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Free exchange
Priceless
Free stuff on the internet comes at a cost
自由交流
道是无价却有价
互联网免费午餐有代价(上)
FACEBOOK, whose users visit for an average of 50 minutes a day, promises members: “It’s free and always will be.” It certainly sounds like a steal. But it is only one of the bargains that apparently litter the internet: YouTube watchers devour1bn hours of videos every day, for instance. These free lunches do come at a cost; the problem is calculating how much it is. Because consumers do not pay for many digital services in cash, beyond the cost of an internet connection, economists cannot treat these exchanges like normal transactions. The economics of free are different.
Facebook的用户平均每天花50分钟使用该网站。
它“免费,且永远免费”的承诺对用户来说无疑像捡了个大便宜。
表面上看,互联网上净是这种“大便宜”,Facebook只是其中之一——YouTube的观众每天观看视频的时间总计多达10亿小时。
这些免费午餐确实是有代价的,问题在于如何计算这些代价。
除了连接互联网的费用,消费者没有为很多数字服务付费,经济学家因而不能将这类交换视为常规交易。
免费服务的经营模式有所不同。
【词汇复习】
steal CN:偷(过去式:stole,过去分词:stolen。
因为是免费的,所以像偷来的一样,不要钱。
)
bargain CN: 便宜货
apparently ADV: 貌似地、表面上地
litter: 使饱含,使遍布(一般指不好的东西) (be littered with充满不好的东西,因为litter 有不可数名词“垃圾”的意思。
)
every day: 每天(名词作状语,不能连写)
for instance: 例如
(for example, for instance, such as的区别:首先说for example和for instance:
相同点:他们后面可以接句子也可以放名词。
但是通常放句子比较常见。
后面放名词的通常也只放一个。
这两个短语都可以放在句子的前面,句子的中间,或者句子的后面。
在引出的例子前面可以用逗号隔开。
不同点:for example和for instance的区别很小。
即使外国人也很难说清楚区别,通常看个人的喜好。
但是在读书和日常交流的时候,会发现for instance更加书面话和学究话。
在严谨的学术上用的更多些。
such as和以上两个的区别很大,比如它后面多放同类并列的几个名词,such as后面不接句子。
such as不能像for example那样用逗号隔开来引领后连的例子。
)
at a cost: 有代价(一般我们说“at the cost/expense of…以…...为代价”▲Experience teaches slowly and at the cost/expense of mistakes.从经验中学习,是很慢的,而且要经过犯错误。
)
calculate VT: 计算;估算
digital ADJ: 数字的
in cash: 用钱
beyond prep: 超出
treat VT: 视为(视为:treat/see/deem/regard/think of/refer to…as…,通常做成被动形式,也就是be treated/seen/deemed/regarded/thought of/referred to as)
transaction CN: 交易
economics UN: 经济
【新词习得】
devour /dɪˈvaʊə/
1. VT: to eat all of sth quickly, especially because you are very hungry(尤指因饥饿而)狼吞虎咽地吃光▲The boys devoured their pancakes. 男孩子们狼吞虎咽地把薄煎饼吃了。
2. VT: to read or look at sth with great interest and enthusiasm津津有味地看;如饥似渴地读▲She began buying and devouring newspapers when she was only 12. 她才12岁时,就开始买报纸并如饥似渴地阅读。
be devoured by sth: to be filled with a strong emotion that seems to control you心中充满(强烈的情感)▲She was devoured by envy and hatred. 她心中充满嫉妒和憎恨。
(属于比较“激情”的一个词,感情色彩很重。
)
【语法分析】
FACEBOOK, whose users visit for an average of 50 minutes a day, promises members: “It’s free and always will be.” Facebook的用户平均每天花50分钟使用该网站。
它“免费,且永远免费”的承诺对用户来说无疑像捡了个大便宜。
(语法点1. 主干是“Facebook promises members.”
