History of English_Fall09[Landa]_PPt3
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英语发展史 the history of English PPT课件
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由此产生的许多短语一直保留到现在，如
night and main, friend or foe, a labour of love。
（公元1100—1500年）
In 1066, the Normans conquered
1066 14
England. French became the
存并很语 象语
了。在复合词的构成格式方面，也吸收 了法语的一些特色，例如：名词+形容词， 副词+过去分词(例by-gone)。这些现象， 语言学史上称为英语的罗曼语化。这就
是为什么从谱系关系上看，英语与德语
同族，但现代英语的词汇和法语更相近 的原因。
大量的法语词的涌入，也使英语词
汇起了词义变化。有一些英语固有
的词被淘汰掉了，有一些虽然还存
（1500-- ）
早期现代英语时期，对英语词汇的影响最大的是文艺复兴 运动。文专职复兴运动是十四世纪在意大利开始的，在十 六世纪以后的两个世纪内对英国的影响很大。在这一时期， 强调研究古代希腊、罗马文化，以对抗中世纪的封建文化。 于是许多外来词，主要是拉丁语和希腊语的词语传入英语， 成为英语的书面语和术语词的基本部分。同时也为英语提 供了大量的同义词。希腊和拉丁语词进入英语后有的保留 了原来的形式，如 climax, appendix, exterior, axis；有 的失去了词尾，如（扩号内为拉丁语）, consult (consultare), exclusion (exclusioneum) exotic (exoticus)； 还有的改变了词尾，使之更适合英语的形式，如形容词词 尾us 变成了ous或变成al，名词词尾tas变为ty。
英译汉
在8世纪末，斯堪的那维亚人攻占英国。 战 争持续了将近200年。 在这个时期，很多 拉丁语、丹麦和古斯堪的那维亚的单词融入
HistoryoftheEnglishLanguage.ppt
English raise want
skill skin
Both survived
Old English (450-1100 AD)
Part of Beowulf《贝奥武甫》 , a poem written in Old English. The invading Germanic tribes spoke similar languages, which in Britain developed into what we now call Old English. Old English did not sound or look like English today. Native English speakers now would have great difficulty understanding Old English. Nevertheless, about half of the most commonly used words in Modern English have Old English roots. The words be, strong and water, for example, derive from Old English. Old English was spoken until around 1100.
History of the English Language
The very beginning of English
The development of the English language can date back to as far as 500BC.According to historical record ,the earliest language used in Great Britain is Celtic. In 55 BC , the Roman conquered the Great Britain and had ruled there for more than 500 years , creating an opportunity for Latin to find its way into Britain and gradually take the place of Celtic as the official language.
History of English___ Fall09[Landa]_PPt6
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Old English II
The Dialects of OE There were 4 dialects in Anglo-
Saxon England:
Kentish - offshoot of the Jutes who
settled in Kent; West Saxon – spoken south of the Thames; (OE) Mercian – spoken from the Thames to the Humber; (Anglian) (MSE descendant of it) Northumbrian – spoken north of the Humber. (Anglian)
Old English II
Linguistic and Literary Achievement Prose English was the first of the European languages of the time to develop a respectable written prose tradition. Much of the OE prose that survives is translated from Latin. King Alfred: (translated) Bede’s Ecclesiastical History of the English People (731 CE); (likely instigated) Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (891?1154). They were Mostly religious in nature.
Old English II
Sociolinguistic Focus Language Contact Borrowing words is one way to enrich the vocabulary of English. Borrowing results from contact between people.
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Middle English II
Sociolinguistic Focus English re-established (9) Edward I spoke English well, which had a great influence on the use of English. (10) By the end of the 13th century Englishmen thought that English was their own language. A knowledge of English was common at all levels of society.
in dialect diversity.
Five major dialects of ME: OE ME Northumbrian Northern Mercian Midland East Anglian Kentish South-eastern West Saxon South-western
Middle English II
Sociolinguistic Focus English re-established (3) Louis IX declared that people could not show allegiance to both England and France. (4) The split with France was not so straightforward.
increase in the importance of English, since they had more conversation in the affaires of the country.
