周日进 2014年6月SAT回忆

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2014上半年SAT考试真题：阅读

2014上半年SAT考试真题：阅读2014上半年SAT考试真题：阅读Secti on 29. D题型：双篇关系题解析：P1主要讲演员主要犯的错误就是直奔结果忽视目的，总想给观众留下深刻的印象，但是没有想明白演员表演的主要目的是在表演中做到引诱、侮辱、说服、恐吓。

P2则以表演硬汉作为一个例子，说明如果意味的追求硬汉的外表呈现，是很荒谬、不真实的。

要想在荧幕上塑造硬汉形象，要在外表形象以外来塑造。

10. E题型：态度题解析：P1的整体语风比较书面、议论，P2则比较随意、口语化。

11. C题型：双篇互联题解析：从P1观点出发看p2作者会通过什么方式来准备一个角色。

P1认为应该考虑表演的目的，objective，究竟要表演什么，对应了C选项的motivation12. C题型：求同题解析：两篇文章都对于P2中对硬汉的表演怎么看，那个表演很表面，不真实，也不能达到表演的目的。

13. B题型：词汇题解析：定位点前面，文章开篇说到妈妈经常打电话，我总是听到关于Carroll的事。

此处说I got pienty of material ，就应该指获得了关于Carroll的信息。

14. A题型：类比推理题解析：原文要呈现接收者和提出者的关系，对应了A听广播的和电视播报员15. A题型：内容理解题解析：定位处furniture的描述中提及了是价值一大笔钱，此处又说很英国，就是在意识中“来自英国”代表着价值一大笔钱。

16. D题型：内容理解题解析：定位点比较长，主要讲的是Carroll是如何布置自己的新居的。

17. E题型：词汇题解析：此题特别容易误选B ,increase，因为看上去与develop 本意十分接近。

但实际上这里需要考虑本句句首for的因果，因为是个画家，她的一些行为就好解释了，也就是一切更为清晰了。

18. B题型：内容理解题解析：从原文语气“ The what? ”可以看出Mama对于此事非常的困惑和不理解19. B题型：因果题解析：镇上女人因为什么被Norman惹火了。

2014年6月sat真题_语法

In making your selection, follow the requirements of
standard written English; that is, pay attention to grammar, choice of words, sentence construction, and punctuation. Your selection should result in the most effective sentence-clear and precise, without awkwardness or ambiguity. 3. By midnight a heavy snow has began to fall, enveloping the city in a soft, white silence.
ladder should not be used, as accidental contact between the ladder and the lines could cause an electrical shock.
only as a last resort.
(A) (B)
Reclusive by nature, coral snakes will generally attempt to flee when confronted by humans,
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
are the ones that remain much more common are what remain much more common
remain much more common remain more commoner remain most commonest

201410.25日SAT考场吐血回忆篇

10.25 爱唯易陈一浩10.25香港sat考试阅读回忆我今天考试的位置是在新蒲岗考评局。

比起六月份的人满为患，今天人少多了，考act, gre, sat1, sat2 的人数总共加起来都不多。

我的考试位置是在402，众多老人家同行们都非常的熟悉了，我不赘述了。

写作题目超级简单：当做事情遇到不顺的时候，到底是继续呢还是放弃呢？我的例子是：马云和林书豪。

就是不停坚持取得成功嘛。

其实回来路上后悔了，应该写路飞鸣人一户的嘛！！！想起一个名言：写作这东西无论私底下准备的多好上了考场都写的真心差不多的。

说说阅读吧：今天我阅读加试，觉得总体来说阅读难度系数比起6月份要难，而且难蛮多的。

这次题目的主旨题出奇的多，几乎每篇短的和长的都是主旨题。

其中长阅读中，几乎都是段落总结归纳，考察词汇量的多少和阅读的速度高低了。

Sec 2 8个填空，2篇短阅读，长对比25分钟填空难度系数非常一般。

基本没有什么生词，做的挺开心的。

记得有cynical的正确选项，短阅读第一篇：一大堆蚂蚁的工作的问题，一个句子分析题，一个主旨题。

短阅读第二篇：一个孩子玩邮票然后吸引一批小孩一起来玩邮票的故事。

一个细节，一个主旨。

长对比（只记得个大概了）：讲音乐本身是true还是false 。

第一篇说：音乐应该走一个真的路线，有些乐队为了钱装出一副死样子，不算真音乐。

第二篇说：有位歌手，以方言口语的特色而闻名，但是非常老实的告诉大家自己就是为了钱。

第一篇细节题超级多啊，5题！第二篇细节题基本还是句子总结为主的，3题。

其余的都是求同或者对比了。

这篇我觉得难度系数非常大。

当中是语法和数学的穿插，连着3个section，我睡了将近一个小时哈哈哈哈，最爽的事情就是数学考试部分睡觉而且睡的很踏实，完成了初中和高中时期一直想做的事情。

Section 6 8个填空，2篇短阅读，一篇单长25分钟一看到我就心里开始飙脏话了。

因为又是8个填空，2篇短阅读，一篇单长。

这个部分我估计是加试的。

周日进 2014年5月SAT回忆

题目：
1.找共同点：都承认他是很好的 storyteller
2. 两篇文章都说他认为自己的东西不一定可信
3. treat=regard
4. 引用他的一段话是为了 illustrate a cliam
南京爱唯易
周日进
SAT 托福培训
2014 05 月 SAT 考试填空和阅读回忆
首先说填空，题目回忆（很多题目我只记得核心信息，什么人名地名也不重要了）：
1. enticing，题干说的什么东西非常好吃，一下买了很多。所以是有吸引力的。周老师上课提到很多迷人类的单词。比如 captivating，enthralling ，enchanting 等等
一说的是大家认为种植是非常平常的事情，是自然的恩赐。后半部分以 but 开头，提到其实和制造芯片一样也是靠技术的。
题目： 1 passge primarily challenges an assumption.
2 . but 开头句子的功能，太简单了。就是转折作用啊。shift the focus of discussion.
短对比：
讲的是对 acting 的看法。题目 1. demonstrate a phenomenon 2 tone is more conversational (因为文章是以 I 的口吻写的)
3. underlying motivation 要理解角色的东西才能演好 4. 题目不记得了。
长文章：
9. fortuitous 偶然的
10. precocious。这个词又出现啦。周老师上课提到 precocious 和 premature 的区别啊。翻译过来好像都是早熟的，但意思差别很大。precocious 指人很小就展现才能，而 premature 在真题的填空中出现过，意思其实是时机不成熟的。

2014年6月英语六级真题(含答案)

