2019精品工学土力学5土的抗剪强度英语

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土力学-土的抗剪强度

而是变化的，并且随相应作用面上的σ 而变化，在一定范围内，τ随σ 持续增长。
σ ＝0时， τf未必是零。
2）库仑定律------又名抗剪强度定律
1776年，法国库仑经过一系列试验总结了土的强度规律: 砂土：τf＝σ tgφ …....① 粘性土：τf＝σ tgφ + c ………② 式中：τf：剪切面(破坏面)上的剪应力，即土的抗剪强度，破坏剪应力，Kpa σ ：剪切面（破坏面）上的法向应力， Kpa φ :土的内摩擦角,度.不同土,φ 值不相同. c ：土的粘聚力(内聚力)，(注意C是有量纲的参数) Kpa
①，②二式即为著名的库仑定律。它表明在法向应力变化范围不大的时候，τ与σ 成线性关系。如下图示。因此库仑定律是莫尔理论的特例。以库仑定律表示的莫尔破坏包线是一条直线。即：τ＝f (σ )＝σ tgφ + c。评价：库仑定律有着巨大的理论和实用价值。
土的极限平衡条件
土的强度破坏一般指剪切破坏.那么作用在土体中某一个面上的实际剪力和土体中相应面上的抗剪强度f 可能存在以下三种关系：
极限平衡条件的应用
例4.2 判断土体中某点是否剪损的方法情况1:已知1 3 c
方法(1):计算达极限平衡所需要的(1)限方法(2):计算达极限平衡所需要的(3)限方法(3):作图法相离(弹性) 相切(极限) 相割(剪损) 方法(4):计算摩尔圆的最大倾角max
与比较.
情况2:已知x z c
如果把这两条σ －τ曲线画在同一个坐标系中，比较 τ与τf的相对大小，则可判断土体中任一点所处的应力状态（或者说可判别沿某个面是否发生剪切破坏）
1)相离关系(< f ):曲线I位于曲线II下方. 2)相切关系(=f ):曲线I与曲线II有一个公共点. 思考:切点一般并非剪应力最大的点,为什么? 何时切点是剪应力最大的点?

土力学-土的抗剪强度

液化时的冒砂现象
台中地震（1999）砂土液化造成的破坏
五、黏性土的抗剪强度
1. 主要特点和影响因素
（1）黏性土的抗剪强度主要来源于内摩擦力和黏聚力。（2）峰值强度：超固结土>正常固结土>重塑土。残余强度：相同（与土的受力历史无关）。无论是黏性土还是砂土，残余强度对应于土体发生较大的剪切变形时，此时，对黏性土：土粒间的联结破坏，黏聚力丧失，故其强度线通过原点；对砂土：咬合作用丧失，以摩擦作用为主，内摩擦角降低。
1. 砂土抗剪强度的特点及主要影响因素
（1）颗粒较粗，相互之间为机械作用而无黏聚力：c =0。内摩擦角 =29o~42o（大于休止角）。颗粒表面的滑动摩擦（2）砂土抗剪强度的主要来源于
剪切方向
颗粒之间的咬合作用剪切过程中颗粒的重新排列
颗粒移动方向摩擦
剪切面
咬合
剪切方向
（3）主要影响因素：颗粒矿物成分、形状和级配、沉积条件等。
土压力
滑移面挡土墙
（3）挡土结构：确定墙后土体处于极限状态时，作用在挡土结构上的土压力。
二、土的抗剪强度shear strength和破坏理论
1. 直接剪切试验和Coulomb定律
（1）直接剪切试验取多个土样，分别施加不同竖向应力，剪切至破坏。结果表明，破坏时的剪应力f与法向应力呈线性关系。
σ
( 1f )i
n pi2 ( pi )2
土样数
c
1 i pi sin cos n n
pi
( 1f )i ( 3f )i 2
i
( 1f )i ( 3f )i 2
土样破坏时的大、小主应力
四、砂土的抗剪强度

土力学(中英文对照)-- Shear Strength of Soil Part 2

5.2.2 Unconfined compression (UU) test [无侧限抗压试验]
Methods [方法]
▪ A cylindrical [圆柱体] soil sample is subjected to an axial compressive load [轴向压力] between two metal plates.
5.2.1 Direct shear test [直接剪切试验]
Limitations [限制]
▪ Drainage condition cannot be controlled [不能控制排水] ▪ Pore-water pressure cannot be measured [ 不能测量孔隙水压力]. ▪ Slip plane is horizontal.
f c''f tan '
where c’ is cohesion [粘聚力] and ’ is angle of internal friction [内摩擦角].
’
▪ At failure the straight line represented by Coulomb’s equation will be tangential [切线] to the Mohr’s stress circle. f is the angle between the shear failure plane [剪破面] and the major principal plane [最大主应力面].
▪ The sample is contained within the shear box, which can be split horizontally to two halves.

土木工程专业英语词汇(整理版)

