Chap04 The Market Forces of Supply and Demand
小学下册第12次英语第2单元测验卷
小学下册英语第2单元测验卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1. A chemical change usually cannot be __________ back easily.2.The ability of a material to resist flow is known as _____.3.I like to go _______ (滑冰) in the winter.4.What type of animal is a parrot?A. MammalB. FishC. ReptileD. BirdD5.The __________ is the capital city of Australia. (堪培拉)6.The ________ was a significant period in the history of Russia.7.What do you call a large body of water surrounded by land?A. LakeB. OceanC. RiverD. Pool8.The flowers in the garden are _______ and bright.9.My dad likes to go fishing at the ____ (river).10.I like to solve ______ (难题) because it challenges my mind. It’s satisfying when I find the answer.11.The stars are ______ (twinkling) in the dark night.12.The capital city of Canada is _______.13.Cacti are special because they can store ______ (水) for long periods.14.The dog is _______ (chasing) the ball.15.He is wearing a cool ___. (jacket)16.She is a _____ (科学家) researching climate change impacts.17.Which of these is a popular fruit?A. LettuceB. SpinachC. MangoD. BroccoliC18.The ______ is known for his bravery.19. A __________ (科学文化) encourages inquiry and critical thinking in education.20.What is the main ingredient in chocolate?A. CocoaB. SugarC. MilkD. FlourA21.The antelope is quick and agile, able to outrun many ____.22.I like to cook ______ with my mom.23.Snakes do not have ______; they use their tongues to smell.24.Breathing in oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide is part of the ________ cycle.25.My favorite color is ______ (蓝色). It reminds me of the clear ______ (天空).26.__________ (物质鉴定) is crucial for quality control in products.27.The ________ loves to dance in the breeze.28.What is the name of the famous American singer known for her hits like "Like a Prayer"?A. MadonnaB. Janet JacksonC. Whitney HoustonD. Mariah CareyA29.Cleopatra was the last active ruler of the _______. (埃及)30. A ________ (园艺产业) boosts local economies.31.What do we call a story that is not real?A. FictionB. Non-fictionC. BiographyD. History32. A turtle can hide in its ______ for protection.33.The ________ is a special plant that blooms brightly.34.I enjoy playing __________ with my sister. (棋盘游戏)35.The __________ (历史的教训) is invaluable.36.My brother's favorite animal is the ______ (狮子). It is strong and known as the ______ (森林之王).37.My friend is a ______. He loves to play the guitar.38.ts can ______ (修复) damaged ecosystems. Some pla39.I like to ______ (参加) cooking classes.40.I like to explore new ________ with my friends.41.What do you call a story that is made up?A. BiographyB. FictionC. NonfictionD. HistoryB42.The _______ blooms in spring.43.What is the capital of the United Kingdom?A. DublinB. EdinburghC. LondonD. CardiffC44.They are ___ (happy/sad) about the trip.45.What is the name of the plant that produces flowers?A. TreeB. ShrubC. HerbD. BloomD46.What fruit is yellow and curved?A. AppleB. BananaC. GrapeD. Orange47.I want to be a ______ (scientist) when I grow up.48.I enjoy ___ (playing) in the rain.49._____ (环境) plays a big role in plant health.50.The _____ (大雁) flies south for the winter.51. A __________ is formed by the interaction of water and sediment over time.52.What do we call the act of creating art?A. PaintingB. SculptingC. CraftingD. All of the aboveD53.I read a _______ every night.54.The __________ (历史的价值传递) shapes future outlooks.55.I enjoy going to the ______ (咖啡馆) with my friends to chat and relax. It’s a cozy place.56.sustainable supply chain) reduces environmental impact. The ____57. A mixture can be separated by _______ methods like filtration.58.The _____ (洋娃娃) can wear different dresses.59.The __________ is a famous city known for its temples. (清迈)60.The bear catches fish in the rushing river, preparing for winter ____.61.I want to be a _____ when I grow up. (doctor)62.What is the capital of Montserrat?A. PlymouthB. BradesC. Little BayD. SalemB63.He is my favorite _____ (老师).64.What is the name of the famous ancient city in Italy?A. RomeB. VeniceC. PompeiiD. Florence65. A substance that increases the rate of a reaction is known as a _____.66._____ (planting) seeds is fun in the spring.67. A healthy garden requires good __________ (照顾).68.My cousin is a great ____ (singer).69.The _______ grows tall and has green leaves.70.His favorite sport is ________.71.The _____ (flower/tree) is blooming.72.What is the name of the famous scientist known for his work on radioactivity?A. Marie CurieB. Albert EinsteinC. Isaac NewtonD. Charles DarwinA73.Which planet is known as the Red Planet?A. VenusB. MarsC. SaturnD. MercuryB74. A solution that does not conduct electricity is called a ______ solution.75. A __________ can indicate the presence of oil or gas beneath the surface.76.The sky is ________ (蓝色) today.77.What is the name of the famous tree-dwelling marsupial from Australia?A. KoalaB. KangarooC. WallabyD. Wombat78.What is the smallest continent?A. AfricaB. AustraliaC. EuropeD. AsiaB79.I can _____ my bed every morning. (make)80.Which of the following is a fruit?A. CarrotB. PotatoC. AppleD. LettuceC Apple81.What is the name of the planet we live on?A. MarsB. VenusC. EarthD. SaturnC82.What do you call a person who plays music?A. ArtistB. MusicianC. WriterD. ActorB83. A __________ is a charged particle.84.The firefly glows in the _________. (夜晚)85.What is the color of an orange?A. RedB. BlueC. OrangeD. Yellow86. A chemical reaction that occurs in the presence of oxygen is called a ______ reaction.87.What do you call a story about someone's life?A. FictionB. BiographyC. NovelD. Fairy tale88.We are learning _______ (英语) in school.89. A chemical reaction can produce _____ and energy.90.What do you call the lines on a map that run north to south?A. LatitudeB. LongitudeC. EquatorD. MeridianB91.The country known for its rice is ________ (日本).92.The _______ (猴子) loves to play with its friends.93.I enjoy ______ (playing) video games.94.What do you call a young dolphin?A. CalfB. KitC. PupD. Cub95. A ______ is a type of energy related to heat.96.The ________ is tall and straight.97.__________ are used in the medical field for treatments.98.The _______ of a wave can be visualized with a diagram.99.What do you call a story that is passed down through generations?A. LegendB. MythC. TaleD. FableA100.I play the _______ (piano/guitar).。
The Market Forces of Supply and Demand
Markets and Competition
Markets and Competition
• Competitive market
– Market in which there are many buyers and many sellers
– Each has a negligible impact on market price
– Price and quantity are determined by all buyers and sellers
1
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Markets and Competition
• As they interact in the marketplace
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The_Segment_Pet_Markets_Become_Increasingly_Popula
43The world pet consumption market reached USD 159 billion in 2020, of which the North America market accounted for 44% of the total. As the Chinese economy grows and the population structure changes, China’s pet market has seen excellent investment opportunities. Market segmentation becomes a trend for the industry.Popularity of the pet expo The recently ended 8th China Pet Expo featured many premium pet brands in the sectors of pet garments, food, lifestyle, pet exercise, medical treatment and pet training. The exhibition space increased to 70,000 sq.m., and its scale continues to rise, with product variety increasing. The expo has provided a communication platform for pet lovers and the whole pet industry. The involvement of pet brands has also brought new value and By Lily Wang The Segment Pet Markets Become Increasingly Popularshowing a momentum of steady development. The development of mobile I nternet ecology and the growth of young consumers has stimulated the emergence of new brands and business models. New consumption power has become an important variable in both brands and consumers. How to “embrace the new forces” has become a hot topic in the pet industry.The booming pet economy has attracted many business tycoons to enter the market. With the large base of young pet owners, many new business models have started to emerge, including intelligent pet feeding, remote pet care, pet detective, cat coffee bars, cat rooms and other surrounding industries, which have attracted the attention of the public. The utilization rate of single pet smart appliances has reached 40.3%.Liu Xiaolei, Deputy Editor of the White Paper on China’s Pet I ndustry in 2020, also confirmed this viewpoint. She summarized nine consumption trends of the pet experiences to the expo. The expo host has focused on the quality and function of pet products, and also held many forum activities to discuss