2014年6月英语六级真题及答案详解PartI Writing(30minutes)Directions:For this part,you are allowed30minutes to write an essay explaining why it is unwise to put all your eggs in one basket.You can give examples to illustrate your point.You should write at least150words but no more than200words.Directions:For this part,you are allowed30minutes to write an essay explaining why it is unwise a person by their appearance.You can give examples to illustrate your point.You should write at least150words but no more than200words.Directions:For this part,you are allowed30minutes to write an essay explaining why it is unwise to jump to conclusions upon seeing or hearing something.You can give examples to illustrate your point.You should write at least150words but no more than200words.PartⅡListening Comprehension(30minutes)Section A Directions:In this section,you will hear8short conversations and2long conversations.At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said.Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once.After each question there will be a pause.During the pause,you must read the four choices marked A),B),C)and D),and decide which is the best answer.Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet1with a single line through the centre.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。

2014年6月大学英语六级考试真题(三)

2014年6月大学英语六级考试真题(三)I remember the 2014 June College English Test Level 6 (CET-6) vividly. It wasa challenging yet rewarding experience that tested my English proficiency and critical thinking skills. The exam consisted of various sections, including listening, reading, writing, and translation, each designed to evaluate different aspects of language proficiency. As a student preparing for this exam, I felt a mix of nerves and excitement leading up to the test day. One of the most daunting parts of the exam for me was the listening section. The fast pace and variety of accents often made it difficult to catch every word, requiring intense focus and concentration. However, I found that practicing with listening materials beforehand helped me improve my listening skills and better prepare for this section. Despite the challenges, I appreciated the opportunity to test my ability to understand spoken English in real-life situations. The reading section of the exam was another area that required careful attention to detail and comprehension. The passages covered a wide range of topics, from science and technology to social issues and literature. Analyzing and synthesizing information from these passages was a valuable exercise in critical thinking and reading comprehension. I found that practicing reading comprehension exercises regularly helped me improve my ability to understand and analyze complex texts. The writing section of the exam was where I could truly showcase my language skills and creativity. I had to write essays on various topics, such as environmental protection, education, and social media. This section allowed me to express my thoughts and opinions in a coherent and organized manner, while also demonstrating my ability to use advanced vocabulary and grammar structures. While writing under time constraints was challenging, I enjoyed the opportunity to craft well-structured and persuasive arguments. The translation section of the exam tested my ability to accurately convey meaning from Chinese to English and vice versa. This section required a deep understanding of both languages and the ability to capture the nuances and subtleties of the original text. I found that practicing translation exercises helped me improve my vocabulary and grammar skills in both languages, while also sharpening my ability to convey meaning accurately and effectively. Overall, the 2014 June CET-6 exam was a valuable learning experience that pushed me to improvemy English language skills and broaden my understanding of different topics. While the exam was challenging, it also provided me with a sense of accomplishment and pride in my abilities. I believe that taking the CET-6 exam has helped me become a more confident and proficient English speaker and writer, and I am grateful for the opportunity to have participated in such a rigorous and rewarding examination.。

2014年6月大学英语六级考试真题含答案解析

hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A冤, B冤, C冤 and
D冤. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre. 注意院此部分试题请在答题卡 1 上作答遥
conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a
pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A冤, B冤, C冤 and D冤, and decide
2. A冤 The class has kept the party a secret from Jay.
B冤 Jay is organizing a party for the retiring dean.
C冤 Jay is surprised to learn of the party for him.
12. A冤 A year of practical training.
B冤 A happy childhood.
六级 2014.6 要 2
C冤 A pleasant neighbourhood.
D冤 A good secondary education.
13. A冤 He is good at carpentry.
D冤 Train clients to use financial software.

2014年6月sat真题_词汇

3. Manfred's attitude was one of -------, but his classmates
refused to pay any attention to his airs of superiority.
(A) severity (B) solicitousness (C) frivolity (D) condescension (E) contrition
circle on the answer sheet.
Each sentence below has one or two blanks, each blank indicating that something has been omitted. Beneath the sentence are five words or sets of words labeled A through E. Choose the word or set of words that, when inserted in the sentence, best fits the meaning of the
(A) unabashed . . resolute (B) diffident . . dilatory (C) pretentious . . unswerving (D) succinct . . impetuous (E) taciturn . . tenacious
- The electronic-media entrepreneur maintained that 5. traditional newspapers, books, and magazines are : not quite dead, but in rapid decline.

2014年6月大学英语六级考试真题(三)及答案

2014年6月大学英语六级考试真题（三）Part I Writing (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay explaining why it is unwise to judge a person by their appearance. You can give examples to illustrate your point. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.注意：此部分试題请在答题1上作答。

PartⅡListening Comprehension (30 minutes)Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答.1. A) Surfing the net. C) Packing a birthday gift.B) Watching a talk show. D) Shopping at a jewelry store.2. A) He enjoys finding fault with exams.B) He is sure of his success in the exam.C) He doesn't know if he can do well in the exam.D) He used to get straight A’s in the exams he took.3. A) The man is generous with his good comments on people.B) The woman is unsure if there will be peace in the world.C) The woman is doubtful about newspaper stories.D) The man is quite optimistic about human nature.4. A) Study for some profession. C) Stay in business.B) Attend a medical school. D) Sell his shop.5. A) More money. C) A college education.B) Fair treatment. D) Shorter work hours.6. A) She was exhausted from her trip. C) She was impressed by Mexican food.B) She missed the comforts of home. D) She will not go to Mexico again.7. A) Cheer herself up a bit. C) Seek professional advice.B) Find a more suitable job. D) Take a psychology course.8. A) He dresses more formally now. C) He has ignored his friends since graduation.B) What he wears does not match his position. D) He failed to do well at college.Questions 9 to 12 are based on the conversation you have just heard.9. A) To go sightseeing. C) To promote a new champagne.B) To have meetings. D) To join in a training program.10. A) It can reduce the number of passenger complaints.B) It can make air travel more entertaining.C) It can cut down the expenses for air travel.D) It can lessen the discomfort caused by air travel.,11. A) Took balanced meals with champagne. C) Refrained from fish or meat.B) Ate vegetables and fruit only. D) Avoided eating rich food.12. A) Many of them found it difficult to exercise on a plane.B) Many of them were concerned with their well-being.C) Not many of them chose to do what she did.D) Not many of them understood the program.Questions 13 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard.13. A) At a fair. C) In a computer lab.B) At a cafeteria. D) In a shopping mall.14. A) The latest computer technology. C) The purchasing of some equipment.B) The organizing of an exhibition. D) The dramatic changes in the job market15. A) Data collection. C) Corporate management.B) Training consultancy. D) Information processing.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.注意:此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。

2014年10月sat填空回忆-周日进

2014年10月台湾sat填空回忆整理周日进-南京sat词汇权威这次考试做选项的单词一共有28个。

其中比较简单（托福中就肯定认识的）有12个，真正意义上的sat词汇只有16个。

简单词汇如下：fact, invent, variation, monotonous, abandon, defense, overlook, force, shelve, promote, intellectual, fairness.sat词汇如下：pliable, protean, feckless-, laud, gloat, predestined-, compilation, commemorat e, taciturn, capricious, placid, stingy miser, abate, vigilance, verisimilitude按照惯例，还是把填空题目的答案按考试顺序发出来。

