高二月考试卷

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高二语文月考卷及答案

高二语文月考卷及答案一、选择题（每小题2分，共20分）1. 下列词语中，加点字的注音全都正确的一项是（）A. 暮霭（ǎi）愠怒（yùn）瑰怪（guī）纤维（xiān）B. 粗犷（guǎng）脊梁（jǐ）拓印（tà）炽热（chì）C. 憾慨（kǎi）琼瑶（qióng）暮霭（ǎi）聊赖（liáo）D. 殷红（yān）蹙眉（cù）悲怆（chuàng）铁锹（qiāo）2. 下列词语中，没有错别字的一项是（）A. 崇山峻岭草长莺飞娇生惯养良辰美景B. 狼籍一片既往不咎眼花缭乱气息奄奄C. 呕心沥血一筹莫展自食其果融会贯通D. 专心至志走投无路不卑不亢休戚相关3. 下列各句中，没有语病的一句是（）A. 诸葛亮舌战群儒，显示了他卓越的口才和广博的学识，不愧为一代名相。

B. 经过刻苦努力，期末考试他六门功课平均都超过了90分。

C. 我们正在为建设一个现代化的社会主义强国。

D. 文艺创作要勇于突破旧框框，才能提高质量，繁荣创作。

4. 依次填入下面一段文字横线处的语句，衔接最恰当的一组是（）①当时，无论是贩夫走卒，还是达官贵人，他们都是在这种清幽的境界里度过每一个夏天的。

②而且，一到夏天，这个城市好像完全属于苏州人。

③苏州园林据说有一百多处，我到过的不过十多处。

④所以，苏州园林不可能十全十美，完美无缺。

⑤苏州园林是我国各地园林的标本，各地园林没有不受到苏州园林影响的。

A. ②①③⑤④B. ③①②⑤④C. ①③⑤②④D. ③⑤①②④5. 下列各项中，标点符号的使用完全正确的一项是（）A. “呼——呼——”风声由远而近，由小到大，仿佛要把整个山谷都掀翻过来。

B. 看到画上的“双喜临门”，我立刻想到了《西厢记》中“待月西厢下，迎风户半开”的情景。

C. 母亲说：“你这样做，就是对我最大的关心，也是对我最大的爱护。

”D. 这篇文章写得生动有趣，幽默风趣，充分体现了作者深厚的文学功底。

2023-2024学年度第一学期高二10月考试卷

2023-2024学年度第一学期高二10月考试卷数学考试范围：选择性必修一；考试时间：100分钟；注意事项：1．答题前填写好自己的姓名、班级、考号等信息2．请将答案正确填写在答题卡上第I 卷（选择题）1．已知平面α的法向量为()1,2,2a =- ，平面β的法向量为()2,4,b k =--，若αβ⊥，则k＝（）A ．4B ．4-C ．5D ．5-2．如果0,0AB BC <<，那么直线0Ax By C --=不经过的象限是（）A ．第一象限B ．第二象限C ．第三象限D ．第四象限3．若{},,a b c 是空间的一个基底，则下列选项中，也可以作为空间基底的是（）A ．a b + ，a b - ，cB ．a，a b + ，a b- C ．b c + ，b ，--b cD ．a b +，a b c ++r r r，c4．若θ∈R ，则直线cos 1y x θ=-的倾斜角α的取值范围为（）A ．π3π[,]44B ．]πππ(3[0,),224 C ．π3π[0,][,π)44⋃D ．]πππ(3[0,],4245．已知圆1C ：()()()222120x y r r -++=>与圆2C ：()()224216x y -+-=有公共点，则r 的取值范围为（）A ．(]0,1B ．[]1,5C ．[]5,9D ．[]1,96．已知椭圆2222:1(0)x y C a b a b+=>>的左、右焦点分别为1F ，2F ，点P 在C 上，且112PF F F ⊥，直线2PF 与C 交于另一点Q ，与y 轴交于点M ，若222MF F Q =，则C 的离心率为（）A ．337B ．217C ．73D ．47二、多选题7．已知空间四点()()()()0,0,0,4,3,0,3,0,4,5,6,4O A B C -，则下列说法正确的是（）A ．12OA OB ⋅= B ．12cos ,25OA OB =- C ．点O 到直线BC 的距离为5D ．,,,O A B C 四点共面8．如图，长方体1111ABCD A B C D -中，11,3,AA AB AD ===E 是侧面11AA D D 的中心，F 是底面ABCD 的中心，点M 在线段AD 上运动．以A 为原点，1,,AB AD AA 所在直线分别为,,x y z 轴，建立空间直角坐标系，则（）A ．()1,0,3n = 是平面1A BC 的一个法向量B ．直线EF ∥平面11CD DC C ．异面直线EF 与1AC 垂直D ．存在点M ，使得直线1A M 与平面1A BC 所成的角为π49．已知直线l ：10mx y m +--=，m ∈R 和圆O ：224x y +=，下列说法正确的是（）A ．直线l 与圆O 可能相切B ．直线l 与圆O 一定相交C ．当1m =时，圆O 上存在2个点到直线l 的距离为1D ．直线l 被圆O 截得的弦长存在最小值，且最小值为210．已知抛物线21:4C y x =的焦点为F ，P 为C 上一动点，()0,3M ，则下列结论中正确的是（）A ．C 的准线方程为116y =-B ．直线1y x =-与C 相切C ．PM PF +的最小值为4D ．PM 的最小值为3第II 卷（非选择题）三、填空题11．已知直三棱柱111ABC A B C -的侧棱与底面边长都相等，D ，F 分别是11A B 和11A C 的中点，那么异面直线BD 和AF 所成角的余弦值等于．2023-2024学年度第一学期高二10月考试卷数学参考答案：1．D【详解】∵αβ⊥，∴a b ⊥ ，∴2820⋅=---=a b k ，解得5k =-.故选：D2．C【详解】由0Ax By C --=可得，A C y x B B =-,所以直线的斜率0,A B <纵截距0CB->，所以直线经过一、二、四象限，故选:C.3．A【详解】对于A 选项，假设()()c a b a b λμ=++- ，即()()c a b λμλμ=++-，这与题设矛盾，假设不成立，故a b + ，a b - ，c可以构成基底，A 选项正确.对于B 选项，()()12a a b a b ⎡⎤=++-⎣⎦ ，因此a，a b + ，a b - 共面，故不能构成基底，B 选项错误.对于C 选项，()--=-+ b c b c ，则b c + ，b ，-- b c 共面，所以b c + ，b ，-- b c 不能构成基底，故C 选项错误.对于D 选项，()++=++ a b c a b c ，因此向量a b + ，a b c ++r r r ，c共面，故不能构成基底，D 选项错误.故选：C.4．C【详解】直线cos 1y x θ=-的斜率cos [1,1]k θ=∈-，显然此直线倾斜角π2α≠，因此0tan 1α≤≤或1tan 0α-≤<，解得π04≤≤α或3ππ4α≤<，所以直线cos 1y x θ=-的倾斜角α的取值范围为π3π[0,][,π)44⋃.故选：C5．D【详解】由题知：()11,2C -，1r r =，()24,2C ，24r =，()()221214225C C =-+--=.因为1C 和2C 有公共点，所以1244r C C r -≤≤+，解得19r ≤≤.故选：D 6．B【详解】如图，因为1//OM PF ，所以点M 是2PF 的中点，连接1FQ ，由222MF F Q =，得224PF F Q =，2201(1)8224x -+≥，故选：BC设点(),0Q m ，则11QA QB y k k x m +=-()()(122112y x m y x m y ty ∴-+-=+()226314022t m t t t -=-=++，。

高二数学月考卷1

高二数学月考卷1一、选择题（每题1分，共5分）1. 函数f(x) = (x² 1)/(x 1)的定义域是（）A. RB. {x | x ≠ 1}C. {x | x ≠ 0}D. {x | x ≠ 1}2. 若向量a = (2, 3)，向量b = (1, 2)，则2a 3b = （）A. (8, 1)B. (8, 1)C. (8, 1)D. (8, 1)3. 二项式展开式(x + y)⁵中x²y³的系数是（）A. 5B. 10C. 20D. 304. 已知等差数列{an}中，a1 = 3，a3 = 9，则公差d为（）A. 2B. 3C. 4D. 65. 若复数z满足|z 1| = |z + 1|，则z在复平面上的对应点位于（）A. 实轴上B. 虚轴上C. y = x上D. y = x上二、判断题（每题1分，共5分）1. 任何两个实数的和都是实数。

（）2. 若矩阵A的行列式为0，则A不可逆。

（）3. 两条平行线上的任意一对对应线段比例相等。

（）4. 双曲线的渐近线一定经过原点。

（）5. 若函数f(x)在区间[a, b]上单调递增，则f'(x) > 0。

（）三、填空题（每题1分，共5分）1. 若log₂x = 3，则x = ______。

2. 若等差数列{an}中，a4 = 8，a7 = 19，则a10 = ______。

3. 圆的标准方程(x h)² + (y k)² = r²中，(h, k)表示圆的______。

4. 若sinθ = 1/2，且θ是第二象限的角，则cosθ = ______。

5. 矩阵A = [[1, 2], [3, 4]]的行列式|A| = ______。

四、简答题（每题2分，共10分）1. 简述矩阵乘法的定义。

2. 请解释什么是反函数。

3. 简述等差数列的通项公式。

4. 请说明直线的斜率的意义。

5. 简述三角函数的周期性。

2023-2024学年高二上学期10月月考语文试卷(含解析)

