英语中的主动与被动
英汉语言差异6-主动与被动_conv
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英汉语言差异6被动和主动Passive vs Active被动语态是英语的一种常见的语法现象。
在某些问题当中,使用被动句几乎成了一种习惯。
被动句促成了物称倾向,物称倾向促成了被动句。
常用被动句的原因有:1施事未知而难以言明Eg 凶手已于昨天被捕,据说他将会被判处绞刑。
2施事在上下文里面可以看出Eg她告诉我,她的男主人已解雇了她。
男主人没有讲明任何理由。
3 施事不如受事重要,或受事需要施事强调Eg 她的独子被汽车轧了。
4 为了隐含含糊的人称主语Eg 茶会上只供应茶和饼。
5 由于特殊原因不要讲明施事,如为了使得叙述得体,或为了某种微妙的情绪Eg 今晚有人在这里讲了不该讲的话。
The murderer was caught yesterday, and it is said that he will be hanged.She told me that her master had dismissed her. No reason had been assigned.Her only son was run over by a car.At the party only tea and cake were served.Some things have been said here tonight that ought not to have been spoken.英语中的结构被动句比意义被动句要多很多。
一般来说,绝大多数及物动词和短语都有被动语态。
使用范围广,使用频率也很高。
但是,“意义被动句”,即主动的形式表达被动的意义,在英语里面比较少见。
这些产品十分畅销。
这个钟在背面上发条。
她穿得漂亮。
房间很快就挤满了。
这种布经洗。
这本书正在印刷。
这项计划正在制定。
你的头发需要打理了。
These products sell like hot cakes. (=are sold)The clock winds up at the back.(= can be wound up )She dresses beautifully. (=is dressed)The room filled rapidly. (=is filled)This kind of cloth washes very well. (=can be washed)The book is printing. (=is being printed)The plan is working out. (=is being worked out)Your hair needs cutting.英语有些被动可以用词汇,词组来表达:受试者受委托者他感到惊讶那个人受询问凶手被监禁可吃的想要的可以看见的值得尊敬的为某人所有Examinee = person examinedReferee = to whom a question is referredHis astonishment =he was astonishedThe man’s trial = the man was triedThe imprisonment of the murderer =the murderer was imprisonedEatable = can be eatenDesirable = to be desiredVisible = that can be seenRespectable = deserving respectIn one’s possession = owned by someone和英语相反的是,汉译常用“意义被动式”,少用“形式被动式”。
英语中动词主动表被动用法归纳
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1、Need,want,require(要求,需要),deserve(应得,值得),be worth值得),not bear(经不住)后面接doing主动表被动。
The book is worth reading.这本书值得一读。
The old building requires repairing.这座古建筑需要修了。
He has a family to support.他要维持一个家庭。 (与family有动宾关系,与he有主谓关系)
3、不定式修饰作表语和宾语补足语的形容词时,结构:主语+系动词+形容词+不定式;动词+宾语+形容词+不定式。如果形容词是表示难易、利弊等含义,如difficult,easy,comfortable(舒适的),convenient(便利的,方便的),hard,cheap,expensive,等,不定式用主动表被动。
Much is to do.太多要做的事。
9、在“there be”句型中作主语的定语如果现在分词时,所用的现在分词要用主动表被动意义。
There is nothing doing these days.这些天没事干。
I see there’s a good idea planning.我知道又在打好主意。
2、不定式作定语,放在被修饰词后面,与前面被修饰的名词或代词有动宾关系,又在句子中与另一名词或代词有主谓关系,不定式要用主动表被动含义。
I have much work to do.我有许多要做的事情。(与work有动宾关系,与I有主谓关系)
Tom is looking for a room to live in. Tom在找一间住的房间。(与room有动宾关系,与Tom有主谓关系)
英语八种时态主动形式和被动形式
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一、一般现在时态(Simple Present Tense)1. 主动形式:表示经常性、习惯性的动作或状态。
例句:He drinks coffee every morning.(他每天早上喝咖啡。
)2. 被动形式:表示动作的承受者或主语受到动作的影响,常与by短语连用。
例句:Coffee is drunk by him every morning.(咖啡每天早上被他喝。
)二、一般过去时态(Simple Past Tense)1. 主动形式:表示过去某个时间发生的动作或状态。
例句:She studied English last night.(昨晚她学习了英语。
)2. 被动形式:表示过去某个时间主语受到动作的影响。
例句:English was studied by her last night.(昨晚英语被她学习了。
)三、一般将来时态(Simple Future Tense)1. 主动形式:表示将来某个时间将要发生的动作或状态。
例句:They will visit their grandparentstomorrow.(他们明天将会去看望他们的祖父母。
)2. 被动形式:表示将来某个时间主语将会受到动作的影响。
例句:The grandparents will be visited by themtomorrow.(明天祖父母将会被他们去看望。
)四、现在进行时态(Present Continuous Tense)1. 主动形式:表示现在正在进行的动作或状态。
