相关组织有什么影响?•你为什么要做这个项目，而不是别人?•如何评估结果？研究计划书的主要目的是让读者相信你的项目的价值和你的能力，你必须证明你针对此项目有明确可行的计划，确保你的项目将会成功。

通过撰写研究计划书，要达成这些目的：（1）让读者相信你的项目是有趣的、原创的、重要的。

（2）表明你对这个领域很熟悉，你了解这个课题的研究现状，你的想法有很强的学术基础。

（3）为你的研究方法提出一个案例，表明你已经仔细考虑了进行研究所需的数据、工具和程序。

（4）确认该项目在方案、机构或资金的实际限制范围内是可能的。

在撰写研究计划书之前，你要分清楚计划书的主要类型有哪些，以便更好的着手你的Research proposal。

（1）招标建议计划书。

根据项目发起人的具体要求提交的建议书。

这种招标，通常称为征求建议书(RFP)或报价要求(RFQ)，通常对格式和技术内容有特定的要求，并可能指定某些奖励条款和条件。

research proposal模板

Research Proposal1.Applicant’s nameLIU Jia2.Title of proposed research projectMicro Film Creation Art Theory—— Taking original micro film "THE MEANING OF EMOTION" as an example3.Summary of researchIn the condition of promoting the media integration, the creation of micro film and audience psychology are worthy of the hot content of research. In the reseach,I am using data analysis method and the investigation method, selected from the original micro film "THE MEANING OF EMOTION" as the main object of discussion,through the micro film creation in narrative art and technique of expression to influence the audience's aesthetic.4.IntroductionMicro film "THE MEANING OF EMOTION" has been the national college students innovation and entrepreneurship program funded, in many of the predecessors and colleagues to participate in support to complete.5.Objectives and hypotheses to be testedIn the media convergence from the perspective of micro film creation should pay attention to narrative elements and technique of expression, the micro film creation into inspiring positive narrative elements can make the audience's psychological condition in a certain extent to improve a lot.6.Literature reviewOn film studies courses, students are asked to treat as objects of study the same films which they may more commonly experience as entertainment. To explore the role of academic writing in this, an action research project was carried out on a university film studies course using a systemic functional linguistics approach.A taxonomic film analysis was analysed drawing on the work of Halliday and Mathiessen (2004), Martin (1992) and Lemke, (1985, 1990 ), focussing on three aspects: the genre acts performed in the process of analysing film; the conceptual frameworks of film studies knowledge, or ‘thematic formations’ (Lemke, 1993) drawn on and re-constituted in theassignment; the particular ways that language is used to perform these acts and build these thematic formations. For EAP to be relevant to film students, it is proposed that EAP specialists need to engage with these three aspects of film study. This application of SFL in film studies EAP is intended as an illustration of how SFL tools can be used for relevant EAP provision across the HE curriculum.In Britain, film studies came on the agenda in the 1970s, when it served as a terrain for the formulation of a critical understanding of how cinema functioned within the broader context of industrial capitalism and the nexus between that and the reshaping of people's habits and lives. However, during that decade, a different agenda was also at work, which, from the early 1980s, began to receive support from neo-liberal 'free-market' ideologues. Over a period of 30 years, the overall direction of the inquiry into cinema, now firmly sealed into institutional networks, has become such that the critical language of 'film theory' has been hollowed out and the industrial agenda of British national television and cinema wrapped around it. Today, with the opening of film studies departments across Asia, the question is not whether outside Britain the language of film studies will became available for instrumentalization by the forces of an expanding Euro-American capital, but how it will do so. Valentina Vitali argues that the recovery of film from the bureaucratization of its study and its rediscovery as one of the modalities of modernization require both a framework of analysis that is fully conscious of its own historicity and critical role, and a new topography of cinema.In France，Philippe Gauthier have a paper is a comparative study of the impact on French film studies of the emergence of television and digital technologies. The goal of the comparison between what the author calls the ‘television revolution’ –a period in which film theorists became aware of the impact of television on the study of cinema – and the now well-known ‘digital revolution’ is to observe the recurrence of specific phenomena in the history of film studies in France. The author argues that during both the television and digital revolutions there appears to be a desire to compare cinema with other media while at the same time asserting its specificity. The impact of the television and digital revolutions on film studies in France is thus two-fold: (1) the broadening of the discipline's boundaries to include other media and other research methods; (2) the redefinition of cinema based on a singular definition of the medium.In film studies, the Auteur Theory is mainly employed to explore film directors’ signature styles in creating their mastery artifacts. Individual style of adirector in filmmaking is based on his/her preferences; genre, theme, mise-en-scéne, cinematography or even casts line-up. Disciplinary indiscipline characterizes the post-industrial, post-modern, post-disciplinary intellectual environment. The certainties offered by normative theories are lost in a post-disciplinary virtual world that appears to be no longer fully grounded on modernist assumptions or even material reality. It has become common practice to meld many different and sometimes incompatible academic approaches in order to pander to students’ preferences. Contemporary approaches now especially mimic Karl Marx’s phase ‘all that is solid melts into air’, as many un-, ill- and in-disciplined post-disciplinary disciples shield students from knowing about disciplinary epistemologies, disciplinary histories and the paradigmatic evolution of film theories across different periods, contexts and conditions. Keyan G Tomaselli critically examines some of these issues by applying the framework of langue (structure) and parole (accent) to make sense of film studies in a post-disciplinary media world dominated by economic implosion.7.Materials and methodsIn the reseach,I am using data analysis method and the investigation method, selected from the original micro film "THE MEANING OF EMOTION" as the main object of discussion.The research of the conclusion after the analysis of the writing style, and the audience survey response.8.Anticipated outcome and value of the researchAccording to the creation, filming, dissemination and reflection of the micro film, the psychological status of the audience can be improved if the active elements of the film creation can be improved.9.References[1]James P. Donohue. Using systemic functional linguistics in academic writing development: An example from film studies[J]. Journal of English for Academic Purposes,2012,111:.[2]Philippe Gauthier. Recurrent phenomena in French film studies: from television to digital media[J]. New Review of Film and Television Studies,2014,123:.[3]Valentina Vitali. Why study cinema? Serial visions of the culture industry and the future of film studies[J]. Inter-Asia Cultural Studies,2005,62:.[4]Nurul Ezzati Aisya Mohd Zaki,Che Su Mustaffa,Noer Doddy Irmawati. Visualizing Islamic Law and Values in Semerah Padi (1956): P. Ramlee asCinematographic Auteur[J]. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences,2014,155:.[5]Keyan G Tomaselli. (Un-)Disciplined indiscipline. The langue and parole of film studies in a post-disciplinary world[J]. South African Theatre Journal,2015,282:.。

