Expanding U.S.-based Lithium-ion Battery Manufacturing 2012
近化学计量比铌酸锂晶体生长的新方法(英文)
近化学计量比铌酸锂晶体生长的新方法(英文)New Method of Lithium Niobate Crystal Growth with Quantitative ChemistryLithium niobate, a compound of lithium and niobium oxide, is an important material for telecommunication and optical systems due to its unique nonlinear optical and piezoelectric properties. It is essential for the development and manufacture of communication, signal processing and sensing components. With the rapid development of the electronics industry, efficient, cost-effective and reproducible methods for lithium niobate crystal growth have become increasingly important.In order to meet this demand, scientists have developeda new method to quantify the growth of lithium niobatecrystals using chemistry and X-ray diffraction. The new technique uses stable isotope labeling to accurately measure the concentration and distribution of niobium ions, enabling better control and optimization of lithium niobate crystal growth. In addition, since isotopes are inherently stable and trackable, they allow researchers to accurately monitor the rate of niobium ion diffusion into the crystal lattice during growth.The new quantitative chemistry approach to lithium niobate crystal growth not only simplifies the process, but also reduces costs and increases reliability by eliminating the need for tedious manual measurements. This technique allows for greater control over crystallization conditions, enabling researchers to optimize their processes and createmore uniform and higher-quality crystals. Furthermore, the data obtained from this method can be used for further investigation into the structure and mechanism of lithium niobate crystal growth.Overall, the development of a quantitative chemistry approach to lithium niobate crystal growth provides a powerful tool for researchers to understand and control the crystal growing process. This new method offers improved accuracy, speed, and cost efficiency compared to traditional techniques, ultimately resulting in better quality lithium niobate crystals with improved performance.。
英语词汇大全(电池行业)-电池名称
英语词汇大全—电池1.Alkaline batteries ：碱性电池2.Capacitor batteries：电容电池3. secondary battery 二次电池4. Rechargeable batteries ：充电电池5. Primary batteries ：原电池6. Lithium batteries ：锂电池7. Lithium ion batteries ：锂离子电池8. Lithium polymer batteries：锂聚合物电池9. Environmental Protection batteries:环保电池10. Nickel iron batteries ：镍铁电池11. Nickel cadmium batteries ：镍镉电池12. Carbon zinc batteries ：碳锌电池13. Nickel zinc batteries：镍锌电池14. Zinc air batteries：锌空电池15. Silver zinc batteries：银锌电池16. Zinc chloride batteries：银氯化物电池17.Silver oxide batteries ：银氧化物电池18. Silver cadmium batteries ：银钙电池19. Lead calcium batteries：铅钙电池20. Lead acid batteries：铅酸电池21. Lead-acid starter batteries：起动铅酸电池22. Lead-acid traction batteies：牵引用铅酸电池23. Aircraft lead-acid batteries：航空用铅酸电池24. Sealed lead acid batteries：密封铅酸电池25. Lead-acid batteries for stationary valve-regulated：固定型阀控密封式铅酸蓄电池26. small-sized valve-regulated lead-acid batteries：小型阀控密封式铅酸电池27. Lead-acid batteries for motorcycles：摩托车用铅酸电池28. Lead-acid batteries for disel locomotive：内燃机车用铅酸电池29. Lead-acid batteries for electric road vehicles：电动道路车辆用铅酸电池。
电池行业_英语词汇
Alkaline batteries ：碱性电池Capacitor batteries：电容电池Carbon zinc batteries ：碳锌电池Lead acid batteries：铅酸电池Lead calcium batteries：铅钙电池Lithium batteries ：锂电池Lithium ion batteries ：锂离子电池Lithium polymer batteries：锂聚合物电池Nickel cadmium batteries ：镍镉电池Nickel iron batteries ：镍铁电池Nickel metal hydride batteries ：金属氧化物镍氢电池/镍氢电池Nickel zinc batteries：镍锌电池Primary batteries ：原电池Rechargeable batteries ：充电电池Sealed lead acid batteries：密封铅酸电池Silver cadmium batteries ：银钙电池Silver oxide batteries ：银氧化物电池Silver zinc batteries：银锌电池Zinc chloride batteries：银氯化物电池Zinc air batteries：锌空电池Environmental Protection batteries:环保电池Lithium batteries ：锂电池Lithium ion batteries ：锂离子电池Lithium polymer batteries：锂聚合物电池铅酸蓄电池Lead-acid battery起动铅酸电池Lead-acid starter batteries摩托车用铅酸电池Lead-acid batteries for motorcycles内燃机车用铅酸电池Lead-acid batteries for disel locomotive电动道路车辆用铅酸电池Lead-acid batteries for electric road vehicles小型阀控密封式铅酸电池small-sized valve-regulated lead-acid batteries航空用铅酸电池Aircraft lead-acid batteries固定型阀控密封式铅酸蓄电池Lead-acid batteries for stationary valve-regulated 铅酸电池用极板plate for lead-acid battery铅锭lead ingots牵引用铅酸电池Lead-acid traction batteies电解液激活蓄电池electrolyte activated batteryvent valve 排气阀filling device for pleral cells 电池组填充装置negative electrode 负电极negative plate 负极板addition reagent for negative plate 负极板添加剂indicator 指示器top cover 上盖vent plug 液孔塞expanded grid 扩展式板栅specific gravity indicator 比重指示器electrolyte level control pipe 电解液液面控制管electrolyte level indicator 电解液液面指示器electrolyte level sensor 电解液液面传感器hard rubber container 硬橡胶槽envelope separator 包状隔板woven cloth tube 纺布管spongy lead 海绵状铅partition 隔壁over the partition type 越过隔壁型through the partition type 贯通隔壁贯通型separator 隔板(1)battery rack(2)battery stand(3)battery stillage 蓄电池架/蓄电池底垫active material 活性物质glass fiber separator 玻璃纤维隔板glass mat 玻璃纤维绵glass mat tube 玻璃纤维绵管spacing washer 间隔垫圈reinforced fiber separator 强化纤维隔板polarity mark plate 极性标记板pole 极柱pole insulator 极柱绝缘子pole nut 极柱螺母plate 极板plate foot 极板足plate supporter 极板支撑件element 极板群/极群组pole bolt 极柱螺栓plate lug 极板耳dilute sulfuric acid 稀硫酸steel can 金属罐steel container 金属蓄电池槽(1)madribs(2)element rest 鞍子/极群组座tubular plate 管状极板gelled electrolyte 胶体电解液grid 板栅caution label 警告标签synthetic resin separator 合成树脂隔板plastics container 塑料蓄电池槽synthetic fiber separator 合成纤维隔板connector sunken type 沉没型连接器connetor exposed type 露出型连接器safety valve test 安全阀测试ampere-hour efficency 安时效率one charge distance range 一次充电行程gas recombination on negative electrode type 阴极气体再化合型/阴极气体复合型cut-off discharge 终止放电/截止放电(1）specific characteristic (2)energy density (1)比特性（2）能量密度recovering charge 恢复充电(1)open circuit voltage(2)off-load voltage 开路电压/空载电压overcharge 过充电gassing 析气overcharge life test 过充电寿命试验accelerated life test 加速寿命试验active material utilization 活性物质利用率theoretical capacity of active material 活性物质的理论容量over discharge 过放电intermittent discharge 间歇放电full charge 完全充电full discharge 完全放电reverse charge 反充电/反向充电quick charge 快速放电allowable minimum voltage 允许最小电压equalizing charge 均衡充电creeping 蠕变group voltage 组电压shallow cycle endurance 轻负荷寿命/轻负荷循环寿命characteristic of electrolyte decrease 电解液减少特性nominal voltage 标称电压high rate discharge 高率放电high rate discharge characteristic 高率放电特性5 second voltage at discharge 放电5 秒电压（1）cold cranking ampere（2）cold cranking performance（1）冷启动电流（2）冷启动性能cycle life test 循环寿命测试maximum voltage at discharge 最大放电电压30 second voltage at discharge 放电30 秒电压residual capacity 残存容量(1)hour rate(2) discharge rate （1）小时率（2）放电率(1) self discharge (2) local action （1）自放电（2）局部自放电(1) self discharge rate(2) local action rate （1）自放电率（2）局部自放电率actual capacity 实际容量(1)starting capability(2)cranking ability 启动能力cranking current 启动电流battery clamp test 电池夹钳测试power density 功率密度momentary discharge 瞬间放电modified constant voltage charge 修正恒定电压充电initial capacity 初始容量gas recombination by catalyser type 触媒气体复合式initialcharge 初始充电viberation test 振动试验predetermined voltage 预定电压total voltage 总电压activation test for dry charged battery 干式荷电蓄电池活化试验salting 盐析earthquake-proof characteristics 防震性能dielectric voltage withstand test 电介质耐压试验short time discharge 短时间放电escaped acid mist test 酸雾逸出测试terminal voltage 端子电压cell voltage 单电池电压step charge 阶段充电short-circuit current 短路电流storage test 保存测试high rate discharge at low temperature 低温高率放电rated voltage 额定电压rated capacity 额定容量fixed resistance discharge 定阻抗放电constant voltage charge 恒压充电constant voltage life test 恒压寿命测试constant current charge 恒流充电constant voltage constant current charge 恒流恒压充电constant current discharge 恒流放电constant watt discharge 恒功率放电low rate discharge characteristics 低率放电特征trickle charge 涓流充电trickle charge current 涓流充电电流trickle charge life test 涓流充电寿命测试thermal runaway 热失控driving pattern test 运行测试capacity in driving pattern test 运行测试boost charge 急充电floating charge 浮充电floating charge voltage 浮充电电压floating charge current 浮充电电流(1)mean voltage (2)average voltage 平均电压on-load voltage 负载电压discharge duration time 放电持续时间(1)final voltage(2)cut-off voltage(3)end voltage 终止电压/截止电压depth of discharge 放电深度discharge voltage 放电电压discharge current 放电电流discharge current density 放电电流密度discharge watt-hour 放电瓦时discharge characteristics 放电特性discharged ampere-hour 放电安时explosion proof test 防爆测试auxiliary charge 补充电maintenance factor 维护率storage characteristics 保存特性gas recombinating efficiency 气体复合效率/气体再化合效率charge 充电charge acceptance test 充电可接受性试验start-of-charge current 充电开始电流charge efficiency 充电效率end-of-charge voltage 充电结束电压specific gravity of electrolyte at the end of charge 充电结束时电解液比重charge voltage 充电电压charge current 充电电流charged watt-hour 充电瓦时charge characteristic 充电特性charge ampere-hour 充电安时deep cycle endurance 重负荷循环寿命/重复合寿命weight engergy density 重量能量密度rubber pad 橡胶垫lower level line 下液面线side terminal 侧端子collective exhaust unit 公共的排放单元sintered plaque 烧结极板sintered separator 烧结隔板sintered plate 烧结极板catalyst plug 催化塞spine 芯骨strap 带spacer 隔离物insulating tube 绝缘管intercell connector 连接线/连接条connector cover 连接管盖float mounted plug 浮动安装的栓(1)pasted plate (2)grid type plate 涂膏式极板braidd tube 编织管(1)flame-arrester vent plug (2)flam-retardant vent plug 安全塞explosion and splash proof construction 防爆防溅结构baffle 保护板pocket type plate 袋式极板bottom hole-down 底孔向下（固定）bolt fastening terminal 螺栓连接端子male blade 阳片monoblock container 整体槽positive electrode 正极positive plate 正极板leading wire terminal 引线端子retainer mat 止动垫片ribbed separator 肋隔板(1)jumping wire (2)inter low wire 跳线end plate 端板filling plug 注液塞plante plate 形成式极板/普朗特极板tubular plate 管式极板low electric resistance separator 低电阻隔板tapered terminal post 锥形接线柱electrolyte 电解液container 蓄电池槽/蓄电池壳set of container 成套蓄电池槽level-scope mounted plug 透视塞/透视栓handle 手柄jug 取液管(1)connector;(2)plug concent (1)连接器；(2)插座式连接器connector wire 连接线connecting bar 连杆connecting bar cover 连杆帽lead 引线/连接线edge insulator 绝缘卡side frame 侧框架battery cubicle 蓄电池箱perforated separator 多孔隔板burning rod (铅)焊条terminal 端子terminal connector 端子连接条terminal cover 端子盖terminal base 端子座tab 接线片lead bushing 铅套corrugated separator 波形隔板(1)lead dioxide;(2)lead peroxide (1)二氧化铅；(2)过氧化铅(1)woven separator;(2)nonwoven separator (1)织物隔板；(2)非织物隔板vent hole 通气孔exhaust tube 排气管antipolar mass 反极性物质output cable 输出电缆microporous rubber separator 微孔像胶隔板specific gravity indicator 比重计leaf separator 叶片式隔板lid sealing compound 密封剂/封口剂sealing gasket 密封衬垫/垫圈lid 蓄电池盖set of lid 系列的盖方通盖板cover board底板solepiece钢珠steel ball压钢珠press steel ball防爆阀valve preventing explosion大电流(倍率)放电discharge in high rate current标称电压Normal voltage标称容量normal capacity放电容量discharge capacity充电上限电压limited voltage in charge放电下限电压terminating voltage in discharge恒流充电constant current charge恒压充电constant voltage charge恒流放电constant current discharge放电曲线discharge curve充电曲线charge curve放电平台discharge voltage plateau容量衰减capacity attenuation起始容量initial discharge capacity流水线pipelining传送带carrying tape焊极耳welding the current collector卷绕wind叠片layer贴胶带stick tape点焊spot welding超声焊ultrasonic weldingThe terminating voltage in discharge of the battery is 3.0 volt. The limited voltage in charge of the battery is 4.2 volt.三元素Nickle-Cobalt-Manganese Lithium Oxidethree elements materials钴酸锂Cobalt Lithium Oxide锰酸锂Manganese Lithium Oxide石墨graphite烘箱oven真空烘箱vacuum oven搅拌机mixing devicevacuum mixing device涂布机coating equipment裁纸刀paper knife ,,,,,,cutting knife分条机equipment for cutting big piece to much pieces 辊压机roll press equipment电阻点焊机spot welding machine超声点焊机ultrasonic spot welding machine卷绕机winder自动叠片机auto laminating machine激光焊机laser welding machine注液机infusing machine真空注液机vacuum infusion machine预充柜pre-charge equipment化成柜formation systems分容柜grading systems测试柜testing systems内阻仪battery inner resistance tester万用表multimeter转盘式真空封口机turntable type vacuum sealing machine自动冲膜机automatic aluminum membrane shaper序号首字母英文中文1 A aging 老化2 B battery charger 充电器3 black-fleck 黑斑4 C cap 盖板5 capacity density 能量密度6 capacity grading 分容7 cathode tab welding 极耳超焊8 cell 电芯9 charge(capacity) retention 荷电（容量）保持10 checking code 检码11 concave spot 凹点12 constant current charge 恒流充电13 constant current discharge 恒流放电14 constant voltage charge 恒压充电15 corrective measures 纠正措施16 crack 裂纹17 cut-off voltage 终止电压18 cycle life 循环寿命19 D dark trace 暗痕20 degrade 降级21 dent 凹痕22 discharge depth 放电深度23 distortion 变形24 drape 打折25 E Electrical and MechanicalServices Department 机电部26 electrolyte 电解，电解液27 empaistic 压纹28 end-off voltage 放电截止电压29 environmentally friendly 对环境友好30 equipment first inspection 设备首检31 erode 腐蚀32 explosion-proof line 防爆线33 F first inspection 首检34 formation 化成35 fracture 断裂36 I inspection 检验37 insulate 绝缘38 internal resistance 内阻39 J jellyroll 卷芯40 joint 接缝，结合点41 L laser deflecting 偏光42 laser reticle 激光刻线43 laser welding-flatwise weld 激光焊接-平焊laser welding-standing weld 激光焊接-立焊44 leakage 漏液45 leak-checking 测漏46 leaving out of welding 漏焊47 limited charge voltage 充电限制电压48 local action 自放电49 M margin turnly 翘边50 measuring the dimension of cells 电芯卡尺寸51 meet requirement 达到要求52 memory effects 记忆效应53 N nick 划痕54 nominal voltage 标称电压55 notice-board confirmation 看板确认56 nugget 硬块57 O obverse 正面58 open circuit voltage 开路电压59 over charge 过充60 over discharge 过放61 over the thickness 超厚62 P particle 颗粒63 PE membrane PE 膜64 pit 坑点65 placing cells into the box 电芯装盒66 point inspection 点检67 preventive measures 预防措施68 pricking the tapes 扎孔69 process inspection 制程检验70 put the battery piled up 将电芯叠放在一起71 Q qualified products 合格品72 quality assurance 质量保证73 quality control 质量控制74 quality improvement 质量改进75 quality match 品质配对76 quality planning 质量策划77 R rated capacity 额定容量78 recharge 再充电79 refitting the can of cell 电芯壳口整形80 requirment 要求81 reverse 背面，反面82 rework 返工83 ringing cells into pyrocondensation films 套热缩膜84 S safety vent 安全阀85 sand aperture 砂眼86 scar 疤痕87 secondary battery 二次电池88 select appearance 选外观sharp-set 批锋89 short circuit checking 测短路90 smudginess 污物91 spot welding by laser 激光点焊92 spot welding place 点焊位置93 spraying the code 喷码94 spur 毛刺95 sticking the PVC cover boards 贴面垫96 storing 陈化97 storing with high voltage 高压储存98 T tabs deflection 极耳歪斜99 tabs excursion 极耳错位100 technics requiment 工艺要求101 U ultrasonic welding 超声波焊接102 ultrasonic welding strength 超焊强度103 unqualified products 不合格品104 W wave 波浪105 working procedure 工序Voltage：Units of measuring electrical current, all batteries are rated in volts DC. (Direct Current). This determines how much energy is needed to power your equipment. Voltage plateau:（电压平台）A slow decrease in voltage over a long period of time. As a rule, the plateau extends from the first voltage drop at the start of the discharge to the bend of the curve after which the voltage drops rapidly at the end.Nominal Voltage（标称电压）The voltage of a battery, as specified by the manufacturer, discharging at a specified rate and temperature.Working voltage（工作电压）The working voltage of a cell or battery begins at its electrical connections assoon as an electrical consumer is connected to it.Discharging voltage, average voltage (放电电压)The average discharging voltage is the average value of the discharging voltage during the entire discharging process with a related discharging current.Open circuit voltage (OCV 开路电压)The voltage of a battery when there is no current flowing.Closed-Circuit Voltage (CCV 闭路电压)The potential or voltage of a battery when it is discharging or charging.State of charge:The rate of charge capacity vs. whole capacity.Initial voltage（起始电压）A battery＇s initial voltage is the working voltage when discharging begins. End-point voltage (End voltage, Cutoff voltage, Final voltage)截止电压Specified closed circuit voltage at which a service output test is terminated. End-of-discharge voltageThe battery voltage when discharge is terminated.End-of-charge voltageThe battery voltage when charge is terminated.Cutoff voltage (V)The battery voltage at which charge or discharge is terminated.Definition: Capacity(容量）? The capacity of a cell is defined as how manymilli-amp-hours (mAh) of current the cell canstore and subsequently deliver.? One milli-amp (mA) is 1/1000th of an Amp. Somelarger cell capacities are expressed in Amp-hours(Ah).? “Rated capacity” is varies with discharge rate,temperature, and cutoff voltage.? Rated capacity is different from power or energy? Example:? If a cell is rated at 1000 mAh, then it can deliverthe following:? 1000 mA of current for 1 hour? 500 mA of current for 2 hours? 200 mA of current for 5 hours? 