语法点2. whose引导的定语从句修饰facebook,先行词带入变成the users of face,出现了所有格,所以用whose引导)
But it is only one of the bargains that apparently litter the internet: YouTube watchers devour 1bn hours of videos every day, for instance.表面上看,互联网上净是这种“大便宜”,Facebook只是其中之一——YouTube的观众每天观看视频的时间总计多达10亿小时。
(that引导的定语从句修饰的是bargains而不是one,所以从句中的谓语动词用复数,翻译过来就是“充斥在互联网上的大便宜之一”。
)
These free lunches do come at a cost. 这些免费午餐确实是有代价的
(该句出现了对动词come的强调。
强调动词通常用do的各种形式,如果被强调的动词是三单,用does;如果是原形,用do,像该句;如果是过去式,用did。
)
【翻译技巧】
Facebook的用户平均每天花50分钟使用该网站。
(是不是一开始想到的结构是spend 50 minutes in using the internet on average every day?看一下英文:FACEBOOK, whose users visit for an average of 50 minutes a day.“平均”不做状语而用做定语;“使用”翻译成visit,更加地道。
)
But it is only one of the bargains that apparently litter the internet: YouTube watchers devour 1bn hours of videos every day, for instance.表面上看,互联网上净是这种“大便宜”,Facebook只是其中之一——YouTube的观众每天观看视频的时间总计多达10亿小时。
(技巧1.apparently被单翻译成了“表面上看”。
有时候在翻译副词的时候,我们把它单拎出来,单成一个分句;有时候翻译成“在…方面”。
技巧2. “YouTube的观众每天观看视频的时间总计多达10亿小时。
”你翻译时候关键词是不是出现了“spend”,“amount of”。
英文中使用了一个程度很强的动词“devour如饥似渴地看、读”,符合人们每天上网的状态;同时“看视频”处理成了名词videos,做10亿小时的定语。
)
【好词佳句】
an average of: 平均
apparently: 表面上看,貌似地
devour+internet/website: 着迷一样地上网(可以用在写关于网络话题的作文中)
…do/does/did come at a cost: ……是有代价的
treat/see/deem/regard/think of/refer to…as…,通常做成被动形式,也就是be
treated/seen/deemed/regarded/thought of/referred to as:视为
Unlike conventional merchants, companies like Facebook and Google have their users themselves produce value. Information and pictures uploaded to social networks draw others to the site. Online searches, selections and “likes” teach algorithms what people want. (Now you’ve bought “The Communist Manifesto”, how about a copy of “Das Kapital”?)
有别于传统商家,Facebook 和谷歌这样的公司让用户自己来为它们创造价值。
上传到社交网络的信息和图片会将其他人吸引过来。
在线搜索、选择和“点赞”让算法了解人们的需求。
比如,既然你买了本《共产党宣言》,那是否考虑再买一本《资本论》呢?
【词汇复习】
unlike prep: 和…不同
conventional ADJ: 传统的
merchant CN: 商人
upload VT: 上传
social network: 社交网络
site CN: 网址
selection CN: 选择(侧重“精选”)
likes: 点赞
algorithm CN: 算法
copy CN: 一册
【语法分析】
Unlike conventional merchants, companies like Facebook and Google have their users themselves produce value. 有别于传统商家,Facebook 和谷歌这样的公司让用户自己来为它们创造价值。
(have sb do sth: 让某人做某事,have也是使役动词的一种。
)
Information and pictures uploaded to social networks draw others to the site. 上传到社交网络的信息和图片会将其他人吸引过来。
(主干是“information and pictures draw others to the site.”“uploaded to social networks”做的是“information and pictures”的后置定语,因为它们之间是被动关系,所以upload用-ed 形式。
)
Now you’ve bought “The Communist Manifesto”, how about a copy of “Das Kapital”?既然你买了本《共产党宣言》,那是否考虑再买一本《资本论》呢?
(这里的now就是now (that),“既然”的意思。
)
【好词佳句】
整一段都是表达观点的句子,说明现在社交媒体的运作状态,同时还提到了最新的“algorithm算法”这个概念,所以可以背诵【写作链接】
The prevalence of free services is partly a result of history. In the early years of the internet, consumers became used to getting stuff for nothing. They have little idea of how much their data are worth; since digital companies have access to billions of people, the value of one person’s data is tiny anyway. More fundamentally, scarci ty is not a constraint in the digital world as it is in the physical one. Data are both inexhaustible and super-cheap to transport. In
1993 MCI Mail was charging people 50 cents for the first 500 characters of a digital message, increasing by ten cents for each extra 500. The internet slashed that price to zero. Charging would have been impractical, so small is the marginal cost.