例句:They are playing soccer in the park.(他们正在公园里踢足球。
)2. 被动形式:表示主语正在被动作影响的动作或状态。
例句:Soccer is being played by them in thepark.(他们正在公园里踢足球。
)五、过去进行时态(Past Continuous Tense)1. 主动形式:表示过去某个时间正在进行的动作或状态。
英语的主动语态和被动语态
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英语的主动语态和被动语态-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1主动语态和被动语态一、被动语态的用法:1. 一般现在时的被动语态构成: is / am / are + 及物动词的过去分词Our classroom is cleaned every day. 我们教室每天都被打扫。
I am asked to study hard. 我被告知要努力学习。
Knives are used for cutting things. 刀是用来切东西的。
2. 一般过去时的被动语态构成: was / were + 及物动词的过去分词A new shop was built last year. 去年修了一座新商店。
Dinosaur eggs were laid long long ago. 恐龙蛋被放置了很久很久。
3. 一般将来时的被动语态构成:will+ be + 及物动词的过去分词A new hospital will be built in our city. 我们城市将要修建一家新医院。
Many more trees will be planted next year. 明年会种更多的树。
4. 现在进行时的被动语态构成: am / is / are + being + 及物动词的过去分词 Uncle Wang is mending my bike now.→ My bike is being repaired by Tom now. 王叔叔正在修理我的自行车。
They are planting trees over there. → Trees are being planted over there by them. 他们在那里种植的树木。
5. 现在完成时的被动语态构成:has / have + been + 及物动词的过去分词 This book has been translated into many languages. 这本书被翻译成多种文字。
英语被动语态与主动语态
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英语被动语态与主动语态英语语法中,动词分为主动语态和被动语态,它们经常被使用,而我们也需要了解它们的不同之处和使用方法,以便更好地理解和使用英语语言。
一、主动语态和被动语态的基本概念主动语态表示主语执行动作,而被动语态表示主语是动作的接受者。
例如,“Tom打了足球”是主动语态,“足球被Tom打了”是被动语态。
二、被动语态的构成方式被动语态的构成方式是使用助动词“be”加上过去分词,例如,现在被动语态为“am/is/are + 过去分词”,过去被动语态为“was/were + 过去分词”,将来被动语态为“will be + 过去分词”。
例如,“The cake is made by Tom”,其中“is made”是被动语态,并且被加粗的“made”是过去分词。
三、使用被动语态的情况被动语态通常用于以下情况:1. 当动作的执行者未知或并不需要说明时,例如,“The money was stolen”中并不知道小偷是谁。
2. 当强调做出动作的对象或结果时,例如,“The cake was made by Tom”侧重于强调蛋糕是由Tom制作的。
3. 当在一般情况下,事物的执行者本身并不重要时,例如,“English is spoken all over the world”中强调的是英语被全世界讲。
四、主动语态和被动语态的对比主动语态是更加直接和自然的方式来交流,而被动语态通常用于特殊的语境和情况。
使动词变成被动语态也可能导致句子变得更加复杂和难以理解。
例如,主动语态句子“Tom ate the cake”更加自然,而被动语态句子“the cake was eaten by Tom”更加复杂,因为被动语态中需要更多的字来表达同样的意思。
使用被动语态也需要注意它的正确性和准确性。
使用不当的被动语态可能会导致含义不清或错误的句子。
在写作或口语中,主要应考虑与主语和上下文的配合,以便清晰表达各种意思。
五、总结以上是英语被动语态与主动语态的基本概念、构成方式、使用情况和对比。
英语语法之主动语态和被动语态
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英语语法之主动语态和被动语态英语动词有两种语态:主动语态和被动语态。
初中阶段的被动语态有五种时态,我们可以从以下方面进行小结:一、被动语态的时态及结构(以动词do为例)结构:主语+ be + 过去分词时态:1. 一般现在时:am (is, are) done.2.带情态动词的被动语态:must (can, may, should, need, would) be done3. 一般过去时:was (were) done4. 一般将来时:will (shall) be done5. 现在进行时:am (is, are) being done6. 现在完成时:have (has) been done二、从初中阶段所学五种基本句型谈变被动语态时应注意的问题。
1.主语+ 连系动词+ 表语(S+V+P)此结构不可用被动语态。
(正) The flowers smell sweet.(误) The flowers are smelt sweet.2.主语+ 不及物动词(S+V)此结构不可变被动语态。
(正) An accident happened last night.(误) An accident was happened last night.3.主语+ 及物动词+ 宾语(S + V+ O)(1)将主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语Children often sing this songThis song is often sung by children.(2)将含有介词或副词的动词短语变为被动结构时,不可将介词或副词去掉。
We should listen to the teachers carefully.The teachers should be listened to carefully.4.主语+ 及物动词+ 间接宾语+ 直接宾语(S + V+ IO+ DO)(1).将表人的间接宾语变为主语,直接宾语不变。
英语动词的语态
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英语动词的语态
在英语中,动词的语态主要分为主动语态和被动语态两种。
