首都医科大学外科学(普外科)2019年考博真题试卷

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外科学博士试题集锦

去年在小木虫、百度文库、丁香园、爱爱医收集的博士入学考试外科学简答题，是好几个学校在一块的，北医、上交、协和、山大,301，华科的，受益颇大，当时下载也花了不少心血，总结费了不少时间，分享给大家，一份耕耘，一份收获，但愿好运常相随！！！考博问答题整理无菌术1.什么是无菌术？无菌术的内容包括那些？无菌术是针对微生物及感染途径所采取的一系列预防措施。

无菌术的内容包括灭菌、消毒法、操作规则及管理制度。

2.无菌术、灭菌？所谓灭菌就是杀灭一切活的微生物。

而消毒是指杀灭病原微生物和其他活动有害微生物，但不要求奢靡额和清除所有微生物3.常用的灭菌消毒法有：(1)高压蒸汽法。

(2)煮沸法。

(3)火烧法。

(4)药液浸泡法。

(5)甲醛蒸汽熏蒸法。

4.手术过程中的无菌原则(1)手术人员穿无菌手术衣和戴无菌手套之后，手不能接触背部、腰部以下和肩部以上部位，这些区域属于有菌地带；同样，也不要接触手术台边缘以下的布单。

(2)不可在手术人员的背后传递手术器械及用品。

坠落到无菌巾或手术台边以外的器械物品，不准拾回再用。

(3)手术中如手套破损或接触到有菌地方，应更换无菌手套。

如前臂或肘部触碰有菌地方，应更换无菌手术衣或加套无菌袖套。

如无菌巾、布单等物已被湿透，其无菌隔离作用不再完整，应加盖干的无菌布单。

(4)在手术过程中，同侧手术人员如需调换位置，一人应先退后一步，背对背地转身到达另一位置，以防触及对方背部不洁区。

(5)手术开始前要清点器械、敷料，手术结束时，检查胸、腹等体腔，待核对器械、敷料数无误后，才能关闭切口，以免异物遗留腔内产生严重后果。

(6)切口边缘应以无菌大纱布垫或手术巾遮盖，并用巾钳或缝线固定，仅显露手术切口。

术前手术区粘贴无菌塑料薄膜可达到相同目的。

(7)做皮肤切口以及缝合皮肤之前，需再消毒皮肤一次。

(8)切开空腔脏器前，要先用纱布垫保护周围组织，以防止或减少污染。

(9)参观手术的人员不可太靠近手术人员或站得太高，也不可经常在室内走动，以减少污染的机会。

北医外科学试题库及答案

北医外科学试题库及答案一、单选题1. 外科手术中常用的无菌技术包括以下哪项？A. 穿无菌手术衣B. 戴无菌手套C. 使用无菌器械D. 以上都是2. 以下哪项不是外科手术的基本原则？A. 无菌原则B. 无创原则C. 微创原则D. 快速原则3. 外科手术切口的分类中，I类切口指的是？A. 清洁切口B. 可能污染切口C. 污染切口D. 严重污染切口4. 急性阑尾炎的典型症状是？A. 腹痛B. 恶心呕吐C. 右下腹痛D. 以上都是5. 以下哪项是甲状腺癌的常见症状？A. 甲状腺功能亢进B. 甲状腺结节C. 甲状腺功能减退D. 甲状腺肿大二、多选题6. 以下哪些因素可能增加术后感染的风险？A. 手术时间延长B. 患者年龄较大C. 手术部位的清洁度低D. 术前准备不充分7. 外科手术中，以下哪些措施可以减少术中出血？A. 精确的解剖知识B. 使用止血钳C. 应用电凝器D. 术中输血8. 以下哪些是外科手术并发症？A. 术后感染B. 术后出血C. 术后肺栓塞D. 术中意外损伤三、简答题9. 简述外科手术前的准备流程。

10. 描述急性阑尾炎的诊断要点。

四、案例分析题11. 患者，男性，35岁，因急性腹痛入院。

体检发现右下腹压痛明显，无反跳痛，白细胞计数升高。

请分析可能的诊断及下一步治疗建议。

五、论述题12. 论述微创手术与传统开放手术相比的优势与局限性。

答案：1. D2. D3. A4. C5. B6. A, C, D7. A, B, C8. A, B, C, D9. 外科手术前的准备流程包括：患者评估、术前检查、签署知情同意书、禁食禁水、皮肤准备、术前用药等。

10. 急性阑尾炎的诊断要点包括：典型的转移性右下腹痛、右下腹压痛、反跳痛、肌紧张、白细胞计数升高等。

11. 可能的诊断为急性阑尾炎，建议进行腹部超声检查，必要时行腹腔镜检查，确诊后应尽快手术治疗。

12. 微创手术与传统开放手术相比的优势包括：创伤小、恢复快、疼痛轻、住院时间短等。

历年考博外科题目总汇

历年考博外科题目总汇
一、2019年
1. 关于原发性肺癌的研究，下列哪些表述是正确的？
A. 血浆ENA+的表达量可用于原发性肺癌诊断，并预测原发性肺癌的预后。