免费服务盛行在一定程度上是历史的产物。
在互联网时代早期,消费者就已习惯了免费午餐。
他们不清楚自己的数据值多少钱。
而数字公司接触到的人数以亿计,因此单个人的数据不管怎么说价值都很小。
更重要的是,不同于实体世界,数字世界里没有“稀缺”一说。
数据取之不竭,传输又超级便宜。
1993年,美国通讯公司MCI的电邮服务对前500个字符收费50美分,之后每增加500个字符续收10美分。
而互联网则将这笔费用削减至零。
边际成本微乎其微,还收费的话就不切实际了。
【词汇复习】
prevalence /'prevələns/:流行,普遍,盛行(可以替代widespread)
partly ADV: 部分地,一定程度上
be/become used to doing: 习惯于做
have access to: (有渠道,有机会)接触
fundamentally ADV: 更重要地是(可以代替importantly)
scarcity UN: 稀缺,稀少,缺乏
constraint CN: 约束、限制条件
physical ADJ: 实体的
inexhaustible ADJ: 取之不尽用之不竭(in+exhaust+able【构词法】)
charge VT: 收费
slash VT: 削减(同义词:cut (down), slash, reduce)
marginal cost: 边际成本(在经济学和金融学中,边际成本指的是每一单位新增生产的产品(或者购买的产品)带来的总成本的增加。
比如,仅生产一辆汽车的成本是及其巨大的,而生产第101辆汽车的成本就低得多,而生产第10000辆汽车的成本就更低了,这是因为规模经济带来的效益。
)
【语法分析】
In 1993 MCI Mail was charging people 50 cents for the first 500 characters of a digital message, increasing by ten cents for each extra 500. 1993年,美国通讯公司MCI的电邮服务对前500个字符收费50美分,之后每增加500个字符续收10美分。
(动词increase作的动词“charge”的伴随状语。
)
Charging would have been impractical, so small is the marginal cost. 边际成本微乎其微,还收费的话就不切实际了。
(这句话的语法结构实在不常见。
“so…that”从句中,“so+形容词或副词”放在句首,引起主句部分的倒装,that从句不倒装。
这句里“so small”部分是倒装了的,但是没有that 从句,其实在“Charging would have been impractical”之前补上连接词that也是通的。
另
外“Charging would have been impractical”里是would have done表示对过去的推测,相当于should have done, 不多见。
▲I guess the poet would have been about twenty when she wrote her first poem. 两个部分时态不一致,是因为“互联网边际成本微乎其微”是客观事实,而“收费”这个动作在本段中是表示过去的。
上述是我的陋见,如果大家找到合适的解释,欢迎评论!)
【翻译技巧】
In the early years of the internet, consumers became used to getting stuff for nothing. 在互联网时代早期,消费者就已习惯了免费午餐。
(翻译表达积累:“免费午餐free lunches”用得太多了,native speaker这次用的是“get things for nothing”。
)
They have little idea of how much their data are worth; 他们不清楚自己的数据值多少钱。
(翻译表达积累:“不清楚”翻译成“have little idea of…”)
since digital companies have access to billions of people, the value of one person’s data is tiny anyway. 而数字公司接触到的人数以亿计,因此单个人的数据不管怎么说价值都很小。
(翻译表达积累:“接触”用“have access to”。
)
【好词佳句】
the prevalence of sth: ……的普及
partly: 一定程度上
have access to: 有机会、有渠道获得
more fundamentally: 更重要的是
…is a constraint: ……是障碍、约束
be inexhaustible:取之不尽用之不竭
互联网免费午餐有代价(下)
companies to put appropriate advertisements in front of captive eyeballs. In the second quarter of 2017, Facebook eked an average of $4.65 out of each of its users by peppering screens with ads and promoted posts. (By comparison, just eight cents came from payments and other fees, mainly from people paying for stuff within virtual games.)