2000 mA of current for 1/2 hourDefinition: Energy Density(能量密度，包括体积比能量和质量比能量）? The energy density of a cell is a measure of howmuch energy can be stored in the cell per unitvolume or per unit weight.? E (watt-hours) = cell voltage x capacity rating? Energy density per unit volume is called the“volumetric energy density” and is expressed interms of watt-hours/liter (wh/l).? Energy density per unit weight is called the“gravimetric energy density” and is expressedin terms of watt-hours/kilogram (wh/kg).? These measurements are useful when you aretrying to determine which cell has the mostcapacity per unit volume or weight.1.Self Discharge 自放电2.Uniformity of the Li-ion Batteries 锂离子电池的一致性3.steel strap 钢带4.Burst vent 防爆阀5.Filling port 注液孔6.spirally wound type cylindrical wound type 圆柱形7.foil 箔8.parallel-plate prismatic design 方形叠片式设计Ageing （老化）- Permanent loss of capacity with frequent use orthe passage of time due to unwanted irreversible chemical reactions in the cell.Anode（阳极）- The electrode in an electrochemical cell where oxidation takes place, releasing electrons.During discharge the negative electrode of the cell is the anode.During charge the situation reverses and the positive electrode of the cell is the anode.Cathode（阴极）- The electrode in an electrochemical cell where reduction takes place, gaining electrons.During discharge the positive electrode of the cell is the cathode. During chargethe situation reverses andthe negative electrode of the cell is the cathode.Cycle （循环）- A single charge and discharge of a battery.Depth of discharge DOD （放电深度）- The ratio of the quantity of electricity or charge removed from a cell on discharge to its rated capacity.Internal impedance（交流内阻）- Resistance to the flow of AC current within a cell. It takes into account the capacitive effect of the plates forming the electrodes.Internal resistance（直流内阻）- Resistance to the flow of DC electric current within a cell,causing a voltage drop across the cell in closed circuit proportional to the currentdrain from the cell.A low internal impedance is usually required for a high rate cell.锂离子电池的内阻英语概念到底用哪个概念，是Internal resistance 还是Internal impedance，一些电池说明书内阻用Internal resistance，也有的用Internal impedance，我认为Internal impedance 较好些，因为国内测的电池内阻基本都是交流内阻，而外文也有这样定义的（我在别的帖子也粘贴过）：Internal impedance（交流内阻）- Resistance to the flow of AC current within a cell.It takes into account the capacitive effect of the plates forming the electrodes.Internal resistance（直流内阻）- Resistance to the flow of DC electric current withina cell,causing a voltage drop across the cell in closed circuit proportional to the currentdrain from the cell.A low internal impedance is usually required for a high rate cell.在IEC6196002 中，只定义为Internal resistance，而用交流的方法测得的内阻，叫Internal a.c. resistance（交流内阻）用直流的方法测得的内阻，叫Internal d.c. resistance（直流内阻），其实Internal a.c. resistance 测得就是阻抗，这样看来不如用Internal impedance（交流内阻）和Internal resistance （直流内阻）这两个概念把它们进行分清，以免混淆。
微扩层改性对煤基石墨微观结构和储锂性能的影响
化工进展Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress2023 年第 42 卷第 12 期微扩层改性对煤基石墨微观结构和储锂性能的影响李龙1，邢宝林2，3，鲍倜傲2，3，靳鹏1，曾会会2，3，郭晖2，3，张越2，张文豪2（1 炼焦煤资源开发及综合利用国家重点实验室，中国平煤神马控股集团有限公司，河南 平顶山 467000；2 河南省煤炭绿色转化重点实验室，河南理工大学化学化工学院，河南 焦作 454000；3 煤炭安全生产河南省协同创新中心，河南 焦作 454000）摘要：以自制煤基石墨为前体，浓硫酸为插层剂，高锰酸钾为氧化剂，采用液相氧化插层-热处理工艺对煤基石墨进行微扩层改性处理，制备出微扩层煤基石墨。
利用X 射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、拉曼光谱测试、低温氮气吸附和X 射线光电子能谱等手段分析不同微扩层煤基石墨的微观结构，并测试其用作锂离子电池负极材料的电化学储锂特性，系统研究微扩层改性对煤基石墨微观结构和储锂性能的影响。
研究表明，微扩层改性处理不仅可增加石墨微晶片层的层间距，还可以在石墨基体中引入纳米孔道和C ==O 、C —O —H 及C —O —C 等含氧官能团。
氧化剂用量是影响微扩层煤基石墨微观结构的重要因素。
通过调节氧化剂用量可实现微扩层煤基石墨微晶层间距、纳米孔道和表面官能团等微观结构的有效调控。
当氧化剂用量为煤基石墨的0.30倍时，微扩层煤基石墨的层间距为0.3374nm ，其纳米孔道主要由1~2nm 微孔和2~6nm 中孔组成，比表面积为24.6m 2/g ，且富含C ==O 、C —O —H 及C —O —C 等含氧官能团。
微扩层煤基石墨用作锂离子电池负极材料展现出优异的电化学储锂性能，其在0.1C 低电流密度下的可逆比容量最高可达511.1mAh/g ，在5C 高电流密度下为348.7mAh/g ，且经300次循环充放电后，其比容量仍可维持在313.3mAh/g ，容量保持率为89.9%，综合性能远高于煤基石墨。
充电器 词汇
Alkaline batteries ：碱性电池Capacitor batteries：电容电池Carbon zinc batteries ：碳锌电池Lead acid batteries：铅酸电池Lead calcium batteries：铅钙电池Lithium batteries ：锂电池Lithium ion batteries ：锂离子电池Lithium polymer batteries：锂聚合物电池铅酸蓄电池Lead-acid battery起动铅酸电池Lead-acid starter batteries摩托车用铅酸电池Lead-acid batteries for motorcycles内燃机车用铅酸电池Lead-acid batteries for disel locomotive电动道路车辆用铅酸电池Lead-acid batteries for electric road vehicles小型阀控密封式铅酸电池small-sized valve-regulated lead-acid batteries航空用铅酸电池Aircraft lead-acid batteries固定型阀控密封式铅酸蓄电池Lead-acid batteries for stationary valve-regulated 铅酸电池用极板plate for lead-acid battery铅锭lead ingots牵引用铅酸电池Lead-acid traction batteies电解液激活蓄电池electrolyte activated batteryvent valve 排气阀filling device for pleral cells 电池组填充装置negative electrode 负电极negative plate 负极板addition reagent for negative plate 负极板添加剂indicator 指示器top cover 上盖vent plug 液孔塞expanded grid 扩展式板栅specific gravity indicator 比重指示器electrolyte level control pipe 电解液液面控制管electrolyte level indicator 电解液液面指示器electrolyte level sensor 电解液液面传感器hard rubber container 硬橡胶槽envelope separator 包状隔板woven cloth tube 纺布管spongy lead 海绵状铅partition 隔壁over the partition type 越过隔壁型through the partition type 贯通隔壁贯通型separator 隔板(1)battery rack(2)battery stand(3)battery stillage 蓄电池架/蓄电池底垫active material 活性物质glass fiber separator 玻璃纤维隔板glass mat 玻璃纤维绵glass mat tube 玻璃纤维绵管spacing washer 间隔垫圈reinforced fiber separator 强化纤维隔板polarity mark plate 极性标记板pole 极柱pole insulator 极柱绝缘子pole nut 极柱螺母plate 极板plate foot 极板足plate supporter 极板支撑件element 极板群/极群组pole bolt 极柱螺栓plate lug 极板耳dilute sulfuric acid 稀硫酸steel can 金属罐steel container 金属蓄电池槽(1)madribs(2)element rest 鞍子/极群组座tubular plate 管状极板gelled electrolyte 胶体电解液grid 板栅caution label 警告标签synthetic resin separator 合成树脂隔板plastics container 塑料蓄电池槽synthetic fiber separator 合成纤维隔板connector sunken type 沉没型连接器connetor exposed type 露出型连接器safety valve test 安全阀测试ampere-hour efficency 安时效率one charge distance range 一次充电行程gas recombination on negative electrode type 阴极气体再化合型/阴极气体复合型cut-off discharge 终止放电/截止放电(1）specific characteristic (2)energy density (1)比特性（2）能量密度recovering charge 恢复充电(1)open circuit voltage(2)off-load voltage 开路电压/空载电压overcharge 过充电gassing 析气overcharge life test 过充电寿命试验accelerated life test 加速寿命试验active material utilization 活性物质利用率theoretical capacity of active material 活性物质的理论容量over discharge 过放电intermittent discharge 间歇放电full charge 完全充电full discharge 完全放电reverse charge 反充电/反向充电quick charge 快速放电allowable minimum voltage 允许最小电压equalizing charge 均衡充电creeping 蠕变group voltage 组电压shallow cycle endurance 轻负荷寿命/轻负荷循环寿命characteristic of electrolyte decrease 电解液减少特性nominal voltage 标称电压high rate discharge 高率放电high rate discharge characteristic 高率放电特性5 second voltage at discharge 放电5秒电压（1）cold cranking ampere（2）cold cranking performance （1）冷启动电流（2）冷启动性能cycle life test 循环寿命测试maximum voltage at discharge 最大放电电压30 second voltage at discharge 放电30秒电压residual capacity 残存容量(1)hour rate(2) discharge rate （1）小时率（2）放电率(1) self discharge (2) local action （1）自放电（2）局部自放电(1) self discharge rate(2) local action rate （1）自放电率（2）局部自放电率actual capacity 实际容量(1)starting capability(2)cranking ability 启动能力cranking current 启动电流battery clamp test 电池夹钳测试power density 功率密度momentary discharge 瞬间放电modified constant voltage charge 修正恒定电压充电initial capacity 初始容量gas recombination by catalyser type 触媒气体复合式initialcharge 初始充电viberation test 振动试验predetermined voltage 预定电压total voltage 总电压activation test for dry charged battery 干式荷电蓄电池活化试验salting 盐析earthquake-proof characteristics 防震性能dielectric voltage withstand test 电介质耐压试验short time discharge 短时间放电escaped acid mist test 酸雾逸出测试terminal voltage 端子电压cell voltage 单电池电压step charge 阶段充电short-circuit current 短路电流storage test 保存测试high rate discharge at low temperature 低温高率放电rated voltage 额定电压rated capacity 额定容量fixed resistance discharge 定阻抗放电constant voltage charge 恒压充电constant voltage life test 恒压寿命测试constant current charge 恒流充电constant voltage constant current charge 恒流恒压充电constant current discharge 恒流放电constant watt discharge 恒功率放电low rate discharge characteristics 低率放电特征trickle charge 涓流充电trickle charge current 涓流充电电流trickle charge life test 涓流充电寿命测试thermal runaway 热失控driving pattern test 运行测试capacity in driving pattern test 运行测试boost charge 急充电floating charge 浮充电floating charge voltage 浮充电电压floating charge current 浮充电电流(1)mean voltage (2)average voltage 平均电压on-load voltage 负载电压discharge duration time 放电持续时间(1)final voltage(2)cut-off voltage(3)end voltage 终止电压/截止电压depth of discharge 放电深度discharge voltage 放电电压discharge current 放电电流discharge current density 放电电流密度discharge watt-hour 放电瓦时discharge characteristics 放电特性discharged ampere-hour 放电安时explosion proof test 防爆测试auxiliary charge 补充电maintenance factor 维护率storage characteristics 保存特性gas recombinating efficiency 气体复合效率/气体再化合效率charge 充电charge acceptance test 充电可接受性试验start-of-charge current 充电开始电流charge efficiency 充电效率end-of-charge voltage 充电结束电压specific gravity of electrolyte at the end of charge 充电结束时电解液比重charge voltage 充电电压charge current 充电电流charged watt-hour 充电瓦时charge characteristic 充电特性charge ampere-hour 充电安时deep cycle endurance 重负荷循环寿命/重复合寿命weight engergy density 重量能量密度rubber pad 橡胶垫lower level line 下液面线side terminal 侧端子collective exhaust unit 公共的排放单元sintered plaque 烧结极板sintered separator 烧结隔板sintered plate 烧结极板catalyst plug 催化塞spine 芯骨strap 带spacer 隔离物insulating tube 绝缘管intercell connector 连接线/连接条connector cover 连接管盖float mounted plug 浮动安装的栓(1)pasted plate (2)grid type plate 涂膏式极板braidd tube 编织管(1)flame-arrester vent plug (2)flam-retardant vent plug 安全塞explosion and splash proof construction 防爆防溅结构baffle 保护板pocket type plate 袋式极板bottom hole-down 底孔向下（固定）bolt fastening terminal 螺栓连接端子male blade 阳片monoblock container 整体槽positive electrode 正极positive plate 正极板leading wire terminal 引线端子retainer mat 止动垫片ribbed separator 肋隔板(1)jumping wire (2)inter low wire 跳线end plate 端板filling plug 注液塞plante plate 形成式极板/普朗特极板tubular plate 管式极板low electric resistance separator 低电阻隔板tapered terminal post 锥形接线柱electrolyte 电解液container 蓄电池槽/蓄电池壳set of container 成套蓄电池槽level-scope mounted plug 透视塞/透视栓handle 手柄jug 取液管(1)connector;(2)plug concent (1)连接器；(2)插座式连接器connector wire 连接线connecting bar 连杆connecting bar cover 连杆帽lead 引线/连接线edge insulator 绝缘卡side frame 侧框架battery cubicle 蓄电池箱perforated separator 多孔隔板burning rod (铅)焊条terminal 端子terminal connector 端子连接条terminal cover 端子盖terminal base 端子座tab 接线片lead bushing 铅套corrugated separator 波形隔板(1)lead dioxide;(2)lead peroxide (1)二氧化铅；(2)过氧化铅(1)woven separator;(2)nonwoven separator (1)织物隔板；(2)非织物隔板vent hole 通气孔exhaust tube 排气管antipolar mass 反极性物质output cable 输出电缆microporous rubber separator 微孔像胶隔板specific gravity indicator 比重计leaf separator 叶片式隔板lid sealing compound 密封剂/封口剂sealing gasket 密封衬垫/垫圈lid 蓄电池盖set of lid 系列的盖1.精滤器secondary filter high efficiency filter2、反渗透装置主机reverse osmosis unit3、反渗透膜reverse osmosis membrane4、数显示电导仪digital conductivity apparatus5、面板式流量计panel type flow meter6、混合离子交换器mixed-ion exchanger7、配套树脂supporting resin8、732阴树脂732 negative resin9、酸碱再生装置acid and alkali regenerative unit10、直线型铅碇输送机linear type lead ingot conveyer11、自动恒温熔铅炉melting furnace with automatic constant temperature12、铅棒冷却槽lead stick cooling tank13、铅粉视密度lead powder apparent density14、卸料阀discharge valve15、布风屏cloth besel锂离子电池专业英语和大家分享一下，有不足的欢迎大家补充！方通盖板cover board底板solepiece钢珠steel ball压钢珠press steel ball防爆阀valve preventing explosion大电流(倍率)放电discharge in high rate current标称电压Normal voltage标称容量normal capacity放电容量discharge capacity充电上限电压limited voltage in charge放电下限电压terminating voltage in discharge恒流充电constant current charge恒压充电constant voltage charge恒流放电constant current discharge放电曲线discharge curve充电曲线charge curve放电平台discharge voltage plateau容量衰减capacity attenuation起始容量initial discharge capacity流水线pipelining传送带carrying tape焊极耳welding the current collector卷绕wind叠片layer贴胶带stick tape点焊spot welding超声焊ultrasonic weldingThe terminating voltage in discharge of the battery is 3.0 volt. The limited voltage in charge of the battery is 4.2 volt.三元素Nickle-Cobalt-Manganese Lithium Oxidethree elements materials钴酸锂Cobalt Lithium Oxide锰酸锂Manganese Lithium Oxide石墨graphite烘箱oven真空烘箱vacuum oven搅拌机mixing devicevacuum mixing device涂布机coating equipment裁纸刀paper knife ,,,,,,cutting knife分条机equipment for cutting big piece to much pieces 辊压机roll press equipment电阻点焊机spot welding machine超声点焊机ultrasonic spot welding machine卷绕机winder自动叠片机auto laminating machine激光焊机laser welding machine注液机infusing machine真空注液机vacuum infusion machine预充柜pre-charge equipment化成柜formation systems分容柜grading systems测试柜testing systems内阻仪battery inner resistance tester万用表multimeter转盘式真空封口机turntable type vacuum sealing machine自动冲膜机automatic aluminum membrane shaper序号首字母英文中文1 A aging 老化2 B battery charger 充电器3 black-fleck 黑斑4 C cap 盖板5 capacity density 能量密度6 capacity grading 分容7 cathode tab welding 极耳超焊8 cell 电芯9 charge(capacity) retention 荷电（容量）保持10 checking code 检码11 concave spot 凹点12 constant current charge 恒流充电13 constant current discharge 恒流放电14 constant voltage charge 恒压充电15 corrective measures 纠正措施16 crack 裂纹17 cut-off voltage 终止电压18 cycle life 循环寿命19 D dark trace 暗痕20 degrade 降级21 dent 凹痕22 discharge depth 放电深度23 distortion 变形24 drape 打折25 E Electrical and MechanicalServices Department 机电部26 electrolyte 电解，电解液27 empaistic 压纹28 end-off voltage 放电截止电压29 environmentally friendly 对环境友好30 equipment first inspection 设备首检31 erode 腐蚀32 explosion-proof line 防爆线33 F first inspection 首检34 formation 化成35 fracture 断裂36 I inspection 检验37 insulate 绝缘38 internal resistance 内阻39 J jellyroll 卷芯40 joint 接缝，结合点41 L laser deflecting 偏光42 laser reticle 激光刻线43 laser welding-flatwise weld 激光焊接-平焊laser welding-standing weld 激光焊接-立焊44 leakage 漏液45 leak-checking 测漏46 leaving out of welding 漏焊47 limited charge voltage 充电限制电压48 local action 自放电49 M margin turnly 翘边50 measuring the dimension of cells 电芯卡尺寸51 meet requirement 达到要求52 memory effects 记忆效应53 N nick 划痕54 nominal voltage 标称电压55 notice-board confirmation 看板确认56 nugget 硬块57 O obverse 正面58 open circuit voltage 开路电压59 over charge 过充60 over discharge 过放61 over the thickness 超厚62 P particle 颗粒63 PE membrane PE膜64 pit 坑点65 placing cells into the box 电芯装盒66 point inspection 点检67 preventive measures 预防措施68 pricking the tapes 扎孔69 process inspection 制程检验70 put the battery piled up 将电芯叠放在一起71 Q qualified products 合格品72 quality assurance 质量保证73 quality control 质量控制74 quality improvement 质量改进75 quality match 品质配对76 quality planning 质量策划77 R rated capacity 额定容量78 recharge 再充电79 refitting the can of cell 电芯壳口整形80 requirment 要求81 reverse 背面，反面82 rework 返工83 ringing cells into pyrocondensation films 套热缩膜84 S safety vent 安全阀85 sand aperture 砂眼86 scar 疤痕87 secondary battery 二次电池88 select appearance 选外观sharp-set 批锋89 short circuit checking 测短路90 smudginess 污物91 spot welding by laser 激光点焊92 spot welding place 点焊位置93 spraying the code 喷码94 spur 毛刺95 sticking the PVC cover boards 贴面垫96 storing 陈化97 storing with high voltage 高压储存98 T tabs deflection 极耳歪斜99 tabs excursion 极耳错位100 technics requiment 工艺要求101 U ultrasonic welding 超声波焊接102 ultrasonic welding strength 超焊强度103 unqualified products 不合格品104 W wave 波浪105 working procedure 工序Voltage：Units of measuring electrical current, all batteries are rated in volts DC. (Direct Current). This determines how much energy is needed to power your equipment.Voltage plateau:（电压平台）A slow decrease in voltage over a long period of time. As a rule, the plateau extends from the first voltage drop at the start of the discharge to the bend of the curve after which the voltage drops rapidly at the end.Nominal Voltage（标称电压）The voltage of a battery, as specified by the manufacturer, discharging at a specified rate and temperature.Working voltage（工作电压）The working voltage of a cell or battery begins at its electrical connections as soon as an electrical consumer is connected to it.Discharging voltage, average voltage (放电电压)The average discharging voltage is the average value of the discharging voltage during the entire discharging process with a related discharging current.Open circuit voltage (OCV开路电压)The voltage of a battery when there is no current flowing.Closed-Circuit Voltage (CCV闭路电压)The potential or voltage of a battery when it is discharging or charging.State of charge:The rate of charge capacity vs. whole capacity.Initial voltage（起始电压）A battery＇s initial voltage is the working voltage when discharging begins. End-point voltage (End voltage, Cutoff voltage, Final voltage)截止电压Specified closed circuit voltage at which a service output test is terminated. End-of-discharge voltageThe battery voltage when discharge is terminated.End-of-charge voltageThe battery voltage when charge is terminated.Cutoff voltage (V)The battery voltage at which charge or discharge is terminated.Definition: Capacity(容量）? The capacity of a cell is defined as how manymilli-amp-hours (mAh) of current the cell canstore and subsequently deliver.? One milli-amp (mA) is 1/1000th of an Amp. Somelarger cell capacities are expressed in Amp-hours(Ah).? “Rated capacity” is varies with discharge rate,temperature, and cutoff voltage.? Rated capacity is different from power or energy? Example:? If a cell is rated at 1000 mAh, then it can deliverthe following:? 