启航英语答案

启航英语答案
txt>(2007年考生适用)
section i use of english
directions:
read the following text. choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark a, b, c or
d on answer sheet 1. (10 points)
large companies need a way to reach the savings of the public the same problem,a small scale, faces practically every company trying to develop new products and create new jobs. there can be of raising the sums needed from friends and people we know. and banks may agree to provide short-term finance. they are generally unwilling to provide money on a
25basis for long-term projects. so companies the public, inviting people to lend them money, take a share in doing so they can use the savings of individuals and institutions, both at home and overseas, when the inventor needs his money back, he does not have to go the company with whom he placed it. , he sells his shares through a stockbroker to some other person who is seeking to his money, many of the services needed by industry and by each of us are provided by the government or by local authorities. without hospitals, roads, electricity, telephones, railways, etc, this country could not all these require continuous spending on new equipment and new development if they are to serve us properly, requiring more money that through taxes alone. the government, local authorities, and nationalized industries frequently need to borrow money to finance major capital spending, and they, too, come to a stock exchange.
there is a man or woman in this country job and standard of living does not depend on the ability of his or her employers to raise money to finance new development. in one way or this new money must come from the investment funds of the country. stock exchanges exist to provide a channel through which these funds can reach those who need financing.
1. [a] at large[b] at length[c] detail[d] at last
2. [a] in [b] on [c] for[d] with
3. [a] expectation[b] perspective [c] prospect [d] prosperity
4. [a] if [b] even if[c] when [d] while
5. [a] potential [b] perpetual [c] patent [d] permanent
6. [a] turn to[b] turn up[c] turn out [d] turn down
7. [a] and[b] or [c] also[d] and then
8. [a] publishing
9. [a] put off
10. [a] originally
11. [a] indeed
12. [a] finance
13. [a] both
14. [a] operated
15. [a] raised
16. [a] thus
17. [a] hardly
18. [a] who’s
19. [a] or other
20. [a] access
[b] granting[b] put into[b] primitively [b] instead[b] offer [b] each [b] manipulate [b] raising[b] nevertheless [b] quite [b] whose[b] and some other [b] passage[c] issuing [c] put away [c] formally [c] nevertheless [c] invest[c] all[c] handle [c] be raised [c] therefore [c] almost [c] which [c] or another [c] way[d] delivering [d] put aside [d] formerly [d] yet [d] mortgage [d] either [d] function [d] is raised [d] hence [d] nearly [d] that [d] or others [d] channel
section ii reading comprehension
part a
directions:
read the following four texts. answer the questions below each text by choosing a, b, c or d. mark your answers on answer sheet 1. (40 points)
text 1
past immigration good, present immigration bad. each new wave of immigration has been greeted by wide-spread suspicion or outright hostility. “ignorant, unskilled, inert, accustomed to the beastliest conditions,” thundered an article about east europeans in 1892 “the arrival on our shores of such masses of degraded peasantry brings the greatest danger that american labour has ever known.”
it was opinions such as this that eventually led, from the
1920s, to america’s doors being virtually closed to immigrants.
the doors opened again in the mid 1960s, and widened admirably with the 1990 immigration act. the essence of today’s anti-immigration case is that this latest wave of newcomers is likely to be difficult, if not impossible, to absorb. the pro-immigration riposte is that most such arguments have been heard before and proved false.
both sides in the debate can twist the numbers. the antis point out that the number of people entering america legally or illegally (about in a year) is higher than at any time since the early years of the century. the pros reply that, as a proportion of the population, immigration is still relatively low by 20th-century standards.
more controversial is the origin of the new immigrants. between 1810 and 1900, more than 80% of immigrants came from europe. by the 1980s, the european share had dropped to 9%. the vast majority of america’s immigrants today come from asia, latin america and the caribbean. does this matter? the antis think the mix is a danger to the fabric of american society. the pros think that view differs little from that of those who wrote darkly about the “alien hordes” from southern and eastern europe who would “steadily reduce the average intelligence of the country”.
many of the other objections to immigration also have a familiar ring. in the past, too,
americans worried (though perhaps not quite as much as they do now) about the effects of the arrival of these people on their environment, about the newcomers’ commitment to america and its values. but in a few respects the worries about the current influx are genuinely new.