B. CEA与原发性肺癌无关。

C. 手术切除治疗原发性肺癌，放化疗治疗效果稳定。

D. 小细胞肺癌和非小细胞肺癌的单独治疗效果相当。

2. 对于难治性结直肠癌，下列哪些策略是值得推广的？
A. 综合治疗，同时应用化疗和放疗。

B. 外科手术治疗是难治性结直肠癌的主要手段。

C. 靶向治疗可以显著提高难治性结直肠癌的疗效。

D. 维持治疗是治疗难治性结直肠癌的关键。

3. 关于甲状腺乳头状癌的研究，下列哪些表述是正确的？
A. 甲状腺乳头状癌和甲状腺髓样癌是发生率最高的两种甲状腺癌。

B. 术后碘131治疗可有效治疗甲状腺乳头状癌。

C. 对于像素大于5mm的甲状腺结节，应该考虑手术切除治疗。

D. 采用食管损伤侵袭方式，可大大提高甲状腺乳头状癌的切除率。

4. 关于乳腺癌的研究，下列哪些表述是正确的？
A. 用化疗/内分泌治疗或乳腺切除术+放疗可以治疗初步病变的乳腺癌。

B. 术前磁共振成像可以为乳腺癌定位提供很大帮助。

C. 显微镜技术可以确诊非肿瘤性病变和高危乳腺病变。

D. 彩色B超可以展现乳腺癌灶的形态和邻近关系。

以上四道考博试题，涵盖了肺部、结直肠、甲状腺和乳腺癌等外科医学领域常见疾病的诊治方法和策略，对考生的综合泛化能力要求较高。

考博外科学——精选推荐

考博外科学外科学总论（共50分）⼀名词解释：1.基因诊断2.⾼温灭菌法3.NHSTR4.GHTRS5.MODS⼆简答题：1 简述外科疾病的分类2 外科⼿术进⾏中的⽆菌原则3 感染性休克的治疗三问答题低渗性缺⽔的定义病因临床表现诊断治疗普外科各论（50分）⼀名词解释mastopathy 原发性腹膜炎strangulated hernia （狂晕刚意识到答成绞窄性肠梗阻了）abdominal compartment syndrome 第五个忘了⾼选择⾏迷⾛神经切断术（英⽂）⼆问答题甲状腺功能亢进症的病因术前术中注意事项⼿术适应症⼿术禁忌症术后常见并发症及处理原则原发性肝癌的病因病理临床表现诊断和鉴别诊断治疗2007年第⼆军医⼤学考博普通外科学⼀、多选题（12题，每题1分）1、腹腔镜⼿术禁忌：2、能叩诊出移动性浊⾳的腹腔积液：A、100ml B、200ml C、300ml D、400ml E、⼤于500ml3、急性胰腺炎⾎淀粉酶的变化：4、胆囊癌最佳的诊断⽅法：B超、CT、ERCP、？、？5、⼩⼉肠扭转病例6、肝脓肿病例7、以下胃、⼗⼆指肠穿孔描述不正确的是：⼆、填空题（8分）1、影响胃癌预后的因素有：（7空）2、下消化道出⾎的诊断⽅法有：（5空）3、下肢深静脉栓塞分为四型：_____型（4空）三、名词解释（6分，每题2分）1、buerger病2、charcot 综合征3、TME四、问答题1、家族性结肠息⾁病的发病原理、诊断、⼿术⽅式、术后随访原则？（20分）2、甲亢术后并发症及处理？（24分）3、肠梗阻按梗阻原因的分类；肠梗阻的治疗原则以及⾮⼿术治疗⽅法？（30分）第三军医⼤学2013博⼠普外专业⼀、名词解释1、richer疝2、倾倒综合征（英⽂）3、布加综合征（英⽂）4、⼆、简答题1、乳腺癌根治术切除范围2、胰腺癌⼿术切除范围3、简述直肠癌超低位保肛术4、chiold分级及其临床意义三、问答题1、急性梗阻性黄疸治疗原则2、论述胃癌外科治疗的最新进展2013南京医科⼤学普外科学（总论+普外）考博真题回忆版简答4分*61、创伤组织修补基本过程？2、30秒内确定⼼搏骤停的⽅法？3、输⾎后常见并发症？4、低钾的常见病因？5、营养⽀持⽅法选择原则？6、⼿术中的⽆菌原则？问答19分*41、胰腺假性囊肿的⼿术指征、⽅式、要点？2、甲状腺⼿术并发症及治疗？3、腹膜后⼗⼆指肠破裂诊断依据及治疗？4、完善的科研设计标志有哪些？第三军医⼤学2013年外科专业基础之⼈体解剖真题名词解释：胸⾻⾓纵隔膜迷路动脉韧带肺段简答脑屏障的主要特点喉的结构，运动及功能的关系胆汁的产⽣，排出的主要特点问答⽪质核束的主要特点内脏传导通路的主要特点迷⾛神经的主要特点腰丛的主要特点2013中⼭⼤学博⼠⽣⼊学考试（普外）1糖⽪质激素外科感染性休克2糖尿病围术期准备要点3开放⽓胸处理原则4影像学在泌尿系结⽯的诊断应⽤5胃癌腹腔镜禁忌6胆管囊性扩张的分型7下肢静脉体格检查名称8外科真菌感染因素和抗真菌药物9切⼝裂开预防10⿊⾊素瘤的临床表现11CEA.AFP.CA199.CA125.PSA，中⽂名称及诊断价值12门脉⾼压⾮⼿术治疗及贲门⾎管离断理由13 低渗性缺⽔的原因14乳腺癌分⼦分型及治疗建议15胃癌根治原则，根治划分，远端胃癌根治切除范围16慢性胰腺炎⼿术指征，⼿术原则，⼿术⽅式。

外科博士专业基础试题及答案

外科博士专业基础试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 外科手术中，以下哪个是无菌操作的基本要求？A. 手术室内保持清洁B. 手术人员必须穿戴无菌手术衣和手套C. 手术室内禁止无关人员进入D. 所有选项都是2. 以下哪项不是外科手术的基本原则？A. 无菌原则B. 无创原则C. 无痛原则D. 快速原则3. 以下哪个是外科手术中常用的止血方法？A. 压迫止血B. 电凝止血C. 药物止血D. 所有选项都是4. 以下哪个不是外科手术中常用的缝合材料？A. 丝线B. 肠线C. 不锈钢线D. 尼龙线5. 外科手术中，以下哪个是预防感染的重要措施？A. 术前准备B. 术中无菌操作C. 术后护理D. 所有选项都是6. 以下哪个是外科手术中常用的麻醉方式？A. 局部麻醉B. 椎管内麻醉C. 全身麻醉D. 所有选项都是7. 以下哪个不是外科手术中常用的引流方式？A. 腹腔引流B. 胸腔引流C. 静脉引流D. 动脉引流8. 以下哪个是外科手术中常用的切口类型？A. 横切口B. 纵切口C. 斜切口D. 所有选项都是9. 以下哪个不是外科手术中常用的止血带？A. 橡胶止血带B. 充气止血带C. 纱布止血带D. 金属止血带10. 以下哪个是外科手术中常用的抗感染药物？A. 青霉素B. 头孢类C. 红霉素D. 所有选项都是二、简答题（每题5分，共30分）1. 请简述无菌操作的基本原则。

2. 请简述外科手术中的无菌环境如何建立？3. 请简述外科手术中常用的缝合技术有哪些？4. 请简述外科手术中常见的并发症有哪些？5. 请简述外科手术中常用的麻醉方法及其特点。