各位sat君自己核对填空答案吧。

另外，通过填空可以估算自己分数。

填空错0-1个的，分数肯定在650以上哦。

没有也不要找我哈。

有了找我吃饭。

1. fact...invented2. variation...monotonous3. pliable...protean4. feckless5. laud6. gloat7. predestined8. abandon...defense against9. overlook10. forced...shelve11. memorate12. taciturn13. capricious...placid14. promote15. stingy...miser16.intellectual17. abate...vigilance18. fairness19. verisimilitude。

SAT历年考试回忆(附答案选项)

2006.4 adversarial ascribed anachronistic dilatory equanimity exploitative forestalled thwarted unpremeditated vituperative2006.6 abstruse allusion animosity antipathy buoyancy castigated chicanery debilitated demagogue dilapidated discreet disheartened expurgate galling gerrymandering hackneyed impermeable paradigm placid plasticity pounce recalcitrant redundancy synthesis unorthodox wrongheaded2006.11 affable anguished antecedent aplomb apropos auspicious beleaguer compassionate conciliate craven deleterious exonerate fecund fortitude fleeting impasse implausible insurmountable libelous licentious noxious opacity pernicious profligacy propitiate sinecure squander triage triumvirate vacuous vertiginous2006.12 confound decrydirge diminutive economical flooding fluctuations hackneyed halcyon invoke oracularpalpitations prattle prudent quiescent raconteur renegade respite sanctuary synthetic truculent2007.3Sentence Completions 13/191. Marie Curie- minimized2. Ambulance- celerity3. rock- relief4. penguins & global warming- harbinger5. orangutan- retired6. ban- moratorium7. smile- belied8. eccentric- idiosyncratic9. Trade route-Cosmopolitan City10. The new guy did not want to venture criticism at the risk of appearing presumptuous 11. Jazz musician working environment: Daunting12. African American Actresses-Marginalized13. Sensationalism in the media: lurid Passages: 14/48Asian girl passage1. little brother- unconcerned2. "how could I compare my need to her intention?" - she couldn't respond3. transition- disappointment to willed indifference4. **"just like you only more asian"- purposeful flattery**5. sentence structure- praiseworthy deed followed by snid e remark “Used to do charitable things… now she vacations in Hawaii with her boyfriend”Founding Fathers passage1. nods- recognizes2. premise (first one) - just as capable as founding fathers3. unduly laudatoryPhotography passage1. draws attention to the finger Monkey passage1. registering- recording on2. what didn't the monkeys do- mischiefRadio Passage1. Revelation2. father's response to question: not clear but helpfulMovie Star1. Tom Cruise is an established (albeit raving mad) movie starWR: Identifying sentence errors1. attempt to rowing--attempt at rowing (A)2. ancient city in Georgia (E)3. learning French, as quickly as (E)4. Compatible to -- should be compatible with2007.6Sentence Completions 19/191. Topography2. Purifying/Contamination3. Ravenous (After a long hike, a girl was exhausted and ate a lot)4. Placate (Don’t try to placate aggressive groups –The more concession you make the more they’ll demand.)5. Monotony/Droll6. Developing/Changing7. Discovered/Adorning8. Divisive9. Devours/Predation10. Avarice/Beneficial11. Pristine/Deterred (Amazon rain forest thing, Malaria, can’t cultivate the soil because of the deadly diseases)12. Malaise13. Spate (renewed interest in something, so spate Hollywood films)14. Venturesome (An American girl likes to take risk)15. Automatons16. Moderation/Recklessness17. Tutelage/Evidence (His tutelage is like university education, evidence from the guitar players who succeeded after playing with them.)18. Innocuous (Candidate gave a speech so innocuous that his critics couldn’t find anything to hold against him.)19. Lugubrious (because gloomy)*prosaic (somewhere)*tasteful (somewhere)Passages: 19/48Chinese woman passage:1. last one - contacting people her mother knew in the past2. main point of passage - difficult undertaking?3. gift the mother gave to the author - freedom from disturbing truths4. discovered why her mother was so unforthcoming5. going to the store - everyday activity6. why didnt the daughter ask the mother until adulthood - ?Squid passage:1. what is the purpose of the parenthetical - elaborating2. knowing the squid exists but believing it doesnt - self conscious inconsistency3. creatures of near mythical proportions4. both passages - scientists had not found a living one yetMotorcycle passage:1. how does he view tv - disdain2. twisting road - sense of control3. congenialityencyclopedia passage:1. what is closest to the description of details - performance of a play? mission from space?2. portrait? photo of building? pic of human heart?3. history and literature - narrow and biased4. future generations - overestimate the breadth of their knowledgebiographer passages: No informationshort passage:1. how did he view their lifestyle - close-knitblack female history:1. topic/ramifications/process of the essayWRITING:no error:1. the sir guy and queen elizabeth2. indigo3. the biologically and chemically insect one4. the taxes disadvantaged1. senior employees being worried about the new employees - they2. gel IS extracted from the leaves, corrected from ARE3. employees - they4. snow and visiting the college - dangling modifier problem5. carb question - verb disagreement6. the cities has museums - have museums7. know actions are detrimental, but are unwilling to change it - change it was wrong8. competition between my sister and i - should be sister and mebraces, fixing the paragraph:sentence to delete -1. what do "things" represent - "unsightly contraption"2007.11Sentence Completions 19/191. Guy on the cover of Time Magazine was RECOGNIZED for his GROUNDBREAKING work.2. Guy mistook a woman for a man and was thus ERRONEOUS3. Indefatigable = SLEEP4. Nothing affects her = PLACID5. Verve = PANACHE6. Art = EPITOME7. Teachers/students = COMMENDABLE/EXEMPLARY i think those were the choices8. Blood pressure = IMPAIR/MINIMIZE9. APOCRYPHAL because the writing was of dubious authenticity10. Person's temperament changed from EFFUSIVE to RETICENCE11. DISPROVE...REFUTE12. CURTAIL - I believe because of a lack of funds13. INDIGENOUS14. SCORN ..DEIGN (They SCORNED her because she didn't have a PhD and would not DEIGN to look at her work15. ADVOCATES...CRITICS16. RESISTANT .. POPULAR (had to do with acid rain and glass)17. FOREBODING .. ELATION (answer called for a pair of antonyms. SC had to do with a person who moved from one place to another)18. George Eliot did a PROFOUND analysis19. COMPARATIVE .. ABSOLUTE (had to do with the concept of best seller)Passages: 44/48Mexican Girl Marta who asked for her father's permission to go to HS..1.Resignation when