research proposal 格式

research proposal 格式
编写研究提案（research proposal）的格式可能会有些变化，具体取决于学科、机构或项目的要求。

以下是一个一般性的研究提案的标准格式，供参考：
1. 标题：
-确定性而简明地概括研究内容。

2. 背景和引言：
-介绍研究问题的背景，阐明研究的重要性。

-提供相关文献综述，说明目前已有的研究和知识空缺。

3. 研究问题或目标：
-明确研究的主要问题或目标。

4. 研究设计/方法：
-描述研究设计，包括数据收集和分析方法。

-讨论实施研究的步骤，以及为什么选择这些方法。

5. 理论框架：
-如果适用，提供支持研究的理论基础。

6. 研究的意义和预期成果：
-阐述研究的理论和实际意义，以及预期的研究成果。

7. 研究计划和时间表：
-列出研究的阶段，包括起止日期。

8. 预算：
-提供研究所需的经费预算，包括任何可能的支出。

9. 参考文献：
-列举所有在研究提案中引用的文献。

10. 附录：
-如果需要，包含支持材料，例如调查问卷、图表、地图等。

请注意，研究提案的具体要求可能会因学科和项目而异。

在准备研究提案时，请仔细阅读和遵循特定机构或项目提供的指南和要求。

research-proposal范文

Research proposal1. Title：Cormac McCarthy’s The Road and American Modern EschatologyOr Modern Eschatology of the 21st century America in Cormac McCarthy’s The Road2. Introduction：1).about the author:a.Most Important achievements about Cormac McCarthy:Cormac McCarthy is an American novelist and playwright, who was once described as “the best unknown novelist in America”. So far McCarthy has written ten novels, one published five-act play, and one filmed screenplay, among which, novels are considered his most conspicuous literary achievements.On May 5th, 2009, Cormac McCarthy has won the biennial PEN/Saul Bellow award for lifetime achievement in American literature, for "a distinguished living American author of fiction whose body of work in English possesses qualities of excellence, ambition, and scale of achievement over a sustained career which places him or her in the highest rank of American literature".He received the Pulitzer Prize in 2007 for The Road, and his 2005 novel No Country for Old Men was adapted as a 2007 film of the same name, which won four Academy Awards, including Best Picture. He received a National Book Award in 1992 for All the Pretty Horses.His earlier Blood Meridian (1985) was among Time Magazine's poll of 100 best English-language books published between 1925 and 2005 and he placed joint runner-up for a similar title in a poll taken in 2006 by The New York Times of the best American fiction published in the last 25 years. Literary critic Harold Bloom named him as one of the four major American novelists of his time, along with Thomas Pynchon, Don DeLillo and Philip Roth. He is frequently compared by modern reviewers to William Faulkner.2. Proposed researched topicCormac McCarthy’s The Road and American Modern EschatologyOr Modern Eschatology of the 21st century America in Cormac McCarthy’s The Road3. Literature review:As Cormac McCarthy is a newly-rising writer, we can not see so many tremendous academic studies of him as of other classical writers.1)In USA, Cormac M cCarthy didn’t receive critical attention until the 1990s.So far the American critics and postgraduates have conducted studies of him in the following aspects with a few achievements. In spite of his numerous awards and prizes, McCarthy is frequently considered as the successor of William Faulkner; however, with the popularity of No Country for Old Men and the great success of The Road, more mainstream critics and media keep an eye on this unknown famous writer.a.Monologues, dialogues, sentence structures in spire scholars to explore autotextuality in McCarthy’s works. Christine Chollier brings forward the idea that the writer is a master in binding and interweaving different voices together to generate and enhance an impression of reality. It is the writer’s talent in picking and arranging wordsthat renders his works an organic unity rarely found in other western novels.Another thing that keeps attracting scholar’s attention is protagonists’ dreams, which, Edwin T. Arnold thinks, represent McCarthy’s “unique way of sharing world experience with readers”. Other themes, like wars, ethics, and modern technology, have all become the focuses of study.Some scholars ponder over another important theme in McCarthy’s works: human-nature relations. George Guillemin raises the idea that the writer is advocating a biocentric concept in all his books, which runs in contrast to the anthropocentric stance many western novels have assumed before. Guillemin points out that people’s hope to get closer to nature has been r uined by modern civilization. Barcley Owens, too, expresses the same concern over human’s attitudes towards nature and argues eloquently that McCarthy reveals his worry through the depiction of wilderness in his Border Trilogy.In The Lay of the Land in C ormac McCarthy’s Appalachia, K. Wesley Berry shows his interest in examining the geological changes in McCarthy’s Appalachia. A lot of data are brought in for a conclusion that human’s activities have already caused damages to natural environment, and if n ot stopped, will continue to harm the planet people are living on. In another essay by Sara Spurgeon, the idea that nature deserves to be explored and used by human is totally undermined through a closer examination of the message McCarthy tries to pass on to us in his works. The World on Fire deals with the same topic, but in a different way. Jacqueline Scoones finds McCarthy’s interest in portraying products of modern civilization and putting them in a setting of nature. Scoones insists that McCarthy intends to generate an odd contrast between civilization and nature, and to arouse a spontaneous hatred against people’s invasion into nature.Researchers also notice the animal images in his works. Major analysis include George Guillemin’s Some Site Where Life had not Succeeded, in which he mentions that John Grady’s attitude changes toward horses represent the wakening of his goodwill to nature. Western Myths in All the Pretty Horses and The Crossing by Barcley Owens explicitly affirms wolves as a “spokesman” of nature. And everything people could see from the animal and its relations with human may serve as the evidence that McCarthy hopes for a harmonious coexistence between human and nature.2) Cormac McCarthy’s works are still far from familiar to China’s literary circle.From the data from CNKI, it is clear that Cormac McCarthy has gained Chinese Critics’ attention only in recent years, especially after the release of the movie No country for Old Men. Before 2007, there are only two essays on Cormac McCarthy, while since 2007, 5 essays and 5 graduate theses have chosen this writer and his works, two of which are based on The Road. However, those two just introduce the plots of the novel and some relevant information.3. The Main Argument (and three sub-arguments):This thesis will be carried out through the perspective of Modern Eschatology, especially in the views of the end days appeared after 911.1. The destruction of the world in the novel and its metaphorical truth2. The final judgments administered by the writer in the fictitious world and the crytic trial to the human civilization3. The Post-Doomsday Vista portrayed in The Road and the suggested attitude of the writer to the humanfuture.4.Purpose and Significance of Study:First, this thesis introduces Cormac McCarthy into China, who claims certain fame in the USA but is little known in China. Surely, McCarthy will get his familiarity and fame in China gradually in which this thesis will play an incentive role.Second, social sciences see great initiation with the development of the modern nature sciences. The melting trend of different branches of sciences becomes more and more conspicuous. Many critics tend to analyze literary works from the point of philosophy, psychology, sociology, aesthetics, anthropology, etc. This thesis offers an example of such a trend.Third, this thesis claims its enlightening function. It presents us a new angle of view into the contemporary American culture after the 911 effect.5. A Detailed Sentence Outline:IntroductionThe part includes an introduction to Cormac McCarthy and The Road and literature reviews of existing findings. The origins, development and main thoughts of eschatology will be introduced as an important term for the thesis. Aside from those, a special attention will be given to how the 911 event effects the American culture and American literature.Chapter One the violent destruction of the world in The Road1.1 The ruins on the American Land1.2 The wasteland of the human spiritThis part will analyze the destruction of the world in the novel and its metaphorical truth.Chapter Two the final judgment of the righteous and the wicked in The Road2.1 The bad guys on the road2.2 The good guys on the roadThis part will discuss the final judgments administered by the writer in the fictitious world and the crytic trial to the human civilizationChapter Three:the Post-Doomsday Vista in The Road3.1 The allegoric meaning of the journey3.2 The symbolic image of the sonThe Post-Doomsday Vista portrayed in The Road and the suggested attitude of the writer to the human future will be presented in the third chapter.ConclusionThe total destruction presents readers the picture in the end of the world, but also deprives them of theendless horror about the uncertain future. In the end is the beginning. The author proclaims the resurrection for modern humans. What matters in the novel is the great humanity of the individual.1) On Literature and TheoryWolfreys, J. Introducing Criticism at the 21st Century [M].Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press Ltd, 2002. Brooks, Cl. & Warren, R.P. Understanding Fiction [M]. 外语教学与研究出版社，2004.Bradbury, Malcolm. The Modern American Novel [M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.Eagleton, Terry. Literary Theory: An Introduction [M]. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1983. Pizer, Donald, (Ed.). The Cambridge Companion to American Realism and Naturalism [M]. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995Zhu, Gang.20th Century Western Literary Theories[M],上海外语教育出版，2001。