History of English___ Fall09[Landa]
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remained unchanged. e.g. catte > cat; bedde > bed;
scip > ship; folc > folk; full > ful 7
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Middle English I
Linguistic Developments: Middle
English (ME) Sounds and Structure
:]
soכe.g. swa [swα:]
so [s
:]
who כhwa [hwα:] ho [h
swuster [swustεr] suster [sustə] sister 6
Middle English I
Linguistic Developments: Middle English (ME) Sounds and Structure
3
Middle English I
Social and Political History
Political History: The Norman Conquest to Edward I
King John (1199-1216) had a complete failure both at war and at home.
Conquest to Edward I
In 1066, Edward died childless. In Sep. 1066, William (I), Duke of
Normandy, invaded England, and was crowned King of England on Christmas Day, 1066. William II Rufus, the second son of William I, succeeded his father. He died suspiciously.
scip > ship; folc > folk; full > ful 7
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Middle English I
Linguistic Developments: Middle
English (ME) Sounds and Structure
:]
soכe.g. swa [swα:]
so [s
:]
who כhwa [hwα:] ho [h
swuster [swustεr] suster [sustə] sister 6
Middle English I
Linguistic Developments: Middle English (ME) Sounds and Structure
3
Middle English I
Social and Political History
Political History: The Norman Conquest to Edward I
King John (1199-1216) had a complete failure both at war and at home.
Conquest to Edward I
In 1066, Edward died childless. In Sep. 1066, William (I), Duke of
Normandy, invaded England, and was crowned King of England on Christmas Day, 1066. William II Rufus, the second son of William I, succeeded his father. He died suspiciously.
英语的形成与发展介绍(中英双语)PPT
OLD ENGLISH (450 - 1100 AD):
Around 878 AD Danes and Norsemen, also called Vikings, invaded the country and English got many Norse words into the language, particularly in the north of England. The Vikings,
Some, such as church, bishop, baptism, monk, eucharist and presbyter came indirectly through
Latin from the Greek.
597年圣奥古斯丁的到来以及基督教传入撒克逊英格 兰，使更多的拉丁语单词进入英语。他们主要关注 教会政要的命名、仪式等。一些，如教堂、主教、 洗礼、僧侣、圣餐和长老会，间接通过拉丁语从希 腊语传来。
OLD ENGLISH (450 - 1100 AD):
The influence of Celtic upon Old English was slight. In fact, very few Celtic words have lived on in the English language. But many of place
English poem and it is notable for its length -
3,183 lines. Experts say "Beowulf" was written in
Britain more than one thousand years ago. The name of the person who wrote it is unknown.
History of English___ Fall09[Landa]_PPt4
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(continued)
Language Contact Contact is resulted from: Communication Learning each other’s tongue The way of contacting is mainly to borrow words. Also, change in phonology, and morphological and syntactic systems The change process is (a) after centuries of contact (b) the ‘taker’ language is not a codified literary language. (c) ‘language death’
(continued)
In order to appreciate the full
significance of the change of English, we need to have some idea of the language universals and linguistic typology
The Pre-history of English
(continued)
Morphological Typology August von Schlegel (1818) proposed a morphological typology. An isolating language has a 1:1 correspondence between words and morphemes. (1 morpheme one word ) Vietnamese: Chung toi bat dau lam bai. PL I begin do lesson PL We began to do lesson Monosyllabic language = isolating language. Chinese
Language Contact Contact is resulted from: Communication Learning each other’s tongue The way of contacting is mainly to borrow words. Also, change in phonology, and morphological and syntactic systems The change process is (a) after centuries of contact (b) the ‘taker’ language is not a codified literary language. (c) ‘language death’
(continued)
In order to appreciate the full
significance of the change of English, we need to have some idea of the language universals and linguistic typology
The Pre-history of English
(continued)
Morphological Typology August von Schlegel (1818) proposed a morphological typology. An isolating language has a 1:1 correspondence between words and morphemes. (1 morpheme one word ) Vietnamese: Chung toi bat dau lam bai. PL I begin do lesson PL We began to do lesson Monosyllabic language = isolating language. Chinese
History of English___ Fall09[Landa]_PPt11
![History of English___ Fall09[Landa]_PPt11](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/b87a2a687e21af45b307a838.png)
Present-Day English
Linguistic Development Syntax (4) Expanded premodification is more
common in modern English than in earlier varieties; e.g.: A Foreign Office travel advisory has been issued for tourists travelling to Turkey.