主动语态是指主语是动作的执行者,谓语动词用主动形式。
例如:I wrote a letter.(我写了一封信。
)
被动语态是指主语是动作的承受者,谓语动词用被动形式。
被动语态的构成是:be + 过去分词。
例如:A letter was written by me.(一封信被我写了。
)
使用被动语态的情况主要有以下几种:
1. 不知道或不需要指出动作的执行者时。
例如:The window was broken.(窗户被打破了。
)
2. 强调动作的承受者时。
例如:She is loved by everyone.(她受到大家的喜爱。
)
3. 当动作的执行者是泛指或不言而喻时。
例如:Books are written by writers.(书是由作家写的。
)
需要注意的是,在使用被动语态时,动词的时态和语态要保持一致。
例如:The letter was being written by me.(我正在写一封信。
)
动词的语态是英语语法中一个重要的概念,正确使用被动语态可以使句子更加准确、清晰。
英语语法中的被动语态与主动语态区别
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英语语法中的被动语态与主动语态区别在英语语法中,被动语态和主动语态是我们经常使用的两种语态形式。
被动语态和主动语态的使用不仅影响句子的结构和语序,还会对句子的语义产生一定的影响。
本文将从不同的角度探讨被动语态和主动语态的区别。
一、语法结构被动语态和主动语态在语法结构上有明显的区别。
在主动语态中,主语是执行动作的主体,而在被动语态中,主语成为动作的接受者。
例如,我们可以比较以下两个句子:1. 主动语态:Tom washed the car.2. 被动语态:The car was washed by Tom.在第一个句子中,主语Tom是执行动作的主体,而在第二个句子中,主语The car成为动作的接受者。
这种结构上的差异是被动语态和主动语态的重要区别之一。
二、语义角度被动语态和主动语态在语义上也有所不同。
被动语态强调动作的接受者,而主动语态则强调动作的执行者。
例如,考虑以下两个句子:1. 被动语态:The cake was eaten by John.2. 主动语态:John ate the cake.在第一个句子中,被动语态使得焦点放在了蛋糕被吃的事实上,而不是谁吃了蛋糕。
相比之下,在第二个句子中,主动语态强调的是John这个执行者。
因此,被动语态和主动语态的语义差异也是它们的区别之一。
三、信息重点被动语态和主动语态在信息重点上也有所不同。
被动语态通常用于强调动作的接受者或者对动作的关注度较低,而主动语态则用于强调动作的执行者或者对动作的关注度较高。
例如,考虑以下两个句子:1. 被动语态:The book was written by Mark.2. 主动语态:Mark wrote the book.在第一个句子中,我们更关注的是这本书是由谁写的,而不是关注这个动作本身。
相比之下,在第二个句子中,我们更关注的是Mark这个作者。
因此,被动语态和主动语态在信息重点上也存在差异。
四、语气和语态被动语态和主动语态在语气和语态上也有所不同。
英语各时态的主动句和被动句
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一般将来时(Simple Future):主动语态:明天我将会见我的朋友。
(I will meet my friend tomorrow.)被动语态:我的朋友将被我明天见到。
(My friend will be met by me tomorrow.)主动语态:下个月我将搬到一个新的城市。
(I will move to a new city next month.)被动语态:一个新的城市将被我下个月搬到。
(A new city will be moved to by me next month.)主动语态:明年我将开始学习弹钢琴。
(I will start learning to play the piano next year.)被动语态:学习弹钢琴将被我明年开始。
(Learning to play the piano will be started by me next year.)现在进行时(Present Continuous):主动语态:我正在看电视节目。
(I am watching a TV show.)被动语态:电视节目正在被我观看。
(A TV show is being watched by me.)主动语态:他们正在制定新的计划。
(They are making new plans.)被动语态:新的计划正在被他们制定。
(New plans are being made by them.)主动语态:我们正在等待朋友的到来。
(We are waiting for our friend's arrival.)被动语态:朋友的到来正在被我们等待。
(Our friend's arrival is being waited for by us.)现在完成时(Present Perfect):主动语态:我已经完成了我的工作报告。
(I have finished my work report.)被动语态:我的工作报告已经被我完成了。
(完整版)英语主动表被动用法归纳
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英语主动表被动用法归纳一、谓语动词用主动表被动的五种情形(1)某些连系动词(如look, sound, smell, feel, taste, prove等)要用主动表被动,因为连系动词为不及物动词,它们没有被动语态形式:That dog looks dangerous. 那只狗看起来很危险。
Your idea sounds a good one. 你的想法听起来很好。
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的意见证实是错的。
(2)当open, close, shut, lock, move等用作不及物动词且表示主语的某种属性时,通常用主动形式表示被动意义:The door won’t shut. 这门关不上。
The supermarket doors shut automatically. 超市的门是自动关的。
【注】该用法的不及物动词通常与can’t, won’t 等连用,注意它与用被动语态含义不同:The window won’t shut. 这窗户关不上。
(说明主语的属性——窗户有问题了)The window won’t be shut. 这窗户将不用关上。
(窗户本身没问题,只是不用关)有时可能用主动和被动形式均可,只是强调重点稍有不同:Suddenly the door opened. 突然门开了。
(不强调动作执行者)The door was suddenly opened. 门突然被打开了。
(强调动作执行者)(3)当read, wash, clean, cook, cut, wear, carry等用作不及物动词且表示主语的某种属性时,通常要用主动形式表示被动意义:The cloth washes well. 这种布料好洗。