1000 mA of current for 1 hour? 500 mA of current for 2 hours? 200 mA of current for 5 hours? 2000 mA of current for 1/2 hourDefinition: Energy Density(能量密度，包括体积比能量和质量比能量）? The energy density of a cell is a measure of howmuch energy can be stored in the cell per unitvolume or per unit weight.? E (watt-hours) = cell voltage x capacity rating? Energy density per unit volume is called the“volumetric energy density” and is expressed interms of watt-hours/liter (wh/l).? Energy density per unit weight is called the“gravimetric energy density” and is expressedin terms of watt-hours/kilogram (wh/kg).? These measurements are useful when you aretrying to determine which cell has the mostcapacity per unit volume or weight.1.Self Discharge 自放电2.Uniformity of the Li-ion Batteries 锂离子电池的一致性3.steel strap 钢带4.Burst vent 防爆阀5.Filling port 注液孔6.spirally wound type cylindrical wound type 圆柱形7.foil 箔8.parallel-plate prismatic design 方形叠片式设计Ageing （老化）- Permanent loss of capacity with frequent use orthe passage of time due to unwanted irreversible chemical reactions in the cell.Anode（阳极）- The electrode in an electrochemical cell where oxidation takes place, releasing electrons.During discharge the negative electrode of the cell is the anode.During charge the situation reverses and the positive electrode of the cell is the anode.Cathode（阴极）- The electrode in an electrochemical cell where reduction takes place, gaining electrons.During discharge the positive electrode of the cell is the cathode. During charge the situation reverses andthe negative electrode of the cell is the cathode.Cycle （循环）- A single charge and discharge of a battery.Depth of discharge DOD （放电深度）- The ratio of the quantity of electricity or charge removed from a cell on discharge to its rated capacity.Internal impedance（交流内阻）- Resistance to the flow of AC current within a cell. It takes into account the capacitive effect of the plates forming the electrodes.Internal resistance （直流内阻）- Resistance to the flow of DC electric current within a cell, causing a voltage drop across the cell in closed circuit proportional to the current drain from the cell.A low internal impedance is usually required for a high rate cell.锂离子电池的内阻英语概念到底用哪个概念，是Internal resistance还是Internal impedance，一些电池说明书内阻用Internal resistance，也有的用Internal impedance，我认为Internal impedance较好些，因为国内测的电池内阻基本都是交流内阻，而外文也有这样定义的（我在别的帖子也粘贴过）：Internal impedance（交流内阻）- Resistance to the flow of AC current within a cell. It takes into account the capacitive effect of the plates forming the electrodes.Internal resistance （直流内阻）- Resistance to the flow of DC electric current within a cell, causing a voltage drop across the cell in closed circuit proportional to the current drain from the cell.A low internal impedance is usually required for a high rate cell.在IEC6196002中，只定义为Internal resistance，而用交流的方法测得的内阻，叫Internal a.c. resistance（交流内阻）用直流的方法测得的内阻，叫Internal d.c. resistance（直流内阻），其实Internal a.c. resistance测得就是阻抗，这样看来不如用Internal impedance（交流内阻）和Internal resistance （直流内阻）这两个概念把它们进行分清，以免混淆。
析锂电位 英语 lithium plating potential
析锂电位英语 lithium plating potentialLithium plating potential, also known as lithium dendrite formation, is a phenomenon that occurs in lithium-ion batteries. It refers to the formation of metallic lithium deposits on the surface of the battery's electrodes, mainly the lithium metal anode.Lithium plating is a serious issue in lithium-ion batteries because it can lead to a decline in the battery's performance, capacity degradation, and in extreme cases, it can even cause short circuits or thermal runaway, leading to battery fires or explosions. Therefore, it is crucial to understand and minimize lithium plating in order to improve the safety and efficiency of lithium-ion batteries.There are several factors that can contribute to lithium plating in lithium-ion batteries. One of the main factors is the overcharging of the battery. When a lithium-ion battery is overcharged, excess lithium ions are pushed into the anode, causing lithium metal to be deposited on its surface. This phenomenon is more likely to occur at low temperatures and high charging rates. To prevent overcharging, it is important to use a battery management system that controls the charging process and ensures that the battery is not overcharged.Another factor that can contribute to lithium plating is the formation of lithium filaments or dendrites. These are microscopic, needle-like structures that grow from the anode towards the cathode during the charging process. If these dendrites come into contact with the separator or the cathode, it can lead to a short circuit or an internal cell failure. To minimize dendrite formation, researchers are exploring various strategies, such as using different electrode materials, modifying the electrolyte composition, or applying protective coatings on the anode surface.The rate of lithium plating can also depend on the current density during charging. Higher current densities can lead to faster lithium plating, increasing the risk of dendrite formation. Therefore, it is essential to carefully design the charging protocols and limit the current density to ensure that the battery is charged in a safe and controlled manner.To analyze and measure lithium plating potential, researchers often use techniques like electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV), or scanning electron microscopy (SEM). These analytical methods allow them to study the electrochemical behavior of the battery during the charging and discharging processes, and to identify the conditions that favor or inhibit lithium plating.In conclusion, lithium plating potential is an important aspect to consider in lithium-ion battery technology. It can have a significant impact on the battery's performance, safety, and longevity. By understanding the factors that contribute to lithium plating and developing strategies to minimize it, researchers and manufacturers can improve the reliability and efficiency of lithium-ion batteries, making them a more viable option for various applications, including electric vehicles, portable electronics, and grid energy storage.。
2023-2024学年广东省广州市白云中学高三上学期9月月考英语试题
2023-2024学年广东省广州市白云中学高三上学期9月月考英语试题Sites for free online education enable you to learn courses in your comfortable place. The courses of these websites are offered by top universities. You can learn a specific subject without much investment. These websites offer many videos, articles, and e-books to increase your knowledge.CourseraCoursera is a free learning platform that offers MOOCs courses from well-known universities. All courses contain pre-recorded video lectures that you can watch when it is convenient for you. Coursera has programs together with universities that allow you to get a master’s degree. You can explore various college courses without any trouble.CodeHSCodeHS is a learning site that’s specially designed for students to learn computer science. This website provides lesson plans where you can access various resources to learn it. The courses are designed in a way that suits your personal needs. The videos can be viewed online as well as offline. Khan AcademyThis site is useful to match your learning goals. You choose this site to personalize your learning experience. This free platform can be used for learners and teachers. The resources of this site are available online as well as offline. The content of Khan Academy is available in English, French, German, and more.Connections AcademyConnections Academy is the best online course website that helps students to learn from home. The courses of this platform are designed for elementary school and middle school. The site provides personalized learning experiences and enables you to easily meet teachers and classmates in the virtual classroom.1. What's special about CodeHS?A．It satisfies personalized needs.B．It focuses on a particular subject.C．It offers access to video resources.D．It serves both learners and teachers.2. Which of the following best suits junior high students?A．Coursera.B．CodeHS.C．Khan Academy.D．Connections Academy.3. What is the purpose of this text?A．To recommend learning sites.B．To introduce various courses.C．To share on-line experiences.D．To guide off-campus students.Wang Shuang was just five when her parents divorced, dropped her at her uncle’s and left. Football, as it often is, became an escape.At seven, she was spotted by coach Xu Yilong, who found Wang quick in her playful behaviour. As the only girl in the boys’ team, Wang’s performances were impressive, earning her the nickname “Iron Girl.” And soon, she sensed the sport’s power. Football allowed her to “release herself” and realize “whatever happens, football never leaves you alone.”However, life was never smooth sailing. The constant jibes (嘲讽) from some people, who always tried to push her down and destroy her h opes, affected her so deeply that she lost confidence.” They were saying I had no talent at all. Gradually, I felt really so. “Wang once wrote. But never did she stop playing. When she was called up to the national team, aged 17,Wang thought, “Me? Are you sure?” When a world-famous club wanted to sign her, she was “excited that an excellent coach thought I was good.” It was only then that she felt confident in her abilities. “I felt recognized. Perhaps I had a bit of talent after all.”Not any “bit of talent”; the genius is praised as China’s once-in-a-generation player.China is a pioneer of women’s football in Asia and has won the continental championship eight times, including seven straight titles between 1986 and 1999.That was their golden age. Gradually, though, the dynasty declined. It is hoped that Wang will inspire the women’s football of the country to its former height.Coaches are almost always hesitant to speak about individual players. But when coach Shui was asked about Wang before the match ag ainst Vietnam, she couldn’t stop mentioning her influence on the team. Unfailingly performing on the big stage, Wang did not let her team down. When they lacked a quality ball, she delivered two high assists that finally led her team into the last-four clash (交锋).“Nobody knows how hard it was,“ declared Wang after the match. “We overcame difficulties. We also showed our strong spiritual power. I am proud of my team.”4. What can we infer about Wang from the second paragraph?A．She earned a living on her own. B．She felt the power of sports.C．She was laughed at by the boys. D．She found a sense of belonging5. How did Wang regain faith in her abilities?A．By winning recognition. B．By getting encouragement.C．By playing in the national team. D．By ignoring o ther people’s jibes.6. Which would best describe coach Shui’s attitude to Wang?A．Caring. B．Unwilling. C．Favorable. D．Demanding7. What’s the best title for the text?A．Wang Shuang: A Steel Rose B．Wang Shuang: A Child GeniusC．Wang Shuang: A Football Pioneer D．Wang Shuang: A Golden Age Successor·It is reported that endangered polar bears are breeding (繁殖) with grizzly bears (灰熊), creating “pizzly” bears, which is being driven by climate change.As the world warms and Arctic sea ice thins, starving polar bears are being forced ever further south, where they meet grizzlies, whose ranges are expanding northwards. And with that growing contact between the two come increasing hybrids (杂交种).With characteristics that could give the hybrids an advantage in warming northern habitats, some scientists guess that they could be here to stay. “Usually, hybrids aren’t better suited to their environments than their parents, but these hybrids are able to search for a broader range of food sources,” Larisa DeSantis, a n associate professor of biological sciences at Vanderbilt University, told Live Science.The rise of “pizzly” bears appears with polar bears’ decline: their numbers are estimated to decrease by more than 30% in the next 30 years. This sudden fall is linke d partly to “pizzly” bears taking up polar bears’ ranges, where they outcompete them, but also to polar bears’ highly specialized diets.“Polar bears mainly consumed soft foods even during the Medieval Warm Period, a previous period of rapid warming,” DeSantis said, referring to fat meals such as seals. “Although all of these starving polar bears are trying to find alternative food sources, like seabird eggs, it could be a tipping point for their survival.” Actually, the calories they gain from these source s do not balance out those they burn from searching for them. This could result in a habitat ready for the hybrids to move in and take over, leading to a loss in biodiversity if polar bears are replaced.“We’re having massive impacts with climate change on species,” DeSantis said. “The polar bear is telling us how bad things are. In some sense, “pizzly” bears could be a sad but necessary compromise given current warming trends.”8. Why are polar bears moving further south?A．To create hybrids. B．To expand ranges.C．To contact grizzlies. D．To relieve hunger.9. What enables “pizzly” bears to adapt to natural surroundings better than their parents?A．Broader habitats. B．Climate preference.C．More food options. D．Improved breeding ability.10. What does the underlined phrase “a tipping point” in paragraph 5 refer to?A．A rare chance. B．A critical stage.C．A positive factor. D．A constant change.11. What’s the main idea of the text?A．Polar bears are changing diets for climate change.B．Polar bears have already adjusted to climate change.C．“Pizzly” bears have replaced polar bears for global warming.D．“Pizzly” bears are on the rise because of global warming.The rechargeable lithium-ion (锂离子) battery market is worth more than ＄50 billion. Lithium-ion batteries, whose demand continues to go up day by day, are used in a wide range of electronic devices. They are made of four main components, and cathode (阴极) is one of them. The cathode’s active material type is what determines the capacity of a battery.A recent study, led by Wang Yan, a material scientist of Worcester Polytechnic Institute, finds that lithium-ion batteries made with recycled cathodes work better than those with new cathodes. “The battery industry is expected to grow sharply in the next decade. This high demand has led companies to go to extremes, like increasing deep-sea mining, to gain access to the minerals used in lithium-ion batteries,” Wang said. “Mining minerals will have environmental impacts. Recycling spent lithium-ion batteries offers a way out.”But until now, the prospect of using recycled materials in lithium-ion batteries has some manufacturers (制造商) worrying that it could impact performance. Thus, lithium-ion batteries are still not widely recycled. Aware of decreasing resources and environmental impact, Wang and other researchers set out to find a way to make recycling lithium-ion batteries economically practical. Through experiments, they could recover more than 90% of the key metals from spent batteries. These recovered m etals became the basis of the new recycled battery’s cathode’s active material.In tests between Wang’s team’s recycled batteries and brand-new batteries of the same composition, the recycled batteries outperform the new ones in their ability to maintain capacity. It took 11,600 charge cycles for recycled cathode batteries to lose 30 percent of their original capacity. That was about 50 percent better than the 7,600 observed cycles for new cathode batteries, the team reported. Those thousands of extra cycles could translate into years of better battery performance, even after repeated use and recharging.12. What can we learn about lithium-ion batteries from the first paragraph?A．They are high in price.B．They are in great demand.C．They are limited in use.D．