Present-Day English
Social and Political History The Age of Revolutions, Wars and
Imperialism Since the late 18 century, many wars changed the way society functions. Late 18c and much of the 19c: continued expansion of the British Empire. Captain James Cook (1728-1779), British explorer and navigator, famous for his three voyages of exploration in the South Pacific Ocean and the coastal waters of North America. (first penal colony in Australia)
Present-Day English
Linguistic Development The Lexicon
The lexicon is the most changed aspect of English in the PDE period. Colonialism, contact and borrowings At least two ‘standards’ of English: the national and the international New dictionaries do not claim to be American or British English, being overlaps between the two standard lexica. Culture-specific borrowings appear in the English of distant countries.
The history of EnglishPPT
5th century AD. These tribes, the Angles, the Saxons and the
Jutes, crossed the North Sea from what today is Denmark
and northern Germany. At that time the inhabitants of Britain
The history of English
Comments
1.Early history 2.Old English 3.Early le English
4.Varieties of English
Early History
The history of English language really started with the arrival of three Germanic tribes who invaded Britain during
Thank You
Varieties of English
From around 1600, the English colonization of North America resulted in the creation of a distinct American variety of English. Some English pronunciation and words changed when they reached America. Today American English is particularly influential, due to the USA’s dominance of cinema, television, popular music, trade and technology. But there are many other varieties of English around world, including Australian English, New Zealand English, Canadian English, South African English, Indian English… …
History of English___ Fall09[Landa]_PPt9
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Early Modern English I
Linguistic Developments Morphology Verbs (1) More weak verbs were established. (2)The 3rd person singular present end, -eth (giveth, loveth) and –s (gives, loves). Late, during the first half of the 17th century, -s was used in spoken English, -(e)th in writen form.
Early Modern English I
Linguistic Developments Consonants (1) /h/ disappeared or became [f]; e.g. ME [siçt] → EME [sit] → PDE [sαit] sight <gh> was not sounded. More, through, rough [f], cough [f]. (2) /l/ was lost in sound after low back vowels(almond, folk, palm). (3) /k/, /g/ were no longer pronounced initially before /n/; knee, knight, gnome [格言].
Early Modern English I
Linguistic Developments Morphology Nouns, essentially the same as in PDE. Pronouns, (1) “You” was more frequently used. (2) “mine”/myne > my Adjectives and Adverbs All inflections of adjectival forms have been lost by the EME period, with er and est left.
History of English, Fall09[Landa],PPt3
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The Pre-history of English
Genetic (遗传 遗传)relatedness 遗传
On the whole, all languages on the world are “equal”. However, some are closer. There is a “genetic” relatedness among languages. The various language of the world belong to different families and bear offspring.
The Pre-history of English
Germanic has three subgroups:
two subgroups: Low Germanic: English, Frisian, Dutch, Flemish, and Afrikaans. Old Saxon is the essential component of Modern Low German. Old Low Franconian (Frisian + Saxon) is the basis of modern Dutch in the Netherlands, Flemish in Belgium, and Afrikaans in South Africa.
Some Other Language Families
The Indo-European Family 印欧语系 The Afro-Asiatic Family 阿非罗 亚细亚语系 阿非罗-亚细亚语系 The Sino-Tibetan Family 汉藏语系 The Altaic Family 阿尔泰 The Dravidian Family 达罗毗荼语系 (德拉 德拉 维达) 维达 South Asian Families 南亚语系 The Uralic-Yukaghir Family 芬兰 乌戈尔语系 芬兰-乌戈尔语系 The Khoisan Family 科依桑语系
《英语语言发展史》课件
05
The challenges faced by the English language
Standardization refers to the process of establishing and promoting standard English, including pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary, and usage.
03
English is also widely used in the fields of literature, cinema, and music, allowing for the exchange and dissemination of ideas and cultural expressions across borders.
Details:
Phonological changes: Over time, certain sounds have shifted or disappeared, while new ones have emerged. For example, the Great Vowel Shift occurred in the 14th century, altering the pronunciation of many vowels.
Summary: The development of English vocabulary has been extensive, with words from various languages and cultures being adopted over time.
Details:
Old English: The earliest form of English had a limited vocabulary, mainly consisting of words related to basic needs like hunting, fishing, and agriculture.
The challenges faced by the English language
Standardization refers to the process of establishing and promoting standard English, including pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary, and usage.