one concerns the skills of the new arrivals: they are declining compared with those of the native-born population. lower skills mean more poverty and-because of the second new factor, the growth of the welfare state-greater cost to the taxpayer. in 1970 the typical immigrant had a lower participation in welfare than the american average; by 1990 the participation rate was
higher than average (immigrants were 9% of households but took 13% of welfare money). if these statistics are true of legal immigrants, they are likely to be even more true of illegal ones.
a third worry is that assimilation has become harder with the
rise of “multiculturalism” and the new emphasis on group rights.
some of these worries might be dealt with by adjusting immigration policy. for example, the united states could follow canada in placing greater emphasis on skills as a criterion for entry. but often immigration is merely a symptom of a wider problem, not the cause. blame the rising cost to taxpayers on welfare policy and federal mandates, not on immigrants. the strongest advocates of multiculturalism are to be found among university teachers and blacks whose ancestors came to america hundreds of years ago. there is little reason to believe that today’s immigrants want anything othe r than the millions who have com before them-that is, to be part of the american (an not least the californian).
21. from the 1920s to the mid 1960s, america’s doors was virtually closed to immigrants because _______.
[a] the immigrants were thought to be inferior to the native americans.
[b] american labor was afraid that the immigrants might grab their working opportunities.
[c] the immigrants could not be easily absorbed.
[d] the native americans were afraid of being absorbed by the immigrants.
22. it can be inferred from the passage that_______.
[a] the immigrants in america outnumber the native-born americans.
[b] the illegal immigrants in america are even more than the legal ones.
[c] the proportion of immigrants in america has decreased.
[d] america’s immigrants are more than its emigrants.
23. according to the passage, which of the following is true?
[a] all the americans think too many immigrants from asia, latin america and the
caribbean will change the fabric of american society.
[b] the immigrants from asia, latin america and the caribbean received a warm welcome
in america.
[c] americans used to worry about the effects of the immigrants on their environment.
[d] americans now have more worries about effects of the immigrants.
24. according to the passage, illegal immigrants in
america_______.
[a] are not allowed to take the welfare money.
[b] have a higher participation in welfare than both the american average and legal
immigrants.
[c] cannot take more welfare money than legal immigrants.
[d] have a much lower participation in welfare than the american average.
25. in the last paragraph, the author implies that_______.
[a] those worries about the immigrants can be removed thoroughly by adjusting
immigration policy.
[b] people cannot attribute their worries about the effects of the immigrants to immigration
itself.
[c] the rise of “multiculturalism” is the main cause of immigration.
[d] today’s immigrants don’t want be part or the american.
text 2
astronomers have witnessed the biggest bang since the big bang-the moment about 15 billion years ago when the universe was created in a massive explosion. the huge burst of energy from the edge of the universe is estimated to be second only to the moment of creation in its explosive force, releasing more energy in two seconds than the sun will give out in its lifetime. scientists hope the explosion-known as a gamma-ray burst because it emits energy in the form of gamma radiation-will shed light on the earliest stages in the evolution of the stars and galaxies. gamma-ray bursts cannot be seen by the human eye but if they could the sky would light up like a camera flash each time they occurred. they are by far the most energetic events in the universe and, until now, have remained largely a mystery.
the latest gamma-ray burst to be detected accurately occurred last december. using a network of telescopes and satellites, the astronomers were able to calculate its distance from earth at about 15 billion light years. this means it must have
happened soon after the big bang itself, while the intensity of the radiation revealed it to be the biggest bang recorded by man. scientists from the american national aeronautics and space administration and the california institute of technology are to announce details of their analysis this week. the huge distance between the source of the explosion and the earth suggests gamma-ray bursts are up to 10 times larger than previously thought, said jonathan katz, professor of physics at washington university in st louis.
“gamma-ray bursts may be the most distant things we will ever see and as such will act as beacons to probe into the very distant regions of the universe when stars and galaxies were first formed.”
american spy satellites looking for the radiation released from soviet nuclear tests first detected gamma-ray bursts in 1967 but the details were kept classified until 1973.for nearly 25 years scientists were hampered in their efforts to find an explanation for the huge explosions because they lasted no longer than a few seconds. the inability to explain them led to speculation that gamma-ray bursts were the remnants of nuclear battles between alien civilizations, or even the exhaust energy of extraterrestrial spaceships going into warp drive. two satellites, the american compton gamma-ray observatory and the italian-dutch bepposax satellite, have now been able to locate the precise direction of gamma-ray bursts within seconds of them occurring. john quenby, professor of physics at imperial college of science, technology and medicine in london, said the most likely explanation for gamma-ray bursts is that they result from the enormous energy released when two very dense objects-called neutron stars-collide.