2023-2024学年高二上学期10月月考语文试卷（含解析）一、现代文阅读（一）现代文阅读Ⅰ（14分）1．（14分）阅读下面的文字，完成下列各题。

材料一：大家都知中国人喜讲“中庸之道”，一般人以为中庸之道是指平易近人，不标新立异，不惊世骇俗，调和折衷，不走极端而言。

然此等乃通俗义，非正确义，《中庸》上说：“执其两端，用其中于民。

”无论何事都有两端，此两端，可以推到极处各成为一极端。

在此两极端间之中间都叫做中，此一“中”可以有甚长之距离。

所谓“中”，非折中之谓，乃指此两极端之全过程。

如言真善美，是此一极端，不真不善不美是那一极端。

但此真、善、美三分，只是西方人说法。

照中国人讲，此世界便是一真，不是伪，真伪不能对立。

若论美丑，此世界是浑沌中立，既非极美，也非极丑。

中国文化是人本位的，以人文主义为中心，看重了人的一面，则善、恶对立不能不辨。

但纵是一大圣人，亦不能说他已达到了百分之百的善。

纵是一大恶人，亦不能说他是百分之百的恶。

人只在善、恶两极端之“中道”上，既不在此极端，亦不在彼极端。

但必指出此两极端，始能显出此中道，始能在此中道上理论有根据、行为有目标，故说“执其两端，用其中于民”。

若非执其两端，则中道无可见。

真实可用者乃此中道，非其两端。

此乃中国人所讲“中庸之道”之正确意义。

在此等观念与意识之下，我认为中国文化尽可以借鉴西方文化，使中国文化更充实更光辉。

并不如一般人想法，保守了中国固有之旧，即不能吸收西方现代之新。

似乎大家总爱把一切事物作相反对立看，不肯把此等相反对立来作互通合一看。

所以我们中国所讲“执两用中的中庸之道”，此刻实该大大地再阐明。

这和我们当前所该采用的一切想法和做法实有很大的关系。

中国人惟其有此中庸之道，亦可使各不同的宗教信仰也一样调和融通起来。

佛教、回教、耶稣教来到中国，不仅和中国传统文化无冲突，在此诸大宗教之相互间都能和平共存，没有大冲突。

你看中国社会上，这里一个天主堂，那里一个和尚庙：母亲信佛教，儿子信耶稣。

湖南省长沙市雅礼中学2024-2025学年高二上学期10月月考语文试题(含答案)

雅礼集团2024下学期第一次月考试卷高二语文时量：150分钟分值：150分一、现代文阅读（35分）（一）现代文阅读1（本题共5小题，19分）阅读下列文字，完成下面小题。

我们不可像霍布斯那样，因为人没有任何善的观念，便认为人天生是恶人；因为人不知道什么是美德，便认为人是邪恶的；人从来不对他的同类效劳，因为他认为他对他们没有任何义务；人自认为他有取得自己所需之物的权利，因此便以为他自己是整个宇宙的唯一的主人。

诚然，霍布斯看出了现今的人们对自然的权利所作的种种解释的缺点，然而从他自己所作的解释中得出的结论就可看出，他的解释的着眼点也是错误的。

既然这位作者是根据他自己提出的原则进行推理的，他的论点就应该这样来表述：我们在自然状态中对保护我们自己的生存的关心，是丝毫不妨碍他人对保护他自己的生存的关心的，因此这个状态是有利于和平的，是适合于人类的。

然而他在书中所说的话却恰恰相反，因为他把为了满足许许多多欲望而产生的需要，与野蛮人为了保护自己的生存而产生的需要混为一谈了；其实，这些欲望乃是社会造成的，而且，正因为人的欲望丛生，才使法律成为必需的东西。

既然霍布斯认为恶人是一个强壮的孩子，那我们就要问：野蛮人是否也是一个强壮的孩子？如果我们承认他是一个强壮的孩子，那该得出什么样的结论呢？如果这个人强壮的时候也像他柔弱的时候那样依赖他人，那么，什么过分的事他干不出来呢？他的母亲如果不及时喂他奶，他就会打她；如果他觉得他的弟弟招他讨厌，他就会掐死他：如果别人碰撞了他或打扰了他，他就会咬别人的腿。

说自然状态中的人是强壮的，与说自然状态中的人需要依赖于人，这两种说法是矛盾的。

人只有在处于依赖状态的时候才是柔弱的：如果他无拘无束，不依赖他人的话，他早就是很强壮的了。

霍布斯没有看出：我们的法学家所说的阻碍野蛮人使用理智的原因，正好就是霍布斯本人所说的阻碍野蛮人滥用他们的官能的原因。

因此，我们认为野蛮人之所以不是恶人，其原因恰恰在于他不知道什么是善，因为防止他们作恶的，既不是智慧的发达、也不是法律的约束，而是欲念的平静和对恶事的无知：他们从对恶事的无知中得到的益处，比别人从对美德的认识中得到的益处多得多。

高二年级第一学期语文第一次月考试卷(附答案)

