微生物学第二章 Chapter 2 Cell Biology PPT

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细胞生物学是现代生命科学的重要基础学科

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细胞生物学是现代生命科学的重要基础学科
美国科学情报研究所（ISI）1997年SCI （Science Citation Index）收录及引用论文检索，全世界自然科学研究中论文发表最集中的三个领
域分别是：
细胞信号转导(signal transduction)
细胞凋亡(cell apoptosis)
– 1883Van Beneden和Boveri 发现中心体；1894
Altmann发现线粒体，Golgi发现高尔基体细胞生物学是现代生命科学的重要基础学科
实验细胞学与细胞学的分支及其发展
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细胞遗传学的发展细胞生理学的研究细胞化学
细胞生物学是现代生命科学的重要基础学科
细胞遗传学的发展
– 1861 Schultze，原生质理论
– 1880 Hanstein，protoplast
细胞分裂的研究
– 1841 Remak直接分裂，Flemming和Strasburger有丝分裂，1883 Van Beneden和1886 Strasburger减数分裂
重要细胞器的研究
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1876 O.Hertwig发现动物受精； 1883 Van Beneden性细胞染色体； 1888 Strasburger，1893 Oveerton植物受精； 1900孟德尔遗传法则被重新发现; 1905Wilson性别与染色体关系; Weissman遗传单位有序排列在染色体上; Borveri和Sutton染色体学说; 1910Morgan基因及基因学说
▪ Journal of Cell Science
▪ Cell Death and differentiation

微生物第二章ppt课件

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微生物学 (3)荚膜(Capsule)
某些细菌生活在一定的营养条件下时，会在细胞壁表面形成一层松散的粘液状物质，称为荚膜。
荚膜不易着色，但可用负染法在暗色背景和折光性强(或染色)的菌体之间形成一透明区。
图2.9 细菌的荚膜
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革兰氏阴性细菌的细胞壁革兰氏阴性细菌的细胞壁微生物学微生物学201920192222革兰阴性菌细胞壁结构模式图革兰阴性菌细胞壁结构模式图o特异侧链o抗原核心多糖类脂a脂质双层脂蛋白肽聚糖细胞膜外膜蛋白微孔蛋白微生物学微生物学201920192323革兰阳性菌与革兰阴性菌细胞壁比较革兰阳性菌与革兰阴性菌细胞壁比较双糖单位短肽尾肽桥双糖单位短肽尾肽桥双糖单位短肽尾双糖单位短肽尾4040层层仅仅1122层层占细胞壁干重占细胞壁干重40409090占细胞壁干重占细胞壁干重551010较坚韧三维立体结构较坚韧三维立体结构较疏松二维平面结构较疏松二维平面结构脂多糖脂多糖敏感敏感不敏感不敏感微生物学微生物学201920192424细胞壁与细胞壁与革兰氏染色法革兰氏染色法染色基本步骤是
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2.3.3.5 细菌的培养特征
菌落特征
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2.3.3.5 细菌的培养特征
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2.3.3.5 细菌的培养特征
2)细菌的其它培养特征在半固体培养基中用接种针穿刺将菌种接入培养基的深层进行培养，可以鉴定细菌的运动特征。
1.丝状 2.有小刺 3.念珠状 4.绒毛状 5.假根状 6.树状
类脂A：两个葡糖胺连接多个脂肪酸，为内毒素的中心 LPS 核心多糖：由糖及其衍生物组成，与类脂A 相连

医学微生物学(第八版)第二章细菌的生理PPT课件

变形杆菌、沙门菌分解含硫氨基酸产生硫化氢→遇铅或铁离子生成黑色的硫化物
IMViC试验
I ：吲哚试验 M：甲基红试验 Vi： VP试验 C：枸橼酸盐利用实验
常用于鉴定肠道杆菌，如大肠埃希菌+ + - -，产气杆菌- - + +
Vitek鉴定系统-96E
二、合成代谢产物
热原质细菌合成的一种注入人体或动物体内引起
4. 气体(gas) 专性需氧菌 Obligate aerobe ：如结核分枝杆菌专性厌氧菌 Obligate anaerobe ：如破伤风梭菌兼性厌氧菌facultative anaerobe：大多数病原菌微需氧菌microaerophile：如空肠弯曲,CO2对细
菌的生长也很重要。 5. 渗透压 Ionic strength & osmotic pressure
第2章细菌的生理 Bacterial physiology
重点速度，掌握细菌的生长繁殖的条件。
2. 细菌的代谢产物及其实际意义：了解分解产物及其在细菌鉴别上的意义，掌握与医学有关的合成代谢产物的种类及意义。
3. 细菌的人工培养：熟悉培养基的定义及种类，熟悉细菌在人工培养基中的生长情况，掌握细菌菌落概念及意义。
第一节细菌的理化性状
Physical and Chemical Property
物理的性状(physical Property)
Optical property
半透明
Surface proportions Electronic phenomena
较一般生物体大1万倍
G+菌 pI 2~3 G-菌 pI 4~5
COLONY FORMING UNITS