精品文档. 第一部分必须掌握，第二部分尽量掌握第一部分：1 Finite Element Method 有限单元法2 专业英语Specialty English3 水利工程Hydraulic Engineering4 土木工程Civil Engineering5 地下工程Underground Engineering6 岩土工程Geotechnical Engineering7 道路工程Road (Highway) Engineering8 桥梁工程Bridge Engineering9 隧道工程Tunnel Engineering10 工程力学Engineering Mechanics11 交通工程Traffic Engineering12 港口工程Port Engineering13 安全性safety17木结构timber structure18 砌体结构masonry structure19 混凝土结构concrete structure20 钢结构steelstructure21 钢-混凝土复合结构steel and concrete composite structure22 素混凝土plain concrete23 钢筋混凝土reinforced concrete24 钢筋rebar25 预应力混凝土pre-stressed concrete26 静定结构statically determinate structure27 超静定结构statically indeterminate structure28 桁架结构truss structure29 空间网架结构spatial grid structure30 近海工程offshore engineering31 静力学statics32运动学kinematics33 动力学dynamics34 简支梁simply supported beam35 固定支座fixed bearing36弹性力学elasticity37 塑性力学plasticity38 弹塑性力学elaso-plasticity39 断裂力学fracture Mechanics40 土力学soil mechanics41 水力学hydraulics42 流体力学fluid mechanics43 固体力学solid mechanics44 集中力concentrated force45 压力pressure46 静水压力hydrostatic pressure47 均布压力uniform pressure48 体力body force49 重力gravity 50 线荷载line load51 弯矩bending moment52 torque 扭矩53 应力stress54 应变stain55 正应力normal stress56 剪应力shearing stress57 主应力principal stress58 变形deformation59 内力internal force60 偏移量挠度deflection61 settlement 沉降62 屈曲失稳buckle63 轴力axial force64 允许应力allowable stress65 疲劳分析fatigue analysis66 梁beam67 壳shell68 板plate69 桥bridge70 桩pile71 主动土压力active earth pressure72 被动土压力passive earth pressure73 承载力load-bearing capacity74 水位water Height75 位移displacement76 结构力学structural mechanics77 材料力学material mechanics78 经纬仪altometer79 水准仪level80 学科discipline81 子学科sub-discipline82 期刊journal ,periodical83文献literature84 ISSN International Standard Serial Number 国际标准刊号85 ISBN International Standard Book Number 国际标准书号86 卷volume87 期number 88 专著monograph89 会议论文集Proceeding90 学位论文thesis, dissertation91 专利patent92 档案档案室archive93 国际学术会议conference94 导师advisor95 学位论文答辩defense of thesis96 博士研究生doctorate student97 研究生postgraduate98 EI Engineering Index 工程索引99 SCI Science Citation Index 科学引文索引精品文档.100ISTP Index to Science and Technology Proceedings 科学技术会议论文集索引101 题目title102 摘要abstract 103 全文full-text104 参考文献reference105 联络单位、所属单位affiliation 106 主题词Subject 107 关键字keyword108 ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers 美国土木工程师协会109 FHWA Federal Highway Administration 联邦公路总署110 ISO International Standard Organization 111 解析方法analytical method 112 数值方法numerical method 113 计算computation 114 说明书instruction 第二部分：岩土工程专业词汇1.geotechnical engineering 岩土工程2.foundation engineering 基础工程3.soil, earth 土4.soil mechanics 土力学cyclic loading 周期荷载unloading 卸载reloading 再加载viscoelastic foundation 粘弹性地基viscous damping 粘滞阻尼shear modulus 剪切模量5.soil dynamics 土动力学6.stress path 应力路径7.numerical geotechanics 数值岩土力学二. 土的分类 1.residual soil 残积土groundwater level 地下水位 2.groundwater 地下水groundwater table 地下水位3.clay minerals 粘土矿物 4.secondary minerals 次生矿物ndslides 滑坡 6.bore hole columnar section 钻孔柱状图7.engineering geologic investigation 工程地质勘察8.boulder 漂石9.cobble 卵石10.gravel 砂石11.gravelly sand 砾砂12.coarse sand 粗砂13.medium sand 中砂14.fine sand 细砂15.silty sand 粉土16.clayey soil 粘性土17.clay 粘土18.silty clay 粉质粘土19.silt 粉土20.sandy silt 砂质粉土21.clayey silt 粘质粉土22.saturated soil 饱和土23.unsaturated soil 非饱和土24.fill (soil)填土25.overconsolidated soil 超固结土26.normally consolidatedsoil 正常固结土27.underconsolidated soil 欠固结土28.zonal soil 区域性土29.soft clay 软粘土30.expansive (swelling) soil 膨胀土31.peat 泥炭32.loess 黄土33.frozen soil 冻土24.degree of saturation 饱和度25.dry unit weight 干重度26.moist unit weight 湿重度45.ISSMGE=International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 国际土力学与岩土工程学会四. 渗透性和渗流1.Darcy ’ｓlaw 达西定律2.piping 管涌3.flowing soil 流土4.sand boiling 砂沸5.flow net 流网6.seepage 渗透（流）7.leakage 渗流8.seepage pressure 渗透压力9.permeability渗透性10.seepage force 渗透力11.hydraulic gradient 水力梯度12.coefficient ofpermeability 渗透系数五. 地基应力和变形1.soft soil 软土2.(negative) skin friction of driven pile 打入桩（负）摩阻力3.effective stress 有效应力4.total stress 总应力5.field vane shear strength 十字板抗剪强度6.low activity 低活性7.sensitivity 灵敏度8.triaxial test 三轴试验9.foundation design 基础设计10.recompaction 再压缩11.bearing capacity 承载力12.soil mass 土体13.contact stress (pressure)接触应力（压力）14.concentrated load 集中荷载15.a semi-infinite elastic solid 半无限弹性体16.homogeneous 均质17.isotropic 各向同性18.strip footing 条基19.square spread footing 方形独立基础20.underlying soil (stratum ,strata)下卧层（土）21.dead load =sustained load 恒载持续荷载22.live load 活载23.short –term transient load 短期瞬时荷载24.long-term transient load 长期荷载25.reduced load 折算荷载26.settlement 沉降27.deformation 变形28.casing 套管29.dike=dyke 堤（防）30.clay fraction 粘粒粒组31.physical properties物理性质32.subgrade 路基33.well-graded soil 级配良好土34.poorly-graded soil 级配不良土35.normal stresses 正应力36.shear stresses 剪应力37.principal plane 主平面38.major (intermediate, minor) principal stress 最大（中、最小）主应力39.Mohr-Coulomb failure condition 摩尔-库仑破坏条件40.FEM=finite element method 有限元法41.limit equilibrium method 极限平衡法42.pore water pressure 孔隙水压力43.preconsolidation pressure 先期固结压力44.modulus of compressibility 压缩模量45.coefficent of compressibility 压缩系数pression index 压缩指数47.swelling index 回弹指数48.geostatic stress 自重应力49.additional stress 附加应力50.total stress 总应力51.final settlement 最终沉降52.slip line 滑动线六. 基坑开挖与降水1 excavation 开挖（挖方）2dewatering （基坑）降水 3 failure of foundation 基坑失稳4 bracing of foundation pit 基坑围护5 bottom heave=basal heave （基坑）底隆起6 retaining wall 挡土墙7 pore-pressure distribution 孔压分精品文档.布8 dewatering method 降低地下水位法9 well pointsystem 井点系统（轻型）10 deep well point 深井点11vacuum well point 真空井点12 braced cuts 支撑围护13 braced excavation 支撑开挖14 braced sheeting 支撑挡板七. 深基础--deep foundation 1.pile foundation 桩基础1)cast –in-place 灌注桩diving casting cast-in-place pile 沉管灌注桩bored pile 钻孔桩special-shaped cast-in-place pile 机控异型灌注桩piles set into rock 嵌岩灌注桩rammed bulb pile 夯扩桩2)belled pier foundation 钻孔墩基础drilled-pier foundation 钻孔扩底墩under-reamed bored pier 3)precast concrete pile 预制混凝土桩4)steel pile 钢桩steel pipe pile 钢管桩steel sheet pile 钢板桩5)prestressed concrete pile 预应力混凝土桩prestressedconcrete pipe pile 预应力混凝土管桩 2.caisson foundation 沉井（箱）3.diaphragm wall 地下连续墙截水墙 4.friction pile 摩擦桩 5.end-bearing pile 端承桩 6.shaft 竖井；桩身7.wave equation analysis 波动方程分析8.pile caps 承台（桩帽）9.bearing capacity of single pile 单桩承载力teral pile load test 单桩横向载荷试验11.ultimate lateral resistance of single pile 单桩横向极限承载力12.static load test of pile 单桩竖向静荷载试验13.vertical allowable load capacity 单桩竖向容许承载力14.low pile cap 低桩承台15.high-rise pile cap 高桩承台16.vertical ultimate uplift resistance of single pile 单桩抗拔极限承载力17.silent piling 静力压桩18.uplift pile 抗拔桩19.anti-slide pile 抗滑桩20.pile groups 群桩21.efficiency factor of pile groups 群桩效率系数（η）22.efficiency of pile groups 群桩效应23.dynamic piletesting 桩基动测技术24.final set 最后贯入度25.dynamic load test of pile桩动荷载试验26.pile integrity test 桩的完整性试验27.pile head=butt 桩头28.pile tip=pile point=pile toe 桩端（头）29.pile spacing 桩距30.pile plan 桩位布置图31.arrangement of piles =pile layout桩的布置32.group action 群桩作用33.end bearing=tip resistance 桩端阻34.skin(side) friction=shaft resistance 桩侧阻35.pile cushion 桩垫36.pile driving(by vibration) （振动）打桩37.pile pulling test 拔桩试验38.pile shoe 桩靴39.pile noise 打桩噪音40.pile rig 打桩机九. 固结consolidation1.Terzzaghi ’ｓ consolidation theory 太沙基固结理论2.Barraon ’ｓ consolidation theory 巴隆固结理论3.Biot ’ｓ consolidation theory 比奥固结理论4.over consolidation ration (OCR)超固结比5.overconsolidation soil 超固结土6.excess pore water pressure 超孔压力7.multi-dimensional consolidation 多维固结8.one-dimensional consolidation 一维固结9.primary consolidation 主固结10.secondary consolidation 次固结11.degree of consolidation 固结度12.consolidation test 固结试验13.consolidation curve 固结曲线14.time factor Tv 时间因子15.coefficient of consolidation 固结系数16.preconsolidation pressure 前期固结压力17.principle of effective stress 有效应力原理18.consolidation under K0 condition K0固结十. 抗剪强度shear strength 1.undrained shear strength 不排水抗剪强度2.residual strength 残余强度3.long-term strength 长期强度4.peak strength 峰值强度5.shear strain rate 剪切应变速率6.dilatation 剪胀7.effective stress approach of shear strength 剪胀抗剪强度有效应力法8.total stress approach of shear strength 抗剪强度总应力法9.Mohr-Coulomb theory 莫尔－库仑理论10.angle of internal friction 内摩擦角11.cohesion 粘聚力12.failure criterion 破坏准则13.vane strength 十字板抗剪强度14.unconfined compression 无侧限抗压强度15.effective stress failure envelop 有效应力破坏包线16.effective stress strength parameter 有效应力强度参数十一. 本构模型--constitutive model 1.elastic model 弹性模型 2.nonlinear elastic model 非线性弹性模型3.elastoplastic model 弹塑性模型4.viscoelastic model 粘弹性模型5.boundary surface model 边界面模型6.Duncan-Chang model 邓肯－张模型7.rigid plastic model 刚塑性模型8.cap model 盖帽模型9.work softening 加工软化10.work hardening 加工硬化11.Cambridge model 剑桥模型12.ideal elastoplastic model 理想弹塑性模型13.Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion 莫尔－库仑屈服准则14.yield surface 屈服面15.elastic half-space foundation model 弹性半空间地基模型16.elastic modulus 弹性模量17.Winkler foundation model 文克尔地基模型十二. 地基承载力--bearing capacity of foundation soil 1.punching shear failure 冲剪破坏 2.general shear failure 整体剪切破化 3.local shear failure 局部剪切破坏 4.state of limit equilibrium 极限平衡状态5.critical edge pressure 临塑荷载6.stability of foundation soil 地基稳定性7.ultimate bearing capacity of foundation soil 地基极限承载力8.allowable bearing capacity of foundation soil 地基容许承载力十三. 土压力--earth pressure精品文档.1.active earth pressure 主动土压力2.passive earth pressure 被动土压力3.earth pressure at rest 静止土压力4.Coulomb ’ｓearth pressure theory 库仑土压力理论5.Rankine ’ｓ earth pressure theory 朗金土压力理论十四. 土坡稳定分析--slope stability analysis 1.angle of repose 休止角2.Bishop method 毕肖普法3.safety factor of slope 边坡稳定安全系数4.Fellenius method of slices 费纽伦斯条分法5.Swedish circle method 瑞典圆弧滑动法6.slices method 条分法十五. 挡土墙--retaining wall1.stability of retaining wall 挡土墙稳定性2.foundation wall 基础墙3.counter retaining wall 扶壁式挡土墙4.cantilever retaining wall 悬臂式挡土墙5.cantilever sheet pile wall 悬臂式板桩墙6.gravity retaining wall 重力式挡土墙7.anchored plate retaining wall 锚定板挡土墙8.anchored sheet pile wall 锚定板板桩墙十六. 板桩结构物--sheet pile structure 1.steel sheet pile 钢板桩2.reinforced concrete sheet pile 钢筋混凝土板桩3.steel piles 钢桩4.wooden sheet pile 木板桩5.timber piles 木桩十七. 浅基础--shallow foundation 1.box foundation 箱型基础 2.mat(raft) foundation 片筏基础 3.strip foundation 条形基础 4.spread footing 扩展基础 pensated foundation 补偿性基础 6.bearing stratum 持力层7.rigid foundation 刚性基础8.flexible foundation 柔性基础9.embedded depth of foundation 基础埋置深度 foundation pressure 基底附加应力11.structure-foundation-soil interaction analysis 上部结构－基础－地基共同作用分析十八. 土的动力性质--dynamic properties of soils1.dynamic strength of soils 动强度2.wave velocity method 波速法3.material damping 材料阻尼4.geometric damping 几何阻尼5.damping ratio 阻尼比6.initial liquefaction 初始液化7.natural period of soil site 地基固有周期8.dynamic shear modulus of soils 动剪切模量9.dynamic ma 二十. 地基基础抗震 1.earthquake engineering 地震工程2.soil dynamics 土动力学 3.duration of earthquake 地震持续时间 4.earthquake response spectrum 地震反应谱5.earthquake intensity 地震烈度 6.earthquake magnitude 震级7.seismic predominant period 地震卓越周期8.maximum acceleration of earthquake 地震最大加速度二十一. 室内土工实验 1.high pressure consolidation test 高压固结试验 2.consolidation under K0 condition K0固结试验 3.falling head permeability 变水头试验4.constant head permeability 常水头渗透试验5.unconsolidated-undrained triaxial test 不固结不排水试验(UU)6.consolidated undrained triaxial test 固结不排水试验(CU)7.consolidated drained triaxial test 固结排水试验(CD)paction test 击实试验9.consolidated quick direct shear test 固结快剪试验10.quick direct shear test 快剪试验11.consolidated drained direct shear test 慢剪试验12.sieve analysis 筛分析13.geotechnical model test 土工模型试验14.centrifugal model test 离心模型试验15.direct shear apparatus 直剪仪16.direct shear test 直剪试验17.direct simple shear test 直接单剪试验18.dynamic triaxial test 三轴试验19.dynamic simple shear 动单剪20.free （resonance ）vibration column test 自(共)振柱试验二十二. 原位测试 1.standard penetration test (SPT)标准贯入试验 2.surface wave test (SWT)表面波试验 3.dynamic penetration test(DPT)动力触探试验4.static cone penetration(SPT) 静力触探试验 5.plate loading test 静力荷载试验teral load test of pile 单桩横向载荷试验7.static load test of pile 单桩竖向荷载试验8.cross-hole test 跨孔试验9.screw plate test 螺旋板载荷试验10.pressuremeter test 旁压试验11.light sounding 轻便触探试验12.deep settlement measurement 深层沉降观测13.vane shear test 十字板剪切试验14.field permeability test 现场渗透试验15.in-situ pore water pressure measurement 原位孔隙水压量测16.in-situ soil test 原位试验。

