意识流小说the stream

意识流小说the stream-of-consciousness novel

“意识流”是西方现代文学艺术中，特别是小说和电影中广为应用的写作技巧。是现代派小说的一个重要类型。

Stream-of-consciousness narration The narrator conveys a subject’s thoughts, impressions, and perceptions exactly as they occur, often in disjointed (不连贯的) way and without the logic and grammar of typical speech and writing.

Stream-of-consciousness narration usually is written in the first person, as in Marcel Proust’s Remembrance of Things Past , but it can also, by means of free indirect discourse, be written i n the third person, as in Virginia Woolf’s Mrs. Dalloway.

During the modern period of English literature, the first three decades of this century were golden years of the modernist novel. In stimulating the technical innovations of novel creation, the theory of the Freudian and Jungian psycho-analysis levels of consciousness existed simultaneously in the human mind, that one's present was the sum of his past, present and future, and that the whole truth about human beings existed in the unique, isolated, and private world of each individual, writers like Dorothy Richardson, James Joyce and Virginia Woolf concentrated all their efforts on digging into the human consciousness. They had created unprecedented STREAM-OF-CONSCIOUSNESS novels such as

Pilgrimage(1915-1938)by Richardson, Ulysses(1922)by Joyce, and Mrs.Dalloway(1925) by Woolf. Among them, James Joyce is the most outstanding stream-of-consciousness novelist; in Ulysses, his encyclopedia-like masterpiece, Joyce presents a fantastic picture of the disjointed, illogical, illusory, and mentalmotional life of Leopold Bloom, who becomes the symbol of everyman in the post-World-War-I Europe.

Within the realistic period of American literature, one writer named Henry James is generally regarded as the forerunner of the 20th-century "stream-of-consciousness" novels and the founder of psychological realism. James's realism is characterized by his psychological approach to his subject matte. His fictional world is concerned more with the inner life of human beings than with overt human actions. His best and most mature works will rende the drama of individual consciousness and convey the moment-to-moment sense of human experience as bewilderment and discovery. And we as readers observe people and events filtering through the individual consciousness and participate in this experience. This emphasis on psychology and on the human consciousness proves to be a big breakthrough in novel writing and has great influence on the coming generations.

发展

20世纪20年代起，意识流技巧在小说领域取得了十分引人注目的成就，但是并未形成一个文学流派。这是因为运用意识流方法写作的作家并没有共同的组织和纲领，也没有发表宣言，而是一些不同国家的作者，如法国的马塞尔·普鲁斯特、爱尔兰的詹姆斯·乔伊斯、英国的弗吉利亚·伍尔芙和美国的威廉·福克纳等人，于第一次世界大战前后运用新的概念与方法创作小说。他们的作品着力展示人物的内心世界采用迥异于传统文学的心理描写方法，开创了现代小说的新纪元。这些作品在当时虽然受到某些责难，但并未引起重视，直到第二次世界大战以后才得到承认和广为流传。20世纪60年代以后，创作这类小说的作家越来越多，这种方法在一定程度上已成为现代小说的一种传统创作手法。

意识流小说是20世纪初兴起于西方、在现代哲学特别是现代心理学的基础上产生的小说类作品。意识流的概念最早由美国心理学家威廉·詹姆斯所提出。他认为人的意识活动不是以各部分互不相关的零散方法进行的，而是一种流，是以思想流、主观生活之流、意识流的方法进行的。同时又认为人的意识是由理性的自觉的意识和无逻辑、非理性的潜意识所构成；还认为人的过去的意识会浮现出来与现在的意识交织在