he talked with the fisherman2.Dumbfounded when fisherman is consulted on something so important3. Father is sociable-reserved4.Final sentence makes story significant by showing Marta fulfilled her promise5. Earnest when asking father initially to go to school6. Urgency = fear that she lost attention of her fatherMini-Pair on advertising on the internet versus advertising on TV1. Passage 1's quote is to bring up a relevant research finding2. Both passages deal with the strategic placement of ads3. Second passage shows people avoiding ads4. Passage 1 would learn from passage 2 by not placing internet ads on unpopular websitesOne Paragraph about the writing of Chesnutt 1. The quotations (he was "fresh" and "vivid") are typical reactions of Chesnutt's contemporaries2. The figurative language (ie like an wit like an ax) was forceful and penetratingOne Paragraph about what is natural1. Purpose is to dispel a misconception2. Colloquial statement "Vaccine ain't" = to back up assertionPassage about the architecture of a museum 1. Kahn's quote introduced the central dilemma of museum design2. Crass social consumerism or something like that = theme park3. Competition makes museums do things they arent suited for4. Building's fundamental character = the spirit5. "circumstantial requirements" = Legal height of building6. Center of museum = the art on display7. List of places in museum = to show museum'smany facets8. Most museums don't take old, unrecognized works and display them9. Ornate museum would be a put-off to society10. Museum = civic = responsibility to society (unlike private)Passage about the adversarial nature of US justice system1. European courts = prevent manipulation of facts2. Critic said that people would lose confidence in societal institutions3. Claim = assertion4. Author feels that American courts = problematic practice5. Author = respectful toward critic M-M6. Passage is best described as a criticism against the American legal system7. New York District of Appeals and DC = attempted to reduce the severity of the problem 8. Ideal court system would uncover the truth and not focus on winning lawsuitsPaired Passage about the nature of the human brain1. Take = outlook (a modern outlook)2. Two authors both felt dualism was "appealing but inaccurate"3. Ending sentences = cautionary v. stirring4. Descrates dignified --> added credibility to asa philosopher5. Brain passages both referenced influential historical figures6. Copernicus = humans' place in the universe7. Growing up = realization based on scientific findings8. Something about humans thinking that their brain = overemphasize their distinctiveness in the universe9. Special = exceptional10. Genome free of bodies = dualism of mind/body11. First author was sympathetic to Descartes (he was very human)12. The awe and wonder about the mind is not dependent on Descartes' view of dualism --- last sentenceWriting1. Were we to change = correct --- currently under debate2. Diction error = insure --- assure3. the editor "would have followed her instincts and run the story if not for the legal trouble" The problem gave "ran", but it needs to be "run" since it goes with "have"4. Life as a Dog: I think no error - "had he adopted an adult POV" is correct as is5. raised over the last 150 years = has risen TWO NO ERRORS2007.12Sentence Completions: 19/191. Timidity…Newspaper2. Burgeoning,/Paucity3. Blight…Chestnut Trees4. Meticulous…Woodrow Wilson5. Diffident/Assertive…guy with friends6. Innocuous…jellyfish7. Immersed…medieval sin8. Indomitable9. Conjectural/Reconsider…scientific evidence10. Temper…the optimism11. Trust/Naïveté12. Spurred/Redress…progressive grievances13. Sparring/Effusive…praise14. Monumental15. Insightful/Recognize16. Extinction?17. Legendary/Mythic (Houdini)18. Insignificant/Influential (in advertising insignificant points can lead to influential results)19. Exonerated (she insisted on her innocence and demanded to be exonerated)Passages: 46/48Dennis Passage1. evocative.....why was the paragraph one word2. dismay(?) awe (?).....shadow3. riotous moment.....the chickens in the house4. not involving family.....social activism5. exaggerated regard.....the mother's repetition of the name dennis6. shows excitement.....zoo/circus house7. permitted.....what did "allow" mean8. important.....fixing the tv was not "high" on the mothers list9. the power structure.....what did the system refer toGoverness Passage1. show immediate effects.....what was the point of the final paragraph2. showed extend of pretending (?).....why did the boy howl3. she wasn’t settled.....what did her suitcase symbolize4. she lied to get what she wanted.....coyness5. other men had done this before.....Edward falling in love at first glance6. she wanted to sneak out.....the hinge making noise7. to support herself.....why was she a teacher8. because governesses are supposed to teach students.....irony9. symbolic(?) overstatement(?).....what was the fame, power, wealth line10. onerous.....hard11. she didn’t apply herself at ck of mastery of math, etc12. she knew the opportunities it brought?13. movie goers are no longer impressed by special effects when they learn how they are done.....analogous to her reactionPuerto Rico Passage1. to reject a widespread practice as inaccurate.....separating the English and Spanish journalsInternet Passages1. glib(?) scholarly(?).....tone of passage (could there have been two different questions?)2. companies lost investments.....what do both agree on3. would be millionaires.....entrepreneurs4. dissatisfaction.....5% returnShakespeare Passages1. he conceded to that point.....indeed2. misguided(?) idealistic(?).....conception3. cannot determine identity.....why is the logic in passage one flawed.4. dramas.....what would not be a qualification for passage one5. people can find stuff out in books.....what would most discredit the argument of passage one6. profitable plays.....based on passage one, which would shakespeare not need7. absurd.....fantastic8. an authors personal morals are reflected through his writing.....guy going to prison for a few shillings9. taking a logical argument to the extreme....."nobody" wrote shakespeares works10. passage two refutes passage one11. too narrow in focus.....what would passage two think about passage one12. passage one failed to see that the knowledge shakespeare had was superficialScientific Theories Passage1. easily tested and observed....."easy" theories2. impossible to measure in the physical world.....crazy theories3. st paragraph4. praising own work is counterproductive5. give an example?Photography Passage1. self-expression.....photography2. suggesting