26. according to the passage, “the big bang” is used to express all of the following except___.
[a] the explosion which took place in the form of gamma radiation.
[b] the energy burst which took place in the center of the universe.
[c] the huge energy burst which created the universe.
[d] the explosion which happened about 15 billion years ago.
27. according to the passage gamma-ray bursts______.
[a] were made known to the public after 1973.
[b] were first detected by soviet nuclear experts.
[c] were detected accidentally.
[d] were soon given clear and detailed explanation.
28. it can be concluded from the passage that the study of the big bang will probably____.
[a] display the intensity of nuclear radiation.
[b] tell how and when the universe was formed.
[c] lead to the discovery of earliest human civilizations.
[d] make it possible to communicate with other civilizations.
29. which of the following is not directly stated but can be inferred from the passage?
[a] gamma-ray explosion is very, very far away from the earth.
[b] scientists believe that the universe was formed out of the big bang.
[c] gamma-ray bursts lasted only a very short period of time.
[d] scientists are still working hard to find more plausible explanations for the big bang.
30. which of the following can be used as the best title of the passage?
[a] big bang theory explains the mystery of universe.
[b] astronomy and the creation of universe.
[c] gamma-ray bursts and nuclear wars between alien civilizations.
[d] big bangⅡsheds light on evolution of universe.
test 3
the fourteenth amendment to the united states constitution, in 1868, prohibits state governments from denying citizens the “equal protection of the laws”. although precisely what the framer’s of the amendment meant by this equal protection clause remains unclear, all interpreters agree that the framers immediate objective was to provide a constitutional warrant for the civil tights act of 1866, which guaranteed the citizenship of all persons born in the united states and subject to united states jurisdiction. this declaration, which was echoed in the text of the fourteenth amendment, was designed primarily to counter the supreme court’s ruling in dred scott v. sandford that black people in the united states could be denied citizenship. the act was vetoed by president andrew johnson, who argued that the thirteenth amendment, which abolished slavery, did not provide congress with the authority to extend
citizenship and equal protection to the freed slaves. although congress promptly overrode johnson’s veto, supporters of the act sought to ensure its constitutional foundations with the passage of the fourteenth amendment.
the broad language of the amendment strongly suggests that its framers were proposing to write into the constitution not a laundry list of specific civil rights but a principle of equal citizenship that forbids organized society from treating any individual as a member of an inferior class. yet for the first
eight decades of the amendment’s existen ce, the supreme court’s interpretation of the amendment betrayed this ideal of equality. in the civil rights cases of 1883, for example, the court invented the state action limitation, which asserts that private decisions by owners of public accommodations and other commercial businesses to segregate their facilities are insulated from the reach of the fourteenth amendment’s guarantee of equal
【篇二：启航考研2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题解析(2014考研英语真题)】
class=txt>2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题section
Ⅰuse of english
directions: read the following text. choose the best word(s)
for each numbered blank and mark a, b ,c or d on answer sheet.
(10 points)
as many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be. we suddenly cant remember1we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintances name, or the name of an old band we used to love. as the brain2, we refer to these occurrences
as “senior moments. ”3seemingly innocent, this loss of mental focus can potentially have a(an)4impact on our professional, social, and personal5.
neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that theres actually a lot that can be done. it6out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental7can significantly improve our basic cognitive8. thinking is essentially a9of making connections in the brain. to a certain extent, our ability
to10in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited. 11, because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate12mental effort.
now, a new webbased company has taken it a step13and developed the first “brain training program” designed to actually help people improve and regain their mental14. the webbased program15you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills. the program keeps16of your progress and provides detailed feedback17your performance and improvement. most importantly, it18modifies and enhances the games you play to19on the strengths you are developingmuch like a(n)20exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use.