The book sells quickly. 这书销售得快。
This cheese doesn’t cut easily. It’s too soft. 这乳酪不容易切,太软了。
英语中主动表被动的情况
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一、谓语动词主动表被动:1. 当open, close, shut, lock, move,read, write, wash, clean, sell, wear, cook等用作不及物动词表示事物特征、状态而非动作时,用主动形式表示被动意义:The rock can’t move. 这石头挪不动。
The cloth washes well.这种布料好洗。
The book sells quickly.这书卖得很快。
The cloth washes well.这种布料好洗。
Pens of this brand write smoothly. 这个牌子的钢笔书写流畅。
This cheese doesn’t cut easily. It’s too soft.这乳酪不容易切,太软了。
This shirt will wear very long.这衬衫可以穿很久。
Rice cooks easily in water, but why not in Oil? 大米用水容易做成饭,但为什么用油就不容易呢?His books read easily. 他写的书很容易读。
注:如果不是表示特征而是指动作,则用被动形式表被动意思。
The window won’t shut.这窗户关不上。
(说明主语的属性——窗户有问题了)The window won’t be shut.这窗户将不会被关上。
(窗户本身没问题,只是不会让人关上它) The car sells quickly. 这车卖得很快。
(车受欢迎,销路很好)The car was sold quickly. 这辆车被很快地卖了出去。
(急于脱手,所以赶紧卖掉了)The door opens automatically.这门是自动开的。
The door was opened by the wind. 门被风吹开了。
注:其中有些动词也用作不及物动词表示自身的动作。
这时其实并没有被动含义。
英语语态的用法总结
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英语语态的用法总结1. 主动语态(Active Voice)主动语态是最常用的语态,表示主语执行动作。
1.1 句子结构主动语态的句子结构一般为:主语 + 动词 + 宾语。
例如:- Tom eats an apple.(汤姆吃了一个苹果。
)1.2 用法主动语态用于强调执行动作的主体。
主动语态也可以用于描述普遍真理或无法改变的事实。
2. 被动语态(Passive Voice)被动语态用于表示主语受动作影响,而非执行动作。
2.1 句子结构被动语态的句子结构一般为:宾语 + 动词 + be + 过去分词 + by + 主语。
例如:- An apple is eaten by Tom.(一个苹果被汤姆吃了。
)2.2 用法被动语态用于强调动作的承受者或描述无具体执行者的动作。
被动语态也可以用于表示客观事实或避免指责。
3. 注意事项3.1 不适用于及物动词某些及物动词无法使用被动语态,常见的包括:have, feel, see, hear等。
3.2 动作执行者的省略当动作执行者不明确或不重要时,可以省略。
例如:- The car was stolen.(车子被盗。
)3.3 变换时态和语态变换时态和语态时,需要调整be动词和过去分词的形式。
例如:I am writing a letter.(我正在写信。
)- Active Voice: I have written a letter.(我已经写了一封信。
)- Passive Voice: A letter has been written by me.(一封信被我写了。
)4. 总结英语语态有主动语态和被动语态两种。
主动语态用于表示主语执行动作,强调动作的主体。
被动语态用于表示主语受动作影响,强调动作的承受者或无具体执行者的动作。
在使用时,需要注意动作执行者的省略、及物动词的适用性、以及变换时态和语态的调整。
英语中有主动和被动两种语态
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英语中有主动和被动两种语态。
主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。
被动语态的构成:因为不及物动词不能带宾语,故无被动语态。
只有及物动词或相当于及物动词的动词短语才有被动语态,其基本构成方式是“助动词/be+过去分词”。
助动词be有人称、时态和数的变化。
注意:“be(时态,人称,数)+过去分词”结构不一定都是被动语态,有些动词(如 be,feel,look,seem等)后面的过去分词已转化为形容词,用作表语表示状态。
如: My bike is broken.(我的自行车坏了。
) The door is open.(门开了。
)被动语态与“连系动词 be+过去分词”结构的区别“be+过去分词”并不一定都是被动语态,有时是系表结构。
当“be+过去分词”表示动作时为被动语态,be是助动词,be后面的过去分词是主要动词,动作的对象是主语;当“be +过去分词”表示主语所处的状态时为系表结构,be 是连系动词。
be后面的过去分词是表语,相当于形容词。
其区分办法如下:1、如果强调动作或句中有介词by引导出动作的执行者,该句一般为被动语态,否则为系表结构。
例如:The glass is broken.玻璃杯碎了。
(系表结构)The glass was broken by the boy.玻璃杯被那男孩打碎了。
(被动语态)2、如果句中有地点、频率或时间状语时,一般为被动语态。
如:The magazine is published in Shanghai.这家杂志出版于上海。
(被动语态) The door is locked.门锁着。
(系表结构)The door has already/just been locked.门已经/刚刚被锁上。
(被动语态) The shop is opened.这家商店开门了。
(系表结构)The shop is opened at 8 a.m. everyday.这家商店每天上午八点开门。
高考英语中主动表被动现象
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7. be addicted (to…) = be strongly interested (in…) 对…上瘾
He was addicted to smoking. 8. be used (to…) 习惯于…
Fill in the blanks with the proper form of the given verbs:
1._D__re_s_s_e_d_( dress) in white, he looks like a doctor.