03
English is also widely used in the fields of literature, cinema, and music, allowing for the exchange and dissemination of ideas and cultural expressions across borders.
Details:
Phonological changes: Over time, certain sounds have shifted or disappeared, while new ones have emerged. For example, the Great Vowel Shift occurred in the 14th century, altering the pronunciation of many vowels.
Summary: The development of English vocabulary has been extensive, with words from various languages and cultures being adopted over time.
Details:
Old English: The earliest form of English had a limited vocabulary, mainly consisting of words related to basic needs like hunting, fishing, and agriculture.
《历史视界下的英语》课件
English pronunciation has undergone significant changes throughout its history, including the Great Vowel Shift and the development of regional dialects.
The renowned playwright's works are considered a highlight in the development of English, showcasing the language's rich vocabulary and expressive power.
PPT courseware for "English from a Historical Pers
CATALOGUE
目录
The Historical Origins of EnglishThe Development of EnglishThe Global Spread and Influence of EnglishThe Evolution of English Language CharacteristicsEnglish and Cultural ExchangeOutlook for Future English
Prediction 2
English will continue to be a language of cultural exchange and understanding between nations.
Prediction 3
English will see more innovations in teaching methods and materials to meet the needs of learners in the digital age.
the_history_of_English_Language课件
The number of modern English words 200,000
Questions
What do you think is the characters of development of English language ?
Question proposed
1. How many English words are there in English language ?
The Influences on Old English:
tin
Latin is first introduced into English when England was under the conquer of Romans Empire before 3rd century.
.
Literature---
stanza, canto
Art---
studio, vista, replica
Music---
opera, solo, alto, piano
Shakespeare’ works
Later Modern English
The influence of Industrialization and colonization: (1800-)
Characters of English
L:anguage of this time
Large number of foreign language absorbed into English language
Turkey and Arabia: coffee, cotton, turban… Persia: bazaar, pajama Far East: Tea, bamboo, curry, sago .. North America: potato, tomato
英语的起源与发展ppt课件
12
文艺复兴时期，为了表达新事物、新思想、新感情，英国作 家和学者们大量借用希腊语、拉丁语、法语、意大利语、西 班牙语的词汇，并且大胆地创造新词、新语。这就使英语词 汇空前丰富，但也造成混乱庞杂现象。因此，净化英语势在 必然。这与宗教改革息息相关。宗教改革使英国教会和主教 断绝了关系，英语代替拉丁语，成为教堂里的语言，英语的 《圣经》代替了拉丁语的《圣经》。英国学者更加重视祖国 的语言，他们认为祖国语言有丰富的表达力，不需要借用外 国的词，他们努力使英语净化。于是出现了两种趋势一种趋 势使英语变得丰富、文雅，另一种趋势使英保持纯洁、朴素。 这两种趋势的不断竞争推动了英语的发展。第一种趋防止了 英语的营养不足;第二种趋势避免了英语的消化不良。