土力学试题库含英语面试技巧

一、名词解释(每题 3 分)1 .离子交换2 . 粘土矿物3 . 双电层4 . 等电pH值5 . 比表面积6 . 电渗、电泳7 . 粒组8 . 界限粒径9 . 不均匀系数10. 曲率系数11. 缩限12. 塑限13. 液限14. 塑性指数15. 液性指数16. 土粒比重17. 含水量18. 最优含水量19. 饱和度20. 相对密度21.渗透系数22.渗透力23.渗透变形24.流土25.管涌26.临界水力坡降27.有效应力28.孔隙水应力29.有效应力原理30.静止侧压力系数31.自重应力32.附加应力33.基底净反力34.土的压缩：35.压缩系数：36.压缩指数：37.再压缩指数：38.压缩模量：39.变形模量：40.静止侧压力系数：41.前期固结应力：42.超固结比：43.超固结土：44.正常固结土：45.欠固结土46.固结系数：47.固结度：48.体积压缩系数：49.正常固结试样：50.超固结试样：51.土的抗剪强度52.快剪53.固结快剪54.慢剪55.不排水剪56.固结不排水剪57.排水剪58.剪胀性59.剪缩性60.应变软化61.应变硬化62.灵敏度63.土的蠕变64.残余强度65.砂土液化66.静止土压力67.主动土压力68.被动土压力69.临界深度70.临塑荷载71.极限承载力72.允许承载力73.塑性开展区74.标准贯入击数二、填空题(每题 3 分)1 .当介质水溶液的PH大于PH等电时，粘土矿物离解成_________，胶核带______电；反之，离解成______，胶核带____电.2 .粘土矿物包括_________、_________、________、_________等晶体矿物及非晶体矿物。

3 .土中主要的粘矿物有_____、______、______，它们都是由___________________组成的层状晶质矿物。

4 .差热分析法是以不同矿物在加热过程中产生_____________________为理论基础的。

土力学第五章

τ σ1
c
σ3
= (σ 1 − σ 3 ) cos θ sin θ =
σ1 − σ 3
2
sin 2θ
b
5-2
强度概念与莫尔——库仑理论库仑理论强度概念与莫尔
二、莫尔应力圆
σ
τ
θ
c
σ3
a
σ1
2
b
2 σ1 + σ 3 σ1 − σ 3 σ= + cos 2θ 2 2
2 2
τ=
σ1 − σ 3
sin 2θ
5-2
强度概念与莫尔——库仑理论库仑理论强度概念与莫尔
τ f = c +σ tanϕ
三、莫尔—库仑破坏准则莫尔库仑破坏准则
（二）土的极限平衡条件
τ
(σ1 −σ3 ) f
2
ϕ
σ
c O
σ3f
σ1f
c ⋅ ctgϕ
(σ1 +σ3 ) f
2
(σ1 −σ3 ) f
sinϕ =
(σ1 +σ3 ) f
2
1. 挡土结构物的破坏
概述
广州京光广场基坑塌方
使基坑旁办公室、使基坑旁办公室、民工宿舍和仓库倒塌，倒塌，死3人，伤 17人 17人。
5-1
1. 挡土结构物的破坏
概述
滑裂面
挡土墙
基坑支护
5-1
2. 各种类型的滑坡
概述
崩塌
平移滑动
旋转滑动
流滑
5-1
2. 各种类型的滑坡乌江武隆县兴顺乡鸡冠岭山体崩塌 1994年4月30日上午时年月日上午日上午11时 45分分崩塌体积530万m3，30万崩塌体积万万 m3堆入乌江，形成长堆入乌江，形成长110m、、宽100m、高100m的碎石、的碎石坝，阻碍乌江通航达数月之久。之久。死4人，伤5人，失踪人人人失踪12人

土木工程专业常用英语词汇

土木工程专业常用英语词汇第一节普通术语3. 房屋建造工程building engineering4. 土木工程civil engineering除房屋建造外，为新建、改建或扩建各类工程的建造物、构筑物和相关配套设施等所举行的勘察、计划、设计、施工、安装和维护等各项技术工作和完成的工程实体。

5. 马路工程highway engineering10. 建造物（构筑物）construction works房屋建造或土木工程中的单项工程实体。

11. 结构structure12. 基础foundation13. 地基foundation soil; subgrade; subbase; ground14. 木结构timber structure16. 钢结构steel structure17. 混凝土（砼）结构concrete structure18. 特种工程结构special engineering structure22. 马路highway24. 高速马路freeway27. 铁路（铁道）railway; railroad28. 标准轨距铁路standard gauge railway29. 宽轨距铁路broad gauge railway第四节桥、涵洞和隧道术语1. 桥bridge2. 简支梁桥simple supported girder bridge3. 延续梁桥continuous girder bridge5. 斜拉（斜张）桥cable stayed bridge6. 悬索（吊）桥suspension bridge7. 桁架桥trussed bridge9．刚构（刚架）桥rigid frame bridge10．拱桥arch bridge13．正交桥right bridge14．斜交桥skew bridge16．高架桥viaduct17．正（主）桥main span18．引桥approach span19．弯桥curved bridge21．马路铁路两用桥combined bridge; highway and railway transit bridge 25．桥跨结构（上部结构）bridge superstructure26．桥面系bridge floor system27．桥支座bridge bearing; bridge support28．桥下部结构bridge substructure29．索塔（桥塔）bridge tower30．桥台abutment31．桥墩pier32．涵洞culvert第六节结构构件和部件术语1．构件member2．部件component; assembly parts3．截面section4．梁beam; girder5．拱arch6．板slab; plate8．柱column10．桁架truss11．框架frame12．排架bent frame13．刚架（刚构）rigid frame14．简支梁simply supported beam15．悬臂梁cantilever beam16．两端固定梁beam fixed at both ends17．延续梁continuous beam19．桩pile20．板桩sheet pile34. 钢轨rail第七节地基和基础术语1. 扩展(扩大)基础spread foundation2. 刚性基础rigid foundation3. 自立基础single footing4. 联合基础combined footing5. 条形基础strip foundation6. 壳体基础shell foundation7. 箱形基础box foundation8. 筏形基础raft foundation9. 桩基础pile foundation10. 沉井基础open caisson foundation11. 管柱基础cylinder pile foundation ; cylinder caisson foundation12. 沉箱基础caisson foundation1. 可靠性reliability2. 安全性safety3. 适用性serviceability4. 耐久性durability5. 基本变量basic variable6. 设计基准期design reference period7. 可靠概率probability of survival8. 失效概率probability of failure9. 可靠指标reliability index12. 概率设计法probabilistic method13. 容许应力设计法permissible (allowable) stresses method14. 破坏强度设计法ultimate strength method15. 极限状态设计法limit states method16. 极限状态limit states17. 极限状态方程limit state equation18. 承载能力极限状态ultimate limit states19. 正常使用极限状态serviceability limit states20. 分项系数partial safety factor21. 设计情况design situation22. 持久情况persistent situation23. 短暂情况transient situation24. 偶尔情况accidental situation1. 作用action2. 荷载load3. 线分布力force per unit length4. 面分布力force per unit area5. 体分布力force per unit volume6. 力矩moment of force7. 永远作用permanent action8. 可变作用variable action9. 偶尔作用accidental action10．固定作用fixed adtion11．自由(可动)作用. Free action12. 静态作用static action13. 动态作用dynamic action14. 多次重复作用repeated action; cyclic action16. 自重self weight17. 施工荷载site load18. 土压力earth pressure19. 温度作用temperature action20. 地震作用earthquake action22．风荷载wind load23．风振wind vibration24. 雪荷载snow load27．桥（桥梁）荷载load on bridge28．桥（桥梁）恒荷载dead load on bridge29．桥（桥梁）活荷载live load on bridge30．马路车辆荷载标准Standard highway vehicle load31．中国铁路标准活载Standard Railway Live Load Specified by the People’sRepublic of China44．作用代表值representative value of an action45．作用标准值characteristic value of an action46．作用准永远值quasi-permanent value of an action47．作用组合值combination value of actions48．作用分项系数partial safety factor for action49．作用设计值design value of an action50．作用组合值系数coeffcient for combination value of actions 51．作用效应effects of actions52．作用效应系数coefficient of effects of actions53．轴向力normal force\axial force54．剪力shear force55．弯矩bending moment57．扭矩torque58．应力stress59．正应力normal stress60．剪应力shear stress; tangential stress61．主应力principal stress62．预应力prestress63．位移displacement64．挠度deflection65．变形deformation66．弹性变形elastic deformation67．塑性变形plastic deformation70．应变strain71．线应变linear strain72．剪应变shear strain; tangential strain73．主应变principal strain74．作用效应组合combination for action effects75．作用效应基本组合fundamental combination for action effects 77．短期效应组合combination for short-term action effects 78．持久效应组合combination for long-term action effects 79．设计限值limiting design value1．抗力resistance2．强度strength3．抗压强度compressive strength4．抗拉强度tensile strength5．抗剪强度shear strength6．抗弯强度flexural strength7．屈服强度yield strength8．疲劳强度fatigue strength9．极限应变ultimate strain10．弹性模量modulus of elasticity11.剪变模量shear modulus12．变形模量modulus of deformation13．泊松比Poisson ratio14．承载能力bearing capacity15．受压承载能力compressive capacity16．受拉承载能力tensile capacity17．受剪承载能力shear capacity18．受弯承载能力flexural capacity19．受扭承载能力torsional capacity20．疲劳承载能力fatigue capacity21．刚度stiffness; rigidity22．抗裂度crack resistance23．极限变形ultimate deformation24．稳定性stability26．脆性破坏brittle failure27．延性破坏ductile failure30．材料性能分项系数partial safety factor for property of material。