2. After _s_t_a_y_in_g_ (stay) here for 1 year, he __i_s_a_c_c_u__s_to_m__e_d__ (accustom) to the hot weather.
We are all concerned about his health.
We're all concerned for her safety.
This book is concerned with the adolescent crime.
5. be supposed (to…) = should 应该
高考英语中主 动表被动现象
一. 主动形式表被动的含义:
1、 Need, want, require(要求,需要), deserve (应 得,值得), be worth (值得),not bear (经不住) 后面 接doing主动表被动。
The book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。
(与work有动宾关系,与I有主谓关系)
英语主动表被动用法归纳
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英语主动表被动用法归纳一、谓语动词用主动表被动的五种情形(1)某些连系动词(如look, sound, smell, feel, taste, prove 等)要用主动表被动,因为连系动词为不及物动词,它们没有被动语态形式:That dog looks dangerous. 那只狗看起来很危险。
Your idea sounds a good one. 你的想法听起来很好。
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的意见证实是错的。
(2)当open, close, shut, lock, move 等用作不及物动词且表示主语的某种属性时,通常用主动形式表示被动意义:The door won' tshut. 这门关不上。
The supermarket doors shut automatically. 超市的门是自动关的。
【注】该用法的不及物动词通常与can't,won't 等连用,注意它与用被动语态含义不同:The window won' tshut. 这窗户关不上。
(说明主语的属性——窗户有问题了)The window won' tbe shut. 这窗户将不用关上。
(窗户本身没问题,只是不用关)有时可能用主动和被动形式均可,只是强调重点稍有不同:Suddenly the door opened. 突然门开了。
(不强调动作执行者)The door was suddenly opened. 门突然被打开了。
(强调动作执行者)(3)当read, wash, clean, cook, cut, wear, carry 等用作不及物动词且表示主语的某种属性时,通常要用主动形式表示被动意义:The cloth washes well. 这种布料好洗。
The book sells quickly. 这书销售得快。
This cheese doesn 'ctut easily. It 'toso soft. 这乳酪不容易切,太软了。
被动语态和主动语态的用法
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被动语态和主动语态的用法
被动语态和主动语态是英语语法中非常重要的两个概念。
在日常英语交流中,我们经常使用这两种语态。
被动语态用于强调动作的承受者,主动语态则用于强调动作的执行者。
下面我们来看一些具体的用法。
一、被动语态的用法
1. 表示动作的承受者,强调对事物的影响。
例句:The cake was eaten by the children. (蛋糕被孩子们吃了。
)
2. 表示动作的发生者未知或不需要强调。
例句:The window was broken. (窗户破了。
)
3. 表示被动的状态或过程。
例句:The book is being read by her. (这本书正在被她读。
)
二、主动语态的用法
1. 表示动作的执行者,强调动作的主体。
例句:I ate the cake. (我吃了蛋糕。
)
2. 表示动作的发生者已知或需要强调。
例句:John broke the window. (约翰打破了窗户。
)
3. 表示主动的状态或过程。
例句:She is reading the book. (她在读这本书。
)
总之,被动语态和主动语态是英语语法中非常重要的两个概念。
掌握它们的用法可以让我们在英语交流中更加准确和流利。
英语语法之主动和被动语态
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make, feel,have,let
O ③“动词+…+介词”改为被动时,介词一般在原位不动。 如:The girl takes good care of her little brother.→ The girl’s little brother is taken good care of by her.