用户也许是不用支付任何费用,但谷歌和Facebook这样的公司需要承担花在工程师、数据中心等上面的固定成本。
为了赢利,它们间接榨取用户,将精准定位的广告推送到用户眼前,让他们不由自主地浏览,为此向公司收取广告费。
通过充斥屏幕的广告和推广帖,2017年第二季度Facebook平均从每个用户那里赚取了4.65美元。
相比而言,只有8美分来自用户付费和其他费用,主要是购买虚拟游戏中的装备。
【词汇复习】
fixed cost CN: 固定成本
cover VT: 足以支付,够付
squeeze VT: 压榨
charge VT: 对……索费
eke /iːk/ V:勉强度日,竭力维持生计
screen CN: 屏幕
promoted posts: 推广贴(repost:转帖)
by comparison: 通过对比
virtual ADJ: 虚拟的
【新词习得】
captive
1. ADJ: kept as a prisoner or in a confined space; unable to escape被监禁的;被关起来的;被困住的▲captive animals 关在笼子里的动物
2. ADJ: not free to leave a particular place or to choose what you want do to人身自由受限制的;受控制的;无权选择的▲A salesman loves to have a captive audience (= listening because they have no choice).推销商喜欢不得不听的听众。
pepper VT: if something is peppered with things, it has a lot of those things in it or on it在…上大量撒;使…布满▲(be peppered with sth)Her hair is peppered with grey.她头发花白。
▲She peppers her conversation with references to famous people.她在交谈中提到了很多名人。
【翻译技巧】
To make money, they squeeze their users indirectly, by charging companies to put appropriate advertisements in front of captive eyeballs. 为了赢利,它们间接榨取用户,将精准定位的广告推送到用户眼前,让他们不由自主地浏览,为此向公司收取广告费。
(技巧1. 按照中译英来看,先划分一下意群:1.“为了赢利”是目的状语。
2.“它们间接榨取用户”是手段,可以当做句子主语。
3.“将精准定位的广告推送到用户眼前,让他们不由自主地浏览,为此向公司收取广告费”是具体做法,在这个具体做法里面还是有先后的,要先“向公司收取广告费,再为他们推送广告”。
划分出句子层次,译出来的句子也容易让人看懂。
技巧2. 按照英译中看,中文将“captive eyeballs”划分为两个句子,把“captive”单拿出来翻译,翻译中经常将做定语的但不容易翻译形容词,单单拿出来翻译。
以防止硬译、死译,让人看不懂。
)
In the absence of prices, economists struggle to work out what people are getting back when they barter their data and attention for digital services. Some evidence suggests that they are doing rather well. A recent study by Erik Brynjolfsson, Felix Eggers and Avinash Gannameneni of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology offered people different cash amounts in exchange for giving up Facebook for a month. Based on the responses, they then estimated its average annual value to the consumer at around $750. A simpler survey in the same study (without real cash offers) suggested that on average people value free search engines at $16,600 per year, maps at $2,800 and video at $900.