the feasibility of healthy pet life through different perspectives. Interactive and fun games were played during the ex hibition. The integration of off line stamp-collection and online social interaction platforms brought in a lot of data, increased fun at the exhibition and gave more elements to it. A t t h e p e t e x p o , v a r i o u s pet products were especially eye-catching. For example, pet nutrition and health brand “Pets Honey” of Meida Holdings brought in their pet probiotic washing and care series, probiotic intestinal series, probiotic cleaning series and other products. At the exhibition venue of Ringpai pet hospital, the exhibitor organized many interactive activities using TikTok, X i a o h o n g s h u , a n d M i c r o b l o g ; as a subsidiary of DJM group in Germany, Lu & Ba team, following the industrial design standard of software and hardware integration, and human-pet interaction, launched a series of new products, such as an automatic water dispenser, a pet nail grinder, an intelligent cat litter basin, an automatic traction rope, and more.Nine trends emergeI n 2020, the number of dogs and cats raised in China’s urban areas exceeded 100 million, and the scale of the pet consumption market will continue to surpass RMB 200 billion,44industry in 2021:t h e f a c t t h a t t h enumber of pet cats isgrowing rapidly; moreand more people areraising pets in second-tier cities; WeChathas become a prioritychannel for pet ownersto obtain information;e x p e n d i t u r e o n p e tdiagnosis and treatmentwill increase significantly;expensive medical treatmentbecomes the biggest painpoint of pet care; pet fosterconsumption becomes morespecialized; the hoarding ofdry food for pet cats becomesmore popular; pet ownersfocus more on the cost of petsnacks; the purchase rate ofpet intelligence productscontinues to grow.A t t h e2021N e wConsumption Summit of the PetIndustry, Guo Fengqin, Chairmanof Ranova, Zhu Hao, Presidento f M a o N i n g,Z h e n g F e i,Vice President of Guangdianc a p i t a l,J u Y i,C E O o fMollybox, Li Jin, Director ofMango Malanshan fund, FangXin, Founder of Wecarepetand other guests discussed the“supply and demand relationshipof the capital and pet industry”.Both investment institutionsand pet companies believe thatthe value of capital investmentis not only about injectingliquidity to companies, butalso providing systematicservices to raise thecorporate efficiency andachieve better synergy.G u o F e n g q i nshared the developmenthistory of freeze-driedpet food, detailingthat the pet industryrequires emotion andculture. Now Ranovahas exported its productsto more than 20 countriesglobally, and provided productservices for more than 20 millionpet-owning families. Ranova hasdeveloped the new variety of freeze-dried pet food and led the formulationof industry standard for the freeze-dried pet food. Although developingrelatively slowly, every step is solid.W a n g L e i,H e a d o f t h eNational General Agent BusinessDepartment of Runhe Supply Chainof New Ruipeng Group, shared histhoughts on the supply chain of thepet industry. He said that the petindustry has been seeing unbalanceddevelopment in breeding, pet food,medical services and pet supplies.The industry requires a fast digitaltransition and the explorationof consumers needs through theutilization of big data technology.T h e R u n h e s u p p l y c h a i n h a sestablished a business layout coveringboth online and offline, as well asprivate and public sectors. It has alsoformed five business segments ofe-commerce, data, corporate services,logistics and finance, which arebased on digitization, capitalization,online and offline channels andthe integration of upstream anddownstream industries. Such abusiness layout will empower bothupstream and downstream industriesin an all-round way.How to embrace the newbusiness force?A survey of the white papershowed that online platforms are animportant channel for consumersto obtain pet-related information.E-c o m m e r c e a n d s h o r t v i d e oplatforms have play an importantrole in connecting pet brands andyoung consumers. Xun Xia, Tmallpet products category director, YuHongyue, director of pet industryof TikTok, Mic, Director of BiliBilimarketing center shared informationabout the scale and activity of theplatforms they manage with relationto the pet industry.I t is worth noting that one-c o m m e r c e,s h o r t v i d e o a n dintegrated video platforms, the petbusiness has maintained a highgrowth rate, and Generation Z are animportant driving force for growth.In view of the pet industry, Tmall,TikTok and BiliBili have also offeredI ndustrIal Watchsupportive policies and marketing solutions to enable better growth of pet enterprises on their platforms. Xu Kangze, CEO of Dazhe Media, interpreted how to build brand information from the unique p e r s p e c t i v e of c on s u me r s. He said that when consumers make purchasing decisions, there are fear points, pain points, itching points and comfort points. Enterprises should communicate with consumers f r o m t h e t w o d i m e n s i o n s o f “product” and “brand”. The “product” mainly includes quality and quality control, to solve the problem of quality sustainability. The “brand” includes professional services and information associated with the pre-sale, sale and after-sale processes. I n the building of information, enterprises shall first enhance loyalty and trust from consumers, and also create surprise and emotion. With the rise of young consumers, the pet industry has given birth to many new brands and business models, which not only bring different experiences t o c o n s u m e r s , b ut a l s o i nj e c t fresh momentum into industrial development. Wang Qi, representative from the strategic investment department of Caogenzhiben, said that compared with the United States, the leading company stocks of China’s pet i n d u s t r y v a r y l a r g e l y i n s t o c k value, and the distribution of listed companies is concentrated. From the With the rise ofyoung consumers,the pet industry hasgiven birth to manynew brands andbusiness models.perspective of market space or the balance of market channels, the pet industry is a premium business sector, but the degree of capitalization is low. As people born after 1995 become the main force of consumption, the pet industry will enter a new phase when the product becomes the main focus. Leading pet companies will gain a larger share through the brand matrix. There is still a lot of room for development in corporate service market as well as the pet diagnosis and treatment field. With the rapid growth of new brands, traditional business models are also being innovated. Gao Maoxiang, founder of Menta Pets, shared the innovation practices of stores in the mobile Internet era. He said that high loyalty and consumption frequency of store consumers are the main contributors to traffic. But the number of offline-channel brands with both excellent retail performance and services is scarce. After three years of development, Menta Pets has become one of the largest direct chain pet store brands in China. Their cooperation with stars and KOL, beautiful design and in-store furnishings, standardized business processes, high-quality services, and integration of online traffic such as e-commerce and community are all experiences of its rapid growth. Darrin, brand founder of Orange Co., also shared his insights about creating immersive experiences in pet stores from four key words, including differentiation, artistry, theme and curiosity. He said that an immersive experience is an important feature of commercial interior space under the new retail context. Pet stores need to transition from commercial spaces to social interaction spaces, realize thematic layout and intelligent operation, continuously optimize consumer experience and create immersive consumption experiences.45。
英国文学史启蒙运动英文版
Scientific Revolution Leads to Enlightenment
• 1500-1700: European scientists using reason to discover laws of nature
– Very successful: Planetary movements, chemistry, vaccine for smallpox, etc.
elected • Women’s first duty was to her family
Enlightenment Changes Society
• Women: Women were not equal and were criticized for attempting to gain equality
• Separation of powers is the best way to protect human liberties
• All men are created “free and equal”
• A free market should be allowed to regulate trade
Who believed that people are naturally cruel and greedy? a) Montesquieu b) Hobbes c) Rousseau d) Voltaire
Which of the following is true of the physiocrats? a) They rejected laissez faire in favor of mercantilism. b) They rejected mercantilism in favor of laissez faire. c) They rejected both mercantilism and laissez faire. d) They focused on social reform.