3. 一般将来时: They will send cars abroad by sea.
Cars will be sent abroad by sea. They will give plenty of jobs to school-leavers. Plenty of jobs will be given to school-leavers.
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
2. 一般过去时: They agreed on the building of a new car
factory last month. The building of a new car factory was agreed on last month. The students didn't forget his lessons easily. His lessons were not easily forgotten.
4. 过去将来时: The manager said they would complete
the project by the end of the year. The manager said the project would be completed by the end of the year. The workers told me they would mend the car as soon as possible. The workers told me that the car would be mended as soon as possible.
英语中什么叫主动什么叫被动
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英语中什么叫主动什么叫被动
什么是英语中的主动语态和被动语态?
1.当主语是谓语动作的发出者时,我们称之为主动语态(主动句)。
We speak English.
我们讲英语。
(“讲”是主语“我们”发出的动作。
)
He is writing a letter.
他下在写一封信。
(writing是主语He发出的动作。
)
2. 当主语是谓语动作的承受者时,称之为被动语态(被动句):在中文里相当于“…被…”的句子。
Class 1 was defeated.
一班被打败了。
(主语Class 1是defeted的承受者)
A hare was killed.
一只野兔被打死了。
(A hare是killed的承受者。
在形式上A hare是was killed的主语,但在意思上,A hare是killed的宾语,即等于:Someone killed a hare.)。
英语中的主动语态与被动语态
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英语中的主动语态与被动语态英语中有两种语态即:主动语态和被动语态一.概念主动语态:表示主语是动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者例如:1. Granny takes care of the girl. 奶奶照顾这个小女孩(Granny是动作take care of 的执行者,属主动语态)2. The girl is taken care of by Granny. 小女孩由奶奶照顾(the girl 是动作take care of 的承受者)二.被动语态的构成(1)一般现在时的被动语态be 动词(am / is / are)+过去分词(2)一般过去时的被动语态was / were + 过去分词(3)一般将来时的被动语态will + 过去分词(4)含有情态动词的被动语态Can / may / must / should +过去分词注:在英语中当然不止这四种形式的被动语态,它还有现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时等多种形式的被动语态,但在中考中只考老师呈现的这四种时态的被动语态三.被动语态的用法在将被动语态变为主动语态时,首先划分句子成分找出句子的主语、谓语、宾语,然后将主动语态的宾语拿来做被动语态的主语;接下来看这个句子是什么时态,这个句子是什么时态就用什么时态的被动语态;最后用by将主语引出,有时by短语可省略例如:将下列句子变为被动语态1.We call him Tom.主谓宾He is called Tom by us.2.Many people speak English.主谓宾English is spoken by many people.3. I asked her some questions.主谓宾She was asked some questions by me.4.She made her room clean and tidy. 主谓宾Her room is made clean and tidy. 5. They took care of the children.主谓宾The children were taken of by them.6.Lucy and Lily will plant many trees主谓宾next Sunday.Many trees will be planted next Sunday by Lucy and Lily.7.Jim can play the piano.主谓宾The piano can be played by Jim.三.带有双宾语的句子被动语态的变法带有双宾语的句子变为被动语态时,首先划分句子成分找出句子的主语、谓语、直宾(人是直宾)和间宾(物是间宾),然后主动语态中的直宾和间宾都可用来作被动语态的主语,接下来如果是将间宾用来作被动语态的主语时,还须在直接宾语前加to或for注意:介词to或for 的选择与谓语动词有关:与to 连用的动词有:give / show / send / bring / read /pass / lend / leave / hand / tell / return / write / pay / throw / wish / teach / promise等;与for 连用的动词有:make / buy / do / fetch / get / play / save / order / find 等. (常考的老师打有下划线)例如:1. She sent me a dictionary on主谓直宾间宾my birthday.I was sent a dictionary on my birthday.A dictionary was sent to me om my birthday.2.My father bought me a radio主谓直宾间宾yesterday.I was bought a radio yesterday.A radio was bought for me by my father yesterday.四:省略了带to的不定式的句子的被动语态的变法省略了带to的不定式的句子在变为被动语态时,在这个省略没to的动词前要将to还原上.(像这样的句型有:make sb dosth / see sb do sth / hear sb do sth / let sb do sth / watch sb do sth / notice sb do sth等)例如:1. The story made us laugh.主谓宾We were made to laugh by the story.2. The boss makes the workers work 12主谓宾hours a day.The workers are made to work 12 hours a day by the boss.3. I saw the boy play soccer on the主谓宾playground almost every day.The boy was seen to play soccer on the playground almost everyday.练习题:将下列句子改为被动语态1.We plant trees every spring.2.Many foreigners visit the Great Wall every year.3.Lily and Lucy cleaned the classroom yesterday afternoon.4.Most students like Mr. Wang.5.Many people will visit Beijing next year.6.They use wood to make paper.7.Ann looked after the children well.8.Lily invited me to her birthday party last Sunday.9.A writer translated the book into many languages several years ago.10.My brother can work out the math problem easily.11.We should change clothes often to keep healthy. 