13
17、18世纪的英语逐渐走向规范化、标准化。1755年，塞缪 尔.约翰逊(Samual Johnson,1709-1784) 编幕的 《英语词 典》(A Dictionary of the English Language) 问世。此 前英国某些学者也曾试图编辑字典。比如，1640年罗伯特. 考德雷(Robert Cawdrey)曾出版《英语单词字母顺序表》(A Table of Alphabetical English Words)一书，收词了3OOO 个，全书仅120页，着重对常用的外来语词汇进行注释。 1721年，纳撒内尔.贝 Nathania Bailey出版了《通用词源 字典》(Universal Etymological Dictionary) ，这是一本 着重于词源的字典。然而，就其规模、体例和实用价值而言， 在约翰逊的《英语词典》问世之前的那些词书还只能算作词 典编辑的雏形。因此，我们常把约翰逊的《英语词典》看作 英国历史上第一部用英语解释的、收词广泛的、具有权威性 的标准英语大词典。这部词典的诞生，大大促进了英国语言 的规范化和标准化。
文艺复兴时期，为了表达新事物、新思想、新感情，英国作 家和学者们大量借用希腊语、拉丁语、法语、意大利语、西 班牙语的词汇，并且大胆地创造新词、新语。这就使英语词 汇空前丰富，但也造成混乱庞杂现象。因此，净化英语势在 必然。这与宗教改革息息相关。宗教改革使英国教会和主教 断绝了关系，英语代替拉丁语，成为教堂里的语言，英语的 《圣经》代替了拉丁语的《圣经》。英国学者更加重视祖国 的语言，他们认为祖国语言有丰富的表达力，不需要借用外 国的词，他们努力使英语净化。于是出现了两种趋势一种趋 势使英语变得丰富、文雅，另一种趋势使英保持纯洁、朴素。 这两种趋势的不断竞争推动了英语的发展。第一种趋防止了 英语的营养不足;第二种趋势避免了英语的消化不良。
13
17、18世纪的英语逐渐走向规范化、标准化。1755年，塞缪 尔.约翰逊(Samual Johnson,1709-1784) 编幕的 《英语词 典》(A Dictionary of the English Language) 问世。此 前英国某些学者也曾试图编辑字典。比如，1640年罗伯特. 考德雷(Robert Cawdrey)曾出版《英语单词字母顺序表》(A Table of Alphabetical English Words)一书，收词了3OOO 个，全书仅120页，着重对常用的外来语词汇进行注释。 1721年，纳撒内尔.贝 Nathania Bailey出版了《通用词源 字典》(Universal Etymological Dictionary) ，这是一本 着重于词源的字典。然而，就其规模、体例和实用价值而言， 在约翰逊的《英语词典》问世之前的那些词书还只能算作词 典编辑的雏形。因此，我们常把约翰逊的《英语词典》看作 英国历史上第一部用英语解释的、收词广泛的、具有权威性 的标准英语大词典。这部词典的诞生，大大促进了英国语言 的规范化和标准化。
The history of English 英语的起源和发展(共14张PPT )
1.词根：act
2.词根+后缀：acter
词根
后缀
前缀
3.前缀+词根：dislike 4. 前 缀 + 词 根 + 后 缀 ： disablement
Hale Waihona Puke 单词记忆法1.仿声记忆法（外来词的收集）
romance（浪漫史）， typhoon（台风）， microphone（麦克风）， copy（拷 贝）， cartoon（卡通）， sofa（沙发），tofu（豆腐）...
Sandwich——由英国伯爵山威奇(Sanwich)的名字而产生。为了打牌方便，他发明了一种可
以边玩牌边吃的夹心面包，发展到后来就成了今天的“三明治”。
6．对应法
譬如，当我们记忆father（父亲）一词时，可同时联想与其相对应的同一类女性名词mother
（母亲）。这样对应记忆单词可同时记住两个词，从而使记忆单词的效率提高一倍。
4.词缀记忆法
即遇到某一词缀时，尽可能扩充已学过或与之有关的词，较适用于复习旧词。
re-retell， reread， rewrite， redo， return， rebuilad...
un-unable， unacceptable， unattractive...
单词记忆法
5.典故和背景知识法
2.谐音记忆法
即利用英语单词的读音与汉语拼音相似的特点进行联系，想象记忆。如
tomb（坟墓）“土墓”
trainer（训练人）“捶哪”...
3.分析构词法
president——前缀pre（前）+sid（联想sit）+ent（人），“在前面就坐的人” 即“总统”）
international——前缀inter（相互）+nation（国家）+al（形容词后缀）=国际 的
2.词根+后缀：acter
词根
后缀
前缀
3.前缀+词根：dislike 4. 前 缀 + 词 根 + 后 缀 ： disablement
Hale Waihona Puke 单词记忆法1.仿声记忆法（外来词的收集）
romance（浪漫史）， typhoon（台风）， microphone（麦克风）， copy（拷 贝）， cartoon（卡通）， sofa（沙发），tofu（豆腐）...
Sandwich——由英国伯爵山威奇(Sanwich)的名字而产生。为了打牌方便，他发明了一种可
以边玩牌边吃的夹心面包，发展到后来就成了今天的“三明治”。
6．对应法
譬如，当我们记忆father（父亲）一词时，可同时联想与其相对应的同一类女性名词mother
（母亲）。这样对应记忆单词可同时记住两个词，从而使记忆单词的效率提高一倍。
4.词缀记忆法
即遇到某一词缀时，尽可能扩充已学过或与之有关的词，较适用于复习旧词。
re-retell， reread， rewrite， redo， return， rebuilad...
un-unable， unacceptable， unattractive...