4 The market force of supply and demand
Q
5 10 15 20 25 30
10 THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND
Demand Curve Shifters: income
Demand for a normal good is positively related
to income. • Increase in income causes increase in quantity demanded at each price, shifts D curve to the right. (Demand for an inferior good is negatively related to income. An increase in income shifts D curves for inferior goods to the left.)
amount of the good that buyers are willing and able to purchase.
Law of demand: the claim that the quantity
demanded of a good falls when the price of the good rises, other things equal
Market Demand versus Individual Demand The quantity demanded in the market is the sum of the quantities demanded by all buyers at each price.
Suppose Helen and Ken are the only two buyers in
Chapter 3 The Market Forces of Supply and Demand
Catherine’s Demand Schedule and Demand Curve
Price of Ice-Cream Cones
1. A decrease in price . . .
Price of Ice-Cream Cone $0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00
As
they interact in the marketplace
Markets and Competition
•6
Perfectly competitive market
Goods
are all exactly the same Buyers and sellers so numerous
•1
CH 3
The Market Forces of Supply and Demand
Content
•2
3.1 Markets and Competition 3.2 Demand 3.3 Supply 3.4 Supply and Demand Together
3.1 Markets and Competition
Law of demand states that there is an inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded.
Demand
•10
Demand
Relationship
between the price of a good and quantity
The demand schedule is a table that shows the quantity demanded at each price. The demand curve, which graphs the demand schedule, illustrates how the quantity demanded of the good changes as its price varies. Because a lower price increases the quantity demanded, the demand curve slopes downward.
外贸英语函电课件unit4
be in the hope of
I called all the companies on this page in the hope of finding a customer.
I am e-mailing you in the hope of establishing business relations with you.
Please inform us of your trade terms and forward samples and product brochures.
If your prices are in line, we trust important business can materialize.
We are looking forward to your early reply.
Yours faithfully，
Language points
Avail ourselves of this opportunity to… ( 后接动词原型)利用这个机会做… 还可以说take advantage of this opportunity or take this opportunity
The nature of enquiry:
In foreign trade an enquiry is usually (not absolutely) made by the prospective buyer without engagement（约束）, requesting for information on the supply of certain goods. So we call it 询盘 or 询 价 in Chinese.
辽宁省实验中学2024-2025学年高一上学期期中考试英语试题
辽宁省实验中学2024-2025学年高一上学期期中考试英语试题一、阅读理解1．Which of the following is TRUE about George Clooney?A．He has been trained in wilderness survival.B．He may not be able to help you survive.C．He does not think Roseane is beautiful.D．He is the choice of most South A frican women.2．From the survey we know ______.A．Lin Xi from China has no love for his family membersB．Julia from Jordan has a violent temper when she is not satisfied with her partnerC．MP3 player on average is of secondary importance in the choice of the respondentsD．most Frenchmen would like to take a dog for company when they go for an adventure 3．The survey results are analyzed in terms of the respondents’ ______.A．race, nationality and sex B．marriage, age and raceC．age, sex and marriage D．sex, age and nationalityAs I sat on my sofa, I recalled the joy I had experienced back in my glory days, winning National Championships and representing the United States at the World Championships. I thought of all of the friends I had made in the sport.It had been a decade since I entered a competition. Strangely, tears began to roll down my cheeks. Then, for the first time in many years, I wept openly. I tried to calm myself and walked to the bathroom to wash my face. It was there that I took a good, long, hard look at myself in the mirror.I was no longer that marathon runner. I was a middle-aged man to sit behind the desk in my office for the day and had grown content in my life and appeared comfortable with the increase in the size of my waistline.When I took a serious look at myself, I knew it was time to change. I lacked discipline (自制力) and had no readily identifiable goals. Strange quiet came over me. I was going to transform my life. It was time to reinvent myself, to become all that I could imagine. I asked myself one more question, “What are you willing to do to make this dream a reality?” The answer was a very simple one, “Whatever it takes! ”The first few days, I was filled with enthusiasm and it was easy to stay on track. I prepared myself mentally for the difficult days. As the days went by, my newly discovered disciplinedeveloped into more discipline. I vowed (发誓) to remain true to my restricted diet of 1,200 calories per day. I was running for an hour every morning and lifting weights for another hour three or four days per week. Weight began to reduce. I lost about three pounds every week. This was feeling good. I was gaining momentum and strength as each day passed. There was no doubt in my mind that I would get down to my desired weight.4．What can we learn about the author from paragraph 3?A．He used to be a lawyer.B．He was totally out of shape.C．He was no longer fit to work out.D．He had something wrong with his waist. 5．What was the author actually doing in the bathroom?A．He was reflecting upon himself.B．He was doing thorough cleaning.C．He was wiping tears off his face.D．He was dressing up in front of the mirror. 6．Which can replace the underlined word “momentum” in the last paragraph?A．weight B．motivation C．experience D．knowledge 7．How does the author mainly develop the text?A．By telling a funny story.B．By employing dialogues.C．By describing mental activities.D．By showing possible results.As summer gives way to autumn, many of us long for warmth and sunlight. It is common for some of us to feel upset when the days get shorter. People call this phenomenon autumn sadness.While autumn sadness is a common seasonal feeling we have as sunlight comes in shorter supply, for some people, it takes on a more serious form known as seasonal affective disorder, or SAD．SAD, a form of depression (抑郁症), mostly starts in late autumn or early winter and goes away in spring and summer. People who have SAD typically oversleep, overeat, and lose interest in activities they once enjoyed. Generally, almost all people suffering from SAD feel sad, helpless, and even desperate.The exact cause of SAD is not yet completely understood, but several factors have been linked to its development. Johns Hopkins University suggests that reduced exposure (接触) to natural light during the autumn and winter months may disrupt the body’s internal clock and thehormones (荷尔蒙) produced, such as melatonin (褪黑素) and serotonin (血清素), which are related to sleep and emotions, respectively. This disruption can lead to depression.Addressing SAD often requires medical help. Light therapy is a common and effective treatment. Patients are advised to expose themselves to sunlight or man-made light that imitates natural sunlight. Light therapy can help regulate patients’ hormones and get their lives back on track.Moreover, living a healthier life, such as maintaining a regular sleep schedule, taking part in regular physical activity, and having a balanced diet, can help manage SAD．But it’s also important that people seek help from a medical professional to determine the most suitable treatment plan for their specific needs.It is worth noticing that, according to the National Institute of Mental Health of the US, in most cases, SAD begins in young adulthood. So, while embracing (接受) knowledge in books and classes, don’t forget to embrace the sunlight outdoors and get energy from nature!8．What do we know about SAD?A．It usually starts in early autumn.B．It can lead to long- term depression.C．Its main symptoms include feeling sad.D．It is most commonly found in older people. 9．According to Johns Hopkins University, what is a possible cause of SAD?A．An unbalanced diet.B．A lack of sunlight.C．An irregular sleep schedule.D．A lack of physical exercise.10．What do paragraphs 5 and 6 mainly talk about?A．How people can deal with SAD．B．What people with SAD have in common.C．Who people with SAD can turn to for help.D．