1. ［a］ where［b］ when［c］ that［d］ why
2. ［a］ improves［b］ fades［c］ recovers［d］ collapses
3. ［a］ if［b］ unless［c］ once［d］ while
4. ［a］ uneven［b］ limited［c］ damaging［d］ obscure
5. ［a］ wellbeing［b］ environment［c］ relationship［d］outlook
6. ［a］ turns［b］ finds［c］ points［d］ figures
7. ［a］ roundabouts［b］ responses［c］ workouts［d］associations
8. ［a］ gee［b］ functions［c］ circumstances［d］
criterion
9. ［a］ channel［b］ condition［c］ sequence［d］ process
10. ［a］ persist［b］ believe［c］ excel［d］ feature
11. ［a］ therefore［b］ moreover［c］ otherwise［d］however
12. ［a］ according to［b］ regardless of［c］ apart from［d］instead of
13. ［a］ back［b］ further［c］ aside［d］ around
14. ［a］ sharpness［b］ stability［c］ framework［d］flexibility
15. ［a］ forces［b］ reminds［c］ hurries［d］ allows
16. ［a］ hold［b］ track［c］ order［d］ pace
17. ［a］ to［b］ with［c］ for［d］ on
18. ［a］ irregularly［b］ habitually［c］ constantly［d］unusually
19. ［a］ carry［b］ put［c］ build［d］ take
20. ［a］ risky［b］ effective［c］ idle［d］ familiar
section Ⅱreading comprehension
part a
directions: read the following four texts. answer the
questions below each text by choosing a, b, c, d. mark your choice on answer sheet. (40 points)
text 1
in order to “change lives for the better” and reduce “dependency,” george orborne, chancellor of the excheque r, introduced the “upfront work search” scheme. only if the jobless arrive at the jobcentre with a cv register for online job search, and start looking for work will they be eligible for benefitand then they should report weekly rather than fortnightly. what could be more reasonable?
more apparent reasonableness followed. there will now be a sevenday wait for the jobseekers allowance. “those first few days should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign on. ” he claimed. “were doing these things because we know they help people stay off benefits and help those on benefits get
into work faster. ” help? really? on first hearing, this was the socially concerned chancellor, trying to change lives for the better, complete with “reforms” to an obviousl y indulgent system that demands too little effort from the newly unemployed to find work, and subsides laziness. what motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for “fundamental fairnessprotecting the taxpayer, controlling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving claimants received their benefits. losing a job is hurting: you dont skip down to the jobcentre with a song in your heart, delighted at
the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state. it is financially terrifying, psychologically embarrassing and
you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. you are now not wanted; you support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. you are now not wanted; you are now excluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life. worse, the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills has disappeared.
ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always: a job. but in osborneland, your first instinct is to fall into dependencypermanent dependency if you can get itsupported by a state only too ready to indulge your falsehood. it is as though 20 years of evertougher reforms of the job search and benefit administration system never happened. the principle of british welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens. even the very phrase “jobseekers allowance”is about redefining the unemployed as a “jobseeker” w ho had no fundamental right to a benefit he or she has earned through making national insurance contributions. instead, the claimant receives a timelimited “allowance,” conditional on actively seeking a job; no entitlement and no insurance, at ￡71. 70 a week, one of the least generous in the eu. 21. george osbornes scheme was intended to
［a］ provide the unemployed with easier access to benefits.［b］ encourage jobseekers active engagement in job seeking.［c］ motivate the unemployed to report voluntarily.
［d］ guarantee jobseekers legitimate right to benefits.
22. the phrase “to sign on”(line 3,para. 2) most probably
means
［a］ to check on the availability of jobs at the jobcentre.
［b］ to accept the governments restrictions on the allowance.［c］ to register for an allowance from the government.
［d］ to attend a governmental jobtraining program.
23. what promoted the chancellor to develop his scheme?
［a］ a desire to secure a better life for all.
［b］ an eagerness to protect the unemployed.
［c］ an urge to be generous to the claimants.
［d］ a passion to ensure fairness for taxpayers.
24. according to paragraph 3, being unemployed makes one one feel
［a］ uneasy. ［b］ eaged. ［c］ insulted. ［d］ guilty.
25. to which of the following would the author most probably agree?
［a］ the british welfare system indulges jobseekers laziness.