an approach.....putting a personal thing in the picture2008.3Sentence Completions1. unaffected***2. Duplicitous3. Pristine...quixotic4. Conundrum5. Diffident6. Inquisition7. unaffected8. Admirer...declined9. ineffective against...not exceed10. flourish...centralPassages: 28/48ROBERT FROST1. satisfied about eluding question2. extend (to what degree)3. amount (measure)4. letters confirmed suspicionPOLITICAL1. articifical construct***2. gross understatement3. statistical data4. challenges the underlying assumption5. negative connotation***MOTHER'S BOX1. marigold reminded of bad memories2. more comfortable with kids3. wrestling showed intensity4. recognized error in ways5. mother felt item still belonged to her6. disapproved yet sympathetic7. direct narrativeDECOMPOSITION1. playfully skeptical2. teacher3. meticulous4. pulverized5. statement to make a change6. unconventional way to introduce scientific idea***7. importance of natural decompositionPASSIONATE LETTER-WRITING GUY1. overwrought2. universal truthBOTANIST1. versatile***COMPUTER TRANSLATION1. more optimistic2. less effective than hoped to be200806Sentence Completions 19/191. Longevity2. Characterize .. mountainous3. Ameliorate .. exacerbate4. Remuneration5. Abstemious6. Malicious7. Controversial .. hypothesis8. Suspended .. suffered9. Obstinate10. Olfactory11. Obstreperous12. Iconoclast .. skewered13. Nuance14. Deceit .. willing15. underestimated .. complexity16. undaunted by17. parity18. synthesize .. interweaving19. Vitriolic .. savorPassages: 28/48Non-traditional Alternative Medicine:1. Passage 1 describes a phenomenon and Passage 2 provides a specific example2. Passage 1 was more critical, Passage 2 more enthusiastic3. Proponents of the first would support the practioners.African Queen mother:1. Told why the issue couldn't be resolved2. Conclusions were speculativeAnother version:1. Her status is an issue that cannot be resolved2. All scenarios are speculativeGneiss:( One Paragraph on an old rock)1. The rock made him feel relatively young2. He uses an analogy to explain a difficult concept3. Thread goes to the moon and back 9 times = makes an analogyBallet1. Steps = movement2. A digression...paradox3. Fully present = engagement4. The studio was unlike her neighborhood5. A list of rules and regulations6. The curtsy showed respect for authority7. Some rules at home didn't make sense8. Difference between individual achievement and an art formWolves:1.) Gently mocking attitude2.) Coyotes returned to underdog statusVandalism is Peace Freedom:1. Graffiti artists co-opted by professional artists2. Anxious = uneasy3. Notes on the fridge = absurd narrative4. The peasants were self-deprecating(自贬自谦) humor to criticize a position5. He mentions the Ronin statue to establish a parallel between him and the youth6. The lost art of using the home to convey ideasSecond Generation Chinese Father1. Dictionary = author's lack of understanding of Chinese2. Painstaking = Arduous3. Swatch (布料等的样品) = ignorance4. Riddle and Fable = Enigmatic and edifying200811Sentence Completions 19/191. Trust2. Alter .. Environment3. Metaphor4. Parallel .. Disparity5. Zealous .. Ameliorate6. Copious .. Acerbic7. Solicitous8. Noted .. Discrimination1. Adhere .. authenticity2. Loquacious3. Thrive .. Antediluvian4. Misplaced .. unsavory5. Unique1. Elite .. Function2. Discern3. Provisional4. Virtuosity5. Precluded6. Wrongdoing .. ChicaneryPassages: 39/48Bioluminescence short passage1. Foolish because hiding in the dark with a light is paradoxical2. passage showed ways bioluminescence could be beneficial to sea creaturesPackaging Food1. Industry was eager to continue using its new technologies2. Foods were "absurd"Comic Strips1. passage 2 elaborated on passage 12. author of passage 1 talked about his experiences3. author of passage 2 wanted comics to be an accepted art4. comics used as an educational resourceArtistic Elephants (Long Double)1. personal anecdote/general overview2. sori had drawn them herself/himself3. authors agree that elephants deliberately paint4. "right" means "direct"5. Ruby can't be used for experiment because he/she learned to paint in captivity6. substance is "reality"7. quote: nuance and complex8. numerous and unrecorded*9. handler in passage 1 saw elephant's drawings as an art form*Uncle's book1. solemn2. mutual acquaintance3. relief4. overjoyed5. book held her captive6. composed7. book was reliable escape from life's chaos8. "quarrelling friends" explained father's attitude9. passage in general showed past experiences10. personification**Hiking/Artifact1. significance of personal experience2. ball in the undergrowth矮树丛3. to show how old the object was4. map was misleading (no water)5. imaginative speculation*6. "settle" means rest*Poetry:1. "famous" is ironical2. statistical evidence was misleading3. paradoxical situation4. bemoaning a trend5. students referred to specialization of poetry6. principal audience2008.12Sentence Completions 13/191. toady2. unfettered3. reprobate4. misanthropic5. mitigate6. interloper7. sedentary8. prophetic9. capricious10. ornate11. unfettered12. channel (NOT chasm)13. deplorable (not equivocal)14. twins15. Canada16. Halle Berry17. asked me and himPassages: 17/48short passage-lady and writing about the future1. respectful of the insights the future provided (2nd ques)short passage-something about a greek guy and an ugly statue1. the statue was probably ugly (2nd ques)Chinese one1. broach - trying to draw off2. "MO ws jealous that the other students liked the other guy"3. constrast the diff between students in Mo's class and the other guy's classnavigation1. landmark....open sea2. discovery/...calculated(i got wrong)3. why did they intervene (royal intervention)4. umm why did it take so much for the guy to get his money ...