Research Proposal整体框架

Subject: xxx (与你专业相关)Title:Tips: 你的title应该要简单易懂，让别人一看到题目就知道你在research什么Abstract:1.In your abstract, you should first briefly explain what your question is and why it is interesting.You should then explain the results of your analysis.2.You should finally describe the conclusion of your analysis—in other words, what your resultsmean.3.Your abstract5 should be no longer than 200 words.摘要部分，这里你应该要写你为什么要研究这个课题，然后简单叙述你的研究成果/结论Introduction:1.The main goal of your introduction is to motivate your question and introduce your analysis.2.You should therefore provide enough background to make the value of your analysis clear3.You should cite between 5 and 10 papers which are related to your analysis4.You should then explain what your analysis sets out to do. What is your question? What doyou expect to do?5.You may wish to give an initial indication of the results, but this is a stylistic decision在这里你可以引用5-10篇学术文章，但每个老师的喜好有所不同，有的老师会要求整个research proposal的cite不超过20篇，所以introduction里不能有那么多的引用。

research proposal字数

Research Proposal一、研究背景随着社会的发展和进步，科学技术得到了快速发展，人们对科学知识的渴望也越来越强烈。

作为一个研究人员，我们需要不断地深入研究各种领域的知识，为社会的发展做出贡献。

本课题选择了XXX为研究对象，主要是因为XXX有着广阔的研究空间，同时具有一定的实际应用价值。

二、研究目的我们的研究旨在探索XXX的XXX特性，并通过对XXX的深入研究，为XXX领域的发展做出贡献。

通过我们的研究，还可以为企业的XXX 提供一定的参考和指导。

三、研究方法为了达到以上研究目的，我们将采用XXX方法进行研究。

我们将通过实地调查、统计分析、专家访谈等方法，收集大量的XXX相关数据，并对这些数据进行深入、系统的分析和研究，从而揭示XXX的内在特性和规律。

四、研究内容1. XXX的定义和特性我们将通过文献综述和实地调查，对XXX的定义和特性进行界定和分析，从而深入探讨XXX的本质属性。

2. XXX的发展现状及问题我们将通过对XXX的发展现状进行调查和分析，发现其中存在的问题和矛盾，为我们进一步的研究提供依据。

3. XXX的发展趋势通过对XXX的发展趋势进行分析和研究，探讨XXX未来的发展方向和发展空间，为XXX领域的进一步研究提供参考。

五、研究意义我们的研究将有以下意义：1. 为XXX领域的发展提供理论指导和参考；2. 为企业的XXX提供决策支持和指导；3. 为相关研究人员提供研究思路和方法。

六、研究预期成果通过我们的研究，我们希望能够得到以下预期成果：1. 对XXX的定义和特性有更深刻、更系统的认识；2. 对XXX的发展现状、问题和趋势进行了深入的分析和探讨；3. 对XXX领域的发展提出了一定的见解和建议。

七、研究进度安排我们的研究将按以下进度安排进行：1. 月份：进行XXX的文献综述和调研；2. 月份：完成对XXX的实地调查和数据收集；3. 月份：进行数据分析和研究；4. 月份：撰写研究报告和论文。

research proposal 的格式

research proposal 的格式Research Proposal Format:Title: The Impact of Social Media on Mental Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysisIntroduction:- Briefly explain the background and significance of the topic.- Highlight the existing gap in knowledge or controversy surrounding the impact of social media on mental health.- State the research questions and objectives.Literature Review:- Conduct a comprehensive review of studies exploring the relationship between social media use and mental health outcomes.- Summarize the main findings and controversies in the existing literature.- Identify any limitations or gaps in the current research.Methodology:1. Research Design:- Specify whether the study will be a systematic review or ameta-analysis.- Justify the chosen methodology and explain how it will contribute to addressing the research questions.2. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria:- Define the population of interest, including age range and social media platforms.- Specify the types of studies that will be included (e.g., experimental, correlational, longitudinal) and any language or date restrictions.3. Search Strategy:- Describe the databases and search engines that will be utilized. - Explain the keywords and search terms that will be used.- Discuss any additional strategies for identifying relevant studies (e.g., hand-searching reference lists, contacting experts).4. Study Selection:- Outline the process for screening and selecting studies based on the predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria.- Describe the number of reviewers involved and any measures toensure inter-rater reliability.5. Data Extraction:- Specify the data items that will be collected from each study (e.g., sample size, study design, outcome measures).- Indicate how the relevant data will be extracted and recorded (e.g., using standardized forms).6. Quality Assessment:- Explain the methods for assessing the quality and risk of bias of the included studies.- Discuss any tools or criteria that will be used for this purpose.Data Analysis:- Describe the statistical methods that will be employed for data synthesis (e.g., meta-analysis, qualitative synthesis).- Explain the rationale for pooling or comparing the results of the selected studies.Ethical Considerations:- Discuss any ethical issues that may arise during the research process.- Address how participant confidentiality, informed consent, and other ethical principles will be ensured.Timeline and Resources:- Provide a detailed timeline of the proposed research activities. - Specify any necessary resources, such as research assistants, software, or funding.Conclusion:- Summarize the main points of the research proposal.- Emphasize the potential contributions and implications of the proposed study.- Discuss the feasibility and limitations of the research.References:- Include a list of all the references cited in the proposal, following appropriate citation style guidelines (e.g., APA, MLA).。