土力学词汇英汉对照

Aabsorbed water吸着水accumulation sedimentation method累积沉淀法active earth pressure主动土压力E aactivity index活性指数Aadamic earth,red soil红粘土additional stress(pressure)of subsoil地基附加应力（压力）zadverse geologic phenomena不良地质现象aeolian soils风积土aeolotropic soil各向异性土air dried soils风干土allowable subsoil bearing capacity地基容许承载力［ 0］allowable settlement容许沉降alluvial soil冲积土angle between failure plane and major principal plane 破坏面与大主平面的夹角angle of internal，external (wall) friction内摩擦角ϕ、外(墙背)摩擦角angular gravel,angular pebble角砾anisotropic soil各向异性土aquifer含水层aquifuge,impermeabler layer不透水层area of foundation base基础底面面积Aartesian water head承压水头artificial fills人工填土artificial foundation人工地基Atterberg Limits阿太堡界限attitude产状average consolidation pressure平均固结压力σaverage heaving ratio of frozen soil layer冻土层的平均冻胀率average pressure ,additional pressure offoundation base基底平均压力、平均附加压力p、p0Bbase tilt factor of foundation基础倾斜系数b c、b q、bγbase tilt factors基底倾斜系数b c、b q、bγbearing capacity 承载力bearing capacity factors承载力系数N c,、N q,、Nγ[California]Bearing Ratio[CBR] 承载比bearing stratum持力层bedrock,original rock 基岩beginning hydraulic gradient起始水力梯度(坡降)i oBiot consolidation theory 比奥固结理论Bishop’s slice method比肖普条分法bound water 结合水(束缚水)boulder漂石Boussinesq theory 布辛奈斯克理论bridge桥梁bridge pier桥墩broken stone，crushed stone碎石bulk modulus体积模量buried depth of foundation基础埋置深度d buoyant density 浮密度ρ'buoyant gravity density(unit weight)浮重度（容重） ’CCalifornia Bearing Ratio(CBR) 加州承载比capillary rise毛细水上升高度capillary water毛细（管）水categorization of geotechnical projects岩土工程分级cementation胶结作用central load 中心荷载（轴心荷载）characteristic value of subsoil bearing capacity 地基承载力特征值f akchemical grouting 化学灌浆circular footing 圆形基础clay粘土clay content粘粒含量clay minerals粘土矿物clayey silt粘质粉土clayey soils ,clayly soils粘性土coarse aggregate粗骨料coarse-grained soils粗粒土coarse sand粗砂cobble卵石Code for design of building foundation建筑地基基础设计规范coefficient of active earth pressure主动土压力系数K acoefficient of passive earth pressure被动土压力系数K Pcoefficient ofcollapsibility湿陷系数 scoefficient of compressibility压缩系数acoefficient of curvature曲率系数C ccoefficient of earth pressure at rest静止土压力系数Kcoefficient of lateral pressure侧压力系数K0coefficient of permeability渗透系数kcoefficient of secondary consolidation次固结系数coefficient of uniformity 不均匀系数coefficient of vertical consolidation竖向固结(压密)系数c v.coefficient of vertical ，horizontal permeability 竖向、水平向渗透系数k hcoefficient of vertical ，horizontal，tangential additional stress beneath a uniform strip load均布条形荷载下竖向、水平向、切向附加应力系数 sz、 sx、 sxzcoefficient of vertical additional ,average additional stress beneatha uniform round load at centre point均布圆形荷载中点下竖向、平均附加应力系数 r、rαcoefficient of vertical additional ,average additional stress beneath a triangular distributed rectangle load at corner point三角形分布矩形荷载角点下竖向、附加、平均附加应力系数t1、 t2、1tα、2tαcoefficient of vertical additional ,average additional stress of beneath a uniform rectangle load at corner point均布矩形荷载角点下竖向、附加、平均附加应力系数 c、cαcoefficient of vertical additional stress beneatha concentration load集中应力系数αcoefficient of viscosity 粘滞系数coefficient of volume compression体积压缩系数m Vcoefficient of weathering 风化系数cohesionless soils无粘性土cohesive soils粘性土collapsibility湿陷性compactibility压实性compaction by rolling 碾压法compactiontest 击实试验compaction factor压实系数 ccompactness 密实度composite ground 复合地基compressibility 压缩性compression index压缩指数C ccompression(constrained modulus)压缩（侧限）模量E scompression zone受力层，压缩层compression-curves压缩曲线（e-p和e-log p曲线）compressive strength 抗压强度concentrated load集中力P[static]cone penetration test[CPT]静力触探试验confined water head承压水头confining pressure［周］围压[力]consistency稠度consistency limit稠度界限consolidated quick (direct) shear test固结快剪（直剪）试验consolidated quick shear cohesion、angle of internal friction固结快剪粘聚力、内摩擦角c cq、ϕcqconsolidated undrained triaxial compression test [CU-test]固结不排水三轴压缩试验consolidated-undrained cohesion、angle of internal friction固结不排水粘聚力、内摩擦角c cu、ϕcuconsolidation apparatus固结仪、压缩仪、渗压仪consolidation curve 固结(d-t和d-log t曲线) consolidation settlement固结沉降s cconsolidation test (contain compression test ) 固结(压密)试验（含有压缩试验）constrained diameter of soil partical限制粒径d60constrained modulus侧限模量E scontact stress( pressure)接触应力（压力）contaminatedsoil 污染土corner-point method 角点法Coulomb’s theory of earth pressure库伦土压力理论creep蠕变critical edge、critical, ultimate load of subsoil bearing capacity 地基承载力的临塑荷载p cr、临界荷载p1/3 p1/4、极限荷载p u critical height of slope （土坡）临界高度critical hydraulic gradient临界水力梯度i crcritical void raio 临界孔隙比crushed stone,broken stone碎石culvert涵洞cushion垫层cyclic triaxial test周期三轴试验Ddamping ratio阻尼比Darcy’s law 达西定律Debris flow泥石流deep foundation 深基础deep mixing method 深层搅拌法degree of compaction 压实度 cdegree of consolidation固结度Udegree of saturation饱和度S rdensification by sand pile 挤密砂桩density密度depth factor of foundation基础深度系数d c、d q、dγdifferential settlement沉降差dike,levee 堤dilatancy 剪胀性diluvial fan洪积扇diluvial soils洪积土direct shear test直[接]剪[切]试验dispersive clay分散性粘土disturbed samples扰动土样double layer双电层drainage cohesion, angle of internal friction排水［剪］粘聚力、内摩擦角c d、ϕddrained shear strength排水抗剪强度τd［consolidated］drained triaxial［compression］test [CD-test]［固结］排水三轴［压缩］试验drift-sand流砂［现象］dry density干密度 ddry gravity density (unit weight)干重度(容重) ddynamic elastic modulus动弹性模量E d dynamic load动荷载dynamic penetration test 动力触探试验dynamic triaxial test动三轴试验dynamic shear modulus动剪切模量G d dynamic strain，stress动应变 d、动应力 dEEarth dam土坝Earth material 土料earth pressure at rest静止土压力E0 earthquake engineering 地震工程学earth－rock dam 土石坝earthwork土石方工程eccentric load偏心荷载eccentricity of foundation base loading (result of forces) 基础底面荷载合力偏心距e effective angle of internal friction有效内摩擦角 ’effective cohesion 有效粘聚力c’effective grain size有效粒径d10effective stress有效应力 ’effective stress path[ESP] 有效应力路径elastic modulus，Young’s modulus弹性模量E electro-osmosis 电渗embankments路堤engineering geologic columnar profile工程地质柱状图engineering geologic exploration工程地质勘察engineering geologic drilling工程地质钻探engineering geologic evaluation 工程地质评价engineering geologic map工程地质图engineering geologicmapping 工程地质测绘engineering geologicprofile工程地质剖面图engineering geology工程地质学environmental geotechnics 环境岩土工程学equipotential lines 等势线excavation开挖excess hydrostatic pressure超静水压力excess pore water pressure(stress)超孔隙水压力(应力)expansibility and contractility胀缩性expansion ,swelling index回弹指数C eexpansive soil膨胀土experience factor of settlement calculation沉降计算经验系数Ffactor of safety安全系数failure strength破坏强度failure surface 破坏面fault断层field identification 土的现场鉴别field observation 现场观测fill填土film water，film moisture 薄膜水filter反滤层final settlement最终沉降量sfinal settlement by settlement observation calculating沉降观测推算的最终沉降量s∞fine sand细砂fine-grained soils, fines细粒土fissured soils裂隙粘土fissured water裂隙水flocculent structure絮凝结构flow line 流线flow net流网fold 褶皱flowing sand流砂[现象]fluvial soils冲积土footing，foundation基础foundation settlement地基（基础）沉降fraction粒组free swelling ratio自由膨胀率 effree water自由水free water elevation ，surface地下水位freezingmethod 冻结法friction coefficient offoundation base 基底摩擦系数μfriction－resistance ratio摩阻比frost boiling翻浆frozen heaving properties冻胀性frozen soils冻土GGap－graded soil不连续级配土General-shear failure 整体剪切破坏generalized procedure of slices[GPS]普通条分法[vertical]geostatic(self weight)stress (pressure)[竖向]自重应力（压力）σc、σczgeosynthetics 土工合成材料geotechnical engineering岩土工程geotechnical investigation岩土工程勘察geotextiles 土工织物glacial soils冰积土grading curve级配曲线grain size粒径grain size accumulation curve粒径累计（积）曲线granularity粒度gravel圆砾gravelly sand砾砂gravelly soils砾类土gravitational acceleration重力加速度ggravitational water重力水gravity density重［力密］度γgravity retaining wall重力式挡土墙ground tilt factor地面倾斜系数g c、g q、gγground treatment地基处理ground water地下水、潜水ground water level [GWL],groundwater elevation ,surface,[ground] water table[GWT]地下水位groundwater dynamics 地下水动力学grouting 灌浆Hhalf-space(semi-infinite body)半空间（半无限体）Hansen’s formula of ultimate bearing capacity汉森极限承载力公式hardness degree of rock 岩石坚硬程度head [of water]水头Hheavy dynamic penetration test[HDPT] 重型动力触探试验height of retaining wall挡土墙高度H heigth of tensile area拉力区高度h0 high liquid limit clay ,mo[CH],[MH]高液限粘土、粉土highway公路honeycomb structure蜂窝结构hydraulic gradient水力梯度I hydraulic head水头Hhydrometer method比重计法hydrostatic pressure静水压力Iillite伊利石immediate settlement瞬时沉降s d impermeable lager，impervious stratum 不透水层inclined load倾斜荷载influence coefficients of settlement沉降影响系数、 o、 c、 m、 r initial collapse pressure 湿陷起始压力initial tangent modulus初始切线模量E i inorganic