They are simple in composition.13. What does Wang mainly talk about in paragraph 3?A．The target users of recycled batteries.B．The ways to get minerals for batteries.C．The major reasons for recycling batteries.D．The complex process of recycling batteries.14. What are the manufacturers concerned about?A．Declining mineral resources.B．Difficult recycling techniques.C．Serious environmental problems.D．Inefficient battery performance.15. Which of the following details best supports the main idea of the text?A．The battery industry is going to develop dramatically.B．Recycling batteries reduces impact on the environment.C．Scientists can recover key materials from spent batteries.D．Recycled batteries outperform new ones in charging circles.Career coaches provide a series of services, from helping you figure out what you want to do to exploring chances for career growth. 16 To make it all worthwhile, some helpful tips are offered here to help you choose a right coach.Know what type of professional you need to hire. 17 In other words, they help you explore your future career possibilities and figure out what is stopping you from advancing in your development.18 Go into your coaching relationship with an idea of what you think you need from them, but be willing to think about their guidance on what other measures may make you more successful- for example, Business Value training to make sure you’ll be satisfied in a new job.Try sample lessons to find the right one. Most coaches offer free sample lessons, which help you get to know their styles clearly. You may need a coach with career experiences, or you may need one who offers life advice. If you aren’t sure what you want, ask questions. 19Consider cost, and make contact. Coaching fees are not the same. Some coaches charge more for polishing resumes, while others include that in the overall price. 20 Once you’re clear about it, you can make your decision and communicate with the chosen coach.The school where Rachel teaches serves free meals to its students. Before her adoring students left for their new year vacation, they ______ her with lots of gifts. But one gift from a girl, in particular, ______ her heart.This girl wanted to get Rachel something so ______, but had nothing to give. So rather than offer nothing, she ______her free breakfast cereal (混合麦片) at school.She took the ______ to pick every dried grape, the favorite part of her breakfast, out of her cereal and ______ them as an unusual new year present for her teacher.Rachel posted the ______ story on Facebook, hoping to help people gain some ______ for what they have in their lives- because even when this youngster had nothing to offer, she was still willing to______ her favorite dried grapes. Inspired by the kind gesture, many people contacted the school headmaster to make ______ “It makes me so proud of my kids that they have touched your hearts along with mine. ”Rachel said. “Your ______ in offering gifts to both the student s and me and your donations to our school have not gone _______. We are all deeply moved. ”“My wish for all of you is to remember this kind and simple ______ of love from one of my school babies and carry it with you and continue to ______ love and kindness to everyone you meet-not just during this ______ season. ”21.A．helped B．supplied C．comforted D．showered22.A．cured B．melted C．changed D．broke23.A．badly B．casually C．hesitantly D．hardly24.A．gave away B．asked for C．opened up D．put aside25.A．courage B．chance C．lesson D．time26.A．unwrapped B．repackaged C．cooked D．separated27.A．nice B．imaginary C．funny D．old28.A．appreciation B．sympathy C．confidence D．desire29.A．enjoy B．keep C．collect D．sacrifice30.A．preparations B．appointments C．donations D．requirements31.A．curiosity B．generosity C．experience D．trouble32.A．unchecked B．unexpected C．unnoticed D．uncovered33.A．act B．word C．trick D．hope34.A．spread B．teach C．explain D．declare35.A．graduation B．autumn C．School D．holiday阅读下面短文, 在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
余彦教授凝胶电解质英文文章
余彦教授凝胶电解质英文文章English: Professor Yu Yan's research on gel electrolytes has made significant contributions to the development of advanced energy storage devices. Gel electrolytes, as a type of solid-state electrolyte, have the potential to improve the safety and performance of batteries. Professor Yu's team has focused on designing and synthesizing polymer gel electrolytes with high ionic conductivity and mechanical strength. This involves the use of various polymers, solvents, and additives to create a stable and efficient electrolyte that can be used in lithium-ion batteries, supercapacitors, and other energy storage systems. Their work has also involved studying the electrochemical and thermal properties of gel electrolytes, as well as optimizing their performance in different operating conditions. Overall, Professor Yu's research has advanced our understanding of gel electrolytes and paved the way for their practical application in diverse energy storage technologies.中文翻译: 余彦教授关于凝胶电解质的研究对先进能源存储设备的发展做出了重要贡献。
锂离子动力电池系统热失控扩展特性试验研究
锂离子动力电池系统热失控扩展特性试验研究郑腾飞朱顺良谢欢朱强沈驰（上海机动车检测认证技术研究中心有限公司，上海201805）【摘要】锂离子动力电池系统热失控扩展是造成电动汽车火灾事故的主要原因之一，文章以由圆柱形电池构成的动力电池系统对象，热触发单个电芯热失控的方式，通过采集电芯和模组的电压、温数，对电芯热失控及在模组和系统内热扩析与研究。
结果表明，电热失控诱发热扩展过程较为短暂，约5s引发第二节电芯热失控;热失控发生前，触发电芯的负极采样温度高极,且负极温变速稳;热失控发生后，受极喷射火焰影响，直接串接模组存在更高风险，在热扩展中受影响最大。
-Abstract]Thermae runaway expansion of lithium-ion power battery system is one of the main couses of electhc vehide fire accigents.In this papee，the power batere system composed of cylindri-cd lithium一ion batere i s taken as the tesi object.The therma runaway of singee ceU is triggered by heating.By collecting the voltage，temperature and othee characteristio parametere of celi and moduie，the thermai runaway and thermai expansion characteristicc within tee range of moduie and system are tested and anaeyeed.Theeesuetsshowthatthepeooesottheemaeeunawayonduoed bytheemaeeunaway is short，oniy after5seconds the thermai runaway of the second core is ccused.Before thermai runaway occuia，the sampling temperature of tee necativv electrode of tee thgger celi is higher than that of the positivv electrode，and tee necativv temperature rate is stable;dfter the thermal runaway occuia，the module directly connected witli the positivv electrode has higher risk due te the influencc of eie positivv jet tlame，and is most atected in the thermal expansion.-关键词】电池系统热失控温度特性电动汽车doi：10.3969/j.issn.1007-4554.2021.01.020引言大力推进新能源汽车发展，是我国在转：源消费结构、改善环境、提升能源效面做出的选择，也是推动我国汽车产业转型升级，实现我国从汽车大国迈向汽车强国的必：路。
电池英语及翻译术语专业英语词汇_英语词汇
Alkaline batteries ：碱性电池Capacitor batteries：电容电池Carbon zinc batteries ：碳锌电池Lead acid batteries：铅酸电池Lead calcium batteries：铅钙电池Lithium batteries ：锂电池Lithium ion batteries ：锂离子电池Lithium polymer batteries：锂聚合物电池Nickel cadmium batteries ：镍镉电池Nickel iron batteries ：镍铁电池Nickel metal hydride batteries ：金属氧化物镍氢电池/镍氢电池Nickel zinc batteries：镍锌电池Primary batteries ：原电池Rechargeable batteries ：充电电池Sealed lead acid batteries：密封铅酸电池Silver cadmium batteries ：银钙电池Silver oxide batteries ：银氧化物电池Silver zinc batteries：银锌电池Zinc chloride batteries：银氯化物电池Zinc air batteries：锌空电池Environmental Protection batteries:环保电池Lithium batteries ：锂电池Lithium ion batteries ：锂离子电池Lithium polymer batteries：锂聚合物电池铅酸蓄电池 Lead-acid battery起动铅酸电池 Lead-acid starter batteries摩托车用铅酸电池 Lead-acid batteries for motorcycles内燃机车用铅酸电池 Lead-acid batteries for disel locomotive电动道路车辆用铅酸电池 Lead-acid batteries for electric road vehicles小型阀控密封式铅酸电池 small-sized valve-regulated lead-acid batteries航空用铅酸电池 Aircraft lead-acid batteries固定型阀控密封式铅酸蓄电池 Lead-acid batteries for stationary valve-regulated铅酸电池用极板 plate for lead-acid battery铅锭 lead ingots牵引用铅酸电池 Lead-acid traction batteies电解液激活蓄电池 electrolyte activated battery更多电池资讯：电池产品认证指导网站：valve 排气阀filling device for pleral cells 电池组填充装置negative electrode 负电极negative plate 负极板addition reagent for negative plate 负极板添加剂indicator 指示器top cover 上盖vent plug 液孔塞expanded grid 扩展式板栅specific gravity indicator 比重指示器electrolyte level control pipe 电解液液面控制管electrolyte level indicator 电解液液面指示器electrolyte level sensor 电解液液面传感器hard rubber container 硬橡胶槽envelope separator 包状隔板woven cloth tube 纺布管spongy lead 海绵状铅partition 隔壁over the partition type 越过隔壁型through the partition type 贯通隔壁贯通型separator 隔板(1)battery rack(2)battery stand(3)battery stillage 蓄电池架/蓄电池底垫active material 活性物质glass fiber separator 玻璃纤维隔板glass mat 玻璃纤维绵glass mat tube 玻璃纤维绵管spacing washer 间隔垫圈reinforced fiber separator 强化纤维隔板polarity mark plate 极性标记板pole 极柱pole insulator 极柱绝缘子pole nut 极柱螺母plate 极板plate foot 极板足plate supporter 极板支撑件element 极板群/极群组pole bolt 极柱螺栓plate lug 极板耳dilute sulfuric acid 稀硫酸steel can 金属罐steel container 金属蓄电池槽(1)madribs(2)element rest 鞍子/极群组座tubular plate 管状极板gelled electrolyte 胶体电解液更多电池资讯：电池产品认证指导网站：板栅caution label 警告标签synthetic resin separator 合成树脂隔板plastics container 塑料蓄电池槽synthetic fiber separator 合成纤维隔板connector sunken type 沉没型连接器connetor exposed type 露出型连接器safety valve test 安全阀测试ampere-hour efficency 安时效率one charge distance range 一次充电行程gas recombination on negative electrode typecut-off discharge 终止放电/截止放电阴极气体再化合型/阴极气体复合型(1）specific characteristic (2)energy density (1)比特性（2）能量密度recovering charge 恢复充电(1)open circuit voltage(2)off-load voltage 开路电压/空载电压overcharge 过充电gassing 析气overcharge life test 过充电寿命试验accelerated life test 加速寿命试验active material utilization 活性物质利用率theoretical capacity of active material 活性物质的理论容量over discharge 过放电intermittent discharge 间歇放电full charge 完全充电full discharge 完全放电reverse charge 反充电/反向充电quick charge 快速放电allowable minimum voltage 允许最小电压equalizing charge 均衡充电creeping 蠕变group voltage 组电压shallow cycle endurance 轻负荷寿命/轻负荷循环寿命characteristic of electrolyte decrease 电解液减少特性nominal voltage 标称电压high rate discharge 高率放电high rate discharge characteristic 高率放电特性5 second voltage at discharge 放电 5 秒电压（1）cold cranking ampere（2）cold cranking performance（1）冷启动电流（2）冷启动性能cycle life test 循环寿命测试maximum voltage at discharge 最大放电电压30 second voltage at discharge 放电 30 秒电压residual capacity 残存容量(1)hour rate(2) discharge rate （1）小时率（2）放电率更多电池资讯：电池产品认证指导网站：self discharge (2) local action （1）自放电（2）局部自放电(1) self discharge rate(2) local action rate （1）自放电率（2）局部自放电率actual capacity 实际容量(1)starting capability(2)cranking ability 启动能力cranking current 启动电流battery clamp test 电池夹钳测试power density 功率密度momentary discharge 瞬间放电modified constant voltage charge 修正恒定电压充电initial capacity 初始容量gas recombination by catalyser type 触媒气体复合式initialcharge 初始充电viberation test 振动试验predetermined voltage 预定电压total voltage 总电压activation test for dry charged battery 干式荷电蓄电池活化试验salting 盐析earthquake-proof characteristics 防震性能dielectric voltage withstand test 电介质耐压试验short time discharge 短时间放电escaped acid mist test 酸雾逸出测试terminal voltage 端子电压cell voltage 单电池电压step charge阶段充电short-circuit current 短路电流storage test 保存测试high rate discharge at low temperature 低温高率放电rated voltage 额定电压rated capacity 额定容量fixed resistance discharge 定阻抗放电constant voltage charge 恒压充电constant voltage life test 恒压寿命测试constant current charge 恒流充电constant voltage constant current charge 恒流恒压充电constant current discharge 恒流放电constant watt discharge 恒功率放电low rate discharge characteristics 低率放电特征trickle charge 涓流充电trickle charge current 涓流充电电流trickle charge life test 涓流充电寿命测试thermal runaway 热失控driving pattern test 运行测试capacity in driving pattern test 运行测试更多电池资讯：电池产品认证指导网站：charge急充电floating charge浮充电floating charge voltage 浮充电电压floating charge current 浮充电电流(1)mean voltage (2)average voltage 平均电压on-load voltage 负载电压discharge duration time 放电持续时间(1)final voltage(2)cut-off voltage(3)end voltagedepth of discharge 放电深度discharge voltage 放电电压discharge current 放电电流discharge current density 放电电流密度discharge watt-hour 放电瓦时discharge characteristics 放电特性discharged ampere-hour 放电安时explosion proof test 防爆测试auxiliary charge 补充电maintenance factor 维护率storage characteristics 保存特性终止电压/截止电压gas recombinating efficiencycharge 充电气体复合效率/气体再化合效率charge acceptance test 充电可接受性试验start-of-charge current 充电开始电流charge efficiency 充电效率end-of-charge voltage 充电结束电压specific gravity of electrolyte at the end of charge充电结束时电解液比重charge voltage 充电电压charge current 充电电流charged watt-hour 充电瓦时charge characteristic 充电特性charge ampere-hour 充电安时deep cycle endurance 重负荷循环寿命/重复合寿命weight engergy density 重量能量密度rubber pad 橡胶垫lower level line 下液面线side terminal 侧端子collective exhaust unit 公共的排放单元sintered plaque 烧结极板sintered separator 烧结隔板sintered plate 烧结极板catalyst plug 催化塞spine 芯骨strap 带更多电池资讯：电池产品认证指导网站：隔离物insulating tube绝缘管intercell connector连接线/连接条connector cover连接管盖float mounted plug 浮动安装的栓(1)pasted plate (2)grid type plate 涂膏式极板braidd tube 编织管(1)flame-arrester vent plug (2)flam-retardant vent plug 安全塞explosion and splash proof construction 防爆防溅结构baffle 保护板pocket type plate 袋式极板bottom hole-down 底孔向下（固定）bolt fastening terminal 螺栓连接端子male blade 阳片monoblock container 整体槽positive electrode 正极positive plate 正极板leading wire terminal 引线端子retainer mat 止动垫片ribbed separator 肋隔板(1)jumping wire (2)inter low wire 跳线end plate 端板filling plug 注液塞plante plate 形成式极板/普朗特极板tubular plate 管式极板low electric resistance separator 低电阻隔板tapered terminal post 锥形接线柱electrolyte 电解液container 蓄电池槽/蓄电池壳set of container 成套蓄电池槽level-scope mounted plug 透视塞/透视栓handle 手柄jug 取液管(1)connector;(2)plug concent (1)连接器；(2)插座式连接器connector wire 连接线connecting bar 连杆connecting bar cover 连杆帽lead 引线/连接线edge insulator 绝缘卡side frame 侧框架battery cubicle 蓄电池箱perforated separator 多孔隔板burning rod (铅)焊条terminal 端子更多电池资讯：电池产品认证指导网站：connector 端子连接条terminal cover 端子盖terminal base 端子座tab 接线片lead bushing 铅套corrugated separator 波形隔板(1)lead dioxide;(2)lead peroxide (1)二氧化铅；(2)过氧化铅(1)woven separator;(2)nonwoven separator (1)织物隔板；(2)非织物隔板vent hole 通气孔exhaust tube 排气管antipolar mass 反极性物质output cable 输出电缆microporous rubber separator 微孔像胶隔板specific gravity indicator 比重计leaf separator 叶片式隔板lid sealing compound 密封剂/封口剂sealing gasket 密封衬垫/垫圈lid 蓄电池盖set of lid 系列的盖方通盖板cover board底板solepiece钢珠steel ball压钢珠press steel ball防爆阀valve preventing explosion大电流(倍率)放电discharge in high rate current 标称电压Normal voltage标称容量normal capacity放电容量discharge capacity充电上限电压limited voltage in charge 放电下限电压更多电池资讯：电池产品认证指导网站：voltage in discharge恒流充电constant current charge恒压充电constant voltage charge恒流放电constant current discharge 放电曲线discharge curve充电曲线charge curve放电平台discharge voltage plateau 容量衰减capacity attenuation起始容量initial discharge capacity 流水线pipelining传送带carrying tape焊极耳welding the current collector卷绕wind叠片layer贴胶带stick tape点焊spot welding超声焊ultrasonic weldingThe terminating voltage in discharge of the battery is volt. The limited voltage in charge of the battery is volt.三元素Nickle-Cobalt-Manganese Lithium Oxidethree elements materials钴酸锂Cobalt Lithium Oxide锰酸锂Manganese Lithium Oxide石墨graphite更多电池资讯：电池产品认证指导网站：烘箱oven真空烘箱vacuum oven搅拌机mixing devicevacuum mixing device涂布机coating equipment裁纸刀paper knife ,,,,,,cutting knife分条机equipment for cutting big piece to much pieces 辊压机roll press equipment电阻点焊机spot welding machine超声点焊机ultrasonic spot welding machine 卷绕机winder自动叠片机auto laminating machine激光焊机laser welding machine注液机infusing machine真空注液机vacuum infusion machine预充柜pre-charge equipment化成柜formation systems分容柜grading systems测试柜testing systems内阻仪battery inner resistance tester 万用表multimeter转盘式真空封口机turntable type vacuum sealing machine更多电池资讯：电池产品认证指导网站：自动冲膜机automatic aluminum membrane shaper序号首字母英文中文1 A aging 老化2 B battery charger3 black-fleck 黑斑4 C cap 盖板充电器5 capacity density 能量密度6 capacity grading 分容7 cathode tab welding 极耳超焊8 cell 电芯9 charge(capacity) retention 荷电（容量）保持10 checking code 检码11 concave spot 凹点12 constant current charge 恒流充电13 constant current discharge 恒流放电14 constant voltage charge 恒压充电15 corrective measures 纠正措施16 crack 裂纹17 cut-off voltage 终止电压18 cycle life 循环寿命19 D dark trace 暗痕20 degrade 降级21 dent 凹痕22 discharge depth 放电深度23 distortion 变形24 drape 打折25 E Electrical and MechanicalServices Department 机电部26 electrolyte 电解，电解液27 empaistic 压纹28 end-off voltage 放电截止电压29 environmentally friendly 对环境友好30 equipment first inspection 设备首检31 erode 腐蚀32 explosion-proof line 防爆线33 F first inspection 首检34 formation 化成35 fracture 断裂36 I inspection 检验37 insulate 绝缘38 internal resistance 内阻更多电池资讯：电池产品认证指导网站：J jellyroll 卷芯40 joint 接缝，结合点41 L laser deflecting 偏光42 laser reticle 激光刻线43 laser welding-flatwise weld 激光焊接-平焊laser welding-standing weld 激光焊接-立焊44 leakage 漏液45 leak-checking 测漏46 leaving out of welding 漏焊47 limited charge voltage 充电限制电压48 local action 自放电49 M margin turnly 翘边50 measuring the dimension of cells 电芯卡尺寸51 meet requirement 达到要求52 memory effects 记忆效应53 N nick 划痕54 nominal voltage 标称电压55 notice-board confirmation 看板确认56 nugget 硬块57 O obverse 正面58 open circuit voltage 开路电压59 over charge 过充60 over discharge 过放61 over the thickness 超厚62 P particle 颗粒63 PE membrane PE 膜64 pit 坑点65 placing cells into the box 电芯装盒66 point inspection 点检67 preventive measures 预防措施68 pricking the tapes 扎孔69 process inspection 制程检验70 put the battery piled up 将电芯叠放在一起71 Q qualified products 合格品72 quality assurance 质量保证73 quality control 质量控制74 quality improvement 质量改进75 quality match 品质配对76 quality planning 质量策划77 R rated capacity 额定容量78 recharge 再充电79 refitting the can of cell 电芯壳口整形80 requirment 要求81 reverse 背面，反面更多电池资讯：电池产品认证指导网站：rework 返工83 ringing cells into pyrocondensation films84 S safety vent 安全阀85 sand aperture 砂眼86 scar 疤痕87 secondary battery 二次电池88 select appearance 选外观sharp-set 批锋89 short circuit checking 测短路90 smudginess 污物91 spot welding by laser 激光点焊92 spot welding place 点焊位置93 spraying the code 喷码94 spur 毛刺95 sticking the PVC cover boards 贴面垫96 storing 陈化97 storing with high voltage 高压储存98 T tabs deflection 极耳歪斜99 tabs excursion 极耳错位100 technics requiment 工艺要求101 U ultrasonic welding 超声波焊接102 ultrasonic welding strength 超焊强度103 unqualified products 不合格品104 W wave 波浪105 working procedure 工序套热缩膜Voltage：Units of measuring electrical current, all batteries are rated in volts DC.