留学研究方案(research proposal)模板3

Title of research:An investigation into the barriers to and priorities for research development in health librarianship.Objectives:•To identify key barriers to and priorities for research development in health librarianship•To administrate a national electronic survey to health librarians and information specialists in England, Scotland and Wales.Please give a brief justification of your proposed research project:The question this study aims to answer is: What are the barriers to and priorities for research development in health librarianship? This question has been given minimal levels of consideration in the professional literature to date and is a question of importance for a number of reasons. There is now a growing literature base that recognises the need for librarians to engage more with research (Powell, Baker et al. 2002; Juznic and Urbanija 2003; Koufogiannakis and Slater 2004; Koufogiannakis and Crumley 2006). Within the current context of health librarianship strategies are neededto engage with this more fully and in order to effectively address the associated issues that relate to improved decision making skills, evidence based practice, and the improvement of patient care. This is particularly pertinent in light of the recent HillReport (Hill 2008, p35) which specifically recommends that “research to measure the impact of the application of best available evidence in decision making should continueto be pursued vigorously and routinely by health librarians, in partnership with researchers’.Much of the work health librarians are involved with is directly linked to evidence based health practice, and evidence based medicine and research forms a substantial aspectof this (Eldredge 2000; Hill 2008). Whilst there is a demand on health professionals to justify and base their practice on robust research based evidence, there is little evidence that health librarians are engaging with this in relation to their own professional practice. Largely, their involvement with evidence based practice is linked directly to health practice rather than the practice of librarianship. The lack of evidence based practice in librarianship jeopardises the credibility of health librarians in their involvement with evidence based health practice and it is widely reported that increased engagement with evidence based librarianship amongst the profession is becoming increasingly important. For health librarians to credibly support evidence based health practice / medicine it is arguable that the profession should be able to demonstrate evidence based practice in relation to its own professional practice (Eldredge 2000; Booth and Brice 2003; Grant 2003). This is particularly relevant since the end purpose of health librarianship is directly linked to the improvement of patient care (Hill 2008). For health librarians totake a truly evidence based approach to their professional practice, increased engagement with research activities is necessary. At present however, there is little evidence that health librarians are engaging with research in relation to their ownprofessional practice (Booth 2002; Booth and Brice 2003). Whilst some small pockets of active engagement exist, largely this remains a specialist interest area rather than something that is taken on board profession-wide (Booth 2002). Reluctance to conduct research in relation to health librarianship (rather than health practice) within the profession is widely documented (Booth 2002; Booth 2003). However, with the exception of a generic study (McNicol and Nankivell 2003) which aimed to survey librarians from all subject disciplines and which had poor coverage of health librarians, the reasons behind this have not as yet been fully investigated.The study by McNicol and Nankivell (2003) identified the LIS research agenda to be poorly organised and lacking in direction. It is expected that in carrying out this study a deeper understanding of the reluctance amongst health librarians to engage in research and other related issues they perceive create barriers to their engagement with research activity will be gained. The study will also aim to investigate what they feel are the priorities for research development to aid this current situation. It is anticipated that from the data collected, a clearer and deeper understanding of the issues can be acquired. This will inform the development of a framework which will provide clarity and direction for the profession. Furthermore, it will make recommendations as to how best research development can be taken forward in the profession based on sound evidence derived from the population to which it concerns. The use of a large scale electronic web based survey method will help to acquire a valid data set which is expected to make a substantial and effective contribution to answering the research question. The results and recommendations will be widely disseminated through a variety of appropriate channels.ReferencesBooth, A. (2002). "Mirage or reality." Health information and libraries journal 19(2): 56-58.Booth, A. (2003). "Bridging the research-practice gap: the role of evidence based librarianship." The New Review of Information and Library Research 9(1): 3-23.Booth, A. and A. Brice (2003). "Clear-cut?: facilitating health librarians to use information research in practice." Health information and libraries journal 20(S1): 45-52.Eldredge, J. D. (2000). "Evidence-based librarianship: an overview." Bulletin of the Medical Library Association 88(4): 289-302.Grant, M. L. (2003). "Journal clubs for continued professional development." Health information and libraries journal 20(1): 72-78.Hill, P. (2008). Report of a national review of NHS library services in England: from knowledge to health in the 21st century. Newcastle, Institute of Health and Society.Juznic, P. and J. Urbanija (2003). "Developing research skills in library and information studies." Library Management 274(6/7): 324-331.Koufogiannakis, D. and E. Crumley (2006). "Research in librarianship: issues to consider." Library Hi Tech 24(3): 324-340.Koufogiannakis, D. and L. Slater (2004). "A content analysis of librarianship research." Journal of Information Science 30(3): 227-239.McNicol, S. and C. Nankivell (2003). The LIS research landscape: a review and prognosis, Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals.Powell, R. R., L. M. Baker, et al. (2002). "Library and information science practitioners and research." Library and Information Science Research 24(1): 49-72.Please outline the proposed sample group, including any specific criteria: The sample group will aim to include representation from eight identified areas of health librarianship:Senior strategic health librariansClinical librariansHealth library service managersSenior information strategy managersAcademic health librariansIndependent health librariansResearch librariansAcademicsThe qualifying criteria required for inclusion in the survey will be health librarians and information specialists working in the above context areas, and who hold a professional LIS qualification (ie. degree level or above).Describe how the proposed sample group will be formulated:The study will aim to cover a wide sample group formulated from individuals working in the context areas identified above. Potential participants will be identified from LIS related JISCmail groups, professional directories, university LIS departments, special interest and professional groups, and cascades through senior managers and group Chairs.Indicate clearly what the involvement of the sample group will be in the research process:The involvement of the sample group in the study will extend to the completion of an electronic survey which will be sent via email.Specify how the consent of participants will be obtained. Please include within this a description of any information with which you intend to provide the subjects:Consent will be gained from respondents immediately before participants complete the survey. An invitation email will be sent out to potential participants containing details about the study and a link to the survey. Consent will be obtained from respondents through the inclusion of a statement of consent which will be embedded at the beginning of the survey before the respondent commences with completion of their response. Upon accessing the survey link, respondents will be directed to read the statement of consent and offered the option to consent to their involvement in the study or not. Provided the participant opts to consent to their participation, the survey will then open for them to complete. From the time of sending out the invitation to participate and link to the survey, potential respondents will be given six weeks in which to complete the survey (with a reminder being sent out at three weeks), if they decide to do so after having read the statement of consent.Indicate any potential risks to subjects and how you propose to minimise these:Participation in this survey presents no potential risks to the participants. Participants and their organisations will not be named in subsequent write ups and material submitted for publication.Describe the procedures you intend to follow in order to maintain the anonymity and confidentiality of the subjects:The email addresses from which responses will be sent will be automatically removed by the survey software used (SurveyMonkey). The identity of respondents will therefore not be known to the researchers at the survey return stage. Participants and their organisations will not be named in subsequent write ups and material submitted for publication.RESEARCH CONSENT FORMTitle of studyAn investigation into the barriers to and priorities for research development in health librarianshipPlease read and complete this form carefully. If you are willing to participate in this study, ring the appropriate responses and sign and date the declaration at the end. If you do not understand anything and would like more information, please ask.I have had the research satisfactorily explained to me in written form by the researcher. YES / NOI understand that the research will involve:•The completion of an electronic survey on the topic of research development issues in health librarianship.YES / NOI understand that I may withdraw from this study at any time without having to give an explanation.YES / NOI understand that all information about me will be treated in strict confidence and that I will not be named in any written work arising from this studyYES / NOI understand that any data collected will be used solely for research purposes and will be erased on completion of your research.YES / NOI understand that the data will only be discussed within the research teamYES / NOI understand that survey participants and their respective organisations will not be named in subsequent write ups and material submitted for publicationYES / NOI freely give my consent to participate in this research study and have been given a copy of this form for my own information.Signature: ………………………………………………………Name (capital letters)…………………………………………..Date: ……………………………………………………………Contact details: (include address, email and telephone number) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………Thank you for your interest in the study.。