mineral substance无机矿物质in-situ test原位测试in-situ bearing test现场承载力试验intermediam liquid limit clay [CI]中液限粘土internal friction angle 内摩擦角internal scour潜蚀isotropic soil各向同性土J Janbu’s method of slices 杨布条分法jet grouting method 高压喷射注浆法joint 节理K kaolinite 高岭石karst land feature 喀斯特地貌K0－consolidation K0固结Llaminar flow层流landslide滑坡land subsidence 地面下沉lateral geostatic stress侧向自重应力σcx,σcylaterite 红土layer-wise summation method分层总和法length of foundation base基础底面长度llimit equilibrium condition极限平衡条件limit of plasticity塑限w Plinear shrinkage ratio 线缩率line load线荷载liquefaction液化liquefaction resistance抗液化强度liquid limit[LL]液限w Lliquidity index[LI]液性指数I Lloading test载荷试验local shear failure 局部剪切破坏loess黄土logarithmic spiral对数螺旋线low liquid limit clay,mo[CL],[ML]低液限粘土、粉土MMagmatic rock (igneous rock)岩浆岩（火成岩）major, intermediate, minor principle stress 大、中、小主应力σ1、σ2、σ3marine soils海积土mass circle sliding method整体圆弧滑动法maximum ，minimum void ratio最大、最小孔隙比emax、eminmaximum 、minimum pressure of foundation base基底最大、最小压力p max、p minmaximum, minimum dry density最大、最小干密度ρdmax、 dminmaximum dry density 最大干密度maximum expanded depth of plasticity region塑性区最大发展深度z maxmedian grain diameter中值粒径d30medium sand中砂meniscus弯液面metamorphic rock 变质岩method of slice 条分法mingle soils混合土miscellaneous fill杂填土mo,silts,silty soils粉土(粉性土、粉质土) modulus of deformation, elasticity变形模量E0弹性模量Emodulus of recompression再压缩模量modulus of resilience回弹模量Mohr-Coulomb law摩尔库仑定律moisture-density test 击实试验moisture ,water content含水量(率)w montmorillonite蒙脱石muck, muck soils淤泥、淤泥质土mulching soils覆盖土mud pumping 翻浆冒泥Nnatural angle of repose自然（天然）休止角nomal stress法向应力 x、 y、 znon-cohesive soils无粘性土non-uniform settlement 不均匀沉降normallyconsolidation归一化normally consolidated soils[N.C.soils]正常固结土Ooptimum moisture content 最优含水率organic soil 有机质土Oedometer modulus 侧向压缩模量Eoed、Es oedometer 固结仪、压缩仪、渗透仪one-dimensional consolidation单向固结（压密）optimum moisture，（water）content最优含水量(率)w oporganic soil有机质土，有机土organic substance,organic matter有机质original rock 基岩over coarse-grained soils巨粒土overburden soils覆盖土overconsolidated soils[O.C,soils]超固结(过压密)土overconsolidation ratio [OCR]超固结（过压密）比Pparameters of shear strength 抗剪强度参数partical size粒径partical size analysis颗粒分析试验passive earth pressure被动土压力E ppath of percolation渗[透途]径Hpeat泥炭pebble圆砾penetration resistace贯入阻力percent of soil particles土粒百分含量p i perched water上层滞水perennially frozen soil多年冻土permeable layer ,pervious stratum 透水层permeability渗透性permeability test渗透试验phreatic line浸润线phreatic water潜水、地下水physical properties of rock岩石的物理性质piezocone test[CPTU]孔压静力触探试验piezometric head测压管水头piezometer head测压管水头hpiping管涌plane strain test平面应变试验plastic failure塑性破坏plastic flow塑流plastic limit[PL]塑限w Pplastic strain 塑性应变plastic zone塑性区plasticity chart塑性图plasticity index[PI]塑性指数I pplate loading test平板载荷试验point loading点荷载试验Poisson’s ratio泊松比μpoorly-graded soils不良级配土pore air pressure孔隙气压力pore water pressure(stress)孔隙水压力（应力）upore pressure(stress) parameters孔隙压力（应力）系数A、Bpore pressure ratio孔隙压力比porewater孔隙水porosity孔隙率npreconsolidation pressure先（前）期固结压力p cpreloading method预压法pressure bulb压力泡pressuremeter test[PMT]旁（横）压试验primary consolidation主固结primary mineral原生矿物principal stress主应力 1、 2、 3principle of effective strress有效应力原理proctor ［compaction］test普罗克特［击实］试验proportional limit load 比例界限荷载p prpumping test抽水试验punching-shear failure冲[切]剪[切]破坏Qquality of soil, soil particles (solids),water土、土粒、水的质量m、m s、m wQuaternary deposit第四纪沉积层quicksand流砂[现象]quick shear cohesion, angle of internal friction快剪粘聚力、内摩擦角c q、ϕqquick[shear] test快剪试验RRadius of influence影响半径Rankine’s theory of earth pressure朗肯土压力理论rate of settlement沉降速率ratio of length to width长宽比mrebound modulus回弹摸量recompression curve再压缩曲线rectangular footing矩形基础red clay ,adamic earth红粘土regional soils 特殊[性]土，区域性土relative density [RD]相对密(实)度D rresidual deformation残余变形residual soils 残积土residual strength 残余强度rubble ，rubble-stone 块石running sand流砂[现象]rupture surface破坏面Ssaline soil盐积土sand drain排水砂井sand particle content砂粒含量sand boiling砂沸（涌）现象、喷水冒砂sandy silt砂质粉土sandy soils, sands砂土(砂类土、砂性土、砂质土)saturated density饱和密度ρsatsaturated gravity density饱和重度γsatscale effect尺度效应screw plate loading test[SPLT]螺旋板载荷试验seasonally frozen soil季节冻土secondary compression （consolidation）index次压缩（固结）指数Cαsecondary compression (consolidation)settlement ,creep settlement次压缩（固结）沉降s ssecondary mineral次生矿物secondary red clay次生红粘土seepage[flow] 渗流（漏）seepage deformation 渗透变形seepage failure 渗透破坏seepage discharge渗流量Qseepage force渗流力（动水力）G Dseepage line浸润线(渗流线)seepage velocity渗流速度vseepage path渗径[verticale ]self weight (geostatic)stress (pressure)[竖向]自重应力（压力）σcz、σcsemi—infinite elastic半无限弹性体sensitivity灵敏度Stsettlement calculation depth沉降计算深度znshallow foundation 浅基础shape factor of foundation基础形状系数s c、s q、sγshear failure剪切破坏shear modulus剪切模量Gshear resistance 剪阻力或抗剪力shear strain剪应变shear strength抗剪强度 fshear strength envelope抗剪强度包线shear stress剪应力sheet pile wall板桩墙shrinkage limit[SL]缩限w ssieve analysis test筛分试验silty clay粉质粘土silty sand粉砂silty soils,silts,mo粉土(粉性土、粉质土)single-grained structure单粒结构size fraction粒组slip surface滑动面slope stability土坡稳定性slope wash,slope materials坡积土slow shear cohesion，angle of internal friction慢剪粘聚力、内摩擦角c s、ϕsslow(direct)shear test慢剪试验soft clay软粘土soft foundation 软弱地基soil土soil classification土的分类soil cohesion，angle of internal friction土的粘聚力c、内摩擦角soil dynamics土动力学soil fabric土的组构soil flow流土soil mechanics土力学soil nailing土钉soil sampler取土器soil skeleton土骨架soil structure and texture土的结构和构造soil supporting layer，substrate地基持力层、下卧层soil，foundation and superstructure interaction 地基、基础与上部结构相互作用soils and Foundations 地基及基础soils improvement 地基处理special soils特殊（性）土specific gravity of soil particles土粒比重G sspecific penetration resistance比贯入阻力p sspecific surface比表面（积）split test劈裂试验(巴西试验)SPT blow count标[准]贯[入试验锤]击数N square footing方形基础stabilityof foundation soil 地基稳定性stability against sliding抗滑稳定性stability number稳定数N sstability number method稳定数法standard penetration test [SPT]标准贯入试验static penetration test[CPT]静力触探试验static failure strength静力破坏强度 fstip foundation 条形基础Stokes’ law司笃克斯定律Stones,stoney soils碎石[类]土stress、strain 应力、应变stress history，path,level应力历史、路径、水平stress concentration应力集中strength envelope 强度包线strength of active earth pressure主动土压力强度σastrength of passive earth pressure主动土压力强度σpstrength of earth pressure at rest静止土压力强度σ0strip load条形荷载subgrade路基、地基subgrade reaction地基反力superimposed pressure of foundation base基底平均附加压力psuperimposed stress （pressure）of subsoil地基附加应力(压力) zsurcharge[load]超载surface tension表面张力surface water地表水surface wave velocity method表面波法Swedish circle method瑞典圆弧法swelling force膨胀力swelling，expansion index 回弹(膨胀)指数C e swelling ratio膨胀率syncline向斜T[ground]table 地下水Terzaghi’s theory of one dimensional consolidation 太沙基一维固结理论Terzaghi’s ultimate bearing capacity太沙基极限承载力thaw collapse融陷thick wall sampler厚壁取土器thinwall sampler薄壁取土器thixotropy触变性three phase diagram三相图tilt factors of load荷载倾斜系数i c、i q、iγtime factor时间因数total stress总应力σtotal stress path [TSP]总应力路径transducer传感器triaxial compression test三轴压缩试验true triaxial test 真三轴试验two-dimensional consolidation二维固结（压密）two-dimensional flow二维流turbulent flow紊流Uultimate bearing capacity 极限承载力unconfined compression strength of remolded soil 重塑土的无侧限抗压强度q u'unconfined compressive strength无侧限抗压强度q uunder consolidated soil欠固结土underground diaphragm wall地下连续墙underlying stratum 下卧层undisturbed soil sample不扰动土样(原状土样) uniformly distributed load均布荷载undrained shear strength cohesion ,angle of internal f riction不排水抗剪强度τu、粘聚力c u、内摩擦角 [unconsolidation]undrained triaxial compression test[UU-test][不固结]不排水三轴压缩试验unit weight 容重[un]uniformity coefficient不均匀系数C u unsaturated soil非饱和土VVan der Waals’ [bonding]forces范德华（键）力[field]Vane shear test [FVT] [现场]十字板剪切试验vertical average degree of consolidation竖向平均固结度zUvertical force of foundation top基础顶面竖向力Fvertical time factor竖向时间因数T vVesic’s formula of ultimate bearing capacity魏锡克极限承载力公式vibration frequency振次n［dynamic］viscosity［动力］粘[滞]度ηvoid ratio孔隙比evolumetric strain体应变volume of soil，soil particles (solids), water , air土、土粒、土中水、土中气的体积V、V s、V w、V avolume of void孔隙体积V vvolume shrinkage ratio体缩率WWater，moisture content含水量(率)wwater content ratio含水比uwater table地下水位weak ground软弱地基weathering风化weighted average gravity density(unit weight)加权平均重度(容重) 0well-graded soil良好级配土wet density湿密度width of foundation base基础底面宽度bYyeilding flow塑流yellow clay ,loess黄土yield 屈服yield criteria 屈服准则Young’s modulus,elastic m odulus弹性模量E。