(DirectCurrent). This determines how much energy is needed to power your equipment.Voltage plateau:（电压平台）A slow decrease in voltage over a long period of time. As a rule, the plateauextendsfrom the first voltage drop at the start of the discharge to the bend of thecurveafter which the voltage drops rapidly at the end.Nominal Voltage（标称电压）The voltage of a battery, as specified by the manufacturer, discharging at aspecified rate and temperature.Working voltage（工作电压）The working voltage of a cell or battery begins at its electrical connections assoon as an electrical consumer is connected to it.Discharging voltage, average voltage (放电电压)更多电池资讯：电池产品认证指导网站：average discharging voltage is the average value of the dischargingvoltageduring the entire discharging process with a related discharging current.Open circuit voltage (OCV 开路电压)The voltage of a battery when there is no current flowing.Closed-Circuit Voltage (CCV 闭路电压)The potential or voltage of a battery when it is discharging or charging. State of charge:The rate of charge capacity vs. whole capacity.Initial voltage（起始电压）A battery＇s initial voltage is the working voltage when discharging begins. End-point voltage (End voltage, Cutoff voltage, Final voltage)截止电压Specified closed circuit voltage at which a service output test is terminated. End-of-discharge voltageThe battery voltage when discharge is terminated.End-of-charge voltageThe battery voltage when charge is terminated.Cutoff voltage (V)The battery voltage at which charge or discharge is terminated.Definition: Capacity(容量）The capacity of a cell is defined as how manymilli-amp-hours (mAh) of current the cell canstore and subsequently deliver.One milli-amp (mA) is 1/1000th of an Amp. Somelarger cell capacities are expressed in Amp-hours(Ah).“Rated capacity” is varies with discharge rate,temperature, and cutoff voltage.Rated capacity is different from power or energyExample:If a cell is rated at 1000 mAh, then it can deliverthe following:1000 mA of current for 1 hour500 mA of current for 2 hours200 mA of current for 5 hours2000 mA of current for 1/2 hourDefinition: Energy Density(能量密度，包括体积比能量和质量比能量）The energy density of a cell is a measure of howmuch energy can be stored in the cell per unitvolume or per unit weight.E (watt-hours) = cell voltage x capacity rating更多电池资讯：电池产品认证指导网站：Energy density per unit volumeis called the“volumetric energy density” and is expressed interms of watt-hours/liter (wh/l).Energy density per unit weight is called the“gravimetric energy density” and is expressedin terms of watt-hours/kilogram (wh/kg).These measurements are useful when you aretrying to determine which cell has the mostcapacity per unit volume or weight.Discharge自放电of the Li-ion Batteriesstrap 钢带vent 防爆阀 port 注液孔锂离子电池的一致性wound type cylindrical wound type箔圆柱形prismatic design 方形叠片式设计Ageing （老化）-Permanent loss of capacity with frequent use orthe passage of time due to unwanted irreversible chemical reactions in the cell.Anode（阳极） - The electrode in an electrochemical cell where oxidation takes place,releasing electrons.During discharge the negative electrode of the cell is the anode.During charge the situation reverses and the positive electrode of the cell is the anode.Cathode（阴极） - The electrode in an electrochemical cell where reduction takesplace, gaining electrons.During discharge the positive electrode of the cell is the cathode. During chargethe situation reverses andthe negative electrode of the cell is the cathode.Cycle （循环）- A single charge and discharge of a battery.Depth of discharge DOD （放电深度）- The ratio of the quantity of electricity orcharge removed from a cell on discharge to its rated capacity.Internal impedance（交流内阻） - Resistance to the flow of AC current within a cell.It takes into account the capacitive effect of the plates forming the electrodes.Internal resistance（直流内阻）- Resistance to the flow of DC electric current withina cell,causing a voltage drop across the cell in closed circuit proportional to the currentdrain from the cell.A low internal impedance is usually required for a high rate cell.更多电池资讯：电池产品认证指导网站：锂离子电池的内阻英语概念到底用哪个概念，是Internal resistance还是Internalimpedance，一些电池说明书内阻用 Internal resistance，也有的用 Internal impedance，我认为 Internal impedance 较好些，因为国内测的电池内阻基本都是交流内阻，而外文也有这样定义的（我在别的帖子也粘贴过）：Internal impedance（交流内阻） - Resistance to the flow of AC current within a cell.It takes into account the capacitive effect of the plates forming the electrodes.Internal resistance（直流内阻）- Resistance to the flow of DC electric current withina cell,causing a voltage drop across the cell in closed circuit proportional to the currentdrain from the cell.A low internal impedance is usually required for a high rate cell.在 IEC6196002 中，只定义为 Internal resistance，而用交流的方法测得的内阻，叫Internal. resistance（交流内阻）用直流的方法测得的内阻，叫 Internal . resistance（直流内阻），其实 Internal.resistance 测得就是阻抗，这样看来不如用 Internal impedance（交流内阻）和 Internal resistance （直流内阻）这两个概念把它们进行分清，以免混淆。
钾离子电池有机小分子发展进展
钾离子电池有机小分子发展进展英文版Potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) have attracted significant attention as a promising alternative to traditional lithium-ion batteries due to the abundance and low cost of potassium resources. In recent years, the development of organic small molecules as electrode materials for PIBs has shown great progress.Organic small molecules offer several advantages for PIBs, including high theoretical capacities, tunable redox potentials, and structural diversity. These properties make them highly attractive for use in PIBs, as they can potentially address the limitations of current electrode materials.One of the key challenges in the development of organic small molecules for PIBs is achieving high cycling stability and rate performance. Researchers have been exploring various strategies to enhance the electrochemical performance of these materials, such as designing new molecular structures, optimizing electrode configurations, and exploring new electrolyte formulations.Despite the challenges, significant progress has been made in the development of organic small molecules for PIBs. Several promising candidates have been reported, showing high specific capacities and good cycling stability. With further research and development, organic small molecules have the potential to revolutionize the field of potassium-ion batteries.Overall, the development of organic small molecules for PIBs is a rapidly growing field with great potential. Continued efforts in this area will contribute to the advancement of PIB technology and the realization of high-performance and cost-effective energy storage solutions.完整中文翻译钾离子电池（PIBs）由于钾资源丰富且成本低廉，已经引起了广泛关注，被认为是传统锂离子电池的一种有希望的替代品。
3 Lithium-Ion Batteries (国外专著)
C hapter 3C arbon Anode MaterialsZ empachi O gumi and H ongyu W angAccompanying the impressive progress of human society, energy storage technologies become evermore urgent. Among the broad categories of energy sources, batteries or cells are the devices that successfully convert chemical energy into electrical energy. Lithium-based batteries stand out in the big family of batteries mainly because of their high-energy density, which comes from the fact that lithium is the most electropositive as well as the lightest metal. However, lithium dendrite growth after repeated charge-discharge cycles easily will lead to short-circuit of the cells and an explosion hazard. Substituting lithium metal for alloys with aluminum, sili-con, zinc, and so forth could solve the dendrite growth problem. 1 Nevertheless, thelithium storage capacity of alloys drops down quickly after merely several charge-discharge cycles because the big volume change causes great stress in alloy crystal lattice, and thus gives rise to cracking and crumbling of the alloy particles. Alternatively, Sony Corporation succeeded in discovering the highly reversible, low-voltage anode, carbonaceous material and commercialized the C/LiCoO 2rocking chair cells in the early 1990s. 2 Figure 3.1 schematically shows the charge-discharge process for reversible lithium storage in carbon. By the application of a lithiated carbon in place of a lithium metal electrode, any lithium metal plating process and the conditions for the growth of irregular dendritic lithium could be considerably eliminated, which shows promise for reducing the chances of shorting and over-heating of the batteries. This kind of lithium-ion battery, which possessed a working voltage as high as 3.6 V and gravimetric energy densities between 120 and 150 Wh/kg, rapidly found applications in high-performance portable electronic devices. Thus the research on reversible lithium storage in carbonaceous materials became very popular in the battery community worldwide.I n fact, the ability of layer-structured carbon to insert various species was well known by the latter half of the 1800s. The ability of graphite to intercalate anionspromoted exploration into the use of a graphite cathode for rechargeable batteries. 3Juza and Wehle described carbon lithiation studies in the middle of last century. 4M. Yoshio et al. (eds.), Lithium-lon Batteries , 49DOI 10.1007/978-0-387-34445-4_3 © Springer Science + Business Media LLC 2009Z. Ogumi and H. Wang (*)D epartment of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry ,G raduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University , Kyoto 606-8501 , Japanw anghongyu@50 Z. Ogumi and H. Wang Guerard and Herold completed pioneering research of lithium intercalation into graphite and other less-ordered carbons such as cokes by a vapor transport method in 1975. 5In 1976, Besenhard et al. 6,7tried intercalating Li +into graphite electro-chemically in the electrolytes of lithium salts dissolved in solvents of DME and DMSO, but obtained Li +-solvent-graphite ternary intercalation compounds because of the strong affinities between Li +and the solvent molecules. In 1980, Basu uti-lized lithium-graphite intercalation compounds (GIC) in lithium-based secondary batteries for the first time when he used LiCl-KCl melting salts as the electrolytes for high-temperature-type batteries. 8As for the ambient temperature-type batteries, Ikeda and Basu applied patents on Li-GIC as anode materials in 1981 and 1982, respectively. 9,10In 1983, Yazami and Ph. Touzain succeeded in synthesizing Li-GIC electrochemically using a solid organic electrolyte. 11The ease with which lithium can be intercalated and deintercalated from carbon has led to numerous studies on lithiated carbon anodes for battery application.3.1 Staging Phenomenon of Li-GICG raphite intercalation compounds have one significant feature: the staging phe-nomenon, which is characterized by a periodic sequence of intercalant layers (say, lithium cations) between graphite layers. The nth-stage compound consists of inter-calant layers arranged between every n graphite layers. The first-stage lithiumgraphite intercalation compound has the stoichiometry of LiC6with the specificcapacity of 372 mAh/g (850 mAh/cm 3), a theoretical saturated value of lithiumstorage for graphite under normal pressure. The staging phenomenon can be easily F ig. 3.1M odel for lithium-ion batteries3 Carbon Anode Materials 51 monitored and controlled by the electrochemical reactions of carbons in Li +-containing electrolytes, for instance, galvanostatic (constant current) charge-dis-charge 12,13and slow cyclic voltammetry 14–17(CV) have proven to be particularly useful electrochemical methods. In the case of galvanostatic charge-discharge of graphite electrodes in Li +-containing electrolytes, the reversible plateaus on the potential curves indicate two-phase regions in the lithium-graphite phase diagram, whereas reversible current peaks demonstrates the two-phase regions in the CV. In conjunction with the electrochemical techniques, some physical methods have been applied to shed light on the stage occurrence and transitions during lithium interca-lation into and deintercalation from graphite host. These methods include in situ 12,18 and ex situ 19XRD, in situ laser raman spectra, 20STM, 21and so forth. Different schemes for stage transitions have been proposed. Main discrepancies lay in the ascriptions of higher stages. Actually, more or less turbostratic disorder (randomly stacking of graphene layers) is present in most synthetic graphite samples. Dahn’s group found that turbostrtic disorder frustrates the formation of staged phases of Li-GIC, especially for higher stages. 22,233.2 Solid Electrolyte Interface Film FormationA nother important feature for lithium graphite intercalation compounds in Li +-containing electrolytes is the formation of s o lid e l ectrolyte i n terface (SEI) film. During the first-cycle discharge of a lithium/carbon cell, a part of lithium atoms transferred to the carbon electrode electrochemically will react with the nonaque-ous solvent, which contributes to the initial irreversible capacity. The reaction products form a Li +-conducting and electronically insulating layer on the carbon surface. Peled 24named this film as SEI. Once SEI formed, reversible Li +intercala-tion into carbon, through SEI film, may take place even if the carbon electrode potential is always lower than the electrolyte decomposition potential, whereas further electrolyte decomposition on the carbon electrode will be prevented.B esenhard et al. 25proposed the SEI formation mechanism of graphite via inter-calation of solvated Li +as schematically illustrated in Fig. 3.2 . Ogumi’s group later verified this assumption in their systematic studies. 26–28It is generally accepted that SEI film plays a very important role in the electrochemical performance of carbon anodes, especially for graphitic carbons, which are much more sensitive to the electrolyte composition. Ethylene carbonate (EC) and propylene carbonate (PC) are the most widely used high-permittivity solvents for Li +-ion batteries. PC-based electrolytes demonstrate superior low-temperature performance to EC-based elec-trolytes mainly because of their different melting points (mpPC −49°C, mpEC39°C).However, it is well known that EC-based electrolytes are suitable for graphite, whereas PC-based electrolytes are not compatible with graphite anodes, since PC decomposes drastically on graphite surface and exfoliates graphite particles. 