由于不存在价格,经济学家很难计算出人们在用数据和注意力换取数字服务时实际得到了多少。
一些证据显示人们得到免费服务挺值的。
在最近的一项研究中,麻省理工学院的埃里克·布莱恩约弗森(Erik Brynjolfsson)、菲利克斯·艾格斯(Felix Eggers)以及阿维纳什·甘纳门耐尼(Avinash Gannameneni)向受试者提供数目不等的现金,作为交换,受试者放弃使用Facebook一个月。
他们根据受试者的反应估算出,对消费者来说Facebook的平均年价值在750美元左右。
同一项研究中一个更简单的调查(没有真正提供现金)显示,平均下来,人们对免费搜索引擎的估价为每年16,600美元,免费地图2800美元,免费视频900美元。
【词汇复习】
in the absence of sth:缺乏、没有
struggle to do: 艰难地做某事
work out: 1. 计算出;2. 找到 (解决办法等); 3. 锻炼
barter…for…:用……交换……
digital ADJ: 数字的
evidence UN: 证据、迹象(注意是不可数名词)
Massachusetts Institute of Technology: 麻省理工
amount CN: 量
in exchange for: 做为交换
be based on: 基于
response CN: 反应
estimate VT: 估算
value…at…:估值……为多少钱
【语法分析】
Based on the responses, they then estimated its average annual value to the consumer at around $750. 他们根据受试者的反应估算出,对消费者来说Facebook的平均年价值在750美元左右。
(base和they按理说应该是主动关系,应该用basing呀?为什么用了based? 原因是based是在词组be based in里面的,是一个固定搭配,本来就长这个样子,不可以改变了。
可以把它看做是形容词词组作状语,把be动词去掉。
)
【翻译技巧】
In the absence of prices, economists struggle to work out what people are getting back when they barter their data and attention for digital services. 由于不存在价格,经济学家很难计算出人们在用数据和注意力换取数字服务时实际得到了多少。
(翻译表达积累:1. 没有/缺乏——in the absence of
2. 做某事很艰难——struggle to do
3. 用……换……——barter…for…)
Some evidence suggests that they are doing rather well. 一些证据显示人们得到免费服务挺值的。
(这句话是不好翻译的。
根据上文提出“当人们用数据和注意力换取数字服务时实际得到了多少?”,所以这一句应该是一句总结,既然是“doing rather well”,那么相应的回答就是“人们觉得这种交换很不错”,更通俗一点就可以是译文“人们得到免费服务挺值的。
”)
This sounds like a wonderful deal for the consumer, but it generates problems elsewhere. Take taxes. Professionals are not allowed to evade tax by selling their services for benefits in kind, so why should consumers not be taxed if they are paid for their data in the form of services? Statisticians also struggle in a post-price world. GDP is mostly measured by transactions at market prices. A recent study by Leonard Nakamura of the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia and Jon Samuels and Rachel Soloveichik of the Bureau of Economic Analysis used the amount spent on advertising to estimate uncounted output, and calculated that in 2013 American GDP should have been $19bn higher than reported.
听起来,这对于消费者是个很不错的交易,但它却在其他方面引发了问题,比如税收。
既然不允许专业人士以出售服务换取实物福利的方式逃税,那如果消费者提供了数据而
以服务的形式获得报酬,他们怎么就可以不交税?统计人员同样因为无价格领域而为难。
GDP大多由以市场价成交的交易来衡量。
在最近一项研究中,费城联邦储备银行的莱纳德·纳卡穆拉(Leonard Nakamura)以及美国商务部经济分析局(BEA)的乔恩·塞缪尔斯(Jon Samuels)、雷切尔·索洛维切克(Rachel Soloveichik)通过广告费来估算未计入的产值,估测出2013年美国GDP应该比实际报告的多190亿美元。
【词汇复习】
deal CN: 交易
generate VT: 产生(导致,产生,引发:cause, lead to, give rise to, create, bring about, breed 【小结】)
elsewhere ADV: 在别处
take…:以……为例
allow sb to do: 允许某人做某事(allow doing:允许做某事)
evade /ɪ'ved/VT: 规避,逃避 evade taxes: 逃税
in the form of…:以……形式
post-price world: 无价格领域
transaction CN: 交易
at market prices: 以市场价(注意在经济学人文章里at后面经常跟钱数,最熟悉的词组是value…at…)
output UN: 产值,产量
calculate VT: 计算
【新词习得】
in kind
1. in the form of goods or services,not money 以实物支付;以货代款;以服务偿▲People in the country used to pay the doctor in kind with meat, vegetables, eggs and things like that.乡下人以前给医生肉、蔬菜、鸡蛋等东西作为诊费
2.do the same thing to sb as they have done to you,usually something unpleasant 以同样的方法﹙或手段﹚▲If they attack our troops, we will retaliate in kind. 如果他们向我军进攻,我们将予以还击。
【语法分析】
A recent study by Leonard Nakamura of the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia and Jon Samuels and Rachel Soloveichik of the Bureau of Economic Analysis used the amount spent on advertising to estimate uncounted output, and calculated that in 2013 American GDP should have been $19bn higher than reported. 在最近一项研究中,费城联邦储备银行的莱纳德·纳卡穆拉(Leonard Nakamura)以及美国商务部经济分析局(BEA)的乔恩·塞缪
尔斯(Jon Samuels)、雷切尔·索洛维切克(Rachel Soloveichik)通过广告费来估算未计入的产值,估测出2013年美国GDP应该比实际报告的多190亿美元。
(句子主干是“a recent study used the amount and calculated that…”。
“spent on advertising to estimate unco unted output”是过去分词做的amount的后置定语。
)
Privacy activists also worry. Consumers tend to respond much more strongly to “free” offers than to prices that are only fractionally higher than zero. When Amazon first offered free shipping in European countries, orders surged—but not in France, where by mistake it charged around ten cents. The activists’ concern is that the “free” label fosters poor decisions, making people, for example, reveal more about themselves than they would in a more formal exchange. Research ers talk of the “privacy paradox”: when asked, people say that they care much more about their privacy than their actions would suggest.