6. 请简述外科手术中预防感染的措施。

三、论述题（每题25分，共50分）1. 论述外科手术中的无菌技术的重要性及其实施步骤。

2. 论述外科手术中对患者进行术前准备的重要性及其具体内容。

答案：一、选择题1. D2. D3. D4. C5. D6. D7. C8. D9. D10. D二、简答题1. 无菌操作的基本原则包括：保持无菌区域的清洁、避免接触无菌物品、使用无菌工具和材料、穿戴无菌手术衣和手套等。

医学考博2019真题

Listening ：无Vocabulary ：Section A31. According to the Geneva ______no prisoners of war shall be subject to abuse.A. CustomsB. CongressesC. ConventionsD. Routines 32. Environmental officials insist that something be done to ______acid rain.A. curbB. sueC. detoxifyD. condemn33. It is impossible to say how it will take place, because it will happen______, and itwill not be a long process.A. spontaneouslyB. simultaneouslyC. principallyD. approximately34. Diabetes is one of the most______ and potentially dangerous disease in the world.A. crucialB. virulentC. colossalD. prevalent35. Rheumatologist advises that those with ongoing aches and pains first seek medicalhelp to ______the problem.A. affiliateB. alleviateC. aggravateD. accelerate36. How is it possible that such______ deception has come to take place right underour noses?A. obviousB. significantC. necessaryD. widespread37. Now a paper in Science argues that organic chemicals in the rock come mostly from______on earth rather than bacteria on Mars.A. configurationB. constitutionC. condemnationD. contamination38. Chronic high-dose intake of vitamin A has been shown to have ______effects onbones.A. adverseB. prevalentC. instantD. purposeful39. Generally, vaccine makers _____ the virus in fertilized chicken eggs in a processthat can take four to six months.A. penetrateB. designateC. generateD. exaggerate40. We are much quicker to respond, and we respond far too quickly by giving ______to our anger.A. ventB. impulseC. temperD. offenceSection B41. The patient's condition has worsened since last night.A. improvedB. returnedC. deterioratedD. changed42. Beijing Television-Station Transmitting Tower really looks magnificent at nightwhen it ’s lit up.A. decoratedB. illustratedC. illuminatedD. entertained43. Attempts to restrict parking in the city centre have further aggravated the problemof traffic congestion.A. amelioratedB. aggregatedC. deterioratedD. duplicated44. The applications of genetic engineering are abundant and choosing oneappropriate for this case can be rather difficult.A. sufficientB. plentifulC. adequateD. countable45. The defect occurs in the first eight weeks of pregnancy, though no one understandswhy.A. deficitB. deviationC. draw backD. discrepancy46. He has been on hormone alternate therapy for four years and looks fantastic.A. successorB. replacementC. surrogateD. choice47. It had over 2,000 apartment complexes, a great market, a large number ofindustrial workshops, an administrative center, a number of massive religious edifices,and a regular grid pattern of streets and buildings.A. ancientB. carefullyC. very largeD. carefully protected48. When patients spend extended periods in hospital, they tend to become overlydependent and lose interest in taking care of themselves.A. extremelyB. exclusivelyC. exactlyD. explicitly49. The anxious parent was vigilant over the injured child in spite of a full array ofemergency room of doctors and nurses.A. preoccupiedB. unwaryC. watchfulD. dozing50. The doctor vacillated so frequently on disease-preventiontechniques that hiscolleagues accused him of inconsistency.A. waveredB. instigatedC. experimentedD. reliedClozeWe spend a lot of time looking at the eyes of others for social 51 —it helpsus understand a person ’emotions, and make decisions about how to respond to them. We also know that adults avoid eye contact when anxious. But researchers have knownfar 52 about eye gazing patterns in children.According to new research by Kalina Michalska, assistant professor of psychologyat the University of California, Riverside, we now, know that anxious children tend toavoid making eye contact, and this has consequences for how they experience fear. The53 and less frequently they look at the eyes of others, the more likely they are to beafraid of them, even when there may be no reason to be. Her study, “Anxiety Sympand Children's Eye Gaze During Fear Leaming”w,as published in the journal TheJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry."Looking at someone ’s eyes helps us understand whether a person is feeling sad, angry, fearful, or surprised. As adults, we then make decisions about how to respondand what to do next. But, we know much less about eye patterns in children —so,understanding those patterns can help us learn more about the development of sociallearning, ”Michalska said.Michalska and the team of researchersshowed 82 children, 9 to 13 years old,images of two women ’s faces on a computer screen. The computer was equipped withan eye tracking device that allowed them to measure54 on the screen children werelooking, and for how long. The participants were originally shown each of the twowomen a total of four times. Next, one of the images was55 with a loud scream anda fearful expression, and the other one was not. At the end, children saw both facesagain without any sound or scream.The following three conclusions can be drawn from the study:1. All children spent more time looking at the eyes of a face that was paired withthe loud scream t han the face that was not paired with the scream, 56 they payattention to potential threats even in the absence of outward cues.2. Children who were more anxious avoided eye contact during all three phases of the experiment, for both kinds of faces. This had consequences for how afraid they wereof the faces.3. The more children avoided eye conta；cthe more afraid they were 57 the faces.The conclusions suggest that children spend more time looking at the eyes of aface when previously paired with something frightening suggesting they pay moreattention to potentially threatening information as a way to learn more about thesituation and plan what to do next.However, anxious children tend to avoid making eye contact, which leads togreater 58 experience. Even though avoiding eye contact may reduce anxiety59 , the study finds that — over time — children may be m i s s6i n0g_ o i m u p t ortantsocial information. This includes that a person may no longer be threatening or scary,and yet the child continues feeling fearful of that person.51. A. environment B. cues C. relations D. answers52. A. less B. more C. enough D. beyond53. A. longer B. more anxious C. shorter D. more54. A. where B. when C. how D. what55. A. followed B. recorded C. paired D. marked56. A. suggest B. suggesting C. suggests D. being suggested57. A. to B. of C.at D. about58. A. fear B. surprise C. sad D. angry59. A. in the long run B. for a long timeC. in the short timeD. in a long time60. A. with B. without C. of D. onReading ComprehensionPassage OneThe British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from the parentsduring the sensitive “attachment p”e riod from birth to three may scar a child ’s personality and predispose to emotional problems in later life.Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby' s work that children shouldnot be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separationit entails, and many people do believe this. It has been argued that an infant under threewho is cared for outside the home may suffer because of the separation from his parents. But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion.But traditional societies are so different from modem societies that comparisonsbased on just one factor are hard to interpret. Firstly, anthropologists point out that theinsulated love affair between children and parents found in modem societies does notusually exist in traditional societies. For example, in some tribal societies, such as theNgoni, the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alone —far from i Certainty, Bowlby ’s analysis raises the possibilities that early day care had delayedeffects. The possibility that such care might lead to, say, more mental illness or crime15 or 20 years later can only explored by the use of statistics. However, statisticalstudies of this kind have not yet been carried out, and even if they were, the resultswould certainly be complicated and controversial. Secondly, common sense tells us that day care would not be so widespread today if parents, care-takers found children hadproblems with it. Thirdly, in the last decade, t here have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care, and they have uniformly reported that care had a neutral or slightly positive effect on children ’s development.Whatever the long-term effects, parents sometimes find the immediate effectsdifficult to deal with. Children under three are likely to protest at leaving their parentsand show unhappiness. At the age of three or three and a half almost all children findthe transition to nursery eas，yand this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of child care at this time. The matter, then, is far from clear-cut, though experienceand available evidence indicate early care is reasonable for infants.61. According to the passage, the consequence of parental separation________.A. still needs more statistical studiesB. has been found negative is more seriousC. is