单词记忆法
5.典故和背景知识法
2.谐音记忆法
即利用英语单词的读音与汉语拼音相似的特点进行联系，想象记忆。如
tomb（坟墓）“土墓”
trainer（训练人）“捶哪”...
3.分析构词法
president——前缀pre（前）+sid（联想sit）+ent（人），“在前面就坐的人” 即“总统”）
international——前缀inter（相互）+nation（国家）+al（形容词后缀）=国际 的
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The Pre-history of English
High Germanic: German, Yiddish Yiddish In 1939 there were about 12 million
speakers of Yiddish, 2/3 of whom were in eastern Europe. During the World War II the number of Yiddish speakers was tragically decimated. There are groups of Yiddish speakers throughout the USA, esp. in largest cities, such as New York.
The Indo-European Language and
Linguistic Relatedness
The development of historical linguistics 1. Historical linguistics is evolutionary in
nature. The theories of language development were similar to biological theories. Darwin’s theory of evolution influenced linguistics. 2. Language hatraced back to a common ancestor, and there are genetic relationships among languages.
The Pre-history of English
The family of English The Parent language of English is Germanic Sisters: Dutch, Flemish, Afrikaans, German, Yidish. Cousins: (north) Icelandic, Norwegian, Danish, and Swedish (east)Gothic
The Pre-history of English
Genetic (遗传)relatedness On the whole, all languages on the world are “equal”. However, some are closer. There is a “genetic” relatedness among languages. The various language of the world belong to different families and bear offspring.
The Pre-history of English
Germanic has three subgroups: North Germanic: Swedish, Danish, Gutnish, Norwegian, Faroese and Icelandic (Scandinavian languages) The common Scandinavian language is known as Old Norse lasting until the 13th century. From about 11th century onwards, two groups are differentiated: East Norse: Swedish, Danish, Gutnish West Norse: Norwegian, Faroese (法罗), Icelandic (25万 speakers)
The Pre-history of English
Germanic has three subgroups: two subgroups: Low Germanic: English, Frisian, Dutch, Flemish, and Afrikaans. Old Saxon is the essential component of Modern Low German. Old Low Franconian (Frisian + Saxon) is the basis of modern Dutch in the Netherlands, Flemish in Belgium, and Afrikaans in South Africa.
The Pre-history of English
Germanic has three subgroups: West Germanic: English + …; The Second Consonant Shift (p38) p-, t-, k- > pf, ts, k(x): Eng. pipe Ger. Pferfe -p-, -t-, -k- > -f(f)-, -s(s)-, -x Eng. hope Ger. Hoffen Those remain the original: Low Germanic (English) Those acceps the shift: High Germanic (German)
A History of English
Fall 2009 (3)
Instructor: Dr. Liu Si
Textbook: Fennell 01, A History of English: A Sociolinguistic Approach
The Pre-history of English
The Pre-history of English
High Germanic: German, Yiddish German, In 6-8 centuries, the Modern German
literary language displays quite striking differences, based on High German dialects. Because Germany separated and reunified, it has no long-established geographical center for Standard German.
Some Other Language Families
The Indo-European Family 印欧语系
The Afro-Asiatic Family
阿非罗-亚细亚语系 The Sino-Tibetan Family 汉藏语系 The Altaic Family 阿尔泰 The Dravidian Family 达罗毗荼语系 (德拉 维达) South Asian Families 南亚语系 The Uralic-Yukaghir Family 芬兰-乌戈尔语系 The Khoisan Family 科依桑语系
The Pre-history of English
Germanic developed from Indo-
European by the first sound shift:
p - f; g - k; h - gh pes - Fuβ; ager – Acker; hostis – Gast Germanic has three subgroups: East Germanic: Gothic The Goths expanded into present-day France, Italy and Spain. The language eventually yielded to the Romance languages by about the 9th century. No modern Germanic languages descend form Gothic
The Pre-history of English
Germanic Germanic people brought about the Celtic (凯尔特) languages westward to Iceland, Greenland and America, eastward to former Baltic (波罗的海的) and Slavonic (斯拉夫的) territory. German may in fact have been taken from the name of a small Celtic tribe. Proto-Germanic is the hypothetical Grundsprache of English.
The Pre-history of English
The Indo-European Language
Family
Languages in the Indo-European
language family now range geographically from India and Iran in the East to Britain and North America in the West. English, German, French, Greek, Latin belong to Indo-European language family.