Why medical help is needed for people with SAD．11．What can be inferred from the last paragraph?A．Young adults are the only group affected by SAD．B．Embracing nature’s sunlight is enough to prevent SAD．C．It’s important for young adults to take outdoor activities.D．It’s never too late to embrace the beauty that nature offers.At first, they sounded distant, as if they were around a phone in a prison. But as we chatted, they slowly started to sound more like themselves. They told me personal stories I’d never heard. I learned about the first time my dad got drunk. Mum talked about getting in trouble for staying out late. They gave me life advice and told me things about their childhoods, as well as my own. It was amazing. For a moment I forgot I wasn’t really talking to my parents at all, but to their digital copies.This Mum and Dad live inside an app on my phone as voice assistants created by the company HereAfter AI. The company’s goal is to let the living communicate with the dead. Technology like this, which lets you “talk” to people who have died, has been a mainstay of science fiction for decades. But now it’s becoming a reality, thanks to advances in AI and voice technology. I wanted to test out what it might be like.My real, flesh-and-blood parents are still alive and well; their virtual versions (虚拟版) were made just to help me understand the technology. But their digital copies offer a glimpse at a world where it’s possible to have conversations with loved ones long after they’re gone. From what I could know over a dozen conversations with my virtual parents, this really will make it easier to keep the people we loved close. It’s not hard to see the attraction. People might turn to digital copies for comfort, or to mark special occasions like anniversaries.But for some, this tech may be alarming or frightening. When I talked to friends about this article, some of them just went away. There’s a common, deeply held belief that we shouldn’t mess with death.But I’m only human, and that worry ends up being washed away by the even scarier possibility of losing the people I love. If technology might help me hang onto them, is it so wrong to try?12．Why did the writer chat with his virtual parents?A．To remember his late parents.B．To learn more about his parents.C．To see how the technology works.D．To find ways to improve the technology. 13．What can we learn about the technology mentioned?A．It allows users to live on an app.B．It leads users to lose their friends.C．It is invented by a science fiction writer.D．It offers a link between the dead and the living.14．What is the writer’s attitude towards the technology?A．Supportive.B．Unclear.C．Objective.D．Doubtful. 15．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?A．Your can talk to your parents.B．Parents appear on your phone.C．AI means never having to say goodbye.D．A breakthrough in AI may benefit you.Are you an “I person” or an “E person”? 16 These two personality labels in particular are widely discussed online. They are part of a popular personality test called the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, or MBTI. 17 All of the results have four letters, and there are 16 results in total. “I” and “E” refer to “introverted” and “extroverted”, respectively.Even if someone is typically quiet and shy, many online discussions suggest that an “I” person can still act outgoing at times. For example, when an introverted person is with a group of introverted friends, they might become more social like an “E” person.According to psychologists, this idea of temporarily switching personalities is called “masking”. 18 Human beings want to feel they belong, and they might become people-pleasers to do so.Using the MBTI result to identify and describe someone’s personality seems fun. 19 The MBTI personality test may show something you don’t know about yourself, and can even be a fun ice-breaker question when meeting new friends. And that’s all it is, for fun. Knowing someone’s MBTI result doesn’t mean you really know this person. 20A．How can you find the answer to the question?B．However, do not go too far or take it too seriously.C．That is hiding your true personality in specific situations.D．And those four letters of yours don’t define (定义) who you are.E．But no one personality type is best or better than another.F．Have you heard someone describe themselves as an INTJ or an ESTP?G．It is a self-report list to identify a person’s personality, strengths, and preferences.二、完形填空Our neighbors had a loud party last night. We weren’t 21 but this was one of those celebrations that I didn’t mind. They are a bunch of young, single guys and I would have felt out of place.What 22 me was the way they behaved. Ono of the young men came over 23 in the day to “warn” us of the upcoming event and said it would be over at about 11 p. m. That was the first step. Even more 24 was what they did next. “Here’s my 25 ”, offered our neighbor 26 “Text me if it’s too noisy.” That was a level of 27 I had never experienced in all my years of being a neighbor!And it really worked in their favor. My husband and I were so friendly that even when the event went past the 28 end time, even when the music reached high decibels(分贝), and even when we couldn’t get through to the phone number, we felt no 29 . We knew they would stop and 30 to it eventually.It takes such little effort to make people feel that they 31 and get people on your side. Everyone needs to 32 every now and then, especially in these uniquely tough times. But people who do it without disturbing others are few and far between. I hadn’t fully 33 my neighbors until this week. But now I see them in a new light and with greater 34 . They didn’t just bring the noise to the neighborhood; they showed us a good manner of 35 in life.21．A．located B．explored C．challenged D．invited 22．A．trapped B．impressed C．annoyed D．embarrassed 23．A．later B．closer C．earlier D．further 24．A．shocking B．frightening C．puzzling D．amazing 25．A．call number B．room number C．account number D．car number 26．A．anxiously B．politely C．regularly D．obviously 27．A．imagination B．consideration C．recognition D．organization 28．A．promised B．supplied C．designed D．compared 29．A．stress B．anxiety C．worry D．anger 30．A．respond B．adapt C．contribute D．stick 31．A．figure B．succeed C．matter D．access32．A．sleep B．maintain C．travel D．relax 33．A．noticed B．delivered C．explored D．proved 34．A．surrounding B．respect C．curiosity D．distance 35．A．strategy B．apology C．communication D．inspiration三、语法填空阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
外贸函电第二版2,4,5,6单元课后翻译答案
Establishing Business Relations第二章建立业务关系Part Five Practical TrainingTranslate the following English into Chinese.P38mercial Counselor’s Office商务参赞处2.Industrial Chambers行会3.business line业务范围4.with a view to do sth本着做…的意愿；以…为目的5.enclosed is(are)our..随函附寄6a wide/full range of.一系列7.at your end在你处/地8.please let us know/inform us务请告知9.We look forward to your favourable and prompt reply我们期待收到贵方即时的好消息。
10.On the recommendation of Chambers of Commerce in Tokyo.we have learned with pleasure the name of your company.承蒙东京商会的推荐，我们高兴地得知贵公司的名称。
11.Through the courtesy of Mr Bush.we are given to understand that you are one of the leading importers of electric goods in your area and wish to enter into business relations with us.承蒙布什先生介绍，我们得知贵公司是当地主要的电子产品进口商之一，且希望与我们建立业务关系。
12.We now avail ourselves of this opportunity to write to you with a view to enteringinto business relations with you.我们借此机会致函贵公司，希望建立业务关系。
微观经济学英文课件Ch_04
D2
0 1
D1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones
Prices of Related Goods
Substitutes & Complements
When a fall in the price of one good reduces the demand for another good, the two goods are called substitutes.
– 有无数的卖者和买者以至与任何人不能影响价格
Buyers and sellers are price takers
– 买者和买者都是价格接受者
No entry barriers…
– 没有进入壁垒
Competition: Perfect and otherwise 竞争:完全竞争与否
Monopoly:完全垄断
Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones
Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones
When the price is $1.00, When the price is $1.00, Catherine will demand 8 Nicholas will demand 5 ice-cream cones. ice-cream cones.
– 供给和需求是经济学家最常用的两个术语.
Supply and Demand are the forces that make market economies work.
– 供给和需求即是推动市场经济运行的力量所在
Modern microeconomics is about supply, demand and equilibrium.