research-proposal范文.doc

Research proposal1. Title ：Cormac McCarthy’s The Road and American Modern EschatologyOr Modern Eschatology of the 21 st century America in Cormac McCarthy The Road’s2. Introduction：1).about the author:a.Most Important achievements about Cormac McCarthy:Cormac McCarthy is an American novelist and playwright, who was once described as “ t best unknown novelist in America ”So. far McCarthy has written ten novels, one publishedfive-act play, and one filmed screenplay, among which, novels are considered his mostconspicuous literary achievements.On May 5th, 2009, Cormac McCarthy has won the biennial PEN/Saul Bellow award forlifetime achievement in American literature, for "a distinguished living American author of fictionwhose body of work in English possesses qualities of excellence, ambition, and scale ofachievement over a sustained career which places him or her in the highest rank of Americanliterature".He received the Pulitzer Prize in 2007 for The Road, and his 2005 novel No Country for OldMen was adapted as a 2007 film of the same name, which won four Academy Awards, includingBest Picture. He received a National Book Award in 1992 for All the Pretty Horses.His earlier Blood Meridian (1985) was among Time Magazine's poll of 100 bestEnglish-language books published between 1925 and 2005 and he placed joint runner-up for asimilar title in a poll taken in 2006 by The New York Times of the best American fiction publishedin the last 25 years. Literary critic Harold Bloom named him as one of the four major Americannovelists of his time, along with Thomas Pynchon, Don DeLillo and Philip Roth. He is frequentlycompared by modern reviewers to William Faulkner.2. Proposed researched topicCormac McCarthy ’ s The Road and American Modern EschatologyOr Modern Eschatology of the 21 st century America in Cormac McCarthy The Road’s3. Literature review:As Cormac McCarthy is a newly-rising writer, we can not see so many tremendous academicstudies of him as of other classical writers.1)In USA, Cormac M cCarthy didn ’receivet critical attention until the 1990s.So far the Americancritics and postgraduates have conducted studies of him in the following aspects with a fewachievements. In spite of his numerous awards and prizes, McCarthy is frequently consideredas the successor of William Faulkner; however, with the popularity of No Country for Old Menand the great success of The Road, more mainstream critics and media keep an eye on thisunknown famous writer.a.Monologues, dialogues, sentence structures inspire scholars to explore autotextuality inMcCarthy ’ s works. Christine Chollier brings forward the idea that the writer is a master in bindingand interweaving different voices together to generate and enhance an impression of reality. It isthe writer talent’s in picking and arranging words that renders his works an organic unity rarelyfound in other western novels.Another thing that keeps attracting scholar ’ s attention is protagonists ’ dreams, which, T. Arnold thinks, represent McCarthy ’ s “ unique way of sharing world experience with readersOther themes, like wars, ethics, and modern technology, have all become the focuses of study.Some scholars ponder over another important theme in McCarthy ’works: human-naturerelations. George Guillemin raises the idea that the writer is advocating a biocentric concept in allhis books, which runs in contrast to the anthropocentric stance many western novels have assumedbefore. Guillemin points out that people ’ s hope to get closer to nat u inedrehasbybeenmodern civilization. Barcley Owens, too, expresses the same concern over human’ sattitudes towardsnature and argues eloquently that McCarthy reveals his worry through the depiction of wildernessin his Border Trilogy.In The Lay of the Land in Cormac McCarthy s’Appalachia , K. Wesley Berry shows hisinterest in examining the geological changes in McCarthy ’ s Appalachia. A lot of data are broughtin for a conclusion that human ’ s activities have already caused damages to natural environment,and if not stopped, will continue to harm the planet people are living on. In another essay by SaraSpurgeon, the idea that nature deserves to be explored and used by human is totally underminedthrough a closer examination of the message McCarthy tries to pass on to us in his works. TheWorld on Fire deals with the same topic, but in a different way. Jacqueline Scoones findsMcCarthy ’ s interest in portraying products of modern civilization and putting them in a setting ofnature. Scoones insists that McCarthy intends to generate an odd contrast between civilization andnature, and to arouse a spontaneous hatred against people ’ s invasion into nature.Researchers also notice the animal images in his works. Major analysis include GeorgeGuillemin ’Somes Site Where Life had not Succeeded, in which he mentions that John Grady ’ sattitude changes toward horses represent the wakening of his goodwill to nature. Western Myths inAll the Pretty Horses and The Crossing by Barcley Owens explicitly affirms wolves as a“ spokesmanof”nature. And everything people could see from the animal and its relations withhuman may serve as the evidence that McCarthy hopes for a harmonious coexistence betweenhuman and nature.2)Cormac McCarthy’ s works are still far from familiar to Chinas literary circle.’From the data from CNKI, it is clear that Cormac McCarthy has gained Chinese Critics’attention only in recent years, especially after the release of the movie No country for Old Men. Before 2007, there are only two essays on Cormac McCarthy, while since 2007, 5 essays and 5 graduate theses have chosen this writer and his works, two of which are based on The Road. However, those two just introduce the plots of the novel and some relevant information.3. The Main Argument (and three sub-arguments):This thesis will be carried out through the perspective of Modern Eschatology, especiallyin the views of the end days appeared after 911.1.The destruction of the world in the novel and its metaphorical truth2.The final judgments administered by the writer in the fictitious world and the crytic trialto the human civilization3. The Post-Doomsday Vista portrayed in The Road and the suggested attitude of the writer to the human future.4.Purpose and Significance of Study:First, this thesis introduces Cormac McCarthy into China, who claims certain fame in theUSA but is little known in China. Surely, McCarthy will get his familiarity and fame in China gradually in which this thesis will play an incentive role.Second, social sciences see great initiation with the development of the modern nature sciences. The melting trend of different branches of sciences becomes more and more conspicuous. Many critics tend to analyze literary works from the point of philosophy, psychology, sociology, aesthetics, anthropology, etc. This thesis offers an example of such a trend.Third, this thesis claims its enlightening function. It presents us a new angle of view intothe contemporary American culture after the 911 effect.5. A Detailed Sentence Outline:IntroductionThe part includes an introduction to Cormac McCarthy and The Road and literature reviews of existing findings. The origins, development and main thoughts of eschatology will be introduced as an important term for the thesis. Aside from those, a special attention will be given to how the 911 event effects the American culture and American literature.Chapter One the violent destruction of the world in The Road1.1 The ruins on the American Land1.2 The wasteland of the human spiritThis part will analyze the destruction of the world in the novel and its metaphorical truth.Chapter Two the final judgment of the righteous and the wicked in The Road2.1 The bad guys on the road2.2 The good guys on the roadThis part will discuss the final judgments administered by the writer in the fictitious worldand the crytic trial to the human civilizationChapter Three: the Post-Doomsday Vista in The Road3.1 The allegoric meaning of the journey3.2 The symbolic image of the sonThe Post-Doomsday Vista portrayed in The Road and the suggested attitude of the writer to the human future will be presented in the third chapter.ConclusionThe total destruction presents readers the picture in the end of the world, but also deprives them of the endless horror about the uncertain future. In the end is the beginning. The author proclaims the resurrection for modern humans. What matters in the novel is the great humanity of the individual.1)On Literature and TheoryWolfreys, J. Introducing Criticism at the 21st Century [M].Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press Ltd, 2002.Brooks, Cl. & Warren, R.P. Understanding Fiction [M].外语教学与研究出版社，2004. Bradbury, Malcolm. The Modern American Novel [M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992. Eagleton, Terry. Literary Theory: An Introduction [M]. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1983.Pizer, Donald, (Ed.). The Cambridge Companion to American Realism and Naturalism [M].New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995Zhu, Gang.20th Century Western Literary Theories[M],上海外语教育出版，2001。

申请英国语言学博士的研究计划research proposal英文范文

申请英国语言学博士的研究计划research proposal英文范文摘要：一、研究背景与意义二、研究目标与问题三、研究方法与步骤四、预期成果与贡献正文：一、研究背景与意义随着全球化的发展，英语在国际交流中的地位日益重要，语言学作为一门研究语言本质和语言现象的学科，在我国也得到了广泛关注。

英国作为英语的发源地，其语言学研究方向具有很高的学术价值和实用性。

本研究计划旨在探讨英国语言学的热点问题，以期为我国英语教育与发展提供理论支持。

二、研究目标与问题1.研究目标：通过对英国语言学领域的现状和研究热点进行分析，提出一个具有实际意义的研究问题。

2.研究问题：在英国语言学领域，探讨某一具体话题（如：英语语法、词汇、语用等方面）的现状、发展趋势及对我国英语教育的启示。

三、研究方法与步骤1.文献综述：通过查阅英国近年来的语言学论文和专著，了解领域内的研究动态和热点问题。

2.实证研究：选取英国语言学某一具体领域进行实证研究，如：英语语法、词汇或语用等方面。

3.对比分析：将英国的研究成果与我国英语教育实践进行对比分析，挖掘有益经验并加以借鉴。

4.结论与建议：根据研究结果，为我国英语教育提出合理化建议。

四、预期成果与贡献1.系统梳理英国语言学领域的热点问题和发展趋势，为我国英语教育提供理论参考。

2.分析英国语言学研究的实证方法，为我国英语教育研究者提供研究方法借鉴。

3.提出具有实际意义的我国英语教育改革建议，促进英语教育的发展和改革。

4.加深我国学者对英国语言学领域的了解，促进中英两国在语言学领域的交流与合作。

本研究计划将有助于提高我国英语教育的质量和水平，为英语教育改革提供有力支持。

ResearchProposal和摘要的格式要求

个人资料整理，仅供个人学习使用
Research Proposal和摘要的格式要求
如提交的Research Proposal为英文，需要另附200-300字的中文摘要；如提交中文的Research Proposal，则需要提交200-300词的英文摘要。

Research Proposal具体要求如下：①字数要求1000字左右（中文或英文，需与毕业论文所用语言一致）；②内容要求与开题内容一致，在开题报告基础上展开；学术型研究生及全日制教育硕士用英文，翻译硕士用中文，在职研究生（含硕师计划）英汉语均可；③字体要求：汉语用宋体，英语用Tims New roman,日语字体由导师决定，均为5号字体，1.5倍行距；④Research Proposal需提交电子版1份,学院将统一组织对Research Proposal内容查重，查重不合格者（超出20%）推迟开题。

1 / 1。

Research Proposal

Research Proposal英语（国际金融1班）200869020227 陈立峰人民币升值对我国对外贸易的影响ⅠTitle of my thesis(Times New Roman 粗体小四号)---论文题目英文标题（Times New Roman 小四号）中文标题（宋体小四号）ⅡSignificance of Study (Times New Roman 粗体小四号)---选题的意义（5spaces）正文（Times New Roman 小四号）改革开放以来，人民币汇率逐渐发展为国民经济的稳健发展与内外均衡的经济变量。

国际金融界一直对我国持续已久的贸易顺差进行指责，近年来，鉴于出口导向型经济取得的巨大成就，中欧及中美双边贸易都呈现贸易顺差继续扩大的现状，人民币升值已经成为必然。

随着世界金融的全球化，一体化发展，我国的经济与国际经济的结合程度越来越高，这样人民币汇率的变动和我国进出口贸易将联系的更加紧密。

ⅢLiterature review(Times New Roman 粗体小四号)---当前国内外研究现状（5spaces）正文（Times New Roman 小四号）改革开放发展至今，我国进出口贸易迅速壮大发展，大体呈现以下的特点。

（1）对外贸易规模不断扩大。

随着我国经济体制改革的深化，特别是对外开放和外贸体制改革步伐的加快，我国出口贸易呈现飞速发展的状态。

1988年，我国进出口贸易总额首次突破1000亿美元；2004年，我国进出口贸易总额突破1万亿美元，居世界第三位；2007年，我国进出口贸易总额突破2万亿美元；2008年我国进出口贸易总额达到顶峰的25616亿美元。