高二年级第一学期语文第一次月考试卷（附答案）一、现代文阅读（36 分）（一）论述类文本阅读（本题共 3 小题，9 分）阅读下面的文字，完成 1～3 题。

中国传统文化中的“和” 理念，具有丰富的内涵和深远的影响。

“和” 强调和谐、协调、平衡，既包括人与人之间的和谐相处，也包括人与自然的和谐共生。

在人与人的关系中，“和” 体现为一种包容、宽厚的态度。

孔子提出“君子和而不同”，强调在人际交往中，既要尊重他人的观点和差异，又要保持自己的独立思考和个性。

这种“和而不同” 的理念，有助于促进不同文化、不同思想之间的交流与融合，避免冲突和对抗。

在人与自然的关系中，“和” 则意味着尊重自然、顺应自然。

中国古代的思想家们认为，人类是自然的一部分，应该与自然和谐相处。

老子说：“人法地，地法天，天法道，道法自然。

” 强调人类应该遵循自然的规律，与自然保持一种和谐的关系。

这种理念对于我们今天处理人与自然的关系，具有重要的启示意义。

“和” 的理念还体现在社会治理方面。

中国古代的统治者们往往追求“政通人和” 的理想境界，通过推行仁政、德治等方式，促进社会的和谐稳定。

在现代社会，“和” 的理念也可以为我们构建和谐社会提供有益的借鉴。

我们可以通过加强民主法治建设、促进公平正义、弘扬社会主义核心价值观等方式，营造一个和谐、稳定、有序的社会环境。

1. 下列关于原文内容的理解和分析，正确的一项是（3 分）A.“和” 理念只强调人与人之间的和谐相处，不包括人与自然的和谐共生。

B. 孔子提出的“君子和而不同”，意味着在人际交往中要完全放弃自己的观点。

C. 中国古代思想家认为人类应该遵循自然规律，与自然和谐相处，这体现了“和” 的理念。

D.“和” 的理念在现代社会已经没有任何价值，不能为构建和谐社会提供借鉴。

2. 下列对原文论证的相关分析，不正确的一项是（3 分）A. 文章从人与人的关系、人与自然的关系、社会治理三个方面，论述了“和” 理念的内涵和影响。

重庆市第八中学2024-2025学年高二上学期第一次月考数学试题

重庆市第八中学2024-2025学年高二上学期第一次月考数学试题一、单选题1．复数z 满足()2i 34i z -=+（i 为虚数单位），则z 的值为（）A．1B C D ．2．已知α，β是两个不同的平面，l ，m 是两条不同的直线，下列说法正确的是（） A ．若//αβ，l α⊂，m β⊂，则//l m B ．若αβ⊥，l α⊂，则l β⊥ C ．若l α⊥，αβ⊥，则//l βD ．若l α∥，m α⊥，则l m ⊥3．“直线()680ax a y -++=与350x ay a -+-=平行”是“6a =”的（）条件 A ．充分不必要 B ．必要不充分 C ．充分必要D ．既不充分也不必要4．已知两个单位向量1e u r ，2e uu r 的夹角为120o ，则()()12212e e e e +⋅-=u r u u r u u r u r （）A ．32B ．3C ．52D ．55．圆222460x y mx my ++++=关于直线30mx y ++=对称，则实数m =（） A ．1B ．-3C ．1或-3D ．-1或36．直线:0l x 与圆22:(2)(1)2C x y ++-=交于A ，B 两点，则直线AC 与直线BC 的倾斜角之和为（） A ．120o B ．145oC ．165oD ．210o7．已知4tan23θ=，π0,4θ⎛⎫∈ ⎪⎝⎭，若ππcos cos 44m ⎛⎫⎛⎫-=+ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭θθ，则实数m 的值为（） A ．13-B ．12-C ．13D ．128．已知圆22:(2)(1)5C x y -++=及直线()():2180l m x m y m ++---=，下列说法正确的是（）A ．圆C 被x 轴截得的弦长为2B ．直线l 过定点()3,2C ．直线l 被圆C 截得的弦长存在最大值，此时直线l 的方程为10x y +-=D ．直线l 被圆C 截得的弦长存在最小值，此时直线l 的方程为50x y --=二、多选题9．在边长为2的正方形ABCD 中，,E F 分别为BC ，CD 的中点，则（）A ．2AB AD EF -=u u u r u u u r u u u rB ．4AE AF ⋅=u u u r u u u rC ．()32AE AF AB AD +=+u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u rD ．AE u u u r 在AD u u u r上的投影向量为12AE u u u r10．如图，直三棱柱111ABC A B C -所有棱长均为4，D ，E ，F ，G 分别在棱1111,,A B AC AB ，AC 上，（不与端点重合）且11A D A E BF CG ===，H ，P 分别为BC ，1A H 中点，则（）A ．11//BC 平面PFGB ．过D ，F ，G 三点的平面截三棱柱所得截面一定为等腰梯形C ．M 在111A B C △内部（含边界），1π6A AM ∠=，则M 到棱11B C D ．若M ，N 分别是平面11A ABB 和11A ACC 内的动点，则MNP △周长的最小值为3 11．已知圆221:1C x y +=和圆222:()(2)4C x m y m -+-=，0m ≥．点Q 是圆2C 上的动点，过点Q 作圆1C 的两条切线，切点分别为G ，H ，则下列说法正确的是（）A ．当m ⎡∈⎢⎣⎭时，圆1C 和圆2C 没有公切线 B ．当圆1C 和圆2C 有三条公切线时，其公切线的倾斜角的和为定值C ．圆1C 与x 轴交于M ，N ，若圆2C 上存在点P ，使得π2MPN >∠，则m ∈⎝⎭D ．圆1C 和2C 外离时，若存在点Q ，使四边形1QGC H 面积为m ∈⎝三、填空题12．将函数πcos 46y x ⎛⎫=- ⎪⎝⎭的图象向右平移π 02φφ⎛⎫<< ⎪⎝⎭个单位长度后，所得函数为奇函数，则 φ=．13．已知点()3,0P 在直线l 上，且点P 恰好是直线l 夹在两条直线1:220--=l x y 与2:30l x y ++=之间线段的一个三等分点，则直线l 的方程为．（写出一条即可）14．台风“摩羯”于2024年9月1日晚在菲律宾以东洋面上生成．据监测，“摩羯”台风中心位于某海滨城市O （如图）的东偏南1cos 7θθ⎛⎫= ⎪⎝⎭方向350km 的海面P 处，并以20km /h 的速度向西偏北60o 方向移动，台风侵袭的范围为圆形区域，当前半径为130km ，并以10km/h 的速度不断增大，小时后，该海滨城市开始受到台风侵袭．四、解答题15．在ABC V 中，内角A ，B ，C 所对的边分别为a ，b ，c ，已知4a =，2π3C =，D 为AB 边上一点．(1)若D 为AB 的中点，且CD =c ；(2)若CD 平分ACB ∠，且ABC V 的面积为CD 的长．16．如图，在正三棱柱111ABC A B C -中，6CA =，E 为棱AC 的中点，P 为BC 边上靠近B 的三等分点，且11PB BC ⊥．(1)证明：1//CB 平面1EBA ；(2)求平面11ABB A 与平面1BEC 夹角的余弦值．17．圆心为C 的圆经过A 0,3 ，B 2,1 两点，且圆心C 在直线:320l x y -=上． (1)求圆C 的标准方程；(2)过点()1,2M 作圆C 的相互重直的两条弦DF ，EG ，求四边形DEFG 的面积的最大值与最小值．18．如图、三棱锥P ABC -中，PA ⊥平面ABC ，O 为AB 的中点，AC BC ⊥，1OC =，4PA =．(1)证明：面ACP ⊥面BCP ；(2)若点A 到面BCP 的距离为43，证明：OC AB ⊥；(3)求OP 与面PBC 所成角的正弦值的取值范围．19．在平面直角坐标系xOy 中，已知圆C ：222120x y x +---=，1M ，2M 是圆C 上的动点，且12M M =12M M 的中点为M ． (1)求点M 的轨迹方程；(2)设点A 是直线0l y -+=上的动点，AP ，AQ 是M 的轨迹的两条切线，P ，Q 为切点，求四边形APCQ 面积的最小值；(3)若垂直于y 轴的直线1l 过点C 且与M 的轨迹交于点D ，E ，点N 为直线3x =-上的动点，直线ND ，NE 与M 的轨迹的另一个交点分别为F ，(G FG 与DE 不重合），求证：直线FG 过定点．。

广西壮族自治区贵百河—武鸣高中2024-2025学年高二上学期10月联考月考语文试卷(含答案)

2023级“贵百河—武鸣高中”10月高二年级新高考月考测试语文（考试时间：150分钟满分：150分）注意事项：1．答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在答题卡和试卷指定位置上。

2．回答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。

如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。

回答非选择题时，将答案写在答题卡上。

写在本试卷上无效。

3．考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。

一、现代文阅读（35分）（一）现代文阅读Ⅰ（本题共5小题，19分）阅读下面的文字，完成1~5题。

材料一说到书法，你一定不陌生，它可以说是中华民族最具特色的艺术形式。

在中国历史上，每个读书人都是书法的创作者，他们借此来表达自己的内心世界。

“字如其人”说的不是人的外表，而是性情、修养、审美这些无形的东西，其中性情又是最主要的。

所谓性情，性是个性，情是情绪。

唐代书法家孙过庭有一本用草书写的理论著作《书谱》，他在书中提出，书法艺术本质上就是“达其情性，形其哀乐”。

也就是说，书法作品是用来传达一个人的个性和情绪的，这才是书法艺术的灵魂。

每个人的书写笔迹都是有个性的，所以才会有“笔迹学”这个学科。

语文老师批改作文，只看笔迹，就差不多猜出是谁写的。

字的个性背后，是人的个性，艺术风格是作者个性的流露。

欧阳修曾经评价颜真卿的楷书说：“斯人忠义出于天性，故其字画刚劲独立，不袭前迹，挺然奇伟，有似其为人。

”个性通常是比较长期的、恒定的，情绪则跟某个当下的时刻有关。

情绪的出现，往往都是基于某个机缘、某件事，是外在的条件激发了人的情绪。

在情绪影响之下，书写往往会跟常态有所不同。

比如王羲之在天朗气清、惠风和畅的环境中，与大家一起欢聚在兰亭，品酒吟诗。

在这种氛围里，王羲之兴致极高，心手双畅，写出书法名篇《兰亭集序》。

性情对书法艺术来说究竟意味着什么？它构成了书法世界非常重要的一维——书法的灵魂。

字写得中规中矩，符合法则，只是基础。

明代流行的台阁体，其笔法与字法都符合法则，却不被书法界推崇，甚至常常被批评。

2024-2025学年高二年级月考生物试卷

2024-2025学年高二年级月考生物试卷一、单选题（每题1.5分，40小题，共60分）1、下列元素中，构成有机物基本骨架且被称为“生命的核心元素”的是( )A.氧B.氢C.碳D.氮2、胆固醇在人体血液中与脂质等结合形成LDL（低密度脂蛋白），最终进入细胞降解，过程如图。

有些患者的PCSK9蛋白可促进LDL受体降解，导致血液中胆固醇含量偏高，可能造成血管堵塞，危及生命。

科学家转入与PCSK9mRNA特异性结合的siRNA，将PCSK9mRNA剪断，从而治疗高胆固醇血症。

下列分析正确的是( )A. LDL通过胞吞方式进入细胞，不需要膜上蛋白质的参与B. siRNA抑制PCSK9基因的翻译，为PCSK9mRNA断裂提供活化能C. LDL的降解过程体现了细胞膜具有选择透过性的结构特点D. 胆固醇能参与血液中脂质的运输，但需要限制其过量摄入3、研究发现，分泌蛋白的合成起始于游离的核糖体，其合成的初始序列为信号序列。

游离的核糖体在信号识别颗粒的引导下与内质网膜上的受体接触，穿过内质网膜后继续合成蛋白质，并在内质网腔中将信号序列切除。

合成结束后，核糖体与内质网脱离，重新进入细胞质基质。

下列基于以上事实的推测正确的是( )A.内质网膜的基本骨架是由磷脂和蛋白质组成的B.核糖体与内质网的结合依赖于生物膜的流动性C.附着在内质网上的核糖体合成的蛋白质都是分泌蛋白D.核糖体的“游离”状态或“附着”状态是相对的4、在一个多细胞的生物体内，存在着各种在形态、结构和生理功能上具有差异的细胞，这是因为( )A. 细胞发生了变异B. 不同细胞的基因不同C. 某些细胞失去了全能性D. 不同细胞中的基因选择性地表达5、已知B1和B2是某二倍体生物的一对等位基因，不考虑变异情况，下列叙述不正确的是( )A. 基因B1和B2可位于非同源染色体上B. 基因B1和B2不能位于同一条染色体上C. 基因B1和B2遵循分离定律D. 基因B1和B2不能同时存在于同一个配子中6、核酶是一类具有催化功能的小分子RNA，可降解特定的RNA。

数学高二月考试卷

数学高二月考试卷一、选择题（每题5分，共60分）1. 椭圆frac{x^2}{25}+frac{y^2}{16}=1的长轴长为（）A. 5B. 4C. 10D. 8.2. 双曲线x^2-frac{y^2}{3}=1的渐近线方程为（）A. y = ±√(3)xB. y=±(√(3))/(3)xC. y = ± 3xD. y=±(1)/(3)x3. 抛物线y^2=2px(p>0)的焦点坐标为（）A. ((p)/(2),0)B. (-(p)/(2),0)C. (0,(p)/(2))D. (0,-(p)/(2))4. 已知向量→a=(1,2)，→b=(x,1)，若→a⊥→b，则x=（）A. - 2B. 2C. -(1)/(2)D. (1)/(2)5. 若直线y = kx + 1与圆x^2+y^2=1相切，则k=（）A. ±√(3)B. ±1C. ±2D. ±√(2)6. 在空间直角坐标系中，点P(1,2,3)关于xOy平面的对称点为（）A. (1,2,- 3)B. (-1,2,3)C. (1,-2,3)D. (-1,-2,-3)7. 设等差数列{a_n}的首项a_1=2，公差d = 3，则a_5=（）A. 14B. 17C. 20D. 23.8. 等比数列{b_n}中，b_1=1，公比q = 2，则b_4=（）A. 8B. 16C. 32D. 64.9. 函数y=sin(2x+(π)/(3))的最小正周期为（）A. πB. 2πC. (π)/(2)D. (2π)/(3)10. 已知函数f(x)=x^3-3x^2+1，则函数f(x)的单调递增区间为（）A. (-∞,0)∪(2,+∞)B. (0,2)C. (-∞,1)∪(3,+∞)D. (1,3)11. 若∫_0^a(2x + 1)dx=6，则a=（）A. 2B. 3C. 4D. 5.12. 从5名男生和3名女生中任选3人参加志愿者活动，则所选3人中至少有1名女生的选法共有（）A. 46种B. 56种C. 70种D. 80种。