29–32 Thus how to successfully apply graphite in PC-based electrolytes becomes a big challenge in the Li +-ion battery community.52 Z. Ogumi and H. WangIn fact, EC is very similar to PC in chemical structure, but only differs by one methyl group. Why the introduction of this single methyl into cyclic carbonate causes graphite exfoliation and electrolyte decomposition aroused the steric effecton solvent cointercalation. Chung et al. 33, 34 added in the second methyl group intocarbonate structure and got two geometric isomers, cis- and trans- butylene carbon-ates (BC). In the trans-BC based electrolytes the decomposition of the electrolyte and exfoliation were mild, but very drastic in cis-BC based one. This experimentin turn verified the significance of SEI formation mechanism via Li +-solventco-intercalation. Nakamura et al. 35 studied the performance of graphitic carbon inthe non-aqueous electrolytes containing the binary solvent mixtures of PC/DEC, PC/DMC and PC/EMC. They found that once the PC concentration decreased toless than [PC]:[Li +]£ 2, the PC decomposition becomes considerably suppressed.Xu et al. 36recently showed that the salt of lithium bis(oxalato) (LiBOB) can stabilize F ig. 3.2 S EI formation mechanism of graphite via intercalation of solvated Li + . Reprinted from, 25copyright (1995), with permission from Elsevier Ltd.3 Carbon Anode Materials 53graphitic carbon in neat PC and support reversible Li + intercalation. Most recently,Jeong et al. 37 succeeded in reversibly intercalate Li + into the electrolyte of 2.72 MLiN(SO 2C 2F 5)2 dissolved in 100% PC and suggested that ion-solvent interactions would be a vital factor for SEI formation in PC-based electrolytes. On the other hand, many studies have been devoted to designing effective SEI formation inPC-based electrolytes by some additives, such as vinylene cyclic carbonate,38crown ether, 39, 40 fluoroethylene carbonat, 41 ethylene sulfite, 42 catechol carbonate, 43, 44vinyl acetate, 45 and so forth. In some cases, the additives will decompose at potentials higher than PC decomposition potential on graphite anode. That means, prior to PC decomposition and graphite exfoliation, the decomposition products of these addi-tives like ethylene sulfite could form a robust SEI film covering graphite anode surface to protect it from direct contact with PC-based electrolytes. In other cases, some solvents like crown ether, DMSO, and tetraglme have much stronger affinitywith Li + than PC. 46C ombined with their extensive studies on the passivation films on lithium metal in nonaqueous electrolytes, 47– 49 Aurbach’s group carried out a series of work on theelectrochemical behavior of graphite in Li +-ion batteries. 50– 54 The importance of SEIstructure and chemical composition for graphite performance was highlighted. For instance, ROCO 2 L i and (CH 2O CO 2L i) 2 besides Li 2C O 3 were identified as the key components for the construction of effective SEI passivating graphite electrodes at ambient temperature. These conclusions were verified further by other groupsusing electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), 55 auger electron spectroscopy)(AES), temperature programmed decomposition mass spectroscopy (TPD-MASS), 56 and so forth.A s the performance of Li +-ion batteries at elevated temperatures (50–70°C) is relevant to their safe utilizations, studies on SEI film properties at elevated tempera-tures have been pursued recently. 57– 62 It was found that metastable species likeROCO 2 L i within the SEI layer will decompose into more stable products such as LiC 2O 3 and LiF at elevated temperatures. This leaves more pores in SEI layer and exposes the graphite-lithium surface to electrolytes, causing more irreversible capacities during continuous cycling. Actually, some companies have used the“aging” process to construct stable SEI film on electrodes for Li +-ion batteries,which is based on the above phenomenon. After fabrication, the Li +-ion batterieswere charged and stored at elevated temperature for certain times before sale in markets. Thus the SEI film is composed mainly of stable species like LiC 2O 3and LiF and prove to be robust and effective for passivating the carbon electrodes.3.3 C orrelations of Carbon’s Structuresand Electrochemical PerformanceCarbonaceous materials have found wide applications in electrochemical technolo-gies. This fact, in part, may be attributed to their advantages like good thermal and electrical conductivities, low density, adequate corrosion resistance, low thermal54 Z. Ogumi and H. Wang expansion, low elasticity, low cost, and high purity; however, to a larger extent, it is due to their flexibility and complexity in functional structures. There are different kinds of structure and each has a profound effect on the electrochemical perform-ance of carbon.T he smallest dimensional structure is the bonding form between C atoms. Carbon atoms bind themselves by sp 3,sp 2, and sp hybrid orbitals. Carbonaceous materials are generally made up from repeating sp 2-bonding C–C atoms, which construct the planar hexagonal networks (honeycombs) of C atoms called graphene layers. There are some cases of doping foreign elements like P, B, N, Si into graph-ene layer to disturb the sp 2-bonding C–C order and change the lithiation behavior of carbon. For instance, Dahn’s group has tried doping B 63or N 64into C–C net-works and found that N embedded into C lattice shifts the reversible capacity to lower voltage, whereas the substitution of B for C could increase the working volt-age. As a result, N decreases the reversible capacity but B enlarges the reversible capacity for Li +storage. Besides the bulk of carbon, at the edge of graphene layers or some defects, there are some sp 3bondings of C–C (dangling carbon) or C–H, C–OH, C–COOH, and so forth; sp 3bonding C seems more chemically active than sp 2C–C in the bulk of carbon. Some groups have found the evidence for sewing the adjacent graphene layers’ edges into close-edge surface structure for graphitic car-bon, very similar to carbon nanotube. 65The coupling process of adjacent graphene layers’ edges is through the joint of the dangling carbon atoms. The close-edge graphitic carbon delivers very small initial irreversible capacity since the chemi-cally stable surface suppresses the SEI formation.A ctually, each graphene layer can be considered to be a superconjugated macro-molecule. Van der Waals force stacks these sheets into ordered structures called crystallites. There are two patterns for orderly stacking graphene layers into ideal graphite crystallites, one with the sequence of …ABAB… and the other with the sequence of …ABCABC…., as shown in Fig. 3.3 . The former possess a little more thermally stable hexagonal symmetry, while the latter has a rhombohedral sym-metry. Graphite usually comprises both crystal structures, but the rhombohedral content seems always less than 30%. 66–68Several studies have suggested that a high rhombohedral content could suppress the exfoliation effects during the cointercala-tion of solvated Li +into graphene layers, especially for PC-based electrolytes. After a careful investigation on the effects of high-temperature annealing and post-burn-off treatment of synthetic graphite samples, Spahr et al. 69recently concluded that the presence of rhombohedral stacking pattern in the bulk of graphite crystallite has almost no direct influence on the initial irreversible capacity. The irreversible capacity associated with PC-based electrolytes decomposition and graphite exfolia-tion appears to be graphite surface-dependent.T he Van der Waals force between graphene layers is so weak that the planes easily slide. Consequently, varying degrees of stacking faults are caused by random rotations and translations of graphene sheets within the carbon matrix. Most carbon atoms deviate from the regular position and the periodic stacking no longer main-tains. This type of structure is called turbostratic structure. Its X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern only shows broad (00l) and asymmetric (hk) diffraction peaks 703 Carbon Anode Materials 55F ig. 3.3C rystal structures of graphite, hexagonal ( u pper) and rombohedral ( b elow)because the three-dimensional regularity is poor but the roughly parallel and ran-dom stacking of graphene layers remain detectable. For turbostratic carbon, inter-layer distances are somewhat diffused and on average larger than that of graphite. Disordered carbons fall into two types: soft carbon, whose turbostratic disorder is easily removed by heating to high temperature (near 3,000°C), and hard carbon, for which it is difficult to remove the turbostratic disorder at any temperatures. Franklin has proposed a model for the structures of soft and hard carbons as shown in Fig. 3.4 .T here are many studies on the relationship between turbostratic structure and carbon lithiation behavior. In the comprehensive work of Dahn’s group, 71,72an auto-mated structure-refined program has been developed for XRD data collected on disordered carbons. Based on this program to calculate some fundamental param-eters, they tried to quantify the Li +storage capacity of carbon. This program has been used for more than 40 soft carbons and proved to be valuable. On the other56 Z. Ogumi and H. Wang hand, Osaka Gas research group derived the following equation from the view pointof mathematics to predict the attainable capacity of carbon 73:()1/222002c c c a c c a c c 372/[1/] 12(3)/.Q d L d L d L d −−−⎡⎤=++++⎣⎦(3.1) T oshiba research group discovered the relationship (as shown in Fig. 3.5 ) between carbon’s discharge capacity and the average layer distance ( d 002 ) from their experi-mental data for several series of soft carbons. 74 This figure actually reflects twotrends for the choice of carbonaceous materials in Li + -ion batteries. The d 002value of 0.344 nm in fact corresponds to turbostratic disordered carbon. We can take theminimum at 0.344 nm as the starting point and guide our attentions into two directions: one is toward d 002 value smaller, which means obtaining more graphitic carbon; the other way is toward d 002 value bigger, which implies the selection of more disordered carbon. Both ways can obtain carbon with high capacity.T atsumi et al. found the relationship between P 1 and the capacity in the potential range from 0 to 0.25 V vs. Li/Li + for soft carbons. 75 The P 1 stands for the volume ratio of ordered-stacking graphitic crystallites in carbon. In contrast, Dahn et al. used P parameter to indicate the probability of random stacking between the adjacenttwo graphene layers. 22, 71, 72, 76 It appears that P 1 = 1 − P . Moreover, Tstsumi et al. correlated the capacity delivered in the potential range from 0.25 to 1.3 V vs. Li/Li +with 1 − P 1 , which is the fraction ratio of turbostratic structure. The relationships between P 1 , 1 − P 1 with the reversible capacities at different potential ranges is shown in Fig. 3.6 .Fujimoto et al. calculated the projected probability function and Fig. 3.4 S tructure models for soft ( u pper ) and hard ( b elow )carbons3 Carbon Anode Materials 57measured (hk) XRD peaks of some soft carbons to simulate turbostratic structurein two adjacent parallel graphene layers. 77– 80 The calculated pattern of twisted lay-ers demonstrates a “moiré”-like structure with different stacking orders rangingfrom AB to AA. Li + can intercalate into AA stacking “islands,” but cannot enter F ig. 3.6 T he relationships between P 1 and 1- P 1 with the reversible capacities ( x in Li x C 6 ) at dif-ferent potential ranges for soft carbon. Reproduced with permission from, 75 copyright (1995), The Electrochemical Society58 Z. Ogumi and H. Wang into the AB stacking portion. The maximum Li +storage capacity for turbostraticstructure can be estimated as Li0.2C6by extrapolation in Tatsumi’s study.T he surface structure of carbon is also important for battery performance. There are two types of surfaces for carbon as shown: one is the basal plane of graphene layers, and the other is the edge plane located at the border of each graphene layers. The studies on Li +intercalation into highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) showed that the basal plane is inert, whereas the edge plane is active for Li +inser-tion. 81,82Li +intercalated into graphite bulk mainly through the edge planes, and only a small part of Li +can pass through the defects of basal planes into graphite bulk. In addition, there are different kinds of functional groups on the edge planes, which can affect the Li +intercalation greatly. Some papers also reported the direct relationship between specific surface area and the irreversible capacity.A nother structure for carbons is texture, the ways that the crystallites joined together. Texture is often characterized by the degree of orientation from random to systematic arrangement. If the crystallite size is small enough and there is no spe-cific orientation, the carbon appears to be amorphous. Texture control cannot change the properties of individual crystallites but can alter the properties of the agglomerates of these crystallites like electricity and active surface area. The com-parative study 83of mesophase-pitch-based carbon fibers with different textures showed that the radical texture is more favorable for Li +intercalation than the con-centric texture, but the radical texture is more easily broken into pieces by solvent cointercalated Li +.A ggregations of different types of textures can be considered to be a special structure of carbon in a bigger scale. Because electrochemical properties depend partially on the macroscopic structure of the electrode material, the state of aggre-gation also plays a vital role in electrochemical performance. In the case of carbon black, 84,85one parameter to characterize the agglomerate of primary carbon black particles, namely, the adsorbed amount of dibutyl phthalate (DBP) was correlated with electrochemical properties. The neck positions (where the DBP is adsorbed) connecting two primary carbon black particles in the aggregates have parallel graphitic planes for Li+ intercalation, whereas a primary carbon black particle itself has the concentrically spherical lamellar structure that is unfavorable for Li +inser-tion and diffusion. Other examples for the aggregate structure are the composite electrode such as graphite + carbon (acetylene) black, 39,86carbon fibers bound by carbonized epoxy resin, 87graphite coated with carbon (core–shell structure), 88–90or in some carbon fibers, two different textures coexist with one single fiber. 833.4 Li +Diffusion in CarbonS ince the slow solid-state diffusion of Li +in the bulk of carbon may control the rate-determining step of the intercalation process and consequently affect the powerdensity of Li +-ion batteries, the chemical diffusion coefficient of Li +( DLi+)becomesa very key kinetic parameter. Several electrochemical relaxation techniques such aspotentiostatic and galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (PITT and GITT, respectively), current pulse relaxation method (CPR), and electrochemical imped-ance spectroscopy have been proposed for calculating D. 91–93The D values might differ by several orders of magnitude, ranging from 10 –6to 10 –13cm 2/S in the pub-lished reports. The accuracy of D values for Li +diffusion in carbon depends on many factors, 94such as carbon structure, potential, surface states of carbon elec-trodes (edge–plane surface effectively exposed to the electrolytes), SEI properties, the measurement techniques, and so forth, which makes it difficult to compare dif-ferent D values evaded different research groups for various kinds of carbon. It was found that the activation energy for Li +diffusion process in soft carbon decreaseswith an increase of the graphitization degree given the same x value in Li x C6.95Incontrast, micropores and defects in disordered carbon can retard Li +diffusion and enhance the activation energy. 96The relationship between D values and Li +inser-tion content in carbon has become a focused interest of some research groups. 