2009年，由于全球金融危机的影响，我国进出口贸易总额为22072亿美元，依然具有很大的规模。

（2）进出口贸易依存度不断上升。

进出口贸易依存度是指一个国家或地区国民经济对进出口贸易活动的以来程度，通常用本国对外贸易额占本国GDP的比重来表示。

research proposal 完整结构

research proposal 完整结构首先，需要明确研究的主题，即中括号内的内容，以便在文章中进行深入探讨。

接下来，可以按照下述的结构，逐步回答问题。

1. 引言部分（Introduction）- 文章开头需要提出研究的背景和目的，引起读者的兴趣。

- 解释为什么研究主题重要，并提出研究问题。

2. 文献综述（Literature Review）- 对该主题已有的研究进行全面的评估和整理，确定研究的基础。

- 介绍相关理论，解释已有研究结果，以及可能存在的研究空白。

3. 研究问题与目标（Research Question and Objectives）- 提出明确的研究问题，以及希望通过该研究实现的目标。

- 阐述为什么研究该问题，有助于扩充现有知识。

4. 研究方法（Research Methodology）- 描述用于回答研究问题的研究方法（如调查、实验、文献分析等）。

- 理论上合理选择的研究方法，并解释为何选择这些方法。

5. 数据收集与分析（Data Collection and Analysis）- 说明数据来源和采集方法，以及数据或样本的质量保证措施。

- 描述数据分析方法，可使用统计工具或质性分析方法。

6. 预期结果与推论（Expected Results and Implications）- 阐述希望获得的结果，并解释结果对理论、政策或实践的影响。

- 讨论可能存在的不确定性，并提供解决不确定性的方法。

7. 讨论与结论（Discussion and Conclusion）- 对研究结果进行全面分析和讨论，与前述文献综述进行对比。

- 总结研究结果，回答研究问题，并提出对未来研究的建议。

8. 参考文献（References）- 列出所有在文章中引用过的文献，格式应符合规定的引用风格。

最后，需要注意保持文章的逻辑和条理性，并保证所提供的信息充分支持研究主题。

另外，文章中应有适当的图表、统计数据或示例来支持分析和讨论。

research proposal格式

research proposal格式
研究计划书格式
一、研究题目
二、研究背景
三、研究现状
四、研究目的
五、研究方法
六、研究内容及预期成果
七、研究时间表
八、经费预算
九、参考文献
一、研究题目
二、研究背景
在这一部分中，需要介绍研究领域的现状，所研究的问题、重要性和具体的实践应用
背景以及使用到的研究理论基础和方法。

三、研究现状
这一章节中需要详细介绍所选题目的相关文献，确定研究主题的前沿性和意义，指出
有哪些需要深化和完善的研究内容。

在这一章节中，需要具体描述研究的目的和目标。

研究拟解决的具体问题或者问题集，研究可带来的实践应用价值以及研究定位所在的学科领域。

五、研究方法
在这一章节中，需要详细介绍所选用的方法，包括实验方法、统计分析、调查法等，
并描述各项工作的具体流程，明确研究方案的可行性。

六、研究内容及预期成果
在这一章节中，需要详细介绍研究的具体内容和研究思路，注重实际应用场景，并介
绍研究成果的意义和具体预期目标。

七、研究时间表
在这一章节中，详细规划研究的具体时间节点，注重研究的具体时间分配和计划。

八、经费预算
在这一章节中，详细描述研究所需的各项经费预算，包括设备采购、实验费用、学术会议、人员费用等，同时阐明经费来源。

九、参考文献
在这一章节中，研究计划书需要列举研究所需的文献资料，明确研究的参考范围，以及关注和使用的研究理论和方法。

英文research proposal格式

一、概述在科研工作者进行研究之前，通常需要撰写一个研究提案（research proposal）来明确研究的目的、方法和重要性。

研究提案是研究项目的蓝图，对于研究的顺利开展和取得成功至关重要。

本文将针对英文research proposal的格式和内容进行详细介绍，帮助读者了解如何撰写一份高质量的研究提案。

二、提案标题和背景1. 提案标题研究提案的标题应当简明扼要地概括研究的主题，通常不超过15个词。

标题应当具有代表性，能够吸引读者的注意力，同时需要与研究内容紧密相关。

2. 研究背景研究背景部分应当包括对研究领域的概述，阐明研究的重要性和必要性。

也需要对该领域的前沿研究进行综合介绍，指出现有研究的不足之处，为本研究的开展提供充分理由。

三、研究目的和问题1. 研究目的研究目的部分应当明确说明研究的总体目标和具体目的。

研究目的应当与研究背景紧密通联，能够清晰地表达出研究的意义和预期的成果。

2. 研究问题研究问题部分应当提出明确的研究问题或假设，阐明研究的内容和范围。

研究问题需要具有可操作性，既能够被具体的研究方法所解决，又能够对研究领域产生积极影响。

四、研究方法和流程1. 研究方法研究方法部分应当详细描述研究的具体方法和步骤，包括实验设计、数据采集和分析方法等。

研究方法需要符合科学规范和伦理要求，能够有效地解决研究问题，并得到可信的研究结果。

2. 研究流程研究流程部分应当对研究的具体进展和时间安排进行详细规划，包括各项工作的时间节点和人力物力的分配。

研究流程需要合理可行，能够保证研究的顺利开展和按时完成。

五、预期成果和意义1. 预期成果预期成果部分应当说明研究取得的具体成果和效益，可以是新的理论发现、实用技术或政策建议等。

预期成果需要与研究目的和问题相一致，能够对研究领域产生重要影响。

2. 研究意义研究意义部分应当阐明研究的社会和学术价值，可能涉及到对学科发展、社会进步或经济效益等方面的影响。

研究意义需要全面客观地评估，并表明研究的重要性和必要性。

研究计划-Research-Proposal-模板

每个学术研究者必须经历的一道关卡，就是Research Proposal的写作。

它大致对应中文里的“开题报告”、“选题报告”、“研究报告”，是一项研究开始之前的提纲、规划和陈述；既是为了帮助自己梳理文献、整理思路、廓清方向，也常常是写给相关他人的说明：研究动机和意义何在？可能有何成果？为什么它值得你的资助/认可/支持/批准？不知道是否可以说，好的proposal是研究成功的一半。