高二年级月考试卷试题(共17页)

土山(tǔ shān)高级中学高二年级月考试卷模块５第二单元一单项选择请认真阅读下面各题目，从题中所给的A、B、C、D四个选项里面，选出最正确选项，并写在答题卡上。

1. The country has ___________.A. the population of eighteen millionB. eighteen million peoplesC. a population of eighteen millionD. eighteen million population2. The old man is badly ill and he needs ___________ at once.A. to operateB. operatingingC. being operatedD. operated3. His failure in the driving test ___________ his carelessness.A. resulted fromB. led toC. brought aboutD. resulted in4. I ___________ to go to the lecture yesterday, but I had an unexpected visitor.A. meantB. would meanC. was to meanD. had meant5. There are still many people suffering a lot, and we are to do something to __________ poverty.A. keep outB. wipe outC. give outD. run out6. Whatever he promises, you can’t ___________ anything.A. rely on his doingB. depend on his doingC. rely on him to doD. advise him to do7. When he came back, his ___________ look on his face meaned that he failed in the interview.A. disappointedB. disappointingC. encouragedD. encouraging8. Nobody is think the film is ___________ worth ___________ again.A. very; to seeB. well; to be seenC. well; seeingD. very; being seen9. If there is anything wrong with the sentence, please ____________.A. pick it outB. pick it upC. pick itD. pick it on10. The one bedroom apartment ___________ its own bathroom and Internet access.A. is furnished forB. is supplied toC. is stocked withD. is offered with11. He is not a bit mean; instead he is always __________ to help anyone in trouble.A. possibleB. probableC. likelyD. willing12. Did you hear him ___________ the door when you passed by?A. lockingB. to lockC. having lockedD. lock13. Passengers are ___________ from using such electronic devices as mobile phones during take-off and landing.A. forbiddenB. encouragedC. prohibitedD. allowed14. When a discussion is under way, everybody is welcome to have the ___________ in class.A. floorB. timeC. chanceD. right15. What is ____________ is that try as they may, they can’t avoid the economic crisis.A. beneficialB. difficultC. effectiveD. obvious第二节：完形填空(一共(yīgòng)20小题；每一小题1.5分，满分是30分)A minister〔牧师(mù shi)〕went to the home of one of the rich members of the society. It was _16_ outside, so he was _17_ in his overcoat. He went into the living room and _18_his coat. They talked for a while and then the minister prepared to go _19_ . He put on his _20_ coat and asked the host to go with him to the outer _21_ as he wanted to say something to him _22_ secret. The host, _23_ that he would be coming back in a minute_24_ , did not _25_ to put on his own overcoat and went out into the _26_ hall with him.The minister kept himself _27_ with small talk, little to the _28_ of the host. He became so _29_ that his teeth began to strike together repeatedly. But the minister _30_ with his small talk. Several times the host asked the minister to _31_to the living room, but _32_time the minister replied that in another minute he would _33_ ._34_ , the rich man said, “ If you do not tell me what we have come here for, I’ll freeze to _35_ .〞“I’ll tell you what I have come for,〞 replied the minis ter. “I need a certain amount of money to buy some coal that will go to some poor people. But inside, you would not have realized what it means to be cold.〞16. A. cloudy B. sunny C. snowing D. raining17. A. wearing B. dressing C. dressed D. worn18. A. changed B. removed C. made D. took19. A. away B. around C. downstairs D. swimming20. A. warm B. cold C. new D. expensive21. A. building B. space C. world D. hall22. A. at B. with C. beyond D. in23. A. insisting B. thinking C. wondering D. knowing24. A. or so B. later C. time D. so soon25. A. like B. hate C. bother D. require26. A. vast B. hot C. heated D. unheated27. A. careful B. busy C. tired D. helpful28. A. pleasure B. surprise C. discomfort D. joy29. A. freezing B. impatient C. angry D. excited30. A. began B. helped C. ended D. continued31. A. stop B. rush C. return D. get32. A. any B. each C. some D. by33. A. finish B. pause C. warm up D. go on34. A. First B. Finally tely D. Meanwhile35. A. death B. dead C. end D. ice第三(dì sān)局部；阅读理解(一共20小题；每一小题２分，满分是４0分)ASome time ago, I discovered that one of my chairs had a broken leg. I didn’t think there would be any difficulty in getting it mended, as there was a lot of antique〔古董〕shops near my home. So I left home one morning, carrying the chair with me. I went into the first shop, expecting a friendly reception. I was quite wrong. The man didn't even look at my chair.The second shop, though slightly more polite, was just the same, and the third and the fourth ---so I decided that my approach(way) must be wrong.I went into the fifth shop with a plan in my mind. I placed the chair on the floor and said to the shopkeeper, “Would you like to buy a chair?〞 He looked it over carefully and said, “Yes, not a bad chair. How much do you want for it, sir?〞“Twenty pounds,〞 I said.“OK,〞he said, “I’ll give you twenty pounds.〞“It’s got a slightly broken leg,〞 I said. “Yes, I saw that. It's nothing.〞Everything was going according to the plan and I was getting excited. “Wha t will youdo with it?〞I asked. “Oh, it will be easy to sell once the repair is done.〞“I'll buy it,〞 I said. “What do you mean？You’ve just sold it to me,〞he said. “Yes, I know but I’ve changed my mind. I'm sorry. I'll give you twenty -seven pounds for it.〞“You must be crazy,〞 he said. Then, suddenly the penny dropped. “I know what you want. You want meto repair your chair.〞“You’re right,〞I said. “And what would you have done if I had walked in and said, ‘Would you mend this chair for me?’ 〞“I would n't have agreed to do it,〞he said. “We don’t do repairs, not enough money in it and too much trouble. But I’ll mend this for you, shall we say for a fiver(five dollars )?〞 He was a very nice man and was greatly amused by the whole thing.36. The expressio n “the penny dropped〞 in the last paragraph means the shopkeeper ______.A. changed his mindB. accepted the offerC. saw the writer’s purposeD. decided to help the writer37. How much did the writer pay for the repair?A. ￡ 5.B. ￡ 7.C. ￡ 20.D. ￡ 27.38. From the text, we can learn that the writer was ______.A. honestB. carefulC. smartD. funnyBScratchy throats, stuffy〔堵塞(dǔsè)〕noses and body aches all result in discomfort, but being able to tell if the cause is a cold or flu may make a difference in how long the discomfort lasts, because the drugs available for the flu need to be taken soon after the illnesssets in. As for colds, the sooner a person starts taking over the medications available, the sooner relief will come.The common cold and the flu are both caused by viruses. More than 200 viruses can cause cold symptoms, while the flu is caused by three viruses — flu A, B and C. There is no cure for either illness, but the flu can be prevented by the flu vaccine〔疫苗(yìmiáo)〕, which is, for most people, the best way to fight the flu, according to the ALA.But the flu does strike, quick action can help. Although the flu and common cold have many similarities, there are some obvious signs to look for.Cod symptoms such as stuffy nose, running nose and scratchy throat typically developed gradually, and adults and teens often do not get a fever. On the other hand, fever is one of the characteristic features of the flu for all ages. And in general, flu symptoms including fever and coldness, painful throat and body aches come on suddenly and are more worrying than cold symptoms.The ALA notes that it may be particularly difficult to tell when babies and preschool age children have the flu. It advises parents to call the doctor if their small children have flu-like symptoms.Both cold and flu symptoms can be eased with the medications as well. However, children and teens with a cold or flu should not take aspirin for pain relief because of the risk of Reye syndrome〔综合症〕.There is, of cause, no vaccine for the common cold. But frequent hand washing and avoiding close contact with people who have colds can reduce the probability catching one.39. According to the author, knowing the cause of the discomfort will help ____________.A. prevent people from catching colds and the fluB. the patient obtain cheaper drugsC. the patient buy medicineD. shorten the period of the illness40. We learn from the passage that ____________.A. the drugs available can be taken to ease the discomfort caused by a cold or the fluB. one doesn’t need to take any medicine if he has a cold or the flueC. aspirin should not be included in the medicines for the fluD. delayed treatment of the flu will harm the liver and central nervous systems41. According to the passage, to fight against the flu effectively, one should ____________.A. take medicine upon catching the diseaseB. identify the virus which causes itC. consult a doctor as soon as possibleD. remain watchful when the disease is spreading42. Which of the following symptoms will distinguish the flu from a cold?A. A painful throat.B. A stuffy nose.C. A dry cough.D. A high temperature.43. If children have flu-like symptoms, their parents ____________.A. are encouraged to take them to hospital for vaccinationB. are advised not to give them aspirinC. should watch out for signs of Reye syndromeD. should prevent themCHow could we possibly think that keeping animals in cages in unnatural environments－mostly for entertainment purposes－is fair and respectful?Zoo officials say they are concerned about animals. However, most zoos remain “collections〞of interesting “things〞 rather than protective habitats(栖息地). Zoos teach people that it is acceptable to keep animals bored, lonely, and far from their natural homes.Zoos claim(声称(shēngchēng)) to educate people and save endangered species(物种), but visitors leave zoos without having learned anything meaningful about the anim als’ natural behavior, intelligence, or beauty. Zoos keep animals in small spaces or cages, and most signs only mention the species’ name, diet, and natural range(分布区). The animals’ normal behavior is seldom noticed because zoos don’t usually take care of the animals’ natural needs.The animals are kept together in small spaces, with no privacy and little opportunity for mental and physical exercise. This results in unusually and self-destructive behavior called zoochosis. A worldwide study of zoos found that zoochosis is common among animals kept in small spaces or cages. Another study showed that elephants spend 22 percent of their time making repeated head movements or biting cage bars, and bears spend 30 percent of their time walking back and forth, a sign of unhappiness and pain.Furthermore, most animals in zoos are not endangered. Captive breeding(圈养繁殖) of endangered big cats. Asian elephants, and other species has not resulted in their being sent back to the wild. Zoos talk a lot about their captive breeding programs because they do not want people to worry about a species dying out. In fact, baby animals also attract a lot of paying customers. Haven’t we seen enough competitions to name baby animals?Actually, we will save endangered species only if we save their habitats and put an end to the reasons people kill them. Instead of supporting zoos, we should support groups that work to protect animals’ natural habitats.44．How would the author describe the animals’ life in zoos?A．Dangerous. B．Unhappy. C．Natural. D．Easy.45．In the state of zoochosis, animals _________.A．remain in cages B．behave strangelyC．attack other animals D．enjoy moving around46．What does the author try to argue in the passage?A．Zoos are not worth the public support.B．Zoos fail in their attempt to save animals.C．Zoos should treat animals as human beings.D．Zoos use animals as a means of making money.47．The author tries to persuade readers to accept his argument mainly by _________.A．pointing out the faults in what zoos doB．using pictures he has taken at zoosC．questioning the way animals are protectedD．discussing the advantages of natural habitatsDBeauty has always been regarded as something praiseworthy. Almost everyone thinks attractive people are happier and healthier, have better marriages and more respectable jobs. Personal advisor give them better advice for finding jobs. Even judges are softer on attractive defendants, but in the executive circle, beauty can become a liability.While attractiveness is a positive factor for a man on his way up the executive ladder, it is harmful to a woman.Handsome male executives were considered as having more honesty than plainer ones; their success was connected not with ability but with factors such as luck.All unattractive women executives were thought to have more honesty and to be more capable than the attractive female executives. Interestingly, though, the rise of the unattractive overnight successes was connected more to personal relationships and less to ability than that of the attractive overnight successes.Why are attractive women not thought to be able? An attractive woman is considered to be more womanly and an attractive man more manly than the less attractive ones. Thus, an attractive woman has an advantage in traditionally female jobs, but an attractive woman in a traditionally manly position appears to lack the "manly" qualities required.This is true even in politics. "When the only clue is how he or she looks, people treat men and women differently," says Anne Bowman, who recently published a study on the effects of attractiveness on political candidates. She asked 125 undergraduate students to rank two groups of photographs, one of men and one of women, in order of attractiveness. The students were told what the photographs were of. They were asked to rank them again, in the order they would vote for them.The results showed that attractive males completely defeated unattractive men, but the women who had ranked most attractive unchangeably received the fewest votes.48. According to the passage, attractive people are those who are ______.A. good-lookingB. humorousC. well-educatedD. capable49. The author of the passage intended to show us that people' s views on beauty are ______.A. out-of-dateB. practicalC. reasonableD. one-sided50. Which is TRUE according to the passage?A. Appearance is important in finding a good job.B. Attractiveness is of great advantage to his or her success.C. Attractiveness is more of a disadvantage than an advantage to women when it comes to politics.D. Attractiveness has more effect on men than on women.51. In traditional female jobs, attractiveness ______.A. strengthens the womanly qualities requiredB. always makes it easier for women to succeed quicklyC. makes women look more honest and capableD. can be a liabilityEWhen the population of the port town began to suffer from poisoning, the police came to find the cause of the poison. They thought someone was poisoning the people on purpose but no one knew how it was possible. Soon people took the position that the pork was poisoned. It was a popular food everyone ate and it could have possibly made everyone sick. Anyone who had possession of pork would throw it out. Even the poorest of the poor wouldn’t eat pork. Signs were posted on poles and letters were sent to everyone to warn people of the pork. Shortly afterwards, even policemen in high positions were also getting sick.Soon it became political and popular. Politicians rushed to the town to talk about politics and promised how they would find the solution if they were elected. Everyone was so sick that they didn’t care about politics. Everyone was in a position where he or she didn’t know what to do anymore. They went to the post office to mail posts out asking for help. The poor town didn’t know how to deal with the situation.One day, a well-known scientist from New York came to the town with a huge box containing many instruments and his possessions. He went to pools and the port and made measurements. He was quiet and polite. Then one day he made a speech at a newspaper meeting-room to announce his findings.“I am sorry to say your water supply is so heavily polluted; it is poisoned. I know who has been poisoning you all for such a long time. It is you who have been poisoning yourselves with pollution. A great deal of rubbish has been thrown into the water day after day. No one here has taken good care of the environment. It is no wonder all of you have been sick.〞 Shocked at the news, the people present were lost in thought.52. Which is the correct order of the facts described in the story?a. People suffered from poisoning.b. Politicians came to make promises.c. People began to realize the real cause.d. Pork was thrown away.e. The water there was polluted.f. A scientist came to check the water.A. e, a, d, b, f, cB. e, a, d, c, f, bC. a, e, b, d, c, fD. f, c, d, b, e, a53. What does the underlined phrase “ "took the position" mean in the passage?A. took the jobB. took the placeC. held the opinionD. made the suggestion54. Which of the following statements is correct?A. Everyone was so sick of politics that they didn’t care about those politicians.B. According to the scientist from New York, not all the population in the town have takengood care of the environment.C. The reason why the people in the town got sick was that they ate the pork poisoned bythe heavily polluted water.D. if the people in the town hadn’t polluted the water supply, they would not have sufferedfrom poisoning or sickness.55. After reading the passage, we can infer that ________A. politicians took every chance to make themselves electedB. pork was the main food of the people in the townC. people in the town were not well-educatedD. even some police officers were getting ill六对话(duìhuà)填空(一共10小题；每一小题1分，满分是10分)请认真阅读下面对话，并根据各题所给首字母的提示，在答题卡右栏中标有题号的横线上，写出一个英语单词的完好、正确形式，使对话通顺。