97–100 Investigations on ultrathin film or single particles of graphitic carbons found that the plots of D vs. the lithiation degree in graphite demonstrate three marked minima located at just the same potentials in which cyclic voltametries show the peaks that correspond to phase transitions of Li +-graphite intercalation stages, for example, as shown in Fig. 3.7 .F ig. 3.7C yclic voltammogram and the diffusion coeffecient of Li +in graphite vs. potential. Reprinted from, 101copyright (1997) with permission from Elsevier Ltd3.5 Carbon with Extra-High CapacityR ecently, much enthusiasm and effort have been concentrated on the development of high-capacity carbonaceous materials that are synthesized at relative low temperatures (from 500 to 1,100°C) and deliver reversible capacities over 372 mAh/g. To rationalize the “extra” lithium storage capacity, a variety of models and explanations have been suggested.S awai et al. assumed that the high-capacity carbons offer high volume for lithium accommodation, thus only the gravimetric capacity is higher than that of graphite 102; Yazami et al. proposed the formation of lithium multilayers on the graphene sheets 103; Peled et al. believed that the extra capacity by mild oxidation of graphite is attributable to accommodation of lithium at edge planes between two adjacent crystallites and in the vicinity of defects and impurities 104; Sato et al. suggested that lithium occupies the nearest neighbor sites in interca-lated carbons 105; Osaka research group proposed that extra lithium resides into nano-sized cavities 106–108; Yata et al. discussed the possibility of the formationof LiC2in “polyacenic semiconductor” carbons with high interlayer distance( ~0.400 nm) 109; Matsumura et al. assumed that small particle-sized carbons can store considerable amounts of lithium on graphite edges and surfaces in addi-tion to the lithium intercalated between graphene layers 110; and Xiang et al. ascribed the plateau at about 1 V vs. Li/Li +to the lithium doped at the edges of graphene layers. 111D ahn and his collaborators have carried out systematic studies on carbon lithia-tion in detail. 112They gave a comprehensive set of explanations for high lithium storage capacities in disordered carbons. In the case of both the soft and hard car-bons heated below 800°C, large capacities as well as large hysteresis could be obtained. 113,114The hysteresis capacity is proportional to the hydrogen content in carbon, so that lithium is somehow bound near the hydrogen. 115Inaba et al. has investigated the thermal behavior of low-temperature-treated MCMB during charge-discharge cycling. 116The large hysteresis in a voltage profile is accompa-nied by the large exotherms. This phenomenon was explained in terms of the activation energy barrier, which is in agreement with the above proposal of lith-ium–hydrogen interactions. As the heating temperature rises, hydrogen is depleted from carbon. The achieved capacities after removal of hydrogen depend mainly on the crystal structure of resulted carbon. Soft carbons heated at tempera-tures higher than 1,000°C have a lot of turbostratic disorders, so that the capaci-ties are lower than 372 mAh/g. With the rise of heating temperature, graphitization proceeds and the fraction of ordered-stacking graphitic layers increases, so the capacity will increase and approach the value of 372 mAh/g. In contrast, hard carbons obtained near 1,000°C show little hysteresis and deliver capacity exceeding 372 mAh/g at a low potential of a few mV vs. Li/Li +.117,118Dahn suggested lithium is “adsorbed” on both sides of the single-layer sheets that are arranged like a “house of cards.” 1193.6 Thermal Safety of Lithiated CarbonMost abusive conditions like short-circuit, crushing, nail-piercing, overcharge/discharge, and so forth will lead to heating of the batteries. Safety problems arise if the batteries exceed a critical temperature, above which thermal runaway occurs.So the thermal stability of the entire Li +-ion battery and various combinations of battery components are necessary for understanding and improving battery safety.Accelerating rate calorimetry (ARC) 58, 59, 120– 122 and differential scanning calorimetry(DSC) 57, 123 are generally used to investigate the causes of thermal run away in Li x C . The ARC is a sensitive adiabatic calorimeter which tracks the temperature change of reactive samples as they self-heat. In ARC studies, temperatures of the samples and calorimeter are increased to an initial temperature at first, and then the adiabatic self-heating rate of the sample is monitored. ARC studies demonstrated that self-heating of Li x C 6 depends on at least four factors: initial lithiation degree, the electrolyte, surface area of carbon, and initial heating temperature of the sample. The conversion of the metastable SEI components to stable SEI produce a peak in the self-heating rate profile and the intensity of this peak becomes larger with the increase in carbon surface area. Richard and Dahn have proposed a mathematicalmodel of reactions generating heat in Li x C 6 samples in the electrolytes. 124They used this model to calculate the self-heating rate profiles as well as DSC curves(DSC is performed at a fixed heating rate). DSC studies suggested that at first there is an exothermic reaction between 120 and 140°C, which comes from the transfor-mation of the metastable SEI film components into LiF and LiC 2O 3 . On further heating, Li x C 6 reacts with the molten PVDF binder via dehydrofluorination near 200°C. The former reaction depends strongly on the surface area of the carbon and is a linear function of the initial irreversible capacity. The latter reaction depends on PVDF content, lithiation degree, as well as specific surface area of carbon.T o improve the safety of Li +-ion batteries, some efforts also have been focused on the development of nonflammable electrolytes. One easy approach is the addi-tion of fire retardants into the electrolytes. 125– 1303.7 Structure Modification of CarbonI n the early stage of the research field of carbons as anode materials for Li +-ion batteries, most work was devoted to the search for carbon suitable for Li +-ionbatteries’ anode materials. This fact is partly due to the diversity of carbon materials and their multifaceted properties. With the development of the studies, deeper, more comprehensive insights have been gained in understanding the key factors that control carbon’s electrochemical performance. The enriched knowledge of carbon lithiation helps battery researchers design and modify carbons to meet thepractical needs in Li +-ion batteries. In turn, during the course of “processing”。
(节选)新能源材料外文翻译--存储锂离子的层状硅中锂的吸收和扩散
Lithium based battery
专利名称：Lithium based battery发明人：Takaya Sato,Hiroshi Yoshida,ZenzoHashimoto申请号：US09940541申请日：20010829公开号：US20020034685A1公开日：20020321专利内容由知识产权出版社提供专利附图：摘要：A lithium based battery includes a cell structure group formed by stacking unit cells each including a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a separator interposed therebetween, or formed by repeatedly folding or winding an integral body of the unitcells; a battery container for containing the cell structure group; and an electrolyte, which is poured in the battery container after the cell structure group is contained in the battery container. The outer peripheral surface of the battery container is covered with an ion impermeable and extensible high polymer sheet having a tensile elongation percentage of 1% or more. With this configuration, even if there happens such a severe accident that nail pieces the battery or the battery is crashed, it is possible to prevent a large short-circuit current from flowing between the positive and negative electrodes, and hence to ensure a higher safety of the battery.申请人：SATO TAKAYA,YOSHIDA HIROSHI,HASHIMOTO ZENZO更多信息请下载全文后查看。
The_Transition_Towards_New_Energy_Accelerates
China’s foreign trade has been facing tremendous p r e s s u r e s i n c e 2023. The export of the “oldthree”, including clothing, furniture and household appliances, has been declining, while the export of the “New Three”, represented by electric vehicles, lithium-ion batteries and solar cells, has been increasing against the trend, outperforming other type of exports.Behind the popularity of the “New Three” is China’s recent efforts to optimize the industrial structure and continuously promote “green manufacturing”. Especially in the context of the “double carbon” target for addressing global climate change, China’s new energy transition has been constantly accelerating.Renewable energy enters a period of rapid growthRecent ly, the Internationa l Energ y Agency released its 2023 Renewable Energy Annual Market Report, which shows that the globalrenewable energy installed capacity in 2023 has increased by 50% compared to 2022, and the growth rate of the installed capacity is higher than at any time in the past 30 years. The report also predicts that the global installed capacity of renewable energy will grow more rapidly in the next five years.The latest “Research and Outlook on China’s Energy Economy Index” also shows that since the energ y economy started to recover in 2020, the industry has gone through four consecutive years of recovery, reaching a historical high level and becoming a “booster ” for mac roeconom ic r e c o v e r y. I n 2023, t he l e v e l of energy security in China has steadily improved, the driving force behind energy demand has shifted, and rural clean heating has entered the stage of quality enhancement from the expansion of the scale.Tang Baojun, Deputy Director o f t h e C e n t e r f o r E n e r g y a n d Environmental Policy Research of the Beijing Institute of Technology, explained that the results of the analysis show that some highly innovative i ndu s t r ie s s uc h a s w i nd p ow er and photovoltaic power have been continuously performing well and are very stable. These industries have made signif icant contributions to energy conservation and emissions reduction while achieving efficient development. “Carbon reduction also has a great potential to promote the development of the energy economy, enhancing its self-reliance and the capacity of risk resistance.”In fact, the pace of green and low-carbon energy transformation is also accelerating. At present, the construction of wind and photovoltaic bases has made rapid progress in China. By the end of November, the first batch of power bases, with a total capacity of 45.16 million kilowatts, have been completed and connected to the grid. The second and third batches, the capacity of which has been approved to exceed 50 mil-lion kilowatts, are under construc-tion. The total installed capacity ofThe T ransition T owards New Energy AcceleratesBy Lily Wang11wind and solar power in China has already exceeded 1 billion kilowatts, consolidating its dominant position in the newly-installed capacity of electrical power. The scale of household photovoltaic power has exceeded 100 million kilowatts, covering more than 5 million households. The wind and photovoltaic power generation has exceeded the domestic power consumption of urban and rural residents during the same period, accounting for over 15% of the total social power consumption.Zhang Jianhua, Director of the National Energy Administration, sa i d t h a t t h e k e y t a s k i n 2024 is to accelerate the construction of suppor ting power sources. It is necessary to scientif ically and reasonably optimize the layout of coal-fired power, and arrange a necessary backup power supply for areas with a tight power supply in the next three years. “We should also prepare a batch of supporting and regulating power sources in large wind and solar bases, in combination with the work on building transmission channels. We must promote the early start andproduction of projects that have been included in the plan.”Technological upgrading in the photovoltaic industryIn 2023, the market environment of the photovoltaic industr y has undergone significant changes. Due to changes in the supply and demand relationship of the photovoltaic market, the risk of overcapacity has intensif ied, and coupled with the replacement of the old capacit y with the new capacity, the market competition has become increasingly fierce. The prices of the photovoltaic industry chain have continued to decline, and the bidding prices for PV components have even dropped below 1 renminbi/watt, resulting in a significant decline in corporate profits.“If there are key words for the industry in 2023, I think one may be ‘surplus’ and the other is ‘price reduc t ion’,” sa id Wa ng Bohu a, Honorary Chairman of the China Photovoltaic Industry Association.According to relevant data, theglobal photovoltaic module productioncapacit y exceeded 1T W in 2023.China’s photovoltaic productioncapacity accounts for more than 80%of this total. The global PV moduledemand forecast for this year is525GW.With the f u r ther release ofproduction capacity, competition inthe photovoltaic industry is intensifying,leading to a deep reshuff le of theindustry. Market pressure is graduallyspreading throughout the entireindustrial chain, and the operationrate is generally declining. In the caseof overcapacity in PV productionand increasingly low module prices,manufacturers with a low productionefficiency and outdated productioncapacity will gradually be eliminatedfrom the market. In addition, manynew players in the industr y havestarted to sell related products.A lt hou gh t he photovolt a icindustry has this overcapacity issue,it is also a catalyst for technologicalprogress. Peng Wensheng, ChiefEconomist of CICC, said, “it isimpossible for any industry to havea perfect match between productioncapacity and demand at any time.Sometimes, overcapacity may occur,but the intensified competition broughtabout by overcapacity also meansefficiency improvements, which willdrive further innovation. After newproducts are produced, demand willexceed the production capacity ofnew products, which is the path oftechnological progress.”The whole industry believes thatthe focus should be on the high-qualitydevelopment of the photovoltaicindustr y, streng thening overa l lplanning and policy implementation,accelerating supporting construction,and expanding industry applications.At the same time, it is further imperativeto continue to encourage innovation,p u s h e nt e r p r i s e s to a c c e l e r at ethe innovation of technolog ies,and return the focus of industrialcompetition to the main track oftechnological development.Energy storage industrycontinues to expand overseasThe past year was a major year forthe installation of renewable energy inChina. Indeed, the installed capacityof renewable energy exceeded 1.45billion kilowatts. As the proportionof renewable energy in the power gridcontinues to increase, energy storage,which has been regarded as a keymeans for solving the volatility andintermittency problems of renewableenergy, has also grown explosivelythis year.The head of a la rge bat ter ycompany in southern China stated thatthe new types of energy storage, suchas lithiumion energy storage, havebeen growing fastest in the market.In terms of the storage medium, energystorage can be div ided into newenergy storage and traditional energystorage. Traditional energy storage,represented by pumped storage, issuitable for energy allocation throughlarge power grids. The new energystorage, which has a short constructionperiod, flexible site selection, and fastresponse speed, is more suitable for According torelevant data, theglobal photovoltaicmodule productioncapacity exceeded1TW in 2023.China’s photovoltaicproduction capacityaccounts for morethan 80% of this total.12supporting renewable energy projects represented by wind and photovoltaic power stations.Zhu Gongshan, Chairman of GCL Group, said that overcapacity a n d o v e r p r o d u c t i o n i n t h e manufacturing industry is not entirely a bad thing. The overproduction leads to a drop in prices and promotes industrial development. The energy storage ma rket w il l continue to expand after a reshuff le and will experience an upward trend through high-quality development.W i t h p o l i c y s u p p o r t, t h e continuous cost reduction in batteries and other links in the industrial chain is also expected to promote the sustained growth of the energy storage industry. Liu Wei, Secretary-General of the China Energy Storage Alliance, said, “with the boom in the energy storage industry, local governments have introduced a series of policies such as the distribution of storage and participation in the electricity market mechanism, which will further promote the development of the energy storage industry. In addition, the initial investment costs of lithium iron phosphate batteryenerg y storage, wind power, andphotovoltaics have sig nif icant lydecreased this year, laying a solidfoundation for the further large-scale development of new energystorage.”As a pioneer in China’s energystorage industry going global, CATLwill further expand its energy storagebusiness in overseas markets in 2024.It is repor ted t hat t he Wester nAustralian government has signed acontract worth over AUD 1 billionwith CATL to supply approximately950 container liquid cooled batterye n e r g y s t o r a g e s y s t e m s. T h eequipment will be used in Australia’stwo largest planned battery energystorage projects.Expanding overseas is also animportant direction for emergingcompanies such as REPT BATTERO.According to Cao Hui, Chairman andPresident of REPT BATTERO, thecompany has many overseas customers,with direct and indirect exportsaccounting for more than 60% of theentire company. He also mentionedthat expanding into overseas markets isan important part of REPT BATTERO’sglobalization, and going overseasrequires preventing many risks. Thecompany will consider Southeast Asiaand Europe as the first stops in itsoverseas expansion.From the perspective of growthprospects, the overall growth rateof overseas markets is considerable.A c c o r d i n g t o i n s t i t u t i o n a lpredictions, the global pre-meterinstalled capacity will exceed theshipment growth rate in 2024, andthe installed capacity will exceed130GWh. The global shipment ofenergy storage systems will exceed160GWh, and the global shipment ofenergy storage batteries will exceed200GWh.Many institutions have statedt h at c omp a r e d w it h t he f ie rc ecompetition in China, overseasdema nd growth has not reachedit s p ea k, e sp ec ia l ly for mat u remarkets like Europe and America.With clear new energy demand andincentive policies, these markets canaccommodate more Chinese energystorage companies who want to gain a market share.13。