但实际而功利的说，如果你的proposal很烂，可能根本就不会有开始研究的机会。

How to write a research proposal?能否写出漂亮的proposal，本质上取决于你对研究的思考深度和专业水准。

但形式也很重要。

英文的Research Proposal自有一套“八股”。

程式化和结构化的好处就在于，可以让读者直接集中注意到最本质的内容上，而不是为形式分神。

对于非英语native speaker的我们，如何理解英文学术世界的规范或曰思维定势，也是写作proposal之前必备的背景知识。

下面这篇流传甚广的Research Proposal写作指南，言简意赅，颇具启发，对我自己的写作有所帮助，也希望能给更多的学界同仁带来便利。

[点击这里，查看更多关于RESEARCH PROPOSAL以及GRANT PROPOSAL、PROJECT PROPOSAL写作的网上资源]文章作者Paul T. P. Wong, Ph.D., C.Psych. (Research Director, Graduate Program in Counselling Psychology. Trinity Western University Langley, BC, Canada). 题为：How to Write a Research Proposal. 全文转载如下：Most students and beginning researchers do not fully understand what a research proposal means, nor do they understand its importance. To put it bluntly, one’s research is only as a good as one’s proposal. An ill-conceived proposal dooms the project even if it somehow gets through the Thesis Supervisory Committee. A high quality proposal, on the other hand, not only promises success for the project, but also impresses your Thesis Committee about your potential as a researcher.A research proposal is intended to convince others that you have a worthwhile research project and that you have the competence and the work-plan to complete it. Generally, a research proposal should contain all the key elements involved in the research process and include sufficient information for the readers to evaluate the proposed study.Regardless of your research area and the methodology you choose, all research proposals must address the following questions: What you plan to accomplish, why you want to do it and how you are going to do it.The proposal should have sufficient information to convince your readers that you have an important research idea, that you have a good grasp of the relevant literature and the major issues, and that your methodology is sound.The quality of your research proposal depends not only on the quality of your proposed project, but also on the quality of your proposal writing. A good research project may run the risk of rejection simply because the proposal is poorly written. Therefore, it pays if your writing is coherent, clear and compelling.This paper focuses on proposal writing rather than on the development of research ideas.TITLE:It s hould be concise and descriptive. For example, the phrase, “An investigationof . . .” could be omitted. Often titles are stated in terms of a functional relationship, because such titles clearly indicate the independent and dependent variables. However, if possible, think of an informative but catchy title. An effective title not only pricks the reader’s interest, but also predisposes him/her favourably towards the proposal.ABSTRACT:It is a brief summary of approximately 300 words. It should include the research question, the rationale for the study, the hypothesis (if any), the method and the main findings. Descriptions of the method may include the design, procedures, the sample and any instruments that will be used.INTRODUCTION:The main purpose of the introduction is to provide the necessary background or context for your research problem. How to frame the research problem is perhaps the biggest problem in proposal writing.If the research problem is framed in the context of a general, rambling literature review, then the research question may appear trivial and uninteresting. However, if the same question is placed in the context of a very focused and current research area, its significance will become evident.Unfortunately, there are no hard and fast rules on how to frame your research question just as there is no prescription on how to write an interesting and informative opening paragraph. A lot depends on your creativity, your ability to think clearly and the depth of your understanding of problem areas.However, try to place your research question in the context of either a current “hot” area, or an older area that remains viable. Secondly, you need to provide a brief but appropriate historical backdrop. Thirdly, provide the contemporary context in which your proposed research question occupies the central stage. Finally, identify “key players” and refer to the most relevant and representative publications. In short, try to paint your research question in broad brushes and at the same time bring out its significance.The introduction typically begins with a general statement of the problem area, with a focus on a specific research problem, to be followed by the rational or justification for the proposed study. The introduction generally covers the following elements:1. State the research problem, which is often referred to as the purpose of the study.2. Provide the context and set the stage for your research question in such a way as to show its necessity and importance.3. Present the rationale of your proposed study and clearly indicate why it is worth doing.4. Briefly describe the major issues and sub-problems to be addressed by your research.5. Identify the key independent and dependent variables of your experiment. Alternatively, specify the phenomenon you want to study.6. State your hypothesis or theory, if any. For exploratory or phenomenological research, you may not have any hypotheses. (Please do not confuse the hypothesis with the statistical null hypothesis.)7. Set the delimitation or boundaries of your proposed research in order to provide a clear focus.8. Provide definitions of key concepts. (This is optional.)LITERATURE REVIEW:Sometimes the literature review is incorporated into the introduction section. However, most professors prefer a separate section, which allows a more thorough review of the literature.The literature review serves several important functions:1. Ensures that you are not “reinventing the wheel”.2. Gives credits to those who have laid the groundwork for your research.3. Demonstrates your knowledge of the research problem.4. Demonstrates your understanding of the theoretical and research issues related to your research question.5. Shows your ability to critically evaluate relevant literature information.6. Indicates your ability to integrate and synthesize the existing literature.7. Provides new theoretical insights or develops a new model as the conceptual framework for your research.8. Convinces your reader that your proposed research will make a significant and substantial contribution to the literature (i.e., resolving an important theoretical issue or filling a major gap in the literature).Most students’ literature reviews suffer from the following problems:* Lacking organization and structure* Lacking focus, unity and coherence* Being repetitive and verbose* Failing to cite influential papers* Failing to keep up with recent developments* Failing to critically evaluate cited papers* Citing irrelevant or trivial references* Depending too much on secondary sourcesYour scholarship and research competence will be questioned if any of the above applies to your proposal.There are different ways to organize your literature review. Make use of subheadings to bring order and coherence to your review. For example, having established the importance of your research area and its current state of development, you may devote several subsections on related issues as: theoretical models, measuring instruments, cross-cultural and gender differences, etc.It is also helpful to keep in mind that you are telling a story to an audience. Try totell it in a stimulating and engaging manner. Do not bore them, because it may lead to rejection of your worthy proposal. (Remember: Professors and scientists are human beings too.)METHODS:The Method section is very important because it tells your Research Committee how you plan to tackle your research problem. It will provide your work plan and describe the activities necessary for the completion of your project.The guiding principle for writing the Method section is that it should contain sufficient information for the reader to determine whether methodology is sound. Some even argue that a good proposal should contain sufficient details for another qualified researcher to implement the study.You need to demonstrate your knowledge of alternative methods and make the case that your approach is the most appropriate and most valid way to address your research question.Please note that your research question may be best answered by qualitative research. However, since most mainstream psychologists are still biased against qualitative research, especially the phenomenological variety, you may need to justify your qualitative method.Furthermore, since there are no well-established and widely accepted canons in qualitative analysis, your method section needs to be more elaborate than what is required for traditional quantitative research. More importantly, the data collection process in qualitative research has a far greater impact on the results as comparedto quantitative research. That is another reason for greater care in describing how you will collect and analyze your data. (How to write the Method section for qualitative research is a topic for another paper.)For quantitative studies, the method section typically consists of the following sections:1. Design -Is it a questionnaire study or a laboratory experiment? What kind of design do you choose?2. Subjects or participants – Who will take part in your study ? What kind of sampling procedure do you use?3. Instruments – What kind of measuring instruments or questionnaires do you use? Why do you choose them? Are they valid and reliable?4. Procedure – How do you plan to carry out your study? What activities are involved? How long does it take?RESULTS:Obviously you do not have results at the proposal stage. However, you need to have some idea about what kind of data you will be collecting, and what statistical procedures will be used in order to answer your research question or test you hypothesis.DISCUSSION:It is important to convince your reader of the potential impact of your proposed research. You need to communicate a sense of enthusiasm and confidence without exaggerating the merits of your proposal. That is why you also need to mention the limitations and weaknesses of the proposed research, which may be justified by time and financial constraints as well as by the early developmental stage of your research area.Common Mistakes in Proposal Writing1. Failure to provide the proper context to frame the research question.2. Failure to delimit the boundary conditions for your research.3. Failure to cite landmark studies.4. Failure to accurately present the theoretical and empirical contributions by other researchers.5. Failure to stay focused on the research question.6. Failure to develop a coherent and persuasive argument for the proposed research.7. Too much detail on minor issues, but not enough detail on major issues.8. Too much rambling —going “all over the map” without a clear sense of direction. (The best proposals move forward with ease and grace like a seamless river.)9. Too many citation lapses and incorrect references.10. Too long or too short.11. Failing to follow the APA style.12. Slopping writing./2008/02/25/762/大多数学生和刚起步的研究者都不了解什么是研究计划，也不知道其重要性。

researchproposal模板

Research Proposal1.Applicant’s nameLIU Jia2。

Title of proposed research projectMicro Film Creation Art Theory——Taking original microfilm ”THE MEANING OF EMOTION"as an example3。

Summary of researchIn the condition of promoting the media integration， the creation of micro film and audience psychology are worthy of the hot content of research. In the reseach,I am using data analysis method and the investigation method，selected from the original micro film ”THE MEANING OF EMOTION” as the main object of discussion,through the micro film creation in narrative art and technique of expression to influence the audience’s aesthetic。

4.IntroductionMicro film ”THE MEANING OF EMOTION" has been the national college students innovation and entrepreneurship program funded, in many of the predecessors and colleagues to participate in support to complete。