obviousD. in modem times62. The author thinks that John Bowlby ’s concern___________.A. is relevant and justifiableB. is too strong to RelieveC. is utterly groundlessD. has something that deserve our attention63. What ’s the result of American studies of children in day care in the last decade?A. The children ’s unhappiness and protest was due to the day care the children received.B. The bad effects of parental separation were hard to deal with.C. The effect of day care was not necessarily negative on children ’s development.D. Early care was reasonable for babies since it ’p sracti c ed by so many peoplenowadays.64. According to the passage, which of the following is probably a reason forparents to send their children under three to day care?A. They don ’t know about day care ’s negative effect.B. They are too busy to care fortheir children.C. They want their children to be independent as early as possible.D. They want to facilitate their children to adapt to nursery at the age of about three.65. What ’s the author ’s attitude to people who have drawn the conclusion fromBowlby’s work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age ofthree?A. He supports most of their belief because Bowlby's proposition is well-grounded.B. He is sympathetic for them, for he thinks they have been misled by Bowlby.C. He doesn't totally agree with them, since the long-term effect of day care still needsfurther study.D. He doesn't quite understand them, as they are contradictory in themselves.Passage TwoBy the end of this century, the average world temperature is expected to increasebetween one and four degrees, with widespread effects on rainfall, sea levels and animalhabitats. But in the Arctic, where the effects of climate change are most intense, the risein temperature could be twice as much.Understanding how Arctic warming will affect the people, animals, plant andmarine life and economic activity in Canada’N sort h are important to the country's future, says Kent Moore, an atmospheric physicist at University of Toronto Mississaugawho is participating in a long-term, international study of the marine ecosystem alongthe Beaufort Sea, from Alaska to the Mackenzie delta.The study will add to our knowledge of everything from the extent of sea ice inthe region to how fish stocks will change to which areas could become targets for oiland gas exploration to the impact on the indigenous people who call this part of thecountry home.Moore, who has worked in the Arctic for more than 20 years, says his research hasalready found that thinning sea ice and changes in wind patterns are causing animportant change in the marine food chain: phytoplankton（淳游植物） is blooming two to three weeks earlier. Manyanimals time their annual migration to the Arctic forwhen food is plentiful, and have not adapted to the earlier bloom. " ' Animals' behaviorcan evolve over a long time, but these climate changes are happening in the space of adecade, r ather than hundreds of years, ”says Moore, " Animals can't change theirbehavior that quickly. ”A warmer Arctic is expected to have important effects on human activity in theregion, as the Northwest Passage becomes navigable during the summer, and resourceextraction becomes more feasible. Information gained from the study will helpgovernment, industry and communities make decisions about resource management,economic development and environmental protection.Moore says the study — which involves Canadian, American and Europeanresearchersand government agencies will also use a novel technology to gatheratmospheric data: remotely piloted drones. "The drones have the capability of a largeresearch aircraft，and they ’re easier to deploy, ” he says, showing the researchers to gather information on a more regular basis than they would be able to with pilotedaircraft.66. By the end of this century, according to the author, global warming will ______.A. start to bring about extreme weather events to humans and animalsB. increase the average world temperature by four degreesC. cause more damages to the whole world than expectedD. affect the Arctic more than any other parts of the earth67. To help understand the destructive mechanism of Arctic warming, as indicatedby the passage, the international study ______.A. is conducted with every single discipline of University of TorontoB. pioneers in pursuing the widespread effects of climate changeC. involves so many countries for different investigationsD. is intended to deal with various aspects in research68. When he ways, “Animals can ’t change their behavior that quickly, ”what doesMoore mean by that quickly?A. The migration of the animals to the Arctic.B. The widespread effects of global warming.C. The rate of the climate change in the Arctic.D. The phytoplankton within the marine ecosystem.69. According to the author, to carry out proper human activities in theArctic______.A. becomes more difficult than ever beforeB. is likely to build a novel economy in the regionC. will surely lower the average world temperatureD. needs the research-based supporting information70. With the drones deployed, as Moore predicts, the researchers will _______.A. involve more collaborating countries than they do nowB. get more data to be required for their researchC. use more novel technologies in researchD. conduct their research at a regular basisPassage ThreeHaving too much caffeine during pregnancy may impair baby ’s liver development and increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood, according to a study published in theJournal of Endocrinology. Pregnant rats given caffeine had offspring with lower birth weights, altered growth and stress hormonelevels and impaired liver development. Thestudy findings indicate that consumption of caffeine equivalent to 2-3 cups of coffee may alter stress and growth hormone levels in a manner that can impair growth and development, and increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood.Previous studies have indicated that prenatal caffeine intake of 300 mg/day ormore in women, which is approximately 2 to 3 cups coffee per day, can result in lower birth weights of their children. Animalstudies have further suggestedthat prenatalcaffeine consumption may have more detrimental long-term effects on liverdevelopment with an increased susceptibility to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, adebilitating condition normally associated w ith obesity and diabetes. However, theunderlying link between prenatal caffeine exposure and impaired liver developmentremains poorly understood. A better understanding of how caffeine mediates theseeffects could help prevent these health issues in people in the future.In this study, Prof Hui Wang and colleagues at Wuhan University in China,investigated the effects of low (equivalent to 2-3 cups of coffee) and high dose(equivalent of 6-9 cups of coffee) caffeine, given to pregnant rats, on liver function andhormone levels of their offspring. Offspring exposed to prenatal caffeine had lower levels of the liver hormone, insulin likegrowth factor (IGF-1), and higher levels of thestress hormone, corticosteroid at birth. However, liver development after birth showed a compensatory 'catch up' phase, characterised by increased levels of IGF-1, which is important for growth.Dr. Yinxian Wen, study co-author, says, “Our results indicate that prenatal caffeine causes an excess of stress hormone activity in the mother, which inhibits IGF-1 activityfor liver development before birth. However, compensatory mechanisms do occur after birth to accelerate growth and restore normalliver function, as IGF-1 activity increasesand stress hormone signalling decreases. The increased risk of fatty liver disease causedby prenatal caffeine exposure is most likely a consequence of this enhanced,compensatory postnatal IGF-1 activity. ”These findings not only confirm that prenatal caffeine exposure leads to lowerbirth weight and impaired liver development before birth but also expand our currentunderstanding of the hormonal changes underlying these changes and suggest thepotential mechanism for increased risk of liver disease in the future. However, theseanimal findings need to be confirmed in humans.Dr. Wen comments, "Our work suggeststhat prenatal caffeine is not good for babies and although these findingsstill need to be confirmed in people, I wouldrecommend that women avoid caffeine during pregnancy."71. Which of the following is NOT the problem of baby rats of pregnant rats givencaffeine?A. Lower birth weight.B. Smaller stress.C. Liver development problem.D. Growth problem.72. If a pregnant woman takes 3 cups of coffee, what will probably happen?A. Her weight will get lower and lower.B. The weight of her baby will get lower and lower.C. She will suffer from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a long run.D. Her baby will be more vulnerable to obesity and diabetes because of liver problem.73. Which of following is not correct according to the passage?A. A better understanding of the relationship between caffeine and effects has beenachieved.B. 4-5 cups of coffee could be categorized as medium-dose intake.C. Liver development problem may be remedied