(heavily paraphrased) dilatory something(i got wrong)5. umm importance to people(heavily paraphrased)... they don’t know the hard work it took to discover latitude6. globe as a kid.. fleeting passionsKorean Mother/Hands1. tender= soft2. hands, intellectual---doctor3. soothing lullibies...familiarityNature/Gardening1. Traditional philosophers have used nature as.....2. free of human influence? complex?Privacy1. technology has a dark side....meaning.....morbid? mysterious? concealed? ( was that a choice even?)200903Sentence Completions 11/101. florid2. malfeasance3. pastoral4. intemperance/inimical5. mellifluous6. guilt/compunction7. superficial/compromising8. commended/invited9. stark/cerebral10. controversy11. innuendoPassages: 37/48Old china being valued years later1. sheer light heartedness –showed they didn’t value it2. amused disbelief3. reason for being valued is passage of time4. future values them b/c they’re unaccustomed to itBig leaves1. factor driving it is breaches in the canopies2. destroys natural habitatsother 2 questions???Lion – 2 passages1. both say that humans are prey2. relationship – expanded upon insight3. first passage made use of personal anecdote4. owning not renting –metaphor/warn readers??Dinosoaur museum – 2 passages1. adm ires the dinosaur exhibits b/c they’re everything she’s not2. beneficial and important3. ultimately problematic4. soemthing-uh-saurus – bewilderment??5. dogmatic scientists see it as heresy –strong objection6. character = nature7. scientists doubt the public would appreciate the processChidlren & media1. it was not ever thus – crystallize his point2. to draw attention ??3. children’s perceptions are determined by pop culture4. children are ironists - learn that the media will just be thrown out5. how author’s view differed from one mentioned in passage .. disagree b/c?6. pulp = inferior form of lit7. graphic violence/media being disposable ???8. acknowledged the scientists’ work but irrelevant to his argument9. advertisements were shrewdIndian computer programmer gone novelist 1. changed from unselfconscious pleasure to respect for challenges of the creative process 2. italicized each and every –redundancy or qualifiers or pervasive phenomenon???3. profound – difference between lightning and lightning bug4. having his work read aloud was significant but discomforting5. mark twain - pertinent observation6. list of differences showed his rich diversity7. analogy: artist recording her single over and over8. elaborating9. received = understood10. different interpretations11. attributed his surprise that writing could be taken in different ways to - ???2009.6alstair interconnected genesdramatic then anticlimaxenigmaticbiaseddistressed/opposedexpectation and realitydirect quotesmore historicalexpression/intensity of needperturbedattitude toward studentsimpassionedeating nutrientsdailiness everyday lifesolid "state" = formedison practical intelligenceprestigious endorsementwhale painting astonishingly friendly and fluid democraticpoke funprotean (not virulent)Empathynegligent, essentialengagement = involvementnaivetedestroying/instillconvivialityinfinitesimalstagnant = unchangingAgatha mystery novel=emphasize a point IngeniousUnchangingcredulousurgentsummation/complementdifference between passage 1 and 2: talking about studentsreading books: all the answers had to do with finding emotional needs and suchaccuracy of memoryrocket ship=obsolecencecontradiction: rejecting research of company integrity of universities: limit company freedom to publish or not to publish researchfirst two lines about caravan: dramatic statement to anticlimactic humorpassage two was more historicaloverstated similarities for blogg comparison alistair greatly affected by experiencestactile=touchStill in debate:1. scientifically inclined or philosophical2. tropical ocean or volcano3. even the most solid objects aren't impervious to water/no essential differences between natural and manufactured objects200911-1Sentence Completions 9/19altruismprescientelites/latitudecompilation/commemorate uncorroborated/ephemeralhistrionicsgregarioustaciturninformsPassages: 30/48MACHU PICCHU1. water = moistened2. layered = levels of zones or something3. task = like carrying a rock up a mountain4. something followed by personal hypothesis/theory5. lines 7-9 (details) to illustrate the importance of the site6. patches = plots7. to study a variety of plantshydrogen1. independence from foreign energy even if coal is less efficient2. passage two gives benefits/drawbacks while passage 1 gives praise or something3. both agree that engine is less efficient4. yield = produce5. lines "3 times longer with same energy"-->application of fuel cell6. doubtful in the end?7. unequivocal8. readyfate1. rattling of chain video games1. videogames = diversion2. first line presents theory that author challengesBSO conductor1. tone = admiring2. musicians worked as hard as he did3. his appearance and something4. dolce = beautiful musical qualities5. overbearing with other composers6. obstinacy7. Bethoven = ethusiastic about new work8 featuring soloists raises revenuelang1. mothers appreciation of lang2. tabernacle临时房屋, trespasses = rich history3. childish vocab should be abandoned4. perpetuate history whenever people speak200911-2Sentence Completions: 14/191.hubris2.seminal3.intransigent4.given to...platitude5.antithetical...adulatory6.embezzlement question: complicity in7.maya angelou: versatile8.an island!9.calm guy=measured10.innovative…beneficial11.immobility for spider12discredit13.impetuspassion/perfectionPassages: 38/48rainy day reading1. author used words playfully2. author valued reading more than her sisters didDouble Short Passage Walking1. tone of walking passage: contrary2. interconnectedness3. use of scenery4. ONE THAT WAS LIKE WHAT DO BOTH OF THESE PASSAGES DO???Japanese Girls Passage1. characterization of Maria: extremely naive2. The primary focus of the passage -Changed perception3. what does it mean by ocean-She sees herself losing something that is irreplaceable4. why does Maria mention the times- to articulate a meaningful point across5. Tsumugi's tone when she talks to maria-indigant rebuke6. maria feels something for Tsumugi-she finally understands tsumugi7. previous thought of tsumugi: never exprienced loss/sadness.8. losing something and gaining something is central for exchange/change9. tsumugi has vulnerability10. honest=frank11. continuity under apparent contrasts12. assumption of shared feelings of oceanArt Forger Passage1. mantle=appearance2. special techiniques of forger are attributes3. historian had "admiration and disdain" for forger4. historian was detective5. forger had great ability and productivity6. other forgers were caught for following the masterpieces too closelyTV, Reading Passage1. fifth, seventh, and ninth grade ==> different experience2. hard to deny TV to children3. "literature attitude"=the ability to think critically about what you read/skepticism4. countering the author's point: skills needed to understand programs geared towards children are different from the skills needed for adult5. barrier between children and adult: demarcation between readers who can think critically6. reading is a hierarchy7. Communication is going back to old times before readingPolitical Scientists Passage1. environmentalist activism motivated by anger2. first environmental passage "accepting a trend"3. “two hatters” biologist and monkeys。