工程地质及土力学第5章土的抗剪强度

一、不固结不排水抗剪强度
1. 三轴仪不排水强度UU
土的抗剪强度
u 0 f
1 c u 1 3 2
1 u f 3 u f 1 3 1 3 3 ) f ( 1 3 ) fA ( 1 3 ) fB ( 1 在不排水条件下，饱和土体孔隙水压力系数B 1，改变周围压力增量只会引起孔隙水压力的变化，而不会引起土体中的有效应力的变化，各试样在剪切破坏前的有效应力相等，所以抗剪强度不变。
（二）摩尔库伦极限平衡条件
土的抗剪强度

根据 Mohr-Coulomb 破坏理论，破坏时的 Mohr 应力圆必定与破坏包线相切。切点所代表的平面满足τ=τf的条件，该点处于极限平衡状态。
f 45

2
AD RD sin
即：
1 1 （ 1 3） [c ctg ( 1 3 )]sin 2 2 2 1 3tg 45 2c tg 45 2 2
• 砂土: τf=σtg • 粘性土: τf=c+σtg • 式中：c 和为抗剪强度指标(抗剪强度参数) • c-土的粘聚力 -土的内摩擦角
土的抗剪强度机理
土的抗剪强度
1、摩擦强度（摩擦力）包括滑动摩擦和咬合摩擦滑动摩擦由颗粒间接触面粗糙不平所引起。咬合摩擦是指相邻颗粒对于相对移动的约束作用。 • 摩擦强度的影响因素有： • 颗粒形状、矿物成分、粒径级配、密度等。 2、粘聚强度（粘聚力） • 取决于土粒间的各种胶结作用和静电引力。 •用有效应力表达

土的抗剪强度

土力学英语单词

土力学英语单词1Soil Mechanics 土力学Geotechnical Engineering 岩土工程以下单词均可表示基础或地基：Foundationsubgradegroundfoundation soilsubsoilfootingbasecompressibility 压缩性silty sand 粉土sand 砂clay 黏土diaphragm wall 隔墙，地下连续墙expansive soil ground 膨胀土地基liquefaction of sand 砂土液化landslide 滑坡triaxial apparatus 三轴试验仪，原位测试仪Finite Element Method 有限单元法clay mineral 黏土质矿物Geosynthetics 土工合成材料artificial ground 人工地基ground treatment 地基处理The Leaning Tower of Pisa 比萨斜塔Coulomb 库伦（库伦土压力理论）Darcy 达西（达西渗流定律）Rankine 朗肯（朗肯土压力理论）Boussinesque 布辛奈斯克（竖向集中力下的地基附加应力提出者）Fellenius 费伦纽斯（瑞典圆弧法分析土坡滑坡）Terzaghi 太沙基（土力学之父）2physical properties 物理性质three phases of soil 土的三相组成Physical indexes 物理性质指标Density 密度cohesionless soil 无粘性土cohesive soil 粘性土permeability 渗透性solid 固相liquid 液相vapor phase 气相weathering 风化transportation 搬运sedimentation 沉积original mineral 原生矿物secondary mineral 次生矿物clay mineral 粘土矿物particle size distribution 颗粒级配huge particle group 巨粒（粒组）gross particle group 粗粒（粒组）fine particle group 细粒（粒组）sieve analysis 筛分法hydrometer analysis 水分法coefficient of uniformity 不均匀系数coefficient of curvature 曲率系数three-phase diagram 三相简图mass/quality 质量volume 体积density of soil 土的密度unit weight 容重，重度cutting ring 环刀specific gravity of soil 土的相对密度moisture content 含水率combined water 结合水free water 自由水adustion method 燃烧法void ratio 孔隙比（e）porosity 孔隙率（n）degree of saturation 饱和度bulk density of soil 土的堆积密度(moist) unit weight 湿重度Dry density 干密度Dry unit weight 干重度Saturated density 饱和密度Saturated unit weight 饱和重度Buoyant density 浮密度Buoyant unit weight 浮重度（有效重度）Compactness/density 密实度Void ratio of soil in the loosest/densest state密实/松散状态土的孔隙比Loose 松散Medium 中密Dense 密实Standard penetration test 标准贯入试验（SPT）Limit water content 界限含水量Shrinkage limit 缩限Plastic limit 塑限Solid 固态Semisolid 半固态Plastic 可塑状态Liquid 流动状态态Cone penetrometer 锥式液限仪Plasticity index 塑性指数Liquidity index 液性指数Undisturbed soil 原状土Disturbed soil 扰动土Liquid-plastic limit combined device 液塑限联合测定仪Sensitivity 灵敏度Thixotropy （粘性土的）触变性Muck 淤泥Mucky soil 淤泥质土3.geostatic stress 自重应力foundation base pressure 基底压力net foundation pressure 基地附加压力contact pressure 基底压力additional stress 土中附加应力stress state 应力状态self-weight 自重homogeneous soil 均质土layed soil 成层土ground water level 地下水位continuous/strip footing 连续/条形基础vertical uniform load 竖向均布荷载flexible foundation 柔性基础rigid foundation 刚性基础rectangular foundation 矩形基础vertical centric load （矩形面积）竖向中心荷载vertical eccentric load （矩形面积）竖向偏心荷载tension force 拉（应）力inclined eccentric load 斜向偏心荷载vertical point force 竖向点力vertical concentrated load 竖向集中荷载vertical uniform load 竖向均布荷载example 例子solution 解triangularly distributed load 三角形分布荷载horizontal concentrated load 横向集中荷载circular foundation 圆形基础stress concentration 应力集中stress dispersion 应力扩散anisotropic foundation 各向异性基础isotropic 各向同性semi-infinite 半无限（空间）homogeneous 均质的linear elastic material 线弹性材料depth/width/length/height 深/宽/长/高4.Compressibility 压缩性Compressibility characteristics 压缩特征Compressibility parameters 压缩指标Compressive deformation 压缩变形Settlement 沉降One-dimensional compression 一维（无侧向变形）压缩Permeability 渗透性Stress history 应力历史Consolidation 固结Pore volume 孔隙体积Confined compression test 侧限压缩试验（固结试验）Consolidometer 固结测量仪（压缩仪）Porous stone 透水石Specimen 试样Compression 压缩Compression curve 压缩曲线Compression coefficient 压缩系数（a）Compression index 压缩指数（Cc）Compression modulus 压缩模量（Es）Rebounding or swelling curve 回弹曲线Recompression curve 再压缩曲线Deformation modulus 变形模量（E0）Final / ultimate settlement 最终沉降Layerwise summation method 分层总和法（delamination total Method）Stress area method 规范法Coefficient of average additional stress 平均附加应力系数Modified coefficient 修正系数（沉降计算经验系数）Pre-consolidation pressure 先（前）期固结压力Normally consolidated soil 正常固结土Overconsolidated soil 超固结土Overconsolidation ratio 超固结比Underconsolidated soil 欠固结土Distortion settlement 瞬时沉降Primary consolidation settlement 固结沉降Secondary consolidation settlement 次固结沉降Degree of consolidation 固结度Theory of one-dimensional consolidation （太沙基）一维固结理论Da rcy’s law达西定律Excess pore water pressure 孔隙水（超静水）压力Coefficient of consolidation 固结系数Time factor 时间因数（Tv，竖向固结因数）One-way drainage 单面排水Two-way drainage 双面排水5.Shear strength 抗剪强度Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion of soil莫尔-库仑破坏准则（莫尔-库伦强度理论）Limited equilibrium of soil 土的极限平衡Direct shear test apparatus 直剪仪Shear force 剪力Metal shear box 金属剪力盒Normal force 法向力Failure envelope 破坏包线Angle of internal friction 内摩擦角Cohesion 凝聚力Elastic equilibrium 弹性平衡Limit equilibrium 极限平衡State of limit equilibrium of Soil 土的极限平衡状态Stress state 应力状态Mohr’s circle 莫尔圆Sliding surface 滑裂面Laboratory test室内试验In-situ test 野外（原位）试验Strain-controlled 应变控制式（用来修饰直剪仪，R注）Stress-controlled 应力控制式（用来修饰直剪仪，R注）Triaxial test 三轴（压缩）试验Vane shear apparatus test 十字板剪切试验Unconsolidated undrained test 不固结不排水试验Consolidated undrained test固结不排水试验Consolidated drained test固结排水试验Major principle stress 最大主应力Minor principle stress 最小主应力Intermediate principle stress 中间主应力6.Lateral Earth Pressure 侧向土压力Retaining structure 挡土结构物Retaining Wall 挡土墙Face 墙面Back 墙背Bottom 墙底Toe 墙趾Heel 墙踵Backfill 墙后填土Earth pressure at rest 静止土压力Active earth pressure 主动土压力Passive earth pressure 被动土压力Earth pressure distribution 土压力分布The total force per unit length of the wall 单位长度墙总力Rankine’s t heory of earth pressure 朗肯土压力理论Rigid 刚性的No frictional vertical wall back 光滑竖直墙背Horizontal filling surface 水平填土面Cohesionless soil 无粘性土Cohesive soil 粘性土Failure wedge 破裂楔形体Force polygons 力的多边形Gravity retaining wall 重力式挡土墙Cantilevel retaining wall 悬臂式挡土墙Counterfort retaining wall 扶壁式挡土墙Anchoring technique （土层）锚固技术Geosynthetic reinforced retaining wall 土工合成材料加筋挡土墙Stability 稳定性Bearing capacity /bearing pressure 地基承载力Wall strength 墙身强度Safety against overturning 抗倾覆安全性Safety against sliding 抗滑移安全性n=10;x=1:236;for i=1:n%随机选择10个序号k=round(length(x)*rand());xr(i)=x(k);x(k)=[];%中英各有m=length(word{xr(i)}); %m为词组长度for j=1:m%jc为决策变量jc=(word{xr(i)}(j)>='a'...&& word{xr(i)}(j)<='z')...|| (word{xr(i)}(j)>='A'...&& word{xr(i)}(j)<='Z')...|| (word{xr(i)}(j)=='/'...|| word{xr(i)}(j)==''''...|| word{xr(i)}(j)==' ')...||word{xr(i)}(j)=='’'...||word{xr(i)}(j)=='-';if jc==0if i<=5words{i}=word{xr(i)}(1:(j-1));elsewords{i}=word{xr(i)}(j:m);endbreak;endendenddisp('----------------------');for i=1:10disp([num2str(i),'.',words{i}]);enddisp('----------------------');。