外贸英语函电Lesson 4
Lesson 4Offers一、含义报盘又称发盘，是商业交易磋商中买卖双方必经的过程。
通常是一方先向另一方提出某种交易条件（如：上平名称、数量]规格、交货期以及付款条件等），而另一方愿意接受此条件，即交易合同成立。
在国际业务中，报盘分实盘和虚盘两种。
实盘是卖方按其所提供的条件达成交易目的的肯定承诺，一旦买方在规定的答复期限内接受了报盘，卖方将不得对盘中任何条款作任何修改。
虚盘则对卖方没有这种约束力，在某些情况下，报盘中的具体条款仍可修改。
一般来讲，quotation and offer 都当报价讲，但是quotation 是指报价，没有实盘和虚盘之说；而offer 可以是firm offer or non-firm offer.Firm offer 是发盘人按其提供的条件已达成交易目的地明确表示，具有法律效力。
受盘人（offeree）一旦在有效期限内接受实盘中的内容和条件，发盘人就无权拒绝售货。
一项实盘必须具备以下内容：发盘的内容和词句必须肯定，不能用about, reference price（参考价）等模棱两可的词。
发盘的内容明确完整，其内容应该包括quality, quantity, packing, price, shipment, payment and validity, etc.发盘中不能有保留条件，如：以我方最后确认为准（subject to our final confirmation）或以货物的未售出为准（subject to goods being unsold）。
虚盘是发盘人所作的不肯定交易的表示。
凡不符合实盘所具备的上述三个条件的发票，都是虚盘。
虚盘无须详细的内容和具体条件，也不注明有效期。
它仅表示交易的意向，不具有法律效力。
出现下列一类，皆视为虚盘：Without engagement.（不符任何责任）Subject to prior sale. （有权先售）All quotations are subject to our final confirmation unless otherwise. （所作报价，除特别注明外，须经我方确认后才能生效）Our offer is subject to approval of export license. （出口许可证准许签证，我方报价才有效）报价一定清楚、完整、具体。
曼昆微观经济学Chapter4 The Market Forces of Supply and Demand
微观经济学Chapter4The Market Forces of SupplyAnd Demand完全竞争市场被定义有两个基本特点：1）提供的物品全部相同2）买者与卖者众多，因此没有单一买家或卖家可以影响市场价格。
由于买卖双方都必须接受这一价格，我们称他们为价格接受者。
有些市场我们是可以考虑为完全竞争的。
谷物市场，比如说，有成千的销售者和上万的买家，没有人可以撼动市场价格，我们说它是完全竞争的。
不是每个市场都是完全竞争的，有一种情况称为垄断，在垄断的情况下，价格由唯一的卖价设定。
一些市场介于完全竞争与垄断之间，称为寡头垄断：由一定数量的卖家，但并不激烈地竞争。
航空公司是一个范例，如果一条航线只由两到三个载运承担，则这些承运者可以躲避竞争，从而使机票价格保持在高位。
另一种竞争是垄断竞争。
市场中有很多买家，但他们的商品不尽相同，因此他们有权为自己定价。
举例：杂志。
杂志竞争中，市场里随时都能闯入新人，并开创新的杂志。
尽管今天市场种产品多样，我们仍要从完全竞争学起。
完全竞争市场在这当中最容易分析。
需求Figure 3(需求增长,曲线右移,需求下降,曲线左移)指出，有很多变数可以影响需求曲线，以下是一些主要的：收入（Income ）低收入意味着你的支出将减少，低而降低了，我们就说这种商品为normal good .不是所有商品都为一般商品，如果收入下降而需求升高，则我们称该商品为替代商品（Inferior good ）。
就像，收入降低时，我们不会去买车或打出租车，而改坐公交。
1234567相关产品价格(Price of Related Goods)假如,冻酸奶的价格下降,则需求定理告诉我们，我们可能去购买冻得更好的酸奶。
同时，你会减少冰淇淋的购买量。
因为冰淇淋和冻酸奶都是冷的、甜的、奶油制甜品，他们满足人本呈负相关。
技术（Technology）技术有利于降低商品成本，解放人力，降低成本后，先进的技术增加了供给量。
中国新四大发明与变化的英语作文
中国新四大发明与变化的英语作文The Four New Inventions of China and the Changes They Have BroughtChina, a country with a rich and ancient history, has long been a hub of innovation and technological advancements. In recent years, the nation has witnessed the emergence of four remarkable inventions that have significantly impacted the lives of its people and the global community. These four new inventions, often referred to as the "Four New Inventions of China," have not only transformed the way we live but have also paved the way for a more connected and efficient world.The first of these inventions is the high-speed railway system. China's high-speed rail network is the largest and most extensive in the world, spanning over 35,000 kilometers of track. The development of this advanced transportation system has revolutionized the way people travel within the country. Passengers can now commute between major cities at breathtaking speeds, often reaching up to 350 kilometers per hour. This has dramatically reduced travel time, making it easier for people to connect with one another and access different regions of the country. The high-speed rail network has alsohad a significant impact on the economy, facilitating the movement of goods and services, and contributing to the growth of various industries.Another groundbreaking invention from China is the mobile payment system. The widespread adoption of mobile payment platforms, such as Alipay and WeChat Pay, has transformed the way people conduct financial transactions. These innovative systems allow users to make purchases, transfer funds, and even pay bills using their smartphones, eliminating the need for cash or traditional banking methods. The convenience and security offered by these mobile payment solutions have been widely embraced by the Chinese population, with a significant portion of the population using these services on a daily basis. The impact of mobile payments extends beyond personal finance, as it has also revolutionized the way businesses operate, enabling them to reach a wider customer base and streamline their payment processes.The third invention that has gained global recognition is the sharing economy. China has been at the forefront of the sharing economy movement, with the emergence of numerous platforms that allow people to share resources, such as bicycles, cars, and even living spaces. Companies like Mobike and Ofo have revolutionized urban transportation by providing affordable and accessible bike-sharing services, reducing the reliance on private vehicles and promoting amore sustainable mode of transportation. Similarly, the rise of home-sharing platforms, such as Airbnb, has provided travelers with alternative accommodation options, offering a more personalized and authentic experience. The sharing economy has not only enhanced convenience but has also fostered a sense of community and collaboration among users.The fourth and final invention that has had a profound impact on the lives of the Chinese people is the e-commerce industry. China's e-commerce landscape has experienced exponential growth, with platforms like Taobao, Tmall, and becoming household names. These online marketplaces have made it easier for consumers to access a wide range of products and services, often at competitive prices. The convenience of e-commerce has revolutionized the way people shop, allowing them to make purchases from the comfort of their homes and have their orders delivered to their doorsteps. Moreover, the growth of e-commerce has also empowered small businesses and individual entrepreneurs, providing them with a platform to reach a larger customer base and expand their operations.These four new inventions – the high-speed railway system, mobile payment systems, the sharing economy, and the e-commerce industry – have collectively transformed the lives of the Chinese people. They have improved connectivity, enhanced convenience,and fostered a more dynamic and efficient economy. The impact of these inventions extends far beyond the borders of China, as they have also influenced global trends and inspired other countries to embrace similar technological advancements.As China continues to push the boundaries of innovation, it is evident that these four new inventions are just the beginning of a remarkable journey towards a more connected and technologically advanced future. The adaptability and resilience of the Chinese people, coupled with their willingness to embrace change, have been the driving forces behind the success of these inventions. Moving forward, it will be fascinating to witness how these innovations continue to shape the lives of the Chinese people and the world at large.。
倍速英文单词
倍速英文单词单词1: Amazing- 单词释义: 令人惊奇的，惊人的- 单词用法: 可作形容词，用来形容事物非常好、令人惊叹。
例如：This is an amazing view.- 近义词: astonishing, wonderful- 短语搭配: amazing story（惊人的故事）, amazing achievement （惊人的成就）- 双语例句:- I saw an amazing magic show last night. It was like the magician had the power to make the impossible possible. Oh my god, I waspletely hooked!- The new restaurant in town serves amazing food. Their dishes are like a symphony of flavors dancing on your tongue. How can anyone resist it?- Have you seen her amazing painting? It's as if she can pour all her emotions onto the canvas. Isn't it just mind - blowing?单词2: Brave- 单词释义: 勇敢的- 单词用法: 形容词，用于描述人有勇气面对危险、困难等。
例如：A brave firefighter saved the child from the burning building.- 近义词: courageous, fearless- 短语搭配: brave heart（勇敢的心）, brave action（勇敢的行为）- 双语例句:- My brother is so brave. He once climbed a really high mountain all by himself. It was like he was challenging the sky. What a hero!- The soldiers are brave. They face the enemy without hesitation, just like lions protecting their territory. It's truly inspiring.- Are you brave enough to try bungee jumping? It's like taking a leap into the unknown. It can be terrifying but also extremely exciting.单词3: Clever- 单词释义: 聪明的，机灵的- 单词用法: 形容词，形容人或动物头脑灵活，善于思考。
小学上册第4次英语第6单元暑期作业