after birth by increased growth factor.D. The study is mainly conducted on the rats instead of human.74. What is the relationship between stress hormone and liver development whentaking in prenatal caffeine?A. Lower stress hormone, lower birth weight before birth.B. Higher stress hormone, lower growth hormone before birth.C. Higher stress hormone, more accelerated growth of weight after birth.D. Lower stress hormone, less accelerated growth of liver after birth.75. What can be the best summary of the last paragraph?A. The research hasn ’t been done on humans so pregnant women can ignore the results.B. The compensatory mechanism for liver growth makes prenatal caffeine intake safe.C. Experts suggest pregnant women should still avoid caffeine.D. We have known enough about the hormone changes underlying the healthPassage FourThe bizarre antics of sleepwalkers have puzzled police, perplexed scientists, and fascinated writers for centuries. There is an endless supply of stories about sleepwalkers.Persons have been said to climb on steep roofs, solve mathematical problems, composemusic, walk through plate-glass windows, and commit murder in their sleepHow many of these stories have a basis in fact, and how many are pure fakery?No one knows, but if some of the most sensational stories should be taken with a barrelof salt, others are a matter of record.In Revere, Massachusetts, a hundred policemen combed a waterfrontneighborhood for a lost boy who left his home in his sleep and woke up five hours lateron a strange sofa in a strange living room, with no idea how he had got there.There is an early medical record of a somnambulist who wrote a novel in his sleep.And the great French writer V oltaire knew a sleepwalker who once got out of bed,dressed himself, made a polite bow, danced a minuet, and then undressed and went backto bed.At the University of Iowa, a student was reported to have the habit of getting upin the middle of the night and walking three-quarters of a mile to the Iowa River. He would take a swim and then go back tohis room to bed.The world's champion sleepwalker was supposed to have been an Indian, PanditRamrakha, who walked sixteen miles along a dangerous road without realizing that hehad left his bed. Second in line for the title is probably either a Vienna housewife or a British farmer. The woman did all her shopping on busy streets in her sleep. The farmer,in his sleep, visited a veterinarian miles away.The leading expert on sleep in America claims that he has never seen a sleepwalker.He is Dr. Nathaniel Kleitman, a physiologist at the University of Chicago. He is said toknow more about sleep than any other living man, and during the last thirty-five yearshad lost a lot of sleep watching people sleep. Says he, "Of course, I know that there are sleepwalkers becauseI have read about them in the newspapers. B ut none of mysleepers ever walked, and if I were to advertise for sleepwalkers for an experiment, Idoubt that I'd get many takers."Sleepwalking, nevertheless, is a scientific reality. Like hypnosis, it is one of thosedramatic, eerie, awe-inspiring phenomena that sometimes border on the fantastic. Itlends itself to controversy and misconceptions, what is certain about sleepwalking isthat it is a symptom of emotional disturbance, and that the only way to cure it is to remove the worries and anxieties that cause it. Doctors say that somnambulism is muchmore common than is generally supposed.Some have estimated that there are fourmillion somnambulists in the United States. Others set the figure even higher. Manysleepwalkers do not seek help and so are never put on record, which means that anaccurate count can never be made.The simplest explanation of sleepwalking is that it is the acting out of a vividdream. The dream usually comes from guilt, worry, nervousness, o r some otheremotional conflict. The classic sleepwalker is Shakespeare ’L asdy Macbeth. Hernightly wanderings were caused by her guilty conscience at having committed murder. Shakespeare said of her, “The eyes are open but their sense is shut. ”The age-old question is: Is the sleepwalker actually awake or asleep. Scientists have decided that he is about half-and-half. Like Lady Macbeth, he has weightyproblems on his mind. Dr. Zeida Teplitz, who made a ten-year study of the subject, says, “Some people stay awake all night worrying about t heir problems. The sleepwalker thrashes them out in his sleep. He is awake in the muscular area, partially asleep in the sensory area." In other words, a person can walk in his sleep, move around, and do other things, but he does not think about what he is doing.76. The second sentence in the second paragraph means that_________.A. no one knows, but certainly all the sleep walking stories have something incredibleB. the sleepwalking stories are like salt adding flavor to people ’s lifeC. sleepwalking stories that are most fantastic should be sorted out from ordinary storiesD. the most fantastic sleepwalking stories may be just fictions, yet there are stilltruthfully recorded stories77. ________was supposed to be the world's champion sleepwalker.A. The student habitually walked to the Iowa River and swam in his sleepB. The man danced a minuet in his sleepC. The man walker sixteen miles along a dangerous roadD. The boy walked five hours in his sleep78. Sleepwalking is the result of ______ according to the passage.A. emotional disorderB. a vivid dreamC. lack of sleep and great anxietyD. insanity79. Dr. Zeida Teplitz seemed to_________.A. agree that sleepwalking sometimes leads to dangerous actsB. conclude that sleepwalkers are awake in their sensory areaC. disagree with the belief that sleep walkers are immune to injuryD. think that sleepwalking can turn into madness80. The writer makes it obvious that_________.A. sleepwalkers are often awakened by dangersB. most sleepwalkers can find ways to avoid self-injuryC. it is important to find out the underlying cause of sleepwalkingD. sleepwalking is actually a kind of hypnosisPassage FiveBeyond the basic animal instincts to seek food and avoid pain, Freud identifiedtwo sources of psychic energy, which he called "drives ”: aggression and libido. The keto his theory is that these were unconscious drives, shaping our behavior without themediation of our waking minds; they surface, heavily disguised, only in our dreams.The work of the past half-century in psychology and neuroscience has been to downplaythe role of unconscious universal drives, focusing instead on rational processesinconscious life. But researchers have found evidence that Freud s drives really do exist,and they have their roots in the limbic system, a primitive part of the brain that operatesmostly below the horizon of consciousness.Now more commonly referred to as emotions, the modem suite of drives comprises five: rage, panic, separation distress,lust and a variation on libido sometimes called seeking.The seeking drive is proving a particularly fruitful subject for researchers.Although like the others it originates in the limbic system, it also involves parts of theforebrain, the seat of higher mental functions. In the 1980s, Jaak Panksepp, aneurobiologist at Bowling Green State University in Ohio, became interested in a placenear the cortex known as the ventraltegmental area, which in humans lies just abovethe hairline. When Panksepp stimulated the corresponding region in a mouse, theanimal would sniff the air and walk around, as though it were looking for something.Was it hungry? No. The mouse would walk right by a plate of food, or for that matterany other object Panksepp could think of. This brain tissue seemed to cause a generaldesire for something new. “What I was seeing, ” he says, “was the urge to do stuff.Panksepp called this seeking.To neuropsychologist Mark Solms of University College in London, that soundsvery much like libido. “Freud needed some sort of general, appetitive desire to seekpleasure in the world of objects, ” says Solms. "Panksepp discovered as a neuroscientist what Freud discovered psychologically. ” Solms studied the same region of the brain forhis work on dreams. Since the 1970s, neurologists have known that dreaming takesplace during a particular form of sleep known as REM — rapid eye movement — whichis associated with a primitive part of the brain known as the pons. Accordingly, they regarded dreaming as a low-level phenomenon of no great psychological interest. WhenSolms looked into it, though, it turned out that the key structure involved in dreaming was actually the ventral tegmental, the same structure that Panksepp had identified as the seat of the “”s e e m k i o n t g i o n. Dreams, it seemed, originate with the libid—o which is just what Freud had believed.Freud's psychological map may have been flawed in many ways, but it alsohappensto be the most coherent and, from the standpoint of individual experience,meaningful theory of the mind. “Freud should be placed in the same category as Darwin,who lived before the discovery of genes, ” says Panksepp. “Freud gave us a vision ofmental apparatus. We need to talk about it, develop it, test it. ” Perhaps it ’sof proving Freud wrong or right, but of finishing the job.。