包蕾-2014年6月SAT考试回顾

作文部分:作文题目考的是“Are people who stay in the same community happier than those who move from one place to another?”这个题目问的是人们是一直住在一个社区会更快乐,还是搬去不同的地方会更快乐。

乍一看,这个题目跟我们准备过的creativity,persistence,以及challenging authorities跟本不沾边。

但其实分析一下,以往关于persistence 和creativity话题的例子也可以拿来用(只要不跑题成只写persistence和creativity就可以)。

思路一:如果选择前者更加快乐,我们可以思考一下,人们在一个地方居住会获得什么?比如,稳定的居住地可以使公司得到更加稳定的技术支持和社交圈,有助于企业更好发展。

例如,Steve Jobs1955年出生于美国加州旧金山,并始终居住在加州,是因为只有在这种高科技最发达、人才最多的地方,苹果公司才可以良性发展。

苹果公司深刻地改变了现代通讯、娱乐、生活方式。

而成功必不可少的一个因素就是坚定不移地(persistence)在加州发展。

类似的例子还有企业家Warren Buffett,1930出生于美国内布拉斯加州的奥马哈市。

经过细致分析,他发现奥马哈市在美国乃至世界的发展前景都是首屈一指的,因此他决定安家奥马哈市,并一心一意投资,汇聚了庞大的财富。

而这些成就必不可少的原因之一就是他从未离开福地(persistence)——奥马哈。

再举一个例子,就是众所周知的新首富卡洛斯·斯利姆·埃卢(Carlos Slim Helú)。

作为黎巴嫩裔墨西哥商人,他出生于墨西哥城,并始终坚持(persistence)在那里发展企业——墨西哥电信。

也正是他的这个决定直接铸就了墨西哥电信的发展,并使他登顶全球首富。

很显然,卡洛斯·斯利姆的成功离不开他对墨西哥城的坚持不懈(persistence)。

6月备考3

6月备考:SAT考试题阅读真题回忆5月的SAT考试已经结束了，相信有很多没有参加考试的同学，也比较期待这次考试都考到了哪些内容?三立在线为整理了最新的真题回忆，让我们一起来看看，准备6月的SAT吧!Passage 1: The MysteriousPortrait, LiteratureYoung Chartkov was an artist with a talent that promised much: in flashes and moments his brush bespoke power of observation, understanding, a strong impulse to get closer to nature."Watch out, brother," his professor had told him more than once, "you have talent; it would be a sin to ruin it. But you're impatient. Some one thing entices you, some one thing takes your fancy—and you occupy yourself with it, and the rest can rot, you don't care about it, you don't even want to look at it. Watch out you don't turn into a fashionable painter. Even now your colors are beginning to cry a bit too loudly. Your drawing is imprecise, and sometimes quite weak, the line doesn't show; you go for fashionable lighting, which strikes the eye at once. Watch out or you'll fall right into the English type. Beware. You already feel drawn to the world: every so often I see a showy scarf on your neck, a glossy hat. . . It's enticing, you can start painting fashionable pictures, little portraits for money. But that doesn't develop talent, it ruins it. Be patient.Ponder over every work, drop showiness—let the others make money. You won't come out the loser."The professor was partly right. Sometimes, indeed, our artist liked to carouse or play the dandy—in short, to show off his youth here and there. Yet, for all that, he was able to keep himself under control. At times he was able to forget everything and take up his brush, and had to tear himself away again as if from a beautiful, interrupted dream. His taste was developing noticeably. He still did not understand all the depth of Raphael, but was already carried away by the quick, broad stroke of Guido, paused before Titian's portraits, admired the Flemish school. 6 The dark surface obscuring the old paintings had not yetbeen entirely removed for him; yet he already perceived something in them, though inwardly he did not agree with his professor that the old masters surpassed us beyond reach; it even seemed to him that the nineteenth century was significantly ahead of them in certain things, that the imitation of nature as it was done now had become somehow brighter, livelier, closer; in short, he thought in this case as a young man thinks who already understands something and feels it in his proud inner consciousness. At times he became vexed when he saw how some foreign painter, a Frenchman or a German, sometimes not even a painter by vocation, with nothing but an accustomed hand, a quick brush, and bright colors, would produce a general stir and instantly amass a fortune. This would come to his mind not when, all immersed in his work, he forgot drinking and eating and the whole world, but when he wouldfinally come hard up against necessity, when he had no money to buy brushes and paints, when the importunate landlord came ten times a day to demand the rent. Then his hungry imagination enviously pictured the lot of the rich painter; then a thought glimmered that often passes through a Russian head: to drop everything and go on a spree out of grief and to spite it all. And now he was almost in such a situation.“Yes! be patient, be patient!" he said with vexation. "But patience finally runs out. Be patient! And on what money will I have dinner tomorrow? No one will lend to me. And if I were to go and sell all my paintings and drawings, I'd get twenty kopecks for the lot. They've been useful, of course, I feel that: it was not in vain that each of them was undertaken, in each of them I learned something. But what's the use? Sketches, attempts—and there will constantly be sketches, attempts, and no end to them. And who will buy them, if they don't know my name? And who needs drawings from the antique, or from life class, or my unfinished Love of Psyche, or a perspective of my room, or the portrait of my Nikita, though it's really better than the portraits of some fashionable painter? What is it all, in fact? Why do I suffer and toil over the ABC's like a student, when I could shine no worse than the others and have money as they do?”Passage 2: False Memory, Social ScienceRememberThat? No, You Don’t. Study Shows False Memories Afflict Us AllEven people with extraordinary memories sometimes make things up without realizing it.It’s easy enough to explain why we rememberthings: multiple regions of the brain —particularlythe hippocampus —are devoted to the job. It’s easy to understand why we forgetstuff too: there’s only so much any busy brain can handle. What’s trickier iswhat happens in between: when we clearly remember things that simply neverhappened.The phenomenon of false memories iscommon to everybody —the party you’re certain you attended in high school,say, when you were actually home with the flu, but so many people have told youabout it over the years that it’s made its way into your own memory cache.False memories can sometimes be a mere curiosity, but other times they havereal implications. Innocent people have gone to jail whenwell-intentionedeyewitnesses testify to events that actually unfolded an entirely differentway.What’s long been a puzzle to memoryscientists is whether some people may be more susceptible to false memoriesthan others —and, by extension, whether some people with exceptionally goodmemories may be immune to them. A new study in the Proceedings of the NationalAcademy of Sciences answersboth questions with a decisive no.False memories afflict everyone —evenpeople with the best memories of all.To conduct the study, a team led bypsychologist Lawrence Patihis of the University of California, Irvine, recruited a sample group of people all ofapproximately the same age and divided them into two subgroups: those withordinary memory and those with what is known as highly superiorautobiographical memory (HSAM). You’ve met people like that before, and theycan be downright eerie. They’re the ones who can tell you the exact date onwhich particular events happened —whether in their own lives or in the news —aswell as all manner of minute additional details surrounding the event that mostpeople would forget the second they happened.To screen for HSAM, the researchershad all the subjects take a quiz that asked such questions as “[On what date]did an Iraqi journalist hurl two shoes at President Bush?”or “What publicevent occurred on Oct. 11, 2002?”Those who excelled on that part of thescreening would move to a second stage, in which they were givenrandom,computer-generated dates and asked to say the day of the week on which it fell,and to recall both a personal experience that occurred that day and a publicevent that could be verified with a search engine.“It was a Monday,”said one personasked about Oct. 19, 1987. “That was the day of the big stock-market crash andthe cellistJacqueline du Prédied that day.”That’s somepretty specific recall. Ultimately, 20 subjects qualified for the HSAM groupand another 38 went into the ordinary-memory category. Both groups werethen tested for their ability to resist developing false memories during aseries of exercises designed to implant them.In one, for example, theinvestigators spoke with the subjects about the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks andmentioned in passing the footage that had been captured of United Flight 93crashing in Pennsylvania —footage, of course, that does not exist. In bothgroups —HSAM subjects and those with normal memories —about 1 in 5 people “remembered”seeing this footage when asked about it later.“It just seemed like something wasfalling out of the sky,”said one of the HSAM participants. “I was just, youknow, kind of stunned by watching it, you know, go down.”Word recall was also hazy. Thescientists showed participants word lists, then removed the lists and testedthe subjects on words that had and hadn’t been included. The lists allcontained so-called lures —words that would make subjects think of other,related ones. The words pillow, duvet and nap, for example, might lead to a false memory of seeing the word sleep. All of the participants in both groups fell for the lures,with at least eight such errors per person—though some tallied as many as 20.Both groups also performed unreliably when shownphotographs and fed luresintended to make them think they’d seen details in the pictures they hadn’t.Here too, the HSAM subjects cooked up as many fake images as the ordinaryfolks.“What I love about the study is howit communicates something that memory-distortion researchers have suspected forsome time, that perhaps no one is immune to memory distortion,”said Patihis.What the study doesn’t do, Patihisadmits, is explain why HSAM people exist at all. Their prodigious recall is amatter of scientific fact, and one of the goals of the new work was to see ifan innate resistance to manufactured memories might be one of the reasons. Buton that score, the researchers came up empty.