动力电池析锂试验
动力电池析锂试验英文文档内容：Lithium Extraction T est for Lithium-ion BatteriesThe lithium extraction test for lithium-ion batteries is an important research topic in the field of battery technology.This test aims to study the process of extracting lithium from spent lithium-ion batteries, which can contribute to the recycling and sustainable development of battery materials.The lithium extraction test involves several steps.First, the spent lithium-ion battery is dismantled to separate the anode material, cathode material, and other components.Then, the anode material is processed to extract the lithium mon methods for extracting lithium from anode materials include acid leaching, electrochemical extraction, and solvent extraction.During the test, various parameters such as temperature, pressure, and concentration of chemicals are optimized to achieve the highest lithium extraction efficiency.The extracted lithium metal is then purified and refined to obtain high-quality lithium products, which can be used as raw materials for producing new lithium-ion batteries or other lithium-based products.The lithium extraction test not only helps to reduce theenvironmental impact of spent lithium-ion batteries but also contributes to the circular economy by recycling valuable battery materials.With the rapid development of electric vehicles and energy storage systems, the demand for lithium-ion batteries is increasing, and the research on lithium extraction technology is of great significance for promoting the sustainable development of battery industries.中文文档内容：动力电池析锂试验动力电池析锂试验是电池技术领域的一个重要研究课题。
纳米技术分离锂电池正负极材料
纳米技术分离锂电池正负极材料英文回答：Nanotechnology has revolutionized various industries, and one area where it has shown great potential is in the separation of lithium-ion battery electrode materials. Lithium-ion batteries are widely used in portableelectronic devices and electric vehicles, and theefficiency and performance of these batteries depend on the quality and purity of the electrode materials.One of the challenges in lithium-ion battery production is the separation of the positive and negative electrode materials. Traditional methods such as sieving and centrifugation are not efficient enough to achieve the desired level of separation. However, nanotechnology offers promising solutions to this problem.One approach is the use of nanoscale membranes orfilters that can selectively separate the positive andnegative electrode materials based on their size or charge. For example, researchers have developed nanoporous membranes that can allow the passage of lithium ions while blocking larger particles. This allows for the separation of the positive and negative electrode materials without the need for extensive purification steps.Another approach is the use of nanoscale coatings on the electrode materials. These coatings can selectively bind to either the positive or negative electrode material, allowing for their easy separation. For instance, a nanoscale coating that specifically binds to the positive electrode material can be used to selectively remove it from a mixture of electrode materials.Furthermore, nanotechnology can also be used to enhance the performance of the electrode materials themselves. For example, the use of nanoscale additives or modifiers can improve the conductivity and stability of the electrode materials, leading to better overall battery performance.In summary, nanotechnology offers innovative solutionsfor the separation of lithium-ion battery electrode materials. Nanoscale membranes, coatings, and additives can be used to selectively separate the positive and negative electrode materials, improving the efficiency and performance of lithium-ion batteries.中文回答：纳米技术在各个行业都起到了革命性的作用，其中一个领域是锂电池正负极材料的分离。
动力电池湿法工艺提取率英语
动力电池湿法工艺提取率英语Hydrometallurgical Process for Recycling of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries.Abstract.The increasing demand for portable electronic devices and electric vehicles has led to a surge in the production and consumption of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, the end-of-life management of spent LIBs poses significant environmental challenges due to the presence of hazardous materials and valuable metals. Hydrometallurgical processes offer a promising approach for the sustainable recycling of spent LIBs, enabling the recovery of valuable metals such as lithium, cobalt, nickel, and manganese. This article provides a comprehensive review of the hydrometallurgical process for recycling spent LIBs, focusing on theextraction efficiency of valuable metals.Introduction.Spent LIBs contain a complex mixture of materials, including cathode materials (e.g., LiCoO2, LiNiMnCoO2), anode materials (e.g., graphite), separators, and electrolytes. The composition of spent LIBs varies depending on the battery chemistry and manufacturer. Hydrometallurgical processes involve the use of aqueous solutions to dissolve and extract valuable metals from spent LIBs. The choice of hydrometallurgical process depends on the specific battery chemistry and the desired recovery efficiency.Hydrometallurgical Processes.The hydrometallurgical process for recycling spent LIBs typically involves the following steps:Pretreatment: The spent LIBs are crushed and shredded to reduce their size and expose the active materials.Leaching: The shredded materials are leached in an appropriate solvent to dissolve the valuable metals. Theleaching process can be conducted under various conditions, such as temperature, pH, and the presence of complexing agents.Solid-liquid separation: The leached solution is separated from the solid residue using solid-liquid separation techniques such as filtration or centrifugation.Purification: The leached solution may contain impurities that need to be removed before metal recovery. Purification techniques include solvent extraction, ion exchange, or precipitation.Metal recovery: The purified solution is subjected to metal recovery processes, such as electrolysis or precipitation, to extract the valuable metals.Extraction Efficiency.The extraction efficiency of valuable metals in the hydrometallurgical process is influenced by various factors, including:Leaching conditions: The leaching conditions, such as temperature, pH, and the presence of complexing agents, can affect the solubility and leaching rate of valuable metals.Solid-liquid ratio: The solid-liquid ratio determines the amount of solvent available for leaching and can affect the extraction efficiency.Particle size: Smaller particle sizes increase the surface area for leaching, leading to higher extraction efficiency.Leaching time: The leaching time is crucial for achieving complete dissolution of valuable metals.Complexing agents: Complexing agents can form stable complexes with metal ions, enhancing their solubility and extraction efficiency.Optimization of Extraction Efficiency.To optimize the extraction efficiency of valuable metals in the hydrometallurgical process, researchers have investigated various approaches:Leaching optimization: Optimizing the leaching conditions, such as temperature, pH, and the use of complexing agents, can improve the solubility and leaching rate of valuable metals.Multi-stage leaching: Employing multiple leaching stages with different solvents or complexing agents can enhance the extraction efficiency by targeting specific metals.Microwave-assisted leaching: Microwave irradiation can accelerate the leaching process and improve the extraction efficiency of valuable metals.Ultrasonic-assisted leaching: Ultrasonic energy can enhance the mass transfer and extraction efficiency by creating cavitation bubbles that disrupt the solid-liquid interface.Bioleaching: Bioleaching, using microorganisms, offers an environmentally friendly approach to metal extraction from spent LIBs.Conclusion.Hydrometallurgical processes provide an effective and sustainable approach for the recycling of spent LIBs. By optimizing the extraction conditions and employing advanced techniques, the extraction efficiency of valuable metals can be significantly improved. The recovered metals can be reused in the production of new LIBs, reducing the environmental impact and promoting the circular economy. Further research and development are needed to enhance the efficiency and scalability of hydrometallurgical processes for the sustainable recycling of spent LIBs.。
电池制备技术综述 影响因子
电池制备技术综述影响因子英文回答：Battery manufacturing technology is a crucial aspect of the development and improvement of batteries. With the increasing demand for energy storage solutions, the battery industry has been focusing on enhancing battery performance, lifespan, and safety. In this article, I will provide a comprehensive overview of battery manufacturing technology and discuss the factors that influence its efficiency and effectiveness.One of the key factors that affect batterymanufacturing technology is the choice of materials. The selection of electrode materials, electrolytes, and separators greatly impacts the overall performance of the battery. For example, lithium-ion batteries, which are widely used in portable electronic devices, requirespecific electrode materials such as graphite for the anode and lithium cobalt oxide for the cathode. The choice ofmaterials affects the energy density, stability, and cycling performance of the battery.Another important factor is the manufacturing process itself. The battery manufacturing process involves several steps, including electrode preparation, cell assembly, and battery testing. Each step requires precise control and optimization to ensure the quality and reliability of the battery. For instance, during electrode preparation, the electrode materials need to be mixed, coated, and dried in a controlled environment to achieve uniformity and minimize defects. Any deviation in the manufacturing process can result in reduced battery performance or even failure.Furthermore, the equipment and machinery used in battery manufacturing play a significant role. Advanced manufacturing technologies, such as automated assemblylines and robotic systems, have greatly improved the efficiency and productivity of battery production. These technologies enable faster and more accurate assembly, reducing the risk of human error and increasing the overall quality of the batteries. For example, Tesla's Gigafactoryutilizes automated manufacturing processes to produce high-quality lithium-ion batteries at a large scale.In addition to materials, processes, and equipment, the expertise and experience of the manufacturing personnel also influence battery production. Skilled technicians and engineers are essential for ensuring the proper operation of the manufacturing equipment and troubleshooting any issues that may arise during production. Their knowledge and expertise contribute to the overall efficiency and effectiveness of the battery manufacturing process.中文回答：电池制备技术是电池发展和改进的关键方面。
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Approach
• System/equipment optimization approach
Electrode Fabrication Minimum Module Size Cell Assy & Formation Battery Module Assy
Process Infrastructure
Pack Assy
End of Line Test
Approach
• “Seed” initial capacity installation; scale upon customer acquisition
– – – – Design-in batch & serial production build capability Flex capacity with manpower/line-shifts Address system bottlenecks as needed Develop capability to process alternative source rolled or cut electrode materials
• Total Project Funding $236 M • Funding Received FY 2011: $54 M
EnerDel - $118 M
DOE - $118 M
Partners
• • • • Equipment Suppliers EV Partners (Volvo, HHI, ATC) Purdue University USABC
Collaborations/Partnerships
• Strategic alliances result in the most advanced solutions as technology and infrastructure evolve
Approach
• Scalable facility footprint
– Adapt & upgrade existing cell fabrication site – Acquire a new mixed-use manufacturing facility
• Achieve maximum leverage of process infrastructure
– Standardized piece stack-up
• Customize for applications at pack level
Technical Accomplishments/Progress
Manufaility II Electrode Cell Assy Formation Module/Pack 3 mos. 14 mos. 7 mos. 9 mos. 9 mos.
• Enhance supply chain & competitiveness of base materials
– Develop and qualify domestic & international material suppliers – Improve performance, cost, & availability
Technical Accomplishments/Progress
• Production validation cell test results
10A Cycle @ 30C Production Validation cell: Line 2 / Reference Cell: Line 1 PVP&R
Objectives - Relevance
• Develop competitive mass production capability for Lithium-ion battery cells & battery pack systems
– Vertically integrated cell fabrication through pack assembly – Create domestic manufacturing capacity & skilled workforce
Objectives - Relevance
• Position EnerDel as a tier-one transportation supplier of advanced Lithium-ion battery pack systems
– Implement APQP product development framework – Meet standards and acquire industry certification
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% QR AR PR OEE Arp 58% 52% 46% 14% 14% May 61% 70% 56% 24% Jun 66% 67% 56% 24% Jul 73% 67% 47% 23% Aug 90% 71% 67% 43% Sep 95% 76% 61% 44% Oct 86% 77% 51% 34% Nov 84% 79% 69% 46% Dec 82% 81% 68% 45% Jan 79% 80% 68% 43% Feb 80% 90% 68% 49% 24% 24% 23% 43% 44% 34% 46% 45% 43% 49%
• Develop material packaging & storage methods
Approach
• Layout and automation guidelines
– Follow lean manufacturing principles – Focus automation on Special Process Characteristics (SPC) – Flex through-put with manpower +/-
Technical Accomplishments/Progress
• Module & pack manufacturing
– Capacity ramped in 6 months to 17k equivalent EV Packs – Packs in customer use
Technical Accomplishments/Progress
• Alternative material supplier evaluations completed
– – – – – – Cathode active material Anode active material Foils Electrolytes Packaging laminates Separators
Approach
• Tool to one standard form factor for cell
– Adjust chemistry or electrode content to specialize cell characteristics
• Tool to one standard form factor for battery module
Overview
Timeline
• Start January 2010 • End April 2013 • > 50% Complete
Barriers
• Lagging Customer Demand • Financing • Long Development Cycle(s)
Budget
Install
1 mos. 2 mos. 2 mos. 3 mos. 1 mos.
Start-up
2 mos. 2 mos. 7 mos. 3 mos. 1 mos.
Technical Accomplishments/Progress
• Cell manufacturing
– Production approval for EnerDel’s first Lithium-ion cell mass production system – Validation phase productivity improvement
Expanding U.S.-based Lithium-ion Battery Manufacturing
P.I.: Robert Kamischke EnerDel, Inc. May 2012 Project ID: ARRAVT003
This presentation does not contain any proprietary, confidential or otherwise restricted information.