高二上册数学月考试卷

高二上册数学月考试卷一、选择题（每小题5分，共40分）1.下列说法正确的是（）A. 一个骰子掷一次得到2的概率是1/6，则掷6次一定会出现一次2B. 若买彩票中奖的概率为万分之一，则买一万元的彩票一定会中奖一元C. 随机事件发生的概率是随着试验次数的增加而改变的D. 随机事件发生的概率与试验次数无关答案：D2.在棱长均等的正三棱柱ABC-A'B'C'中，直线AB与A'C'所成角的余弦值为（）A. -√3/2B. √3/3C. -√2/2D. √2/2答案：（此处需要具体计算，但选项未直接给出，需通过空间向量或几何法求解）3.已知直线l经过点P(4,1)，且与直线2x-y-3=0垂直，则直线l的方程是（）A. x+2y-8=0B. x+2y+8=0C. 2x-y-4=0D. 2x-y+4=0答案：A4.在四面体ABCD中，OA=a，OB=b，OC=c，点M在AB上，且OM=2MA，N为BC中点，则MN等于（）A. -(1/2)a-(1/2)b+(1/2)cB. (1/2)a+(1/2)b+(1/2)cC. -(1/2)a-(1/2)b-(1/2)cD. -(1/2)a+(1/2)b-(1/2)c答案：B（通过向量运算求解）5-8. （其他选择题，题目和选项略）二、填空题（每小题5分，共20分）9.已知直线l的方程为x-3y-2=0，则直线l的倾斜角为______。

答案：30°（通过斜率求解）10.在空间直角坐标系中，已知点A(1,2,3)，点B(4,5,6)，则AB的中点坐标为______。

答案：(5/2, 7/2, 9/2)（通过中点公式求解）11-12. （其他填空题，题目和答案略）三、解答题（共40分）13.已知向量a=(x,1)，b=(1,y)，c=(2-x,2-y)，且a⊥b，a⊥c。

（1）求x+y的值；（2）求向量a+b与2a-c的夹角。

语文高二月考试卷及答案

一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 下列词语中，字形、字音、字义完全正确的一项是（）A. 沉默寡言（默、寡、言）B. 倾盆大雨（倾、盆、雨）C. 惊心动魄（惊、动、魄）D. 风和日丽（风、和、日）2. 下列句子中，没有语病的一项是（）A. 由于天气原因，本次航班延误了三个小时。

B. 他的书法作品在国内外享有很高的声誉，被誉为“当代书法家”。

C. 我非常感谢你，因为你帮助了我，使我受益匪浅。

D. 这个问题非常复杂，需要我们共同商讨，尽快解决。

3. 下列各句中，加点的成语使用不正确的一项是（）A. 他这个人性格孤僻，沉默寡言，很少与人交流。

B. 他的演讲激情洋溢，赢得了在场所有人的热烈掌声。

C. 面对困难，我们要勇往直前，决不能畏首畏尾。

D. 他的作品充满了诗意，让人感受到了生活的美好。

4. 下列各句中，句式杂糅的一项是（）A. 我觉得这个问题很严重，需要我们认真研究解决。

B. 她的歌声优美动听，让人陶醉其中。

C. 这个计划已经得到了上级的批准，很快就会实施。

D. 为了提高教学质量，我们采取了多种措施，如加强师资培训、优化课程设置等。

5. 下列各句中，修辞手法运用不恰当的一项是（）A. 那里山清水秀，风景如画，宛如人间仙境。

B. 他勤奋好学，成绩一直名列前茅，是我们学习的榜样。

C. 她的眼睛像星星一样明亮，闪烁着智慧的光芒。

D. 那个城市的夜景美极了，高楼大厦灯火辉煌，宛如一座不夜城。

二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）6. 下列各句中，空缺处应填入的词语是（）① 静谧的夜晚，只有蛐蛐的鸣叫声和 __________ 的星光。