小学上册英语第6单元暑期作业英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.What is 15 + 15?A. 25B. 30C. 35D. 40B2.小鲸鱼) swims in the deep ocean. The ___3.The hermit crab changes its ________________ (壳).4.The main component of cells is ______.5. A dog's bark can signal excitement or ________________ (警告).6.What is the main purpose of a compass?A. Measure distanceB. Show directionC. Calculate speedD. Indicate temperatureB7.Lions live in _______ (群体).8.I feel _______ (很开心) today.9.The flowers are _______ (开得很美丽).10.The _____ (四季变化) influences plant life cycles.11.Which planet is closest to the sun?A. EarthB. MercuryC. VenusD. Mars12.What color are most bananas?A. GreenB. YellowC. RedD. BrownB13.What is the name of the famous battle fought in 1066?A. Battle of HastingsB. Battle of WaterlooC. Battle of GettysburgD. Battle of AgincourtA14.What is the sum of 1 and 1?A. 1B. 2C. 3D. 4B15.I like to ________ with my family.16.The rain makes everything ______ (clean) outside.17.The rabbit eats grass and ______ (叶子).18.We have a ______ (大) family reunion every year.19.My favorite thing about summer is going to the ________ (海边).20.What is the process of water turning into vapor called?A. EvaporationB. CondensationC. PrecipitationD. SublimationA21.I love to help my parents with ______.22.The sunshine feels ______ (warm) on my face.23.Which of these is a fruit?A. CarrotB. PotatoC. AppleD. LettuceC24. A _______ can attract various wildlife.25.The _____ (山) is beautiful.26.The __________ can provide insights into the evolution of the Earth's surface.27.ts have deep roots that help them survive in ______ conditions. (某些植物有深根，有助于它们在干旱条件下生存。
中国与美国的不同英语作文
China and the United States are two of the worlds most influential countries,each with its own unique culture,history,and social systems.Here are some key differences between the two nations that can be highlighted in an English composition:nguage and Communication:English is the primary language in the United States, while Mandarin is the most widely spoken language in China.The communication styles also differ Americans tend to be more direct,whereas Chinese communication can be more nuanced and indirect.cation System:The American education system emphasizes creativity,critical thinking,and individual expression.In contrast,the Chinese education system is more focused on rote learning,memorization,and strict discipline.3.Cultural Values:American culture values individualism,personal freedom,and selfreliance.Chinese culture,on the other hand,places a strong emphasis on collectivism, family values,and respect for authority.4.Political Systems:The United States operates under a democratic system with a president,congress,and a judiciary that are separate and independent.China,however,is governed by the Communist Party,with a more centralized political structure.5.Economic Models:The U.S.has a capitalist economy with private ownership and marketdriven forces.China has a mixed economy that combines elements of socialism with marketoriented reforms,often referred to as socialism with Chinese characteristics.6.Cuisine:American cuisine is known for its diversity,with a wide range of fast food, burgers,and steaks.Chinese cuisine is famous for its regional variations,such as Sichuan for its spicy food,Cantonese for its dim sum,and Peking for its roast duck.7.Holidays and Festivals:The United States celebrates holidays like Thanksgiving, Independence Day,and Christmas.China has its own set of traditional festivals, including the Spring Festival Chinese New Year,MidAutumn Festival,and Dragon Boat Festival.8.Work Ethic:Americans are known for their strong work ethic and a culture that values ambition and career advancement.In China,there is also a strong work ethic,but it is often tied to the collective success of the group or company.9.Social Media and Internet:The United States has a wide array of social media platforms like Facebook,Twitter,and Instagram.In China,social media is heavilyregulated,and platforms like Weibo and WeChat are popular,with access to Western platforms often restricted.10.Environmental Policies:The U.S.has had a fluctuating approach to environmental policies,with periods of strong regulation followed by periods of deregulation.China has been investing heavily in renewable energy and has set ambitious goals for reducing pollution,although it still faces significant environmental challenges.11.Transportation:The U.S.is known for its extensive highway system and car culture, while China has rapidly developed its highspeed rail network,which is one of the largest in the world.12.Healthcare Systems:The United States has a mixed healthcare system with both public and private providers,but it is known for its high costs.China has a universal healthcare system that covers a basic level of healthcare for all citizens.These differences can provide a rich tapestry for an English composition,allowing for a nuanced exploration of the two countries distinct identities and approaches to various aspects of life.。
WAXING_WAVES_OF_WESTERN_WANT
Waxing Waves of Western Want26COVER STORYOn March 23, 2021, the eyes of the world were fixed on the Ever Given. The 400-meter-long cargo ship had slammed into the sandy banks of the Suez Canal, a crucial arteryof ocean-faring trade. In the week that followed, as hundreds of vessels lined up to traverse the channel, onlookers became acutely aware of how fragile the global supply chain really is.Fast forward half a year and consumers in the West are being warned that many popular items will be in short supply comeChristmas time. This month, we talk to merchants making a living in China to explore the apparent unravelling of an otherwise invisible yet indispensable industry.Unpacking the Sea Can Traffic Jam and the Cost of Rising ConsumptionBy Joshua CawthorpeT he Ever Given isestimated to haveresulted in nearly USD10 billion dollars in lost revenue per day, according to Forbes. By the following week, the ship was immortalized in internet memes as a sym-bol of both hopelessness and hilarity. Nonetheless, as vessels beganfiling through the narrow thoroughfare to deliver their goods, international cargo shipping once again faded away from the public discussion.In late May, global delays were forecasted as one of the world’s busiest ports went into lockdown.An outbreak amongworkers at Yantian Port,normally capable ofloading 20,000 standardcontainers per day, forceda temporary suspensionof the port’s operation.It reopened soon afterbut with reduced capac-ity and strict COVID-19prevention protocols. ByJune 17, CNN reportedthat upwards of 50 freightliners were parked at seaawaiting their turn at thedocks.On August 10, anemployee tested positiveat China’s Ningbo-Zhoushan marine hub,the third busiest port inthe world. The Meishanterminal, which handlesa quarter of the cargomoving through the port,was subsequentlyclosed for two weeks. Bydiverting awaiting vesselsto other terminals andnearby ports, GlobalTimes asserted thatNingbo operators main-tained a near-normalthroughput compared toJuly. However, nearly aweek before the terminalresumed operation, 80ships were still waiting tounload and replenish atNingbo.COVER STORY Ports on PauseCOVER STORY29The pandemic hit supply chains hard with added security measures and outbreaks wreaking havoc among dockworkers, heavy haul truckers,warehouses and factories. Yet could this be all it took to bring the supply chain to its knees?Sheltering from the pandemic, a more innocu-ous problem was brewing :skyrocketing demand.A staggering 80 percentof all goods aretransported by sea, according to Statista. Ask anyone in the West to look around the room and almost everything nearby will have been aboard a cargo ship.Benoit de Mallmann is the general manager of an export-only shower enclo-sure factory in Zhongshan, Guangdong province. His business is entirely depend-ent on the sea for delivery and is directly impacted by port closures and delays. However, he describes the paradoxical effect of the pandemic for manufacturers within China’s borders.“Since the pandemic began, the business has exploded. This year to date we have seen between 60to 70% growth.” The reason is because the consumers cannot travel due to COVID-19 restrictions so they spend their money on the renovation of their kitchens and bathrooms.”The hurdle, he tells That’s, is a lack of shipping containers. “We are accumu-lating a massive amount of stock and we don’t want to hinder production. We had to expand by building new warehouses and then rent additional warehouses.”De Mallmann echoes the plight of manufacturers worldwide as products pile up, waiting to be loaded, while full containers sit on delayed ships and in ports.