12.Scientists may clone humans some day.13.People mustn’t throw rubbish into the river.14.Must we plant more trees to protect the environment?15.Did he plant many trees last year?16.Will she visit Beijing next Sunday?17.Jenny put her clothes in the suitcase yesterday evening.18. Tom saw his sister walk into the room just now.19. We must plant many trees and flowers in our hometown every year.20. He can make paper ships.21. Jane will watch TV tomorrow.22. Though the earthquake destroyed many house, people didn’t lose hope.23. Lily often heard her sister sing in the next room.24. I noticed him read a novel in class.25. The teacher made us understand it. ( ) 26. _ Our hometown is becoming more and more beautiful._ Sure, many trees ____ every year.A. plantB. is plantC. are plantedD. planted( ) 27. In July, 2016, the 30th Olympic Games _____ in London.A. will be heldB. be heldC. is heldD. was held( ) 28. The task ____ in an hour. Then we can go home and have a good rest.A. was finishedB. will be finishedC. has been finishedD. can’t be finished ( ) 29. _ Where is Betty?_ She ____ on the playground a few minutes ago.A. was seenB. sawC. is seenD. is seeing( ) 30. More than 20 schools ____ in the country next year.A. are builtB. were builtC. have builtD. will be built ( ) 31. Many people learn English because it ____ widely ____ in the world.A. is, usedB. was, usedC. is, usingD. was, using( ) 32. _ People say the subway ____ building in Harbin in a few years.A. will finishB. is finishedC. will be finishD. finished( ) 33. Old people must _____.A. be spoken to politelyB. speak to politeC. be spoken politelyD. speak polite( ) 34. _ What’s wrong with your leg?_ I _____ by a bike when crossing the road.A. hurtB. was hurtC. am hurtD. will hurt( ) 35._ I have some good news to tell you.You _____ as a volunteer for themeeting._ Really? I can’t believe it.( ) 36. _ The shirt looks different from others and it looks nice._ Thanks. It _____ by my mother last month.A. madeB. is madeC. was madeD. makes( ) 37. The young man was often seen_____ by the lake.A. to drawB. to drawingC. drawD. drew( ) 38. _ There is a lot of wind in North China._ Well, more trees ____ every yearto stop the wind.A. must be plantedB. can plantedC. should plantedD. should plant ( ) 38. A lot of meetings were ____ because of the dangerous disease. A. turned off B. set offC. put offD. taken off( ) 39. _ Do you often clean your classroom?_ Yes, our classroom ____ every day.A. cleanB. cleansC. is cleanedD. was cleaned ( ) 40. Don’t worry. You ____ plenty of time to decide.A. will giveB. have givenC. will be givenD. are giving学习好资料欢迎下载。
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例2. (...)要把必要的资料收集起来,加以分析。
The necessary quantity of data should be
collected and analyzed. 例3. 最后(...) 达成了协议。 At last an agreement was arrived at. 例4. 我们提议对计划做修改。 We propose that some changes should be made in the plan. 例5. 昨天(...)捉到了凶手。 That murderer was caught yesterday.
教育青少年被视为头等重要的大事。
例3. they are daily and hourly enslaved
by the machine, by the overlooker, and particularly, by the manufacture himself. 他们每日每时都受到机器、受监工尤其是受 厂主本人的奴役。 例4. they were hit by a natural calamity last year. 他们去年遭灾了。
例3. 据说,她能讲几种外国语。
It is said that she can speak several
foreign languages. (or she is said to be able to speak several foreign language.) 例4. 大家知道,宇宙万物都在不断的运动和 变化。 It is known to all that everything in the universe is in constant motion and constant change. 例5. 还不知道今天下午是否要开会。 It is not yet know whether there will be a meeting this afternoon.
Chapter 3 被动与主动
英语被动结构使用非常广泛,绝大多数及物动 词和相当于及物动词的短语动词(phrasal verbs)都有被动式。另外,被动语态的广泛 应用在科技英语中反映更为突出,因为被动 语态把所要论证的、说明的科技信息放在主 语的位置上,以便使叙述更加开门见山,简 短明快,引起读者注意。此外,被动语态比 主动语态更少主观色彩,更能体现科技语体 的习惯特征。
例5. the boy was beaten black and blue.