隐私权倡议人士也感到担忧。
比起那些几近为零的价格,消费者对免费品还是情有独钟得多。
亚马逊在欧洲首次推出免运费服务时,订单激增,但法国除外——由于操作失误,亚马逊在法国收取大约10美分的运费。
隐私权倡议人士担心,“免费”的旗号会助长轻率的决定,例如,比起较为正规的交易,人们在获取免费服务时会泄露更多的隐私。
研究人员谈到了“隐私权悖论”的现象:当被问及隐私权时,人们表示他们很关心自己的隐私,而他们的行为却远非如此。
【词汇复习】
privacy UN: 隐私
activist CN: 积极分析,倡议人士
tend to: 往往,常常
respond to: 对……回应
fractionally /'frækʃənl/ adv: 很小;很少
shipping CN: 运费
by mistake: 错误地
concern UN: 关心
label CN: 标签
foster VT: 助长(foster一般是褒义词“促进”的意思。
本文意思偏贬义。
促进:promote, cultivate, encourage, feed, nurture, stimulate, support, uphold【小结】)
reveal VT: 显露、露出
formal ADJ: 正式的
talk of: 谈到,说到
paradox CN: 悖论
【新词习得】
surge/sɜːdʒ/
1. VI: to move quickly and with force in a particular direction涌;汹涌;涌动▲The gates opened and the crowd surged forward. 大门打开了,人群向前涌去。
▲Flood waters surged into their homes. 洪水涌进了他们的房子。
2.VT: 使强烈地感到▲Relief surged through her. 她顿觉宽慰。
3. VI: (of prices, profits, etc. 物价、利润等)to suddenly increase in value急剧上升;飞涨;激增▲Share prices surged. 股价猛涨。
【语法分析】
but not in France, where by mistake it charged around ten cents. 但法国除外——由于操作失误,亚马逊在法国收取大约10美分的运费。
(where引导定语从句,先行词是France,带到从句中做地点状语,即:it charged around ten cents in France. 多出来一个in, 所以用where。
请记住,即使先行词就是France,原句里它前面有没有in没关系,先行词通常是名词、代词或一个句子。
)
The activists’ concern is that the “free” label fosters poor decisions, making people, for example, reveal more about themselves than they would in a more formal exchange. 隐私权倡议人士担心,“免费”的旗号会助长轻率的决定,例如,比起较为正规的交易,人们在获取免费服务时会泄露更多的隐私。
(“making people reveal more about themselves than…”是现在分词引导的结果状语从句。
)
when asked, people say that they care much more about their privacy than their actions would suggest. 当被问及隐私权时,人们表示他们很关心自己的隐私,而他们的行为却远非如此。
(“when asked”里面省略了they are,因为when从句里的主语和主句主语一致,且从句里有be动词,所以从句的主语和be动词可以省略。
)
【翻译技巧】
Consumers tend to respond much more strongly to “free” offers than to prices that are only fractionally higher than zero. 比起那些几近为零的价格,消费者对免费品还是情有独钟得多。
(翻译表达积累:几近为零——be fractionally higher than zero)
when asked, people say that they care much more about their privacy than their actions would suggest. 当被问及隐私权时,人们表示他们很关心自己的隐私,而他们的行为却远非如此。
(“their actions would suggest”后面省略了“they care much more about their privacy”,意思是他们口头上表示很关心隐私,但是他们的行为并没有表现出特别重视隐私的样子。
)
The free economy also troubles competition authorities. Excessive market power can be defined as the ability to raise prices above what would be charged in a competitive market. With no prices to compare, and other options only a click away, companies such as Google seem to operate in an environment of cut-throat competition. It is naive to think so. Consumers are more captive than the low cost of switching might imply. Google, for example, commands a market share for internet search of over 90% in most countries in the European Union, where antitrust authorities in June fined it €2.4bn ($2.7bn) for promoting its own comparison shopping services above its competitors’. Its services may have been free, but the trustbusters judged that its market power was curbing consumers’ choices. In the absence of prices, lack of competition will show up in other ways: demanding more information from users than they want to give, for example; or irritating them by stuffing their service chock-full of adverts.