“The container situation is very unpredictable,” he says. “You can have zero containers available forCOVER STORY 30several days and then the following week you will have fifty containers. So we need to be ready to load and ship all of our goods as soon as the containers come in.”Not only are containers unavailable but they comeat an unprecedented cost. Drewry Shipping Consultants shows the world container Index price hovering around USD10,000 — freight rates not included. Prices have soared 281% higher than the autumn of 2020. The five-year average for a 40ft container is USD2,530. In the final week of August, Container xChange showed available units at Yantian Port selling for overUSD15,000.According to South China Morning Post, 96%of shipping containers are made in China and manufac-turers are having a booming year. One major player, China International Marine Containers Group, produced 1.1 million standard dry containers in the first half of 2021. In doubling the output compared to the previous year, CIMC reported a 1,739% increase in net profits as surging demand dragged prices higher and higher.Free on board, or FOB,is a shipping industry termwhich means that thebuyer is liable for the goods once they are shipped. De Mallmann’s prices are FOB so the container cost is absorbed by the customer. In order to stay competitive, he explains, the company has been focused on optimizing the way container space is used. “We need to load more and decrease the freight cost per unit for the customer. I would say this is one positive aspect because it forces us to think a bit greener. We need to use less cardboard and styrofoam so we ultimately consume less material.”F reight charges haverisen alongside contain-er prices and the cost of raw materials. The result is mind-bending quotes from exporters with some transactions being simply abandoned. Sergio Jaimesis a Colombian export agent who lives with his family in Guangzhou. Since 2011, he has been filling orders for everything from sneakers to phone cases to automobile parts and shipping them to his clients throughout Central and South America.In 2018 and 2019, Jaimes was a loading up to 16 containers a year. This month he will send the second shipment of 2021. In a coffeeshop on a windy Sunday afternoon, Jaimes pulls up old WeChat messages to show us prices from a bygone time. October 22, 2019, a container leaving Shenzhen and bound for Buenaventura Port is purchased for USD2100. That same route was quoted at USD13,500 on September 6, 2021. Another shipment to Chile came in at USD16,500 with neither price including the export fees or delivery charges from factory to FOB.“I personally lost several opportunities because of this situation,” Jaimes laments. “After you quote the price and explain the delays,many buyers cancel thetransaction.”Another Colombian,Lorena Garzon, has a tradingcompany in Yiwu, Zhejiangprovince. Like Jaimes, shesources products, inspectsshipments, arranges shippingand processes payment forimporters in the West. On topof high costs and containershortages, her customershave been embattled byproduction delays.In 2019, Garzon filledand sent over 40 containers.To name but a few of theproducts that she handles,she lists stationery, partysupplies, household goods,cosmetics, jewelry and rawmaterials for handbags.She tells That’s, “we’ve hadproduction delays with plastic[products] or party balloonsbecause some of the chem-icals that make them comefrom other countries.”“Due to the lack ofproduction materials, thedelivery time to the factory isalready delayed. The short-age of containers then addsa lot more time. As a result,some customers no longerpurchase in China. Insteadthey choose to purchaselocally. There are manyfactories in Panama and a lotof the products are similar tothose that importers sourcein China. The price is higherbut the delivery time is muchfaster.”“Household productsand toys with circuit boardmaterials are also causingproblems,” adds Garzon,unsurprisingly. A Trump-eraprotectionist policy limitedthe purchase of certaintechnologies from Chinesefirms. According to Reuters,the former president’smemorandum on technologytransfers between Chinaand the US is being partiallyblamed for the global chipshortage. Toyota announcedin mid-October that it hadslashed production by 40%due to the inability to acquiremicrochips, as per the NewYork Times.China’s reboundingdomestic economy andincreased demand fromfactories has led to a 13%jump in the demand forenergy. Reuters reports that,in the first eight months ofthe year, coal-fired powerstations rose to the challengeand met the growing needwith an extra 465 trillionWatt Hours (TWh). To put itin perspective, the Scotland’sgovernment website statesthat wind power provided23.2 TWh in 2019 — enoughelectricity to power everyhome in the nation for morethan two and a half years.Despite ambitious carbonneutrality goals, top officialsinstructed coal mines to in-crease production and urgedsome recently shutteredmines to reopen, as perSouth China Morning Post.In Mid August, the NationalDevelopment and ReformCommission published aranked list of all 31 provincesand regions, highlighting thatseven of them had failed tomeet their energy savingtargets. The NDRC theninstructed those provinces,including Guangdong andJiangsu, to take measures toensure that the targets weremet by year’s end.The resulthas been rollingblackouts. Localofficials targetedfactories andperiodicallycut power toindustrial areas,further exacer-bating supplychain problemsahead of thebusy Christmasseason. Farfrom the coalmines of Inner Mongolia,De Mallmann’s factory hadto embrace the city’s newenergy austerity.“In the last fifteen daysof September, we hadfour days a week withoutelectricity. This affected theentire industrial area ofZhongshan. I have a friendwho is a supplier in Zhuhaiand they were going six orseven days a week withoutelectricity while other areaswere one or two days only.We organized some nightshifts and we still managedto reach our production goalbut it was an emergencysituation.”Coal for ChristmasCOVER STORY32COVER STORY33Pinstripe PiratesIn contrast to the head-aches and heartaches for merchants and consumers, the shipping industry itself is rolling in dough. The world’sbiggest shipping company, AP Moller-Maersk A/S,projected a modest USD4.5 billion in profits at the start of 2021. However, by exploiting the jump in de-mand for consumer goods, the Danish behemoth now expects to surpass USD14 billion, according to Bloomberg.Chinese state-owned COSCO shipping saw an 88percent year on year rise inAfter you quote the price and explain the delays, many buyers cancel the transactionrevenue for the first half of 2021. The company moved 13.84 million TEUs (twen-ty-foot equivalent units) during that time, a meagre 16.8 percent increase from last year, Nikkei reports. The sheer necessity of the industry has buyers and sellers in a chokehold.Critics of the cargo ship business suggest that now is the time to step back, shop local and decarbonize the shipping industry.Unfortunately, this is much easier said than done. One Network Express, head-quartered in both Tokyo and Singapore, told theEconomist that a 10 percent speed reduction could bring carbon emissions down 15 percent. But the current situation shows no signs of slowing down.The International Maritime Organization is a UN body tasked with regulating the industry. In September, the International Chamber of Shippingsubmitted a proposal to the IMO outlining a research and development fund which would levy USD2 on every metric ton of marine fuel consumed. The purpose of the fund, awaiting approval at an IMO meeting this November, would be to explore viable alternative fuel solutions.The industry is smashing profit records in everyconsecutive quarter and con-sumers in the West are being warned to start Christmas shopping early. Cargo ships are the backbone of the globalized economy and governments can’t simply strong-arm the prices back down to pre-COVID levels.When regulators discuss the current state of shipping, will they acknowledge the concerns of importers and exporters? Might they discuss food security indeveloping nations? Do they have the power to pressure the industry to self-regulate?For now, we wait, like five thousand container ships on the water as we read, and hope for smooth seas and clear skies ahead.。
商务英语综合教程chapter (6)
1. A market economy is an economic system in which prices determine how resources will be used and how products will be distributed. 市场经济是一种经济体制，在这种体制中价格决定如何 使用资源和如何分配产品。 1）In which 引导的定语从句修饰主句的表语economic system.译为“在这种经济体制中，价格决定……” 2）how resources will be used and how products will be distributed.两个how 引导的宾语从句作定语从句谓 语动词determine的宾语，译为“价格决定如何使用资 源和如何分配产品。”
3) Why do we call our economy market economy? Because market plays a large role in our economy, we say that our economy is market economy. 4) What is the market economy? 5) What is price and its influence? 6) Why is money used as a medium of exchange? 7) Why can a market economy be called a price system? 8) Does “demand” mean “desire” in business? Why? 9) What’s the quantity demanded?