土力学英文词汇

有空看看，当做学英语好了土的分类soil classificationboulder 漂石cobble 卵石coarse grainedsoil(gravelly and sandy) gravel 石子coarse sand 粗砂medium sand 中砂fine粗粒土sand 细砂silty sand 粉砂fine-grained soil(silty and clayey) 细粒土clayey soil 粘性土clay 粘土silty clay 粉质粘土silt 粉土sandy silt 砂质粉土clayey silt 粘质粉土Residual soil 残积土clay minerals 粘土矿物secondary minerals 次生矿物fill (soil) 填土soft clay 软粘土expansive (swelling) soil 膨胀土peat 泥炭frozen soil 冻土over consolidated soil 超固结土normally consolidated soil 正常固结土under consolidated soil 欠固结土saturated soil 饱和土unsaturated soil 非饱和土borehole columnar section 钻孔柱状图engineering geologic investigation 工程地质勘察geotechnical engineering 岩土工程foundation engineering 基础工程soil, earth 土soil mechanics 土力学cyclic loading 周期荷载unloading 卸载reloading 再加载viscoelastic foundation 粘弹性地基viscous damping 粘滞阻尼shear modulus 剪切模量soil dynamics 土动力学stress path 应力路径numerical geotechnic 数值岩土力学landslide 滑坡Atterberg limits 阿太堡界限degree of saturation 饱和度dry unit weight 干重度moist unit weight 湿重度saturated unit weight 饱和重度effective unit weight 有效重度density 密度compactness 密实度maximum dry density 最大干密度optimum water content 最优含水量three phase diagram 三相图tri-phase soil 三相土soil fraction 粒组sieve analysis 筛分hydrometer analysis 比重计分析uniformitycoefficient 不均匀系数coefficient of gradation 级配系数Darcy's law 达西定律piping 管涌flowing soil 流土sand boiling 砂沸flow net 流网seepage 渗透（流）leakage 渗流seepage pressure 渗透压力permeability 渗透性seepage force 渗透力hydraulic gradient 水力梯度coefficient of permeability 渗透系数。

土木工程专业英语词汇(整理版)