免费经济同样困扰着竞争监管机构。
过高的市场支配力可以定义为,企业能够将价格提升到高于竞争性市场中要价的水平。
没有明码标价可以比较,且用户只需点一下鼠标就可轻易转向其他选择——这样看来,谷歌这样的公司好像是在一个竞争惨烈的环境中运营。
如果这样想就未免天真了。
虽然转换服务商的成本极低,消费者并没有看上去那么自由。
例如,谷歌在欧盟大多数国家控制着超过90%的互联网搜索的市场份额,今年6月,因为在搜索结果中将自己的比价购物服务置于其他竞争对手之上,欧盟反垄断机构向其罚款24亿欧元(27亿美元)。
它的服务或许是免费的,但是反垄断人士判定,它的市场支配力限制了消费者的选择。
在没有标价的情况下,竞争不足会以其他方式呈现,比如要求消费者提供超出其意愿的信息,或者在服务中填满广告而让消费者不堪其扰。
【词汇复习】
excessive ADJ: 过分的,过度的
market power: 市场支配力
define VT: 下定义
option CN: 选择
click CN: a short sharp sound短而尖的声音;咔哒声
cut-throat ADJ: 残酷的
naïve ADJ: 天真的
captive ADJ: 人身自由受限制的;受控制的;无权选择的
switching UN: 转换
imply VT: 暗示
command VT: 支配
antitrust ADJ: 反托拉斯的;反垄断的
authority CN: 监管机构
fine VT: 罚款
trustbuster CN: 要求解散托拉斯的人,联邦反托拉斯检查官
curb VT: 控制
in the absence of: 没有,缺乏
irritate VT: 使烦恼(尤指不断重复的事情)
stuff VT: 填满;装满;塞满;灌满(stuff A with B)
chock-full ADJ: 塞满;挤满;充满
【语法分析】
Google, for example, commands a market share for internet search of over 90% in most countries in the European Union, where antitrust authorities in June fined it €2.4bn ($2.7bn) for promoting its own comparison shopping services above its competitors’.谷歌在欧盟大多数国家控制着超过90%的互联网搜索的市场份额,今年6月,因为在搜索结果中将自己的比价购物服务置于其他竞争对手之上,欧盟反垄断机构向其罚款24亿欧元(27亿美元)。
(where引导定语从句,先行词为the European Union,在从句中做地点状语,in the European Union,所以用where.)
【翻译技巧】
Excessive market power can be defined as the ability to raise prices above what would be charged in a competitive market. 过高的市场支配力可以定义为,企业能够将价格提升到高于竞争性市场中要价的水平。
(按照中译英来看,有一个搭配是“define…as…”,使用它可以避免用从句,用一个搭配连接整个句子。
翻译的时候可以巧用搭配,避免过多使用从句。
)
【好词佳句】
demanding more information from users than they want to give, for example; or irritating them by stuffing their service chock-full of adverts. 比如要求消费者提供超出其意愿的信息,或者在服务中填满广告而让消费者不堪其扰。
(网站或者手机app现状,可以当做论据【写作链接】)
No such thing as a free exchange
Opinion is divided on whether the free economy needs fixing, and if so, how. In his book “Who Owns the Future?”, Jaron Lanier suggests that tiny payments for digital contributions might correct yet another problem, a misallocation of labour. If companies paid people for。