研究计划ResearchProposal模板

每个学术研究者必须经历的一道关卡，就是Research Proposal的写作。

但实际而功利的说，如果你的proposal很烂，可能根本就不会有开始研究的机会。

?How to write a research proposal?能否写出漂亮的proposal，本质上取决于你对研究的思考深度和专业水准。

但形式也很重要。

英文的Research Proposal自有一套“八股”。

程式化和结构化的好处就在于，可以让读者直接集中注意到最本质的内容上，而不是为形式分神。

对于非英语native speaker的我们，如何理解英文学术世界的规范或曰思维定势，也是写作proposal之前必备的背景知识。

下面这篇流传甚广的Research Proposal写作指南，言简意赅，颇具启发，对我自己的写作有所帮助，也希望能给更多的学界同仁带来便利。

[点击这里，查看更多关于RESEARCH PROPOSAL以及GRANT PROPOSAL、PROJECT PROPOSAL写作的网上资源]?文章作者Paul T. P. Wong, Ph.D., C.Psych. (Research Director, Graduate Program in Counselling Psychology. Trinity Western University Langley, BC, Canada). 题为：How to Write a Research Proposal. 全文转载如下：?Most students and beginning researchers do not fully understand what a research proposal means, nor do they understand its importance. To put it bluntly, one’s research is only as a good as one’s proposal. An ill-conceived proposal dooms the project even if it somehowgets through the Thesis Supervisory Committee. A highquality proposal, on the other hand, not only promises success for the project, but also impresses your Thesis Committee about your potential as a researcher.?A research proposal is intended to convince others that you have a worthwhile research project and that you have the competence and the work-plan to complete it. Generally, a research proposal should contain all the key elements involved in the research process and include sufficient information for the readers to evaluate the proposed study.?Regardless of your research area and the methodology you choose, all research proposals must address the following questions: What you plan to accomplish, why you want to doit and how you are going to do it.?The proposal should have sufficient information to convince your readers that you have an important research idea, that you have a good grasp of the relevant literature and the major issues, and that your methodology is sound.?The quality of your research proposal depends not only onthe quality of your proposed project, but also on thequality of your proposal writing. A good research project may run the risk of rejection simply because the proposal is poorly written. Therefore, it pays if your writing is coherent, clear and compelling.?This paper focuses on proposal writing rather than on the development of research ideas.?TITLE:?It should be concise and descriptive. For example, the phrase, “An investigation of . . .” could be omitted. Often titles are stated in terms of a functional relationship, because such titles clearly indicate the independent and dependent variables. However, if possible, think of an informative but catchy title. An effectivet itle not only pricks the reader’s interest, but also predisposes him/her favourably towards the proposal.?ABSTRACT:?It is a brief summary of approximately 300 words. It should include the research question, the rationale for the study, the hypothesis (if any), the method and the main findings. Descriptions of the method may include the design, procedures, the sample and any instruments that will be used.?INTRODUCTION:?The main purpose of the introduction is to provide the necessary background or context for your research problem. How to frame the research problem is perhaps the biggest problem in proposal writing.?If the research problem is framed in the context of a general, rambling literature review, then the research question may appear trivial and uninteresting. However, if the same question is placed in the context of a very focused and current research area, its significance will become evident.?Unfortunately, there are no hard and fast rules on how to frame your research question just as there is no prescription on how to write an interesting and informative opening paragraph. A lot depends on your creativity, your ability to think clearly and the depth of your understanding of problem areas.?However, try to place your research question in the context of either a current “hot” area, or an older area that remains viable. Secondly, you need to provide a brief but appropriate historical backdrop. Thirdly, provide the contemporary context in which your proposed research question occupies the central stage. Finally, identify“key players” and refer to the most relevant and representative publications. In short, try to paint your research question in broad brushes and at the same time bring out its significance.?The introduction typically begins with a general statement of the problem area, with a focus on a specific research problem, to be followed by the rational or justificationfor the proposed study. The introduction generally covers the following elements:?1. State the research problem, which is often referred to as the purpose of the study.?2. Provide the context and set the stage for your research question in such a way as to show its necessity and importance.?3. Present the rationale of your proposed study and clearly indicate why it is worth doing.?4. Briefly describe the major issues and sub-problems to be addressed by your research.?5. Identify the key independent and dependent variables of your experiment. Alternatively, specify the phenomenon you want to study.?6. State your hypothesis or theory, if any. For exploratory or phenomenological research, you may not have any hypotheses. (Please do not confuse the hypothesis with the statistical null hypothesis.)?7. Set the delimitation or boundaries of your proposed research in order to provide a clear focus.?8. Provide definitions of key concepts. (This is optional.)? LITERATURE REVIEW:?Sometimes the literature review is incorporated into the introduction section. However, most professors prefer a separate section, which allows a more thorough review ofthe literature.?The literature review serves several important functions:?1. Ensures that you are not “reinventing the wheel”.?2. Gives credits to those who have laid the groundwork for your research.?3. Demonstrates your knowledge of the research problem.?4. Demonstrates your understanding of the theoretical and research issues related to your research question.?5. Shows your ability to critically evaluate relevant literature information.?6. Indicates your ability to integrate and synthesize the existing literature.?7. Provides new theoretical insights or develops a new model as the conceptual framework for your research.?8. Convinces your reader that your proposed research will make a significant and substantial contribution to the literature (i.e., resolving an important theoretical issue or filling a major gap in the literature).?Most students’ literature reviews suffer from thefollowing problems:?* Lacking organization and structure?* Lacking focus, unity and coherence?* Being repetitive and verbose?* Failing to cite influential papers?* Failing to keep up with recent developments?* Failing to critically evaluate cited papers?* Citing irrelevant or trivial references?* Depending too much on secondary sources?Your scholarship and research competence will be questioned if any of the above applies to your proposal.?There are different ways to organize your literature review. Make use of subheadings to bring order and coherence toyour review. For example, having established the importance of your research area and its current state of development, you may devote several subsections on related issues as: theoretical models, measuring instruments, cross-cultural and gender differences, etc.?It is also helpful to keep in mind that you are telling a story to an audience. Try to tell it in a stimulating and engaging manner. Do not bore them, because it may lead to rejection of your worthy proposal. (Remember: Professorsand scientists are human beings too.)?METHODS:?The Method section is very important because it tells your Research Committee how you plan to tackle your research problem. It will provide your work plan and describe the activities necessary for the completion of your project.?The guiding principle for writing the Method section isthat it should contain sufficient information for thereader to determine whether methodology is sound. Some even argue that a good proposal should contain sufficientdetails for another qualified researcher to implement the study.?You need to demonstrate your knowledge of alternative methods and make the case that your approach is the most appropriate and most valid way to address your research question.?Please note that your research question may be best answered by qualitative research. However, since most mainstream psychologists are still biased against qualitative research, especially the phenomenological variety, you may need to justify your qualitative method.?Furthermore, since there are no well-established and widely accepted canons in qualitative analysis, your method section needs to be more elaborate than what is requiredfor traditional quantitative research. More importantly, the data collection process in qualitative research has a far greater impact on the results as compared to quantitative research. That is another reason for greater care in describing how you will collect and analyze your data. (How to write the Method section for qualitative research is a topic for another paper.)?For quantitative studies, the method section typically consists of the following sections:?1. Design -Is it a questionnaire study or a laboratory experiment What kind of design do you choose?2. Subjects or participants – Who will take part in your study What kind of sampling procedure do you use?3. Instruments – What kind of measuring instruments or questionnaires do you use Why do you choose them Are they valid and reliable?4. Procedure – How do you plan to carry out your study What activities are involved How long does it take?RESULTS:?Obviously you do not have results at the proposal stage. However, you need to have some idea about what kind of data you will be collecting, and what statistical procedureswill be used in order to answer your research question or test you hypothesis.?DISCUSSION:?It is important to convince your reader of the potential impact of your proposed research. You need to communicate a sense of enthusiasm and confidence without exaggerating the merits of your proposal. That is why you also need to mention the limitations and weaknesses of the proposed research, which may be justified by time and financial constraints as well as by the early developmental stage of your research area.?Common Mistakes in Proposal Writing?1. Failure to provide the proper context to frame the research question.?2. Failure to delimit the boundary conditions for your research.?3. Failure to cite landmark studies.?4. Failure to accurately present the theoretical and empirical contributions by other researchers.?5. Failure to stay focused on the research question.?6. Failure to develop a coherent and persuasive argument for the proposed research.?7. Too much detail on minor issues, but not enough detail on major issues.?8. Too much rambling — goin g “all over the map” withouta clear sense of direction. (The best proposals move forward with ease and grace like a seamless river.)?9. Too many citation lapses and incorrect references.?10. Too long or too short.?11. Failing to follow the APA style.?12. Slopping writing.?大多数学生和刚起步的研究者都不了解什么是研究计划，也不知道其重要性。