2019首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院神经外科学年考博真题试卷

征。（5分） 3.蛛网膜下腔出血的病因。（5分） 5.成人闭合型凹陷骨折的手术指证。（6分） 6.脑积水的手术方式。（4分）五.论述题（35分） 1.心搏骤停的诊断以及心搏骤停后脑功能的评估。（15分） 2.谈谈你对中国脑计划的了解以及神经外科在脑科学中的作用。（20分）
首都医科大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
首都医科大学
2019年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：附属北京天坛医院神经外科学注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。一.填空题（1分×20=20分）
第1页共1页
1.脑立体定向手术的适应证：a.___________；b.___________；c.__________；d.____________。CT或MRI 上e.______的病变比非增强的病变活检检出率高。最主要的并发症是f.__________。 2.开颅术后急性反应的可能原因包括：从a.至h.共8个空格！ 3.颅后窝术后易出现的紧急情况有a._________升高和b._________困难。处理办法是c.__________；d._ __________。然后可以e.___________和f.______________。二.名词解释（2分×5=10分） 1.三肢瘫： 2.脑膜刺激症状： 3.Foste-Kennedy综合征： 4.Horner综合征： 5.迟发性颅内血肿：三.选择题（1分×10=10分） 1.听神经瘤最常见的首发症状是：选项包括颅压升高、高频耳鸣、昏迷等。 2.儿童最常见的颅内肿瘤：选项包括多形胶母、颅后窝肿瘤等。 3.有关听神经瘤γ刀的描述哪个描述错误：选项包括适合3cm以下肿瘤、适合高龄合并症多患者、治疗后肿瘤立马坏死、耗时短无创等。 4.颅咽管瘤不常见的症状：选项包括视力视野缺损、海绵窦综合征、内分泌障碍、锥体束征等。 5.最常见的神经上皮肿瘤：选项包括少突胶质细胞瘤、星形细胞瘤、室管膜瘤等。 6.外伤患者昏迷后清醒5小时再度昏迷，最有可能的诊断：选项包括急性硬膜外血肿、急性硬膜下血肿等。 7.左侧小脑幕切迹疝（海马钩回）的典型表现：所有选项均包括昏迷，其他包括左侧瞳孔大右侧肢体瘫痪、右侧瞳孔大左侧胝体瘫等。 8.脑转移瘤最常见的来源：选项包括肺、乳腺、膀胱等。 9.枕骨大孔疝区别于小脑幕切迹疝的一点：选项包括更早昏迷、更早呼吸停止等。 10. 四.简答题（25分） 1.脑血管畸形的类型，哪种最常见？（5分）