优选华中农业大学微生物学第二章ppt

Naked eye
Eukaryotes
Light microscope
Electron microscope
Prokaryotes Viruses
Surface area and volume relationships in cells
a cell increases in size, its surface area – to – volume ratio decreases
The Prokaryotic Cell
1. Their genetic material (DNA) is not enclosed within a membrane and they lack other membrane – bounded organelles
2. Their DNA is not associated with histidine
Shape: Bacteria have a few basic shapes
spherical coccus Rod-shaped bacillus
spirallum
2.2 Prokaryotic Cell Wall Cell Wall
• The cell wall of the bacterial cell is a complex, semi-rigid structure that is responsible for the characteristic shape of the cell. The cell wall surrounds the underlying, fragile plasma (cytoplasmic) membrane and protects it and internal parts of the cell from adverse changes in the surrounding environment.

微生物学第二章教学课件

Vegetative bodies
Septate hyphae and
non-septate hyphae
Mycelium
The structure of hypha
Septum of hypha
•整个菌丝就是一个单细胞； •菌丝内含有多个核；
•其生长过程只表现为菌丝的延长和细胞无隔膜菌丝为低等真菌
Chapter
two
Eukaryotic Microorganism
Definition（真核细胞的定义）
Eukaryotic microorganisms have the nuclear membrane coating a cell nucleus, carry out mitosis, and have mitochondria in the cytoplasm. They mainly include yeast (unicelluar fungi), filamentous fungi, microalgae and protozoa. Thus, the eukaryotic microorganisms is not a natural monophyletic taxon. The Fungi is one of the most significant kingdoms in these Eukaryotic microorganisms which have more species.
One of the features that caused taxonomists finally to remove fungi from the plant kingdom was the distinctive chemical nature of the fungal cell wall. Whereas plant and algal cells have walls composed of cellulose, the cell wall of fungi is made up principally of chitin, a strong but flexible polysaccharide that is also found in the exoskeleton of insects.

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The Prokaryotic Cell
1. Their genetic material (DNA) is not enclosed within a membrane and they lack other membrane – bounded organelles
2. Their DNA is not associated with histidine
Naked eye
Eukaryotes
Light microscope
Electron microscope
Prokaryotes Viruses
Surface area and volume relationships in cells
a cell increases in size, its surface area – to – volume ratio decreases
Gram-positive Wall
The Gram-positive cell wall has a peptidoglycan layer that is relatively thick (ca. 40 nm) and comprises approximately 90% of the cell wall. The cell walls of most Gram-positive eubacteria also have teichoic acids.
Chapter 2 Cell Biology
Chapter Outline
2.1 Overview of the structure of microbial cells 2.2 Procaryotic cell wall 2.3 Cytoplasmic membrane 2.4 Cellular genetic information 2.5 Cytoplasmic matrix – Ribosome and Inclusions 2.6 Components external to the cell wall 2.7 Bacterial endospores 2.8 Comparison of the prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell
Microorganisms in general are very small and are completely invisible to the naked eye.
size comparison of microorganisms
Meters
Visibility scale Relative size of Microbes
• Almost all prokaryotes have cell walls.
Schematic diagram of bacterial cell walls
Gram+
Gram-
Bacteria can be divided into two major groups, called gram-positive and gram-negative. The original distinction between gram-positive and gram-negative was based on a special staining procedure, the Gram stain
• The prokaryotic cell wall almost always has peptidoglycan and is chemically and morphologically complex.
2.1 Overview of Cell Structure
A procaryotic cell A eucaryotic cell
Shape: Bacteria have a few basic shapes
spherical coccus Rod-shaped bacillus
spirallum
2.2 Prokaryotic Cell Wall Cell Wall
• The cell wall of the bacterial cell is a complex, semi-rigid structure that is responsible for the characteristic shape of the cell. The cell wall surrounds the underlying, fragile plasma (cytoplasmic) membrane and protects it and internal parts of the cell from adverse changes in the surrounding environment.
3. Their cell wall almost always contain the complex polysaccharide peptidoglycan
4. They are very small!!
Schematic diagram of a bacterial cell
Size: Most bacteria fall within a range from 0.2 to 2.0
um in diameter and from 2 to 8 um in length
A cyanobacterium 8 x 50 um
A rod-shaped prokaryote is typically about 1-5 micrometers (μm) long and about 1 μm wide
Concepts
• Prokaryotes are small and simple in structure when compared with eukaryotes , yet they often have characteristic shape and size.
• Prokaryotic genetic material is located in an area called the nucleoid and is not enclosed by a membrane.