那孩子给打得青一块紫一块。
例6. she was caught in the downpour. 她让大雨淋着了。 例7. our policy must be made known not
only to the leaders and to the cadres but also to the broad masses. 我们的政策不光是要使领导者知道,干部知 道,还要使广大的群众知道。
为了达到这样神奇的速度,(…)进行了大
量的研究工作。 例3. some pictures were hung on the wall. 墙上(…)挂了一些画。 例4. A considerable investment has been made in the exploration of the sea depths. 在海底勘探方面(…) 进行了巨额投资。 3.2.4 转化为汉语的“施动者+主动式谓语+ 受动者“等句式 把英语被动句的主语改作为宾语,以原句中 的施动者作主语。这种译法,就是把英语的
例8. problems should be 问题要及时加以解决。 例9. the law of motion will be discussed in the next article. 运动定律将在下一篇论文中予以讨论。 3.3 汉译英语态的转换 汉语中的简化被动语态是由主语和谓语配合 起来,自然表示被动意义,句中不要任何表 示被动的词语。这种被动态的特点是:
书有可浅尝者,有可吞食者,少数则须咀嚼消 化。 3.2.3 转化为汉语无主句 汉语中只有谓语而无主语的句子比比皆是。如: “几年前发现了一种新的彗星”,“市郊建 了许多别墅”等等。英语中不带施动者的被 动句可译为汉语的无主句。如:例1. the matter was never mentioned again.后来 (…)再也没提这件事。 例2. tremendous research work has been done to bring about such fantastic speeds.
3.2.6 用汉语“被”,“受”等词表示被动
着重被动动作的英语被动句,可译成汉语的
完全被动态,用表示被动的助词”被“或跟 “被”意义相同的“受、给、挨、叫、让、 由、使”等构成,或用“加以”、“予以” 等后加谓语动词表示被动。如: 例1. his argument was refuted down to the last point. 他的言论被驳得体无完肤。 例2. the education of the young is seen to be of primary importance.
上来说,汉语中这类习惯用语是主动式,英
译时则用英译的习惯被动式。在表达方式上, 通常利用以it作形式主语的句型。如: 例1. 曾经有人提出立即设计和生产这种装置。 It was suggested that such devices should be designed and produced without delay. 例2. 已经指出,他们的建议在某种程度上是 合理的。 It has been pointed out that their suggestions is reasonable to a certain degree.
当分子受热时,分子的速度就增加。
例4. bearing must be lubricated.
轴承必须上油。
3.2.2 无施动者的被动句转换为汉语句中具有 主动形式的简化被动态。 汉语中简化被动语态是由主语和谓语配合起来, 自然表示被动意义,句中不要任何被动的词 语。这种被动态的特点是:不带表示被动态 的词语;不带施动者;受动者多为物,间或 也可以是人或物,主动形式而具有被动意义。 英语中无施动者的被动句一般可以译成汉语 的简化被动态。如:
例6. 必须保证每天8小时的睡眠。
Eight hours per day for sleep must be
guaranteed. 例7. 门外堆了许多钢板。 A number of plates was stored outside of the door. 3.3.4汉语泛称句转化为英语习惯被动句 汉语中有许多泛称句,其中有的是用“有人、 人们、大家”等做主语,有的看来是无主句, 有的则是句中的独立结构,如“据悉、应该 说、这说明、必须承认、由此可见”等等。 从语态
3.3.2 汉语中某些解释性句子转化为英语被动
语态 汉语和英语在主语的应用上很不同。英语语 法通则要求每一个句子有一个主语。汉语语 法的通则是:在语言环境下能暗示或说话人 双方能意会时,就不必说出主语。这种无主 句虽然没有形式上的主语,但却能表现出完 整而明确的语义。 例1. 一开始(...)只能学习少数句型。 At first only a few sentence patterns can be learned.
例3. 收音机的成本降低了80%。
The cost of radio sets was reduced by
80%. 例4. 所有努力工作的人都应得到鼓励。 All those who work hard should be encouraged. 例5. 国家不能以大小判断,如同个人不能以 大小判断一样。 Nations are not to be judged by their sizes any more than individuals.
例1. he was scared out of his wits. 他吓得魂飞魄散。 例2. the movie will be shown again tomorrow. 这部电影明天还要放映。 例3. the novel has already been translated into many languages. 这本小说已译成好几种语言。 例4. some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.
例4. he is believed to be deeply
interested in the subject. 人们认为他对这一学科十分感兴趣。 句式二: 施动者+“把、给”等+受动者+主动 式谓语 例1. rivers are controlled by dams. 拦河坝把河流控制住了。 例2. the famous hotel had been practically destroyed by the big fire. 大火把这家著名的旅馆几乎完全毁掉了。
被动句转换成汉语的如下句式:
句式一:施动者+主动式谓语+受动者 例1. yet, only a part of this energy is used
by man. 然而,人类只利用了这种能源的一部分。 例2. he is revered and admired by all of us. 我们大家都敬仰他,钦佩他。 如原句未说出施动者,可以补上 “大家、人 们、有人”之类的泛称词作为主语。如: 例3. Mr.Li is considered to be a good teacher. 大家认为李先生是位好老师。