［b］ osbornes reforms will reduce the risk of unemployment.［c］ the jobseekers allowance has met their actual needs.［d］ unemployment benefits should not be made conditional. text 2
all around the world, lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other professionwith the possible exception
of journalism. but there are few places where clients have more grounds for complaint than america.
during the decade before the economic crisis, spending on legal services in america grew twice as fast as inflation. the best lawyers made skyscrapersfull of money, tempting ever more students to pile into law schools. but most law graduates never get a bigfirm job. many of them instead become the kind of nuisancelawsuit filer that makes the tort system a costly nightmare.
there are many reasons for this. one is the excessive costs of a legal education. there is just one path for a lawyer in most american states: a fouryear undergraduate degree in some uelated subject, then a threeyear law degree at one of 200 law schools authorized by the american bar association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam. this leaves todays average lawschool graduate with $100,000 of debt on top of undergraduate debts.
lawschool debt means that they have to work fearsomely hard. reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers. sensible ideas have been around for a long time, but the statelevel bodies that govern the profession have been too conservative to implement them. one idea is to allow people to study law as an undergraduate degree. another is to let students sit for the bar after only two years of law school. if the bar exam is truly a stern enough test for a wouldbe lawyer, those who can sit it earlier should be allowed to do so. students who do not need the extra training could cut their debt mountain by a third. the other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guildlike ownership structure of the business. except in the district of columbia, nonlawyers may not own any share of a law firm. this keeps fees high and innovation slow. there is pressure for change from within the profession, but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers
from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically. in fact,allowing nonlawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve
services to customers, by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on improving firms efficiency. after all, other countries, such as australia and britain, have started liberalizing their legal professions. america should follow.
26. a lot of students take up law as their profession due to ［a］ the growing demand from clients.
［b］ the increasing pressure of inflation.
［c］ the prospect of working in big firms.
［d］ the attraction of financial rewards.
27. which of the following adds to the costs of legal education in most american states?
［a］ higher tuition fees for undergraduate studies.
［b］ admissions approval from the bar association.
［c］ pursuing a bachelors degree in another major.
［d］ receiving training by professional associations.
28. hindrance to the reform of the legal system originates from ［a］ lawyers and clients strong resistance.
［b］ the rigid bodies governing the profession.
［c］ the stem exam for wouldbe lawyers.
［d］ nonprofessionals sharp criticism. 29. the guildlike
o wnership structure is considered “restrictive” partly because it
［a］ bans outsiders involvement in the profession.
［b］ keeps lawyers from holding lawfirm shares.
［c］ aggravates the ethical situation in the trade.
［d］ prevents lawyers from gaining due profits.
30. in this text, the author mainly discusses
［a］ flawed ownership of americas law firms and its causes.［b］ the factors that help make a successful lawyer in america.
［c］ a problem in americas legal profession and solutions to it.
［d］ the role of undergraduate studies in americas legal education.
text 3
the us$3million fundamental physics prize is indeed an interesting experiment, as alexander polyakov said when he accepted this years award in march. and it is far from the only one of its type. as a news feature article in nature discusses, a string of lucrative awards for researchers have joined the nobel prizes in recent years. many, like the fundamental physics prize, are funded from the telephonenumbersized bank accounts of internet entrepreneurs. these benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields, they say, and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science. whats not to like? quite a lot, according to a handful of scientists quoted in the news feature. you cannot buy class, as the old saying goes, and these upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the nobels, the new awards are an exercise in selfpromotion for those behind them, say scientists. they could distort the achievement
based system of peerreviewled research. they could cement the status quo of peerreviewed research. they do not fund peerreviewed research. they perpetuate the myth of the lone genius. the goals of the prizegivers seem as scattered as the criticism. some want to shock, others to draw people into science, or to better reward those who have made their careers in research.
as nature has pointed out before, there are some legitimate concerns about how science prizesboth new and oldare distributed. the breakthrough prize in life sciences, launched this year, takes an uepresentative view of what the life sciences include. but the nobel foundations limit of three recipients per prize, each of whom must still be living, has long been outgrown by the collaborative nature of modern researchas will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the higgs boson. the nobels were, of course,themselves set up by a very rich individual who had decided what he wanted to do with his own money. time, rather than intention, has given them legitimacy.。