② 他虽然年纪轻轻，但 __________ 的工作态度让人敬佩。

③ 我们要珍惜来之不易的幸福生活， __________ 任何困难。

7. 下列各句中，空缺处应填入的成语是（）① 那位科学家经过多年的研究，终于 __________ 了这个难题。

② 在比赛中，他表现出了超乎寻常的 __________ ，最终赢得了冠军。

高二语文月考卷及答案

高二语文月考卷及答案一、选择题（每题1分，共5分）1. 下列词语中，加点字的注音全都正确的一项是（）A. 瑰（guī）宝悚（sǒng）然惬（qiè）意踽（jǔ）踽独行B. 踌躇（chóu chú）愕（è）然摺（zhé）叠踉（liàng）跄C. 蹩（bié）脚撰（zhuàn）写氤（yīn）氲咄（duō）咄逼人D. 摺（zhé）本撰（zhuàn）述摺（zhé）叠撰（zhuàn）文答案：A2. 下列诗句中，没有使用借代手法的一项是（）A. 羽扇纶巾，樯橹灰飞烟灭B. 江州司马青衫湿C. 晓驾炭车辗冰辙D. 青青子衿，悠悠我心答案：C3. 下列句子中，没有语病的一项是（）A. 为了全面深化改革开放，促进经济持续健康发展，中央政府出台了一系列政策，对激发企业创新活力产生了积极作用。

B. 随着互联网技术的广泛应用，使得网络购物越来越方便，极大地满足了消费者的需求。

C. 我国在联合国舞台上的地位和作用日益上升，成为维护世界和平、促进共同发展的重要力量。

D. 通过这次培训，大家对自己的职业规划有了更清晰、更明确的认识，受益匪浅。

答案：C4. 下列文学常识表述正确的一项是（）A. 《论语》是儒家经典，记录了孔子及其弟子的言行，是研究孔子思想的重要资料。

B. 《史记》是我国第一部纪传体通史，共一百三十篇，分为“本纪”、“世家”、“列传”、“书”、“表”五个部分。

C. 《离骚》是屈原的代表作，属于楚辞，以抒发个人抱负和国家命运为主题。

D. 《聊斋志异》是清代蒲松龄创作的短篇小说集，主要描绘了鬼怪世界的奇幻故事。

答案：B5. 下列关于《红楼梦》的描述，正确的一项是（）A. 贾宝玉在太虚幻境中得知了自己的前世因果，决定出家为僧。

B. 王熙凤协理宁国府，展现了她卓越的管理才能。

C. 贾宝玉与林黛玉、薛宝钗的爱情纠葛是小说的主线。

高二语文上册月考试卷及答案

一、选择题（每小题2分，共20分）1. 下列词语中，字形、字音、词义完全正确的一项是（）A. 沉默寡言（沉默）B. 豁然开朗（豁然）C. 雕梁画栋（雕梁）D. 震耳欲聋（震耳）2. 下列句子中，没有语病的一项是（）A. 随着科技的进步，人们的消费观念和消费方式也在不断地更新和改变。

B. 为了保护环境，我们应该提倡使用环保产品，减少一次性塑料袋的使用。

C. 由于缺乏锻炼，他的身体状况一直不好，这次生病主要是因为抵抗力下降。

D. 在这次比赛中，我们取得了优异的成绩，这离不开教练的辛勤教导和队友们的共同努力。

3. 下列诗句中，对仗工整的一项是（）A. 满园春色关不住，一枝红杏出墙来。

B. 春风又绿江南岸，明月何时照我还。

C. 月落乌啼霜满天，江枫渔火对愁眠。

D. 独在异乡为异客，每逢佳节倍思亲。

4. 下列关于文学常识的说法，正确的一项是（）A. 《红楼梦》的作者是曹雪芹，是我国古典小说四大名著之一。

B. 《水浒传》的作者是施耐庵，主要讲述了梁山好汉起义的故事。

C. 《西游记》的作者是吴承恩，主要描写了唐僧师徒取经的历程。

D. 《三国演义》的作者是罗贯中，主要讲述了东汉末年到三国时期的历史故事。

5. 下列关于文化常识的说法，正确的一项是（）A. 中国古代的五行分别是金、木、水、火、土，其中土为五行之首。

B. 中国古代的十进制计数法，以十为一组，每十个一组。

C. 中国古代的十二生肖，分别是鼠、牛、虎、兔、龙、蛇、马、羊、猴、鸡、狗、猪。

D. 中国古代的二十四节气，分别是立春、雨水、惊蛰、春分、清明、谷雨、立夏、小满、芒种、夏至、小暑、大暑。

6. 下列关于语言表达的说法，正确的一项是（）A. 在口语表达中，应该避免使用复杂的句子结构。

B. 在书面表达中，应该尽量使用口语化的表达方式。

C. 在演讲中，应该注意语速、语调和语气，以增强表达效果。

D. 在写作中，应该尽量使用华丽、冗长的词汇。

7. 下列关于文学鉴赏的说法，正确的一项是（）A. 鉴赏文学作品时，应该只关注作品的主题思想。

广东省部分学校2024—2025学年高二上学期第一次月考联考数学试卷

2024—2025学年高二上学期第一次月考联考高二数学试卷本试卷共5页满分150分，考试用时120分钟注意事项：1. 答题前，先将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在试卷和答题卡上，并将准考证号条形码贴在答题卡上的指定位置.2. 选择题的作答：每小题选出答案后，用2B 铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑.写在试卷、草稿纸和答题卡上的非答题区域均无效.3. 非选择题的作答：用黑色签字笔直接答在答题卡上对应的答题区域内.写在试卷、草稿纸和答题卡上的非答题区域均无效.4. 考试结束后，请将本试卷和答题卡一并上交.一、单项选择题（本大题共8小题，每小题5分，共40分.在每小题所给的四个选项中，只有一项是符合题目要求的）1．已知()()2,1,3,1,1,1a b =−=− ，若()a a b λ⊥− ，则实数λ的值为（）A ．2−B ．143−C ．73D ．22．P 是被长为1的正方体1111ABCD A B C D −的底面1111D C B A 上一点，则1PA PC ⋅ 的取值范围是（）A ．11,4 −−B ．1,02 −C ．1,04 −D ．11,42 −−3．已知向量()4,3,2a =− ，()2,1,1b = ，则a 在向量b 上的投影向量为（） A ．333,,22 B ．333,,244 C ．333,,422 D ．()4,2,24．在棱长为2的正方体1111ABCD A B C D −中，E ，F 分别为棱1AA ，1BB 的中点，G 为棱11A B 上的一点，且()102A G λλ=<<，则点G 到平面1D EF 的距离为（）AB C D 5．已知四棱锥P ABCD −，底面ABCD 为平行四边形，,M N 分别为棱,BC PD 上的点，13CM CB =，PN ND =，设AB a =，AD b =，AP c = ，则向量MN 用{},,a b c 为基底表示为（）A ．1132a b c ++B ．1162a b c −++ C ．1132a b c −+ D ．1162a b c −−+ 6．在四面体OABC 中，空间的一点M 满足1146OM OA OB OC λ=++ ．若,,MA MB MC 共面，则λ=（） A ．12 B ．13 C ．512 D ．7127．已知向量()()1,21,0,2,,a t t b t t =−−= ，则b a − 的最小值为（） AB C D 8．“长太息掩涕兮，哀民生之多艰”，端阳初夏，粽叶飘香，端午是一大中华传统节日.小玮同学在当天包了一个具有艺术感的肉粽作纪念，将粽子整体视为一个三棱锥，肉馅可近似看作它的内切球（与其四个面均相切的球，图中作为球O ）.如图：已知粽子三棱锥P ABC −中，PAPB AB AC BC ====，H 、I 、J 分别为所在棱中点，D 、E 分别为所在棱靠近P 端的三等分点，小玮同学切开后发现，沿平面CDE 或平面HIJ 切开后，截面中均恰好看不见肉馅.则肉馅与整个粽子体积的比为（）.A B C D 二、多项选择题（本题共3小题，每小题6分，共18分.在每小题给出的选项中，有多项符合题目要求，全部选对得6分，部分选对的得部分分，有选错的得0分）9．如图，在棱长为2的正方体1111ABCD A B C D −中，E 为1BB 的中点，F 为11A D 的中点，如图所示建立空间直角坐标系，则下列说法正确的是（）A ．13DB =B ．向量AE 与1AC C ．平面AEF 的一个法向量是()4,1,2−D ．点D 到平面AEF 10．在正三棱柱111ABC A B C −中，1AB AA =，点P 满足][1([0,1,0,])1BP BC BB λµλµ=+∈∈ ，则下列说法正确的是（）A ．当1λ=时，点P 在棱1BB 上B ．当1µ=时，点P 到平面ABC 的距离为定值C ．当12λ=时，点P 在以11,BC B C 的中点为端点的线段上 D ．当11,2λµ==时，1A B ⊥平面1AB P 11．布达佩斯的伊帕姆维泽蒂博物馆收藏的达・芬奇方砖在正六边形上画了具有视觉效果的正方体图案，如图1，把三片这样的达・芬奇方砖拼成图2的组合，这个组合再转换成图3所示的几何体.若图3中每个正方体的棱长为1，则（）A ．122CG AB AA =+B ．直线CQ 与平面1111DC B A 所成角的正弦值为23C ．点1C 到直线CQD ．异面直线CQ 与BD 三、填空题（本大题共3小题，每小题5分，共15分）12．正三棱柱111ABC A B C −的侧棱长为2，底面边长为1，M 是BC 的中点．在直线1CC 上求一点N ，当CN 的长为时，使1⊥MN AB ．13．四棱锥P ABCD −中，PD ⊥底面ABCD ，底面ABCD 是正方形，且1PD =，3AB =，G 是ABC 的重心，则PG 与平面PAD 所成角θ的正弦值为 .14．坡屋顶是我国传统建筑造型之一，蕴含着丰富的数学元素.安装灯带可以勾勒出建筑轮那，展现造型之美.如图，某坡屋顶可视为一个五面体，其中两个面是全等的等腰梯形，两个面是全等的等腰三角形.若25m AB =，10m BC =，且等腰梯形所在平面、等腰三角形所在平面与平面ABCD 的夹角的正切值均为，则该五面体的所有棱长之和为 .四、解答题（本大题共5小题，共77分.解答应写出必要的文字说明、证明过程或演算步骤）15.（本小题13分）如图，在长方体1111ABCD A B C D −中，11,2AD AA AB ===，点E 在棱AB 上移动.(1)当点E 在棱AB 的中点时，求平面1D EC 与平面1DCD 所成的夹角的余弦值；(2)当AE 为何值时，直线1A D 与平面1D EC 所成角的正弦值最小，并求出最小值.16.（本小题15分）如图所示，直三棱柱11ABC A B C −中，11,92,0,,CA CB BCA AA M N °==∠==分别是111,A B A A 的中点．(1)求BN 的长；(2)求11cos ,BA CB 的值．(3)求证：BN ⊥平面1C MN ．17.（本小题15分）如图，在四棱维P ABCD −中，平面PAD ⊥平面ABCD ，PA PD ⊥，PA PD =，AB AD ⊥，1AB =，2AD =，AC CD ==(1)求直线PB 与平面PCD 所成角的正切值；(2)在PA 上是否存在点M ，使得//BM 平面PCD ？若存在，求AM AP的值；若不存在，说明理由． 18.（本小题17分）如图1，在边长为4的菱形ABCD 中，60DAB ∠=°，点M ，N 分别是边BC ，CD 的中点，1AC BD O ∩=，AC MN G ∩=．沿MN 将CMN 翻折到PMN 的位置，连接PA ，PB ，PD ，得到如图2 所示的五棱锥P ABMND −．(1)在翻折过程中是否总有平面PBD ⊥平面PAG ？证明你的结论；(2)若平面PMN ⊥平面MNDB ，线段PA 上是否存在一点Q ，使得平面QDN 与平面PMN 所成角的余弦值为Q 的位置；若不存在，请说明理由． 19.（本小题17分）如图，四棱锥P ABCD −中，四边形ABCD 是菱形，PA ⊥平面,60ABCD ABC ∠= ，11,,2PA AB E F ==分别是线段BD 和PC 上的动点，且()01BE PF BD PC λλ==<≤．(1)求证：//EF 平面PAB ；(2)求直线DF 与平面PBC 所成角的正弦值的最大值；(3)若直线AE 与线段BC 交于M 点，AH PM ⊥于点H ，求线段CH 长的最小值．。