外科学考博试题及答案

外科学考博试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 外科感染中最常见的致病菌是：A. 金黄色葡萄球菌B. 大肠杆菌C. 肺炎链球菌D. 真菌答案：A2. 以下哪项不是外科手术的基本原则？A. 无菌原则B. 无创原则C. 快速原则D. 安全原则答案：C3. 以下哪项是开放性骨折的特点？A. 骨折端不与外界相通B. 骨折端与外界相通C. 骨折线完全在皮肤下D. 骨折线完全在骨髓内答案：B4. 急性阑尾炎最典型的临床表现是：A. 腹痛B. 恶心呕吐C. 右下腹固定压痛D. 发热答案：C5. 以下哪项是乳腺癌的高危因素？A. 长期吸烟B. 长期饮酒C. 家族遗传史D. 长期素食答案：C二、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. 简述外科手术切口的分类及其特点。

答案：外科手术切口根据其感染风险分为三类：清洁切口、可能污染切口和污染切口。

清洁切口是指手术区域无炎症，无感染，且手术过程中未进入呼吸道、消化道、泌尿生殖道及口咽部。

可能污染切口是指手术区域可能存在细菌，但无明显感染，如胃肠道手术。

污染切口是指手术区域有明显感染或手术过程中进入有菌环境，如脓肿切开引流。

2. 描述急性胆囊炎的诊断要点。

答案：急性胆囊炎的诊断要点包括：右上腹疼痛，尤其是Murphy征阳性；发热和白细胞计数升高；腹部超声检查发现胆囊壁增厚、胆囊内结石或胆囊周围积液；有时可伴有黄疸。

3. 解释何为“无菌技术”及其在外科手术中的重要性。

答案：无菌技术是指在手术过程中采取的一系列措施，以防止手术区域受到微生物污染。

这包括使用无菌器械、穿戴无菌手术衣和手套、保持手术区域清洁等。

无菌技术在外科手术中至关重要，因为它可以显著降低术后感染的风险，提高手术成功率。

三、论述题（每题25分，共50分）1. 论述外科手术前的准备要点。

答案：外科手术前的准备要点包括：详细的病史采集和体格检查，以评估患者的整体健康状况和手术风险；必要的辅助检查，如血常规、凝血功能、心电图、肝肾功能等；术前禁食和禁水，以减少术中呕吐和误吸的风险；术前抗生素的使用，以预防感染；心理支持和教育，以减轻患者的焦虑和恐惧。

首都医科大学外科学试题库-A3A4选择题和病例分析题

南琼首医大A3A4选择题和病例分析题*A3A4&女性，68岁，跌伤后右髋部疼痛，尚能站立，行走，服舒筋活血片后未见好转。

逐渐行走困难，患肢不能踩地，于伤后半月门诊检查：右下肢短缩，外旋畸形，右髋活动受限，全身重要器官无异常表现。

0000304040000 04 10 80 33 02初步诊断是：A 右髋关节脱位B 右股骨转子间骨折C 右髋部软组织挫伤D 右股骨颈骨折E 右股骨头无菌性坏死00003D0000404040000 04 10 80 33 02进一步X光片检查结果为：骨折线位于股骨颈近端,Paulwels角>50度,Garden Ⅳ型,骨折分类属于：A 股骨头下，内收型，完全移位的完全骨折B 径股骨颈，内收型，完全移位的完全骨折C 股骨头下，外展型，无移位的完全骨折D 股骨颈基底，内收型，部份移位的完全骨折E 股骨头下，内收型，部份移位的完全骨折00004A0000504040000 04 10 80 44 03最适宜采取的治疗方案是：A 右下肢皮肤牵引B 人工关节置换术C 股骨转子间截骨术D 切开复位，三刃钉内固定术E 闭合复位，髋人字石膏固定00005B0000604040000 04 10 80 44 03如果进行人工关节置换，术后最可能出现的并发症是：A 髋内翻畸形B 髋关节周围骨化C 脂肪栓塞D 关节僵硬E 假体松动00006E0000704040000 04 10 80 44 03如果受伤后立即就诊，拍片显示外展嵌插型骨折，治疗应采取：A 切开复位三刃钉内固定术B 闭合复位，多根钉内固定术C 右下肢皮肤牵引D 人工关节置换术E 股骨转子间截骨术00007C*&男性，65岁，左手中、环、小指电锯伤7小时，检查：中指可主动屈伸，但固定中节指骨后，末节指间关节无屈曲运动。

环指呈伸直位，不能主动屈指。

小指未节伤口内可见骨折断端。

0000804040000 04 10 80 44 03其论断为A 中、环指屈肌腱断裂，小指未节不全离断B 中指屈指深肌腱，环指屈指深、浅肌腱断裂，小指开放性骨折C 中、环指屈指深肌腱断裂，小指开放性骨折D 中、环、小指屈肌腱断裂，小指不全离断E 中、环指屈指浅肌断裂，小指开放性骨折00008B0000904040000 04 10 80 44 03应进行以下处理A 清创包扎B 清创缝合小指骨折内固定，肌腱延期修复C 清创缝合，肌腱修复，石膏托外固定D 清创缝合，石膏托外固定E 清创缝合，肌腱修复，小指小夹板固定00009C0001004040000 04 10 80 44 03外伤处理后，如考虑石膏固定，其位置应是：A 伤指指间关节屈曲保护位B 手部休息位C 伤指指间关节伸直位D 手部功能位E 手部反功能位00010A0001104040000 04 10 80 44 03如果进行肌腱修复，术后常见的并发症是：A 肌健不愈合B 肌腱坏死C 肌健断裂D 肌腱硬化E 肌腱粘连00011E0001204040000 04 10 80 44 03如果小指末节、中节以远完全离断，最适宜的处理是：A 断指原位缝合，指骨克氏针内固定B 断指再植C 清创后包扎伤口D 清创后，短缩指骨，缝合伤口E 断指原位缝合，石膏托外固定00012D*&35岁，宾馆女服务员，半年前弯腰提旅行箱时突然腰疼，并向左侧臀部扩散。