“It rules something out,”Patihissaid. “[HSAM individuals] probably reconstruct memories in the same way thatordinary people do. So now we have to think about how else we could explain it.”He and others will continue to look for that secret sauce that elevatessuperior recall over the ordinary kind. But for now, memory still appears to befragile, malleable and prone to errors —for all of us.Passage 3: Beans Talk, Natural ScienceTHE idea that plants have developed a subterranean internet, which they use to raise the alarm when danger threatens, sounds more like the science-fiction of James Cameron’s film “Avatar”than any sort of science fact. But fact it seems to be, if work by David Johnson of theUniversity of Aberdeen is anything to go by. For Dr Johnson believes he has shown that just such an internet, with fungal hyphae standing in for local Wi-Fi, alerts beanstalks to danger if one of their neighbors is attacked by aphids.Dr Johnson knew from his own past work that when broad-bean plants are attacked by aphids they respond with volatile chemicals that both irritate the parasites and attract aphid-hunting wasps. He did not know, though, whether the message could spread, tomato-like, from plant to plant. So he set out to find out—and to do so in a way which would show if fungi were the messengers.As they report in Ecology Letters, he and his colleagues set up eight “mesocosms”, each containing five beanstalks. The plants were allowed to grow for four months, and during this time every plant could interact with symbiotic fungi in the soil.Not all of the beanstalks, though, had the same relationship with the fungi. In each mesocosm, one plant was surrounded by a mesh penetrated by holes half a micron across. Gaps that size are too small for either roots or hyphae to penetrate, but they do permit the passage of water and dissolved chemicals. Two plants were surrounded with a40-micron mesh. This can be penetrated by hyphae but not by roots. The two remaining plants, one of which was at the center of the array, were left to grow unimpeded.Five weeks after the experiment began, all the plants were covered by bags that allowed carbon dioxide, oxygen and water vapor in and out, but stopped the passage of larger molecules, of the sort a beanstalk might use for signaling. Then, four days from the end, one of the40-micron meshes in each mesocosm was rotated to sever any hyphae that had penetrated it, and the central plant was then infested with aphids.At the end of the experiment Dr Johnson and his team collected the air inside the bags, extracted any volatile chemicals in it by absorbing them into a special porous polymer, and tested those chemicals on both aphids (using the winged, rather than the wingless morphs) and wasps. Each insect was placed for five minutes in an apparatus that had two chambers, one of which contained a sample of the volatiles and the other an odorless control.The researchers found, as they expected from their previous work, that when the volatiles came from an infested plant, wasps spent an average of 3½minutes in the chamber containing them and 1½in the other chamber. Aphids, conversely, spent 1¾minutes in the volatiles’chamber and 3¼in the control. In other words, the volatiles from an infested plant attract wasps and repel aphids.Crucially, the team got the same result in the case of uninfected plants that had been in uninterrupted hyphae contact with the infestedone, but had had root contact blocked. If both hyphae and roots had been blocked throughout the experiment, though, the volatiles from uninfected plants actually attracted aphids (they spent 3½minutes in the volatiles’chamber), while the wasps were indifferent. The same pertained for the odor of uninfected plants whose hyphae connections had been allowed to develop, and then severed by the rotation of the mesh.Broad beans, then, really do seem to be using their fungal symbionts as a communications network, warning their neighbors to take evasive action. Such a general response no doubt helps the plant first attacked by attracting yet more wasps to the area, and it helps the fungal messengers by preserving their leguminous hosts.Passage 4: Social Science (2), against Banks Labor Policy.to be added.Passage 5: Gouldian finches’head colour reflects their personality, Natural ScienceWhat this suggests is that behavioural characteristics, such as aggression and other traits, may be correlated with particular head colour morphs meaning that head colour is indicative of different personality types. This idea has been tested in a new paper by Leah Williams and her colleagues.In order to determine if head colour really does indicate personality traits in Gouldian finches Williams and her colleagues tested a number of predictions. First they looked at pairs of black-headed birds which were expected to show less aggression towards each other than pairs ofred-headed birds, this makes sense since red-headed birds had previously been found to exhibit higher levels of aggression.The second prediction was that red-headed birds should be bolder, more explorative and take more risks than black-headed birds. This hypothesis is based on previous studies of other species that have shown a correlation between aggression and these behavioural characteristics. However, there is another possibility, red-headed birds could take fewer risks for two reasons; first, they may be more conspicuous to predators due to their bright colouration and second, it may pay black headed birds to take more risks and be more explorative so they find food resources before the dominant red-headed birds do.In order to test the first prediction paired birds of matching head colour were moved into an experimental cage without food. After one hour of food deprivation a feeder was placed into the corner of the cage where there was only enough room for one bird to feed at a time. aggressive interactions such as threat displays and displacements were then counted over a 30 minute period.The results as shown in the figure below were striking. Red-headed birds were significantly and consistently more aggressive thanblack-headed birds.To test the birds willingness to take risks they were deprived of food for one hour before their feeder was replaced. After the birds had calmly begun to feed a silhouette of an avian predator was moved up and down in front of the cage to scare the birds from the feeder. The time it took for them to return to the feeder was taken as a measure of their willingness to take risks, birds that returned quickly were considered to be greater risk takers than those that were more cautious.This time the results were surprising. Red-headed birds were considerably more cautious than those with black heads at returning to the feeder after a “predator”had been introduced. As the figure below shows they took on average 4x longer to begin feeding again than the less aggressive black-headed birds.Finally, the authors investigated the birds interest in novel objects or “object neophilia”which is defined in the paper as “exploration in which investigation is elicited by an object’s novelty“. To do this a bunch of threads was placed on a perch within the cage, the time taken for the birds to approach the threads within one body length and to touch them were recorded over a one hour period. In line with the results from the risk taking experiment it was found that the aggressive red-headed birdsshowed less interest in novel objects than did black-headed birds. The difference is not so striking as the previous experiments but was statistically significant nonetheless.These experiments were repeated after a two month interval and showed that different birds differed in their responses but the responses of individual birds were consistent over time. Head colour was found to predict the behavioural responses of the birds. Red-headed birds were more aggressive than black-headed birds but took fewer risks and were not explorative.What is surprising about these results is that aggression does not correlate with risk taking behaviour, however, the authors do provide a convincing explanation, suggesting that…Interestingly boldness and risk taking behaviours were found to be strongly correlated, regardless of head colour they always occurred together forming a “behavioural syndrome”. This implies that there is selection in favour of specific combinations of traits and of head colour in relation to those traits. Selection favours aggression in red-headed birds and the boldness/risk taking behavioural syndrome inblack-headed birds. This makes sense when you consider the high risk of predation faced by red-headed birds if they take too many risks and the need for black-headed birds to find food away from the dominant red heads which occupy the safest foraging locations.Williams and her colleagues suggest that if red-headed birds are aggressive, and black-headed birds take more risks, this could lead to differences in foraging tactics. For example, black headed birds could increase their foraging opportunities by feeding at more risky sites away from interference by the dominant red-headed birds which feed in safer locations. The lower conspicuousness of their black heads means they are at less risk of predation at exposed sites that red-headed birds would be.The results of this fascinating study strongly support the hypothesis that head colour does indeed signal personality in Gouldian finches. I would love to see some more research in this area. The authors themselves suggest that more research is needed to find out what roles head colours play in social situations. It would also be interesting to find out how widespread this phenomenon is, given that birds frequently use plumage colouration as signals it seems likely to me that colour may indicate personality in other avian species.。