高二月考语文试题及答案

高二月考语文试题及答案一、文言文阅读（共20分）阅读下面的文言文，完成1-5题。

《岳阳楼记》节选庆历四年春，滕子京谪守巴陵郡。

越明年，政通人和，百废俱兴。

乃重修岳阳楼，增其旧制，刻唐贤今人诗赋于其上。

属予作文以记之。

1. 解释下列句子中加点词的含义。

（每题2分，共4分）- 政通人和：政- 百废俱兴：俱2. 翻译文中划线句子。

（4分）- 乃重修岳阳楼，增其旧制。

3. 根据上文，滕子京重修岳阳楼的原因是什么？（4分）4. 文中“属予作文以记之”中的“属”字，其意义是什么？（4分）5. 作者通过这篇文章表达了什么思想感情？（4分）二、现代文阅读（共20分）阅读下面的现代文，完成6-10题。

《荷塘月色》节选朱自清月光如流水一般，静静地泻在这一片叶子和花上。

薄薄的青雾浮起在荷塘里。

叶子和花仿佛在牛乳中洗过一样；又像笼着轻纱的梦。

虽然是满月，天上却有一层淡淡的云，所以不能朗照；但我以为这恰是到了好处——酣眠固不可少，小睡也别有风味的。

6. 作者在文中描绘了哪些自然景物？（4分）7. 描述一下文中“月光如流水一般”的意象。

（4分）8. 作者对月光的描写，表达了什么样的情感？（4分）9. “虽然是满月，天上却有一层淡淡的云”这句话在文中起到了什么作用？（4分）10. 文章的主旨是什么？（4分）三、古诗文默写（共10分）11. 默写《滕王阁序》中的名句。