第一部分必须掌握，第二部分尽量掌握第一部分：1 Finite Element Method 有限单元法2 专业英语Specialty English3 水利工程Hydraulic Engineering4 土木工程Civil Engineering5 地下工程Underground Engineering6 岩土工程Geotechnical Engineering7 道路工程Road (Highway) Engineering8 桥梁工程Bridge Engineering9 隧道工程Tunnel Engineering10 工程力学Engineering Mechanics11 交通工程Traffic Engineering12 港口工程Port Engineering13 安全性safety17木结构timber structure18 砌体结构masonry structure19 混凝土结构concrete structure20 钢结构steelstructure21 钢-混凝土复合结构steel and concrete composite structure22 素混凝土plain concrete23 钢筋混凝土reinforced concrete24 钢筋rebar25 预应力混凝土pre-stressed concrete26 静定结构statically determinate structure27 超静定结构statically indeterminate structure 28 桁架结构truss structure29 空间网架结构spatial grid structure30 近海工程offshore engineering31 静力学statics32运动学kinematics33 动力学dynamics34 简支梁simply supported beam35 固定支座fixed bearing36弹性力学elasticity37 塑性力学plasticity38 弹塑性力学elaso-plasticity39 断裂力学fracture Mechanics40 土力学soil mechanics41 水力学hydraulics42 流体力学fluid mechanics43 固体力学solid mechanics44 集中力concentrated force45 压力pressure46 静水压力hydrostatic pressure47 均布压力uniform pressure48 体力body force49 重力gravity50 线荷载line load51 弯矩bending moment52 torque 扭矩53 应力stress54 应变stain55 正应力normal stress56 剪应力shearing stress57 主应力principal stress58 变形deformation59 内力internal force60 偏移量挠度deflection61 settlement 沉降62 屈曲失稳buckle63 轴力axial force64 允许应力allowable stress65 疲劳分析fatigue analysis66 梁beam67 壳shell68 板plate69 桥bridge70 桩pile71 主动土压力active earth pressure72 被动土压力passive earth pressure73 承载力load-bearing capacity74 水位water Height75 位移displacement76 结构力学structural mechanics77 材料力学material mechanics78 经纬仪altometer79 水准仪level80 学科discipline81 子学科sub-discipline82 期刊journal ,periodical83文献literature84 ISSN International Standard Serial Number 国际标准刊号85 ISBN International Standard Book Number 国际标准书号86 卷volume87 期number 88 专著monograph89 会议论文集Proceeding90 学位论文thesis, dissertation91 专利patent92 档案档案室archive93 国际学术会议conference94 导师advisor95 学位论文答辩defense of thesis96 博士研究生doctorate student97 研究生postgraduate98 EI Engineering Index 工程索引99 SCI Science Citation Index 科学引文索引100ISTP Index to Science and Technology Proceedings 科学技术会议论文集索引101 题目title102 摘要abstract103 全文full-text104 参考文献reference105 联络单位、所属单位affiliation106 主题词Subject107 关键字keyword108 ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers 美国土木工程师协会109 FHWA Federal Highway Administration 联邦公路总署110 ISO International Standard Organization111 解析方法analytical method112 数值方法numerical method113 计算computation114 说明书instruction第二部分：岩土工程专业词汇1.geotechnical engineering岩土工程2.foundation engineering基础工程3.soil, earth土4.soil mechanics土力学cyclic loading周期荷载unloading卸载reloading再加载viscoelastic foundation粘弹性地基viscous damping粘滞阻尼shear modulus剪切模量5.soil dynamics土动力学6.stress path应力路径7.numerical geotechanics 数值岩土力学二. 土的分类 1.residual soil残积土groundwater level地下水位 2.groundwater 地下水groundwater table地下水位 3.clay minerals粘土矿物 4.secondary minerals次生矿物 ndslides滑坡 6.bore hole columnar section钻孔柱状图7.engineering geologic investigation工程地质勘察8.boulder漂石9.cobble卵石10.gravel砂石11.gravelly sand砾砂12.coarse sand粗砂13.medium sand中砂14.fine sand细砂15.silty sand粉土16.clayey soil粘性土17.clay粘土18.silty clay粉质粘土19.silt粉土20.sandy silt 砂质粉土21.clayey silt粘质粉土22.saturated soil饱和土23.unsaturated soil非饱和土24.fill (soil)填土25.overconsolidated soil超固结土26.normally consolidated soil正常固结土27.underconsolidated soil欠固结土28.zonal soil区域性土29.soft clay软粘土30.expansive (swelling) soil膨胀土31.peat泥炭32.loess 黄土33.frozen soil冻土24.degree of saturation饱和度25.dry unit weight干重度26.moist unit weight湿重度45.ISSMGE=International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 国际土力学与岩土工程学会四. 渗透性和渗流1.Darcy’s law 达西定律2.piping管涌3.flowing soil流土4.sand boiling砂沸5.flow net流网6.seepage渗透（流）7.leakage渗流8.seepage pressure渗透压力9.permeability渗透性10.seepage force渗透力11.hydraulic gradient水力梯度12.coefficient of permeability渗透系数五. 地基应力和变形1.soft soil软土2.(negative) skin friction of driven pile打入桩（负）摩阻力3.effective stress有效应力4.total stress 总应力5.field vane shear strength十字板抗剪强度6.low activity低活性7.sensitivity灵敏度8.triaxial test三轴试验9.foundation design基础设计10.recompaction再压缩11.bearing capacity承载力12.soil mass土体13.contact stress (pressure)接触应力（压力）14.concentrated load集中荷载15.a semi-infinite elastic solid半无限弹性体16.homogeneous均质17.isotropic各向同性18.strip footing条基19.square spread footing方形独立基础20.underlying soil (stratum ,strata)下卧层（土）21.dead load =sustained load恒载持续荷载22.live load 活载23.short –term transient load短期瞬时荷载24.long-term transient load长期荷载25.reduced load折算荷载26.settlement沉降27.deformation变形28.casing套管29.dike=dyke堤（防）30.clay fraction粘粒粒组31.physical properties物理性质32.subgrade路基33.well-graded soil级配良好土34.poorly-graded soil级配不良土35.normal stresses正应力36.shear stresses剪应力37.principal plane主平面38.major (intermediate, minor) principal stress最大（中、最小）主应力39.Mohr-Coulomb failure condition摩尔-库仑破坏条件40.FEM=finite element method有限元法41.limit equilibrium method极限平衡法42.pore water pressure孔隙水压力43.preconsolidation pressure先期固结压力44.modulus of compressibility压缩模量45.coefficent of compressibility压缩系数pression index压缩指数47.swelling index回弹指数48.geostatic stress自重应力49.additional stress附加应力50.total stress总应力51.final settlement最终沉降52.slip line滑动线六. 基坑开挖与降水 1 excavation开挖（挖方） 2 dewatering（基坑）降水3 failure of foundation基坑失稳4 bracing of foundation pit基坑围护5 bottom heave=basal heave （基坑）底隆起6 retaining wall挡土墙7 pore-pressure distribution孔压分布8 dewatering method降低地下水位法9 well point system井点系统（轻型）10 deep well point深井点11 vacuum well point真空井点12 braced cuts支撑围护13 braced excavation支撑开挖14 braced sheeting支撑挡板七. 深基础--deep foundation 1.pile foundation桩基础1)cast –in-place灌注桩diving casting cast-in-place pile沉管灌注桩bored pile钻孔桩special-shaped cast-in-place pile机控异型灌注桩piles set into rock嵌岩灌注桩rammed bulb pile夯扩桩2)belled pier foundation钻孔墩基础drilled-pier foundation钻孔扩底墩under-reamed bored pier3)precast concrete pile预制混凝土桩4)steel pile钢桩steel pipe pile钢管桩steel sheet pile钢板桩5)prestressed concrete pile预应力混凝土桩prestressed concrete pipe pile预应力混凝土管桩2.caisson foundation 沉井（箱） 3.diaphragm wall地下连续墙截水墙4.friction pile摩擦桩5.end-bearing pile端承桩6.shaft竖井；桩身7.wave equation analysis波动方程分析8.pile caps承台（桩帽）9.bearing capacity of single pile单桩承载力teral pile load test单桩横向载荷试验11.ultimate lateral resistance of single pile单桩横向极限承载力12.static load test of pile单桩竖向静荷载试验13.vertical allowable load capacity单桩竖向容许承载力14.low pile cap低桩承台15.high-rise pile cap高桩承台16.vertical ultimate uplift resistance of single pile单桩抗拔极限承载力17.silent piling静力压桩18.uplift pile抗拔桩19.anti-slide pile抗滑桩20.pile groups群桩21.efficiency factor of pile groups群桩效率系数（η）22.efficiency of pile groups群桩效应23.dynamic pile testing桩基动测技术24.final set最后贯入度25.dynamic load test of pile桩动荷载试验26.pile integrity test桩的完整性试验27.pile head=butt桩头28.pile tip=pile point=pile toe桩端（头）29.pile spacing 桩距30.pile plan桩位布置图31.arrangement of piles =pile layout桩的布置32.group action群桩作用33.end bearing=tip resistance桩端阻34.skin(side) friction=shaft resistance桩侧阻35.pile cushion桩垫36.pile driving(by vibration) （振动）打桩37.pile pulling test拔桩试验38.pile shoe桩靴39.pile noise打桩噪音40.pile rig打桩机九. 固结consolidation1.Terzzaghi’s consolidation theory太沙基固结理论2.Barraon’s consolidation theory巴隆固结理论3.Biot’s consolidation theory比奥固结理论4.over consolidation ration (OCR)超固结比5.overconsolidation soil超固结土6.excess pore water pressure超孔压力7.multi-dimensional consolidation多维固结8.one-dimensional consolidation一维固结9.primary consolidation主固结10.secondary consolidation次固结11.degree of consolidation固结度12.consolidation test固结试验13.consolidation curve固结曲线14.time factor Tv 时间因子15.coefficient of consolidation固结系数16.preconsolidation pressure前期固结压力17.principle of effective stress有效应力原理18.consolidation under K0 condition K0固结十. 抗剪强度shear strength 1.undrained shear strength不排水抗剪强度2.residual strength残余强度3.long-term strength长期强度4.peak strength峰值强度5.shear strain rate剪切应变速率6.dilatation剪胀7.effective stress approach of shear strength 剪胀抗剪强度有效应力法8.total stress approach of shear strength抗剪强度总应力法9.Mohr-Coulomb theory莫尔－库仑理论10.angle of internal friction内摩擦角11.cohesion粘聚力12.failure criterion破坏准则13.vane strength十字板抗剪强度14.unconfined compression无侧限抗压强度15.effective stress failure envelop有效应力破坏包线16.effective stress strength parameter有效应力强度参数十一. 本构模型--constitutive model1.elastic model弹性模型2.nonlinear elastic model非线性弹性模型3.elastoplastic model弹塑性模型4.viscoelastic model粘弹性模型5.boundary surface model边界面模型6.Duncan-Chang model邓肯－张模型7.rigid plastic model 刚塑性模型8.cap model盖帽模型9.work softening加工软化10.work hardening加工硬化11.Cambridge model剑桥模型12.ideal elastoplastic model理想弹塑性模型13.Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion莫尔－库仑屈服准则14.yield surface屈服面15.elastic half-space foundation model弹性半空间地基模型16.elastic modulus弹性模量17.Winkler foundation model文克尔地基模型十二. 地基承载力--bearing capacity of foundation soil 1.punching shear failure冲剪破坏2.general shear failure 整体剪切破化 3.local shear failure局部剪切破坏 4.state of limit equilibrium极限平衡状态5.critical edge pressure临塑荷载6.stability of foundation soil地基稳定性7.ultimate bearing capacity of foundation soil地基极限承载力8.allowable bearing capacity of foundation soil地基容许承载力十三. 土压力--earth pressure1.active earth pressure主动土压力2.passive earth pressure被动土压力3.earth pressure at rest静止土压力4.Coulomb’s earth pressure theory库仑土压力理论5.R ankine’s earth pressure theory朗金土压力理论十四. 土坡稳定分析--slope stability analysis1.angle of repose休止角2.Bishop method毕肖普法3.safety factor of slope边坡稳定安全系数4.Fellenius method of slices费纽伦斯条分法5.Swedish circle method 瑞典圆弧滑动法6.slices method条分法十五. 挡土墙--retaining wall1.stability of retaining wall挡土墙稳定性2.foundation wall基础墙3.counter retaining wall扶壁式挡土墙4.cantilever retaining wall悬臂式挡土墙5.cantilever sheet pile wall悬臂式板桩墙6.gravity retaining wall重力式挡土墙7.anchored plate retaining wall锚定板挡土墙8.anchored sheet pile wall锚定板板桩墙十六. 板桩结构物--sheet pile structure 1.steel sheet pile钢板桩 2.reinforced concrete sheet pile钢筋混凝土板桩3.steel piles钢桩4.wooden sheet pile木板桩5.timber piles木桩十七. 浅基础--shallow foundation 1.box foundation箱型基础 2.mat(raft) foundation片筏基础 3.strip foundation条形基础 4.spread footing扩展基础 pensated foundation补偿性基础6.bearing stratum持力层7.rigid foundation刚性基础8.flexible foundation柔性基础9.embedded depth of foundation基础埋置深度 foundation pressure基底附加应力11.structure-foundation-soil interaction analysis上部结构－基础－地基共同作用分析十八. 土的动力性质--dynamic properties of soils1.dynamic strength of soils动强度2.wave velocity method波速法3.material damping材料阻尼4.geometric damping几何阻尼5.damping ratio阻尼比6.initial liquefaction初始液化7.natural period of soil site地基固有周期8.dynamic shear modulus of soils动剪切模量9.dynamic ma二十. 地基基础抗震 1.earthquake engineering地震工程2.soil dynamics土动力学3.duration of earthquake地震持续时间 4.earthquake response spectrum地震反应谱5.earthquake intensity地震烈度6.earthquake magnitude 震级7.seismic predominant period地震卓越周期8.maximum acceleration of earthquake地震最大加速度二十一. 室内土工实验 1.high pressure consolidation test 高压固结试验 2.consolidation under K0 condition K0固结试验 3.falling head permeability变水头试验4.constant head permeability常水头渗透试验5.unconsolidated-undrained triaxial test不固结不排水试验(UU)6.consolidated undrained triaxial test固结不排水试验(CU)7.consolidated drained triaxial test固结排水试验(CD)paction test击实试验9.consolidated quick direct shear test固结快剪试验10.quick direct shear test快剪试验11.consolidated drained direct shear test慢剪试验12.sieve analysis筛分析13.geotechnical model test土工模型试验14.centrifugalmodel test离心模型试验15.direct shear apparatus直剪仪16.direct shear test直剪试验17.direct simple shear test直接单剪试验18.dynamic triaxial test三轴试验19.dynamic simple shear 动单剪20.free（resonance）vibration column test自(共)振柱试验二十二. 原位测试 1.standard penetration test (SPT)标准贯入试验 2.surface wave test (SWT)表面波试验3.dynamic penetration test(DPT)动力触探试验 4.static cone penetration (SPT) 静力触探试验5.plate loading test 静力荷载试验 teral load test of pile 单桩横向载荷试验7.static load test of pile 单桩竖向荷载试验8.cross-hole test 跨孔试验9.screw plate test螺旋板载荷试验10.pressuremeter test旁压试验11.light sounding轻便触探试验12.deep settlement measurement深层沉降观测13.vane shear test十字板剪切试验14.field permeability test现场渗透试验15.in-situ pore water pressure measurement 原位孔隙水压量测16.in-situ soil test原位试验。

《土力学》5 土的抗剪强度

土力学5土的抗剪强度《土力学》第五章土的抗剪强度第一节土的抗剪强度及其破坏准则一、土的强度与破坏形式概念：土的抗剪强度指土对剪切破坏的极限抵抗能力，土体的强度问题实质是土的抗剪能力问题。

二、土的抗剪强度规律——库仑定律（Coulomb ）（二）库仑定律表达式：C f +=φστtan式中各项含义：f τ-------------土的抗剪强度，KPaσ-------------剪切面上的法向应力，KPa ； φ--------------土的内摩擦角， C--------------土的粘聚力，KP（三）土的抗剪强度指标——φ、C φ——土的内摩擦角（°）C ——土的粘聚力（KPa ） C=0 Cφ、C 与土的性质有关，还与实验方法、实验条件有关。

因此，谈及强度指标时，应注明它的试验条件。

三、受剪面的破