国际货物买卖英文 (10)
国际货物买卖英文International Trade in Goods (International Goods Trade)International trade in goods, also known as international goods trade, refers to the process of exchanging goods between buyers and sellers of different countries. It is an important part of the global economy, and plays a vital role in promoting economic growth and development, providing greater consumer choices, and creating employment opportunities.International trade in goods involves a complex network of customs regulations, trade policies, and international agreements. One of the most important aspects of international trade is the establishment of trade agreements between countries that help regulate the flow of goods between them. These trade agreements often include provisions that address issues such as tariffs, quotas, and other trade barriers. The World Trade Organization (WTO) plays an important role in facilitating international trade by providing a forum for discussions and negotiations among member countries.The process of international trade in goods can be divided into several stages. The first stage involves the marketing and promotion of goods in the exporting country, which is typically done through advertising, sales representatives, or trade shows. The second stage involves negotiating and finalizing the terms ofthe sale, including pricing, shipping and delivery, and payment arrangements. The third stage involves preparing the goods for shipping, which includes arranging for packaging, labeling, and documentation.The fourth stage of international trade in goods involves the actual transportation of the goods, which can be done by various modes of transportation, including air, sea, or land. Because of the nature of international trade, it is often necessary to use intermediaries such as freight forwarders, shipping agents, or customs brokers to ensure that the goods are transported safely and efficiently.The final stage of international trade in goods involves customs clearance and payment. This is a critical stage in the process, as customs regulations vary from country to country and failure to comply with these regulations can result in costly delays or even the seizure of the goods. Payment arrangements are also a critical component of international trade, and typically involve the use of letters of credit or other financial instruments to ensure that both the buyer and seller are protected in the transaction.There are several advantages to participating in international trade in goods. One of the most significant advantages is the ability to access a wider range of goods and services than would be available domestically. Additionally, international trade can provide businesses with opportunities to expand their customerbase, increase revenue and profits, and improve their competitiveness in the global marketplace. Finally, international trade can help promote economic growth and development both at the national and international level by creating new jobs, increasing productivity, and stimulating innovation.Despite the many advantages of international trade in goods, there are also challenges and risks associated with participating in this complex and often unpredictable market. These challenges include navigating complex customs regulations, managing supply chains and logistics, dealing with currency fluctuations and other financial risks, and ensuring compliance with various trade regulations and agreements.In conclusion, international trade in goods is a complex and dynamic process that plays a vital role in the global economy. While it offers many business opportunities and benefits, it also involves significant risks and challenges. Companies that wish to participate in international trade must be prepared to invest time and resources in developing the necessary skills and knowledge to succeed in this competitive and rapidly evolving market.。
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Market Demand
Market demand refers to the sum of all individual demands for a particular good or service. Graphically, individual demand curves are summed horizontally to obtain the market demand curve.
Change in Quantity Demanded
Movement along the demand curve. Caused by a change in the price of the product.
Changes in Quantity Demanded
Price of Cigarettes per Pack
$4.00
C
A tax that raises the price of cigarettes results in a movement along the demand curve.
2.00
A
D1
0
12
20
Number of Cigarettes Smoked per Day
Change in Quantity Demanded versus Change in Demand
0 1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Law of Demand
The law of demand states that there is an inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded.
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
Ceteris Paribus
Markets
A market is a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or service. The terms supply and demand refer to the behavior of people . . . as they interact with one another in markets.
Monopolistic Competition
Competition:
Many sellers Slightly differentiated products Each seller may set price for its own product
Demand
Quantity demanded is the amount of a good that buyers are willing and able to purchase.
Ceteris paribus is a Latin phrase
that means all variables other than the ones being studied are assumed to be constant. Literally, ceteris paribus means “other things being equal.”
Determinants of Demand
Market price Consumer income Prices of related goods Tastes Expectations Number of buyers
Change in Quantity Demanded versus Change in Demand
Perfect and Otherwise
Monopoly
Competition:
One seller, and seller controls price
Oligopoly
Few sellers Not always aggressive competition
Perfect and Otherwise
Change in Demand
A shift in the demand curve, either to the left or right. Caused by a change in a determinant other than the price.
Price of Ice-Cream Cone
Demand Schedule
Price $0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 Quantity 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
Demand Curve
The demand curve is the downward-sloping line relating price to quantity demanded.
Price of Ice-Cream Cone
Demand Curve
Price $0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 Quantity 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
$3.00 2.50 2.00 1.50
1.00
0.50
Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones
Markets
Buyers determine demand.
Sellers determine supply.
A Competitive Market
A competitive market is a market. . .
with many buyers and sellers. that is not controlled by any one person. in which a narrow range of prices are established that buyers and sellers act upon.
D2
Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones
Consumer Income
Price of Ice-Cream Cone
Inferior Good
$3.00 2.50 2.00 1.50 Decrease in demand
An increase in income...
1.00
0.50
A change in price causes a change in quantity demanded. All of the other changes listed shift the demand curve.
Consumer Income
As income increases the demand for a normal good（正 常品） will increase. As income increases the demand for an inferior good （劣质品）will decrease.
The Market Forces of Supply and Demand
Chapter 4
The Market Forces of Supply and Demand
Supply and demand are the two words that economists use most often. Supply and demand are the forces that make market economies work. Modern microeconomics is about supply, demand, and market equilibrium.
Market Type:
Competition: Perfect and Otherwise
Perfect Competition （完全竞争）
Products are the same Numerous buyers and sellers so that each has no influence over price Buyers and Sellers are price takers
The demand curve slopes downward because, ceteris paribus, lower prices imply a greater quantity demanded!
Exercise 1
• TRUE/FALSE
1. In a competitive market, the quantity of each good produced and the price at which it is sold are not determined by any single buyer or seller. 2. The quantity demanded of a product is the amount that buyers are willing and able to purchase at a particular price. 3. The law of demand states that, other things equal, when the price of a good rises, the quantity demanded of the good rises, and when the price falls, the quantity demanded falls.
Answers for Exercise 1
• TRUE/FALSE T 1. In a competitive market, the quantity of each
good produced and the price at which it is sold are not determined by any single buyer or seller. T 2. The quantity demanded of a product is the amount that buyers are willing and able to purchase at a particular price. F 3. The law of demand states that, other things equal, when the price of a good rises, the quantity demanded of the good rises, and when the price falls, the quantity demanded falls.