博士考试外科学试题及答案

博士考试外科学试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 以下哪项不是外科手术的基本原则？A. 无菌原则B. 无创原则C. 快速原则D. 个体化原则2. 外科手术中，最常见的感染类型是：A. 细菌性感染B. 真菌性感染C. 病毒性感染D. 寄生虫感染3. 以下哪个不是外科手术的常见并发症？A. 出血B. 感染C. 疼痛D. 过敏4. 外科手术中，以下哪个操作不属于基本操作？A. 切开B. 缝合C. 切除D. 放射治疗5. 以下哪个是外科手术中常用的止血方法？A. 电凝B. 冷冻C. 药物D. 按摩6. 外科手术中，以下哪个不是常用的麻醉方式？A. 局部麻醉B. 椎管内麻醉C. 全身麻醉D. 表面麻醉7. 以下哪个不是外科手术的术后护理措施？A. 观察生命体征B. 伤口护理C. 预防感染D. 立即进食8. 外科手术中，以下哪种情况需要紧急处理？A. 轻微出血B. 术中发现肿瘤C. 术中出现心跳骤停D. 术后轻度疼痛9. 以下哪个不是外科手术的术前准备？A. 血常规检查B. 心电图检查C. 禁食禁水D. 术后饮食计划10. 外科手术中，以下哪个不是手术器械？A. 手术刀B. 镊子C. 止血钳D. 听诊器答案：1. C2. A3. D4. D5. A6. D7. D8. C9. D 10. D二、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. 请简述外科手术的无菌操作原则。

2. 描述一下外科手术中常见的止血方法。

3. 术后护理中，如何预防感染？三、论述题（每题25分，共50分）1. 论述外科手术中的风险评估和风险管理的重要性。

2. 论述外科手术的术前准备和术后护理的重要性。

结束语：外科手术是医学领域中非常重要的一部分，它不仅要求医生具备高超的技艺，还需要对手术的每一个环节都有深入的了解和严格的控制。

通过本试题，我们希望考生能够对外科手术的基本原则、操作技巧、风险管理以及术前术后的护理有更全面的认识，从而在未来的医学实践中能够更好地服务于患者。

首都医科大学外科学(骨科)2015年考博真题试卷

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首都医科大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研生入学考试试卷
首都医科大学
2015年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：外科学（骨科）注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。一、名词解释（每题1分，共10分）
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1、Galeazzi’s fracture 2、盖氏骨折 3、肌肉等长、等张收缩 4、Cobb角 5、Shenton线 6、OPLL 7、盖氏骨折 8、马尾综合征 9、SIRS 10、休克指数二、选择题（每题2分，共10分） 1、骨质疏松最容易骨折的部位？ 2、脊柱肿瘤与结核的X线鉴别？三、简答题（每题5分，共35分） 1、手的休息位和功能位。 2、骨筋膜室综合征的诊断。 3、生物学固定原则（biological osteosynthesis, BO）。 4、简述Modic改变的影像学表现。 5、骨性关节炎的X线表现。 6、骨质疏松的概念及临床表现？ 7、四、论述题（每题15分，共45分） 1、叙述骨盆骨折的发生机制及合并症。 2、详述腰椎滑脱症的分类。 3、论述股骨颈骨折和转子间骨折的不同。

外科学考博试题库及答案

外科学考博试题库及答案外科学是一门研究外科疾病的诊断、治疗和预防的医学科学。

以下是一份外科学考博试题库及答案，供参考：一、选择题1. 以下哪项不是外科手术的基本原则？A. 无菌原则B. 无创原则C. 快速原则D. 安全原则答案：C2. 外科手术中，下列哪项不是无菌操作的基本要求？A. 穿戴无菌手术衣和手套B. 保持手术区域的清洁C. 手术器械直接接触患者皮肤D. 手术室内保持空气流通答案：C3. 以下哪项是外科手术中常见的并发症？A. 术后出血B. 术后感染C. 术后肺栓塞D. 所有选项都是答案：D二、简答题1. 简述外科手术的无菌技术的重要性。

答：无菌技术是外科手术中非常重要的一环，它可以有效预防术后感染，保证手术的安全性和成功率。

无菌技术包括手术人员穿戴无菌手术衣和手套、手术器械的消毒、手术区域的清洁以及手术室内环境的控制等。

2. 描述外科手术中的麻醉方法有哪些，并简要说明其特点。

答：外科手术中的麻醉方法主要包括局部麻醉、椎管内麻醉和全身麻醉。

局部麻醉作用于身体的某一部位，使该部位失去痛觉，适用于小手术；椎管内麻醉作用于脊髓，使下半身失去痛觉，适用于下肢和下腹部手术；全身麻醉使患者在整个手术过程中处于无痛和无意识状态，适用于大型手术。

三、论述题1. 论述外科手术中止血的重要性及其常用方法。

答：止血是外科手术中至关重要的环节，它不仅可以防止患者失血过多，还能减少术中并发症的发生。

常用的止血方法包括物理止血（如压迫止血、冷敷止血）、药物止血（如使用止血药物）、电凝止血、结扎止血等。

选择合适的止血方法需要根据出血的类型、部位和量来决定。

结束语外科学作为一门实践性极强的学科，对医生的理论知识和操作技能都有很高的要求。

通过不断的学习和实践，医生可以提高自己的专业水平，更好地为患者服务。

希望这份试题库能够帮助考生们更好地复习和掌握外科学的相关知识。

首都医科大学外科学(普外)2012--2015,2017--2019年考博真题

一、名词解释（共10个）
难复性疝
MCNs
酒窝征
整块切除原则
超急性排斥反应
二、选择题（共20个）
消毒范围15cm，甲状腺危象处理
阴离子间隙的酸有哪些
肝癌AFP阴性病人占比率
病例题首选检查直肠指诊
III型布加综合征
三、简答题
1.癌症三阶梯镇痛内容。
2.胆道出血的治疗方法。
3.无症状胆囊结石手术适应症。
4.单纯甲状腺肿的手术指证。
4、乳腺Paget病
5、Peutz-Jeghers综合征
二、选择题（略）
三、简答题
1、癌症三阶梯治疗的原则
2、阑尾炎McBurney、Morris、Lanz压痛点的部位
3、肝门胆管癌的分型（Bismuth）
4、TME的原则
5、上消化道出血的病因及首选诊断方法
6、原发性腹膜炎细菌感染途径有哪些
四、论述题
考试科目：外科学（普外）
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释（2分*10=20分）
1.Paget病
2.Rither疝
3.门脉高压症
4.幽门梗阻
5.外科感染
6.甲状腺危象
7.胰腺内分泌肿瘤
8.腹腔间隔室综合征
9.胆囊三角
10.结肠充气试验
二、选择题（2*10=20分）
5.胰腺假性囊肿
6.草莓样胆囊
7.胃癌R0切除
8.急性出血性肠、简答题
1.代谢性碱中毒的原因及血气分析特点
2.国际抗癌联盟乳腺癌TNM分期中的T分期内容
3.胃大部切除术后早期倾倒综合征的定义、发生机理及治疗方法
4.急性胰腺炎局部并发症