（5分）- “落霞与孤鹜齐飞，________________。

”- “________________，秋水共长天一色。

”12. 默写《将进酒》中的名句。

（5分）- “君不见黄河之水天上来，________________。

”- “________________，莫使金樽空对月。

”四、作文（共50分）13. 根据你对“责任”的理解，写一篇不少于800字的议论文。

（50分）高二月考语文试题答案一、文言文阅读1. 政：政治；俱：一起。

2. 翻译：于是重新修建了岳阳楼，并且扩大了它原有的规模。

山西省吕梁市部分学校2024-2025学年高二上学期9月月考英语试卷

山西省吕梁市部分学校2024-2025学年高二上学期9月月考英语试卷一、阅读理解Want to see the world? Each year, TIME magazine makes a list of the World’s Greatest Places, which is provided by our readers. They will take us from cities to wilderness, and from tiny villages to faraway islands. Here are some of the best ones.Culture TripRapa Nui is an island in the Pacific Ocean. It’s also known as Easter Island. It’s famous for the massive and mysterious sculptures(雕像) made by the Rapa Nui people, who arrived about 1,200 years ago. The spirit of Hotu Matu’a, their early king, is said to have become a sea turtle.—By Johanna Read Lively SpotThe Galápagos Islands are located off the coast of Ecuador in South America. They are some of the most biodiverse places on Earth. Recently, marine-life protections were expanded in the area, limiting fishing and cresting safe paths for animals to travel through.—By Karen Catchpole Ancient PastAlentejo is a rural part of Portugal in Europe. It is covered with forests and olive groves. There are ancient cities, too. A museum in Estremoz shows off traditional tiles. In Esperanca, hikers can see eagles and vultures, plus 5,000-year-old cave paintings.—By Robin Catalano Bike It!Bogotá is the capital of Colombia in South America. It’s the perfect place for a bike ride. The city has taken steps to reduce pollution. It has more than 350 miles of bike paths. The city also has a bike share program, which will provide bicycles that people with disabilities can use.—By Kate Crittenden 1．What can people do on Rapa Nui?A．Meet Hotu Matu’a.B．Visit a museum.C．Enjoy sculptures.D．See eagles.2．Who recommends the Galápagos Islands?A．Johanna Read.B．Karen Catchpole.C．Robin Catalano.D．Kate Crittenden.3．Which place best suits people who like riding bikes?A．Estremoz.B．Alentejo.C．Esperanca.D．Bogotá.Finnish Lapland, in the far north of Europe, is home to some 180,000 people and around 200,000 reindeer (驯鹿). The animals live wild but each one has an owner, identified by a mark on its ear. Anne Ollila, 50, one of 4,000 such owners, works in the Finnish part of this region with her husband and two adult sons and their families. They farm the animals mainly for meat, but reindeer tourism has also become an important source of income.Ollila lives 80 kilometres inside the Arctic Circle, an hour from Lapland’s capital city, Rovaniemi, and seven kilometres from her nearest neighbour. Summer days — when the reindeer raisers earmark newborn reindeer — are long and in June the sun never sets. At that time Ollila sleeps during the day and walks up to 20 kilometres a night through the forest, making the most of the cooler temperatures to do her work but having to endure large groups of insects along the way.In deepest winter, there is little daylight. Many grasslands are frozen and the reindeer move into the forest for protection against wolves and golden eagles — the birds can kill an adult reindeer.Ollila and her family offer tourists reindeer experiences through their company Reindeer Journey. Visitors can get close to the animals in the wild or at their farm, watching them being trained to pull sledges (雪橇) or take a sleigh ride.“Reindeer are very smart animals,” Ollila says. “They have different personalities, and some are very funny.” One of her favourites is Rocky, named after the movie boxing legend. “He’s very curious and always in trouble,” she says. “He once got himself stuck in tree branches and had to be lifted out, and he has been known to walk off with his owners’ drying underwear.”Ollila gave up her job as a sociology researcher at the University of Lapland in 2010 to devote herself to raising reindeer. “I love the environment, the animals and the freedom,” she says. “Also, I have a sense of belonging to something bigger than me, to a way of life through thegenerations.”4．What does the underlined word “endure” in paragraph 2 mean?A．Go away with.B．Catch up with.C．Look forward to.D．Put up with.5．Why do the reindeer move into the forest in winter according to the text?A．To get earmarked.B．To find their owners.C．To protect themselves.D．To avoid cold temperatures.6．What does Ollila think of Rocky?A．He is foolish.B．He is a troublemaker.C．He is interested in planting trees.D．He is a famous filmmaker.7．What can we infer about Ollila from the last paragraph?A．She has a deep affection for nature.B．She has long been tired of raising reindeer.C．She has been a sociology researcher since 2010.D．She had no chance to receive a college education.Over the years, movies and books have used tornadoes to sweep their characters off to magical lands, to destroy entire cities, or to defeat a superhero’s dangerous super villain (恶棍). All of these tornadoes have one thing in common: They are incredibly powerful. They can have wind speeds over 300 miles per hour (mph), grow over a mile wide, and travel over 50 miles. They are incredibly dangerous and should be avoided at all costs.Scientists can’t go inside tornadoes, which means that they are extremely hard to research. As a result, we know surprisingly little about them. In order to tell how powerful a tornado is, scientists look at how much destruction it causes. Scientists then rank the tornado on the Enhanced Fujita Scale (级别) (EF-Scale), which ranges from EF0 to EF5. For example, a tornado that only damages trees but doesn’t significantly damage buildings would be rated EFO with wind speeds between 65 and 85 mph. A tornado that blows away buildings and tears up sidewalks, on the other hand, would be rated EF5 with wind speeds over 200 mph.The most powerful tornado in United States history occurred near Oklahoma City in1999. It had wind speeds over 310 mph, the highest wind speed ever recorded on Earth. A tornado withwind speeds that high can not only pick up and throw automobiles, but also knock over trains and tear up roadways.Luckily for anyone living in an area that experiences the occasional tornadoes, they usually only last one to ten minutes. More powerful tornadoes can last over an hour in the right conditions, but they are very rare.If you find yourself experiencing a tornado, find a safe place inside, like an interior hall, basement or closet. Stay away from windows and heavy objects that could fall on you, and lie on your stomach with your hands protecting the back of your head. Having a tornado emergency plan is extremely important as tornadoes can appear very quickly. Make sure to listen to the radio or television to stay updated on serious weather patterns in your area.8．Which of the following is probably the wind speed of an EF4 tornado?A．65 mph.B．85 mph.C．200 mph.D．310 mph.9．What can we learn from the example given in paragraph 3?A．Tornadoes can do great harm.B．American cars need developing.C．Oklahoma City had no trains in 1999.D．The strongest tornado occurred in the UK. 10．What is the last paragraph mainly about?A．What a tornado is.B．How a tornado forms.C．Tips to survive a tornado.D．How to recognize a tornado.11．Where is the text most probably taken from?A．A guidebook to the USA．B．An introduction to a historical book.C．A review of famous movies.D．An article on natural disasters.When Adele released (发行) her 2011 single Someone Like You, this bittersweet song is popular with millions worldwide. More than a decade later, it remains one of her most popular songs. Her artistry, as well as that of many others who have mastered the art of making listeners feel moved with slow and emotional beats, has a way of managing the emotional pain of heartbreak and loss.Listening to favorite songs could also reduce people’s feelings of pain, according to a new study published in the journal Frontiers in Pain Research. And the most effective pain relievers were found to be sad songs detailing bittersweet and emotional experiences.“It doesn’t take the place of medicine when you have a headache, but music can help reduce your pain,” said Patrick Stroman, a professor at Queen’s University in Kingston, Ontario. He didn’t join in the study. “Unlike other medications,” he noted, “there is no side effect or risk in listening to music (just keep the volume at a reasonable level).”The small study invited 63 young adults to bring one of their favorite songs. The researchers also had the young adults pick one of seven songs that the team considered relaxing and were unfamiliar to the study participants. All the while, the researchers stuck a hot object — similar to the pain of a boiling hot teacup on the participants’ skin — to their left inner forearms. When rating their experiences, people were more likely to report feeling less pain when listening to their favorite songs compared with hearing the unfamiliar relaxing songs.With millions of songs available, one person’s favorite song is likely not the same as another. After interviewing the participants about the song they brought and their rating of pain, the researchers found people who listened to bittersweet and moving songs felt less pain than when they listened to songs with calming or cheerful themes (主题).“It’s a very cool result,” said lead study author Darius Valevicius, a doctoral student of neurosciences at the University of Montreal. “I think it’s why I myself and probably many people choose to listen to bittersweet or even spiritual music.”12．Why does the author mention Adele in the first paragraph?A．To reach a conclusion.B．To lead in the topic.C．To offer a suggestion.D．To provide the background.13．What is Stroman’s attitude to the effect of listening to music?A．Doubtful.B．Positive.C．Unclear.D．Unconcerned. 14．What did the participants do in the new study?A．They reported their feelings of pain.B．They interviewed many musicians.C．They made various kinds of teacups.D．They picked out the music they don't like. 15．Which is the most suitable title for the text?A．When Is the Best Time to Listen to Music?B．How Do You Create Popular Songs Quickly?C．The Best Way to Reduce Pain Might Be to Write MusicD．Certain Types of Music Could Help You Feel Less PainWhen we are kids, we laugh a lot. But as we become adults, it is much more difficult to laugh so easily. Do you laugh too little in your life? Do you remember how you used to laugh before, as a child?16 . It’s a great way to relax, not just on a purely emotional level, but also physically. It can reduce our blood pressure. It also contributes to the release of hormones (荷尔蒙) that are good for our health. 17 . It helps us feel more at ease around new people and also connects us with others.Sometimes, you might feel like there is not much cause to laugh. Life can be tough. But laughter is, if not the best medicine, a good support to have for tough times and for good times as well. So you should allow yourself to laugh as you used to.A good idea is to give yourself permission to play. Play is a natural activity that promotes a lot of laughter, whether it's through video games, outdoor games, or board games. 18 .Laughter comes from being with others. 19 . Hang out with family members that are nice to be around, with whom you can have fun, laugh, and enjoy yourself. Give your time to those who can share your laughter.More than anything, learn to develop humor. 20 . Laugh at your mistakes and learn to laugh at yourself. Then you will be surprised by the changes you will see in your life.A．You don’t have to be meanB．Laughter has a lot of benefitsC．Don’t take yourself too seriouslyD．Try to see your friends more oftenE．Watch videos to help you correct your mistakesF．In addition to these, laughing has a social functionG．Just discover what you like to play and have fun with it二、完形填空Granny Basketball is more competitive than you’d think! Just ask the women over 50 who 21 in the 18th annual Granny National Basketball Championships last weekend. Hosted inDecorah, Iowa, the event 22 teams from across the country. Players might 23 different walks of life, but they all have one thing 24 : They’re members of the Granny Basketball League (联盟).Founded by Barb McPherson Trammell, this organization offers 25 women an unbelievable opportunity to stay 26 , make friends and relieve stress. Grannies play by a (n) 27 set of rules to make up for any 28 mobility. According to their website, it’s “a game for 29 of a certain age.” Regulations include a strict “no running” policy, instead 30 players to speed walk. Jumping is not 31 , either.32 , there are 42 Granny Basketball teams in the United States. National Championships have been held for the 33 every year since 2008. Grannies have also been 34 to compete against teams outside their league for charity, including men’s and women’s teams of all ages. Of course, the changed 35 apply to their competitors as well.“I think we’re redefining (重新定义) what old is,” said one player.21．A．talked B．lied C．believed D．played 22．A．improved B．saved C．attracted D．tracked 23．A．come from B．give up C．adapt to D．search for 24．A．in hurry B．in print C．in need D．in common 25．A．young B．senior C．gifted D．disabled 26．A．fit B．calm C．awake D．quiet 27．A．impossible B．unnecessary C．different D．difficult 28．A．shared B．limited C．social D．great 29．A．women B．men C．girls D．boys 30．A．teaching B．helping C．persuading D．encouraging 31．A．recognized B．allowed C．praised D．compared 32．A．Immediately B．Unlikely C．Currently D．Unfortunately 33．A．job B．future C．record D．sport 34．A．reminded B．refused C．known D．warned 35．A．orders B．rules C．values D．messages三、语法填空阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

成都七中2024-2025学年度上期高2026届高二十月月考语文试卷

高二年级10月阶段检测语文（考试时间：150分钟试卷满分：150分）一、现代文阅读（32 分）（一）现代文阅读Ⅰ（本题共5 小题，20 分）阅读下面的文字，完成 1-5 题。

迷人的哥白尼吴国盛（1）哥白尼被公认为现代科学的肇始者，他的日心说成为现代科学的常识。

但正如黑格尔所说，熟知不是真知。

谁是哥白尼？他为何要用日心说替代地心说？通常的回答是：哥白尼是一位天文学家，他在《天体运行论》中提出了日心说，日心说更符合天文观测事实。

但这样的回答似是而非。

（2）其实，哥白尼是一位教士，利用业余时间从事天文学研究，在最后的岁月里写出了他的传世之作。

长期以来，该书多被译成《天体运行论》，但“天体”这个译名并不正确，对哥白尼而言，“天体”其实是“天球”。

天球是希腊数理天文学的基本假定，群星每日旋转，周而复始，运动呈现出周期性和稳定性。

让群星镶嵌在天球之上，随着天球统一转动，反映了时人对天空确定性和恒久性的理解。

后人不承认有天球的存在，便想当然地把“天球”改译成“天体”，一字之差，无意间拔高了哥白尼，体现了译者时代的科学理念。

（3）哥白尼为什么要用日心说替代已经延续了一千多年的托勒密地心说呢？按照实事求是即为科学精神的一般理解，这当然是因为日心说更加符合天文观测结果。

20 世纪50 年代之前，西方科学哲学也认为，所谓科学无非是既具有内在逻辑结构，又符合观测事实的理论。

如果理论不符合事实，它就被证伪了，反之就被证实了。

这种科学哲学被称为逻辑实证主义。

（4）50 年代后期，科学史家托马斯•库恩打破这种逻辑主义一统天下的局面，开启了历史主义科学哲学，强调不能仅从逻辑层面理解科学，而应深入其历史发展过程，考虑科学之外的哲学、宗教和文化背景。

在《哥白尼革命》一书中，他指出哥白尼抛弃地心说而提出日心说，并不是因为掌握了什么托勒密体系无法解释的观测证据，而是由复杂多样的时代文化背景导致的。

哥白尼继承的是希腊化的数学传统，重在模拟和预测天象，可以自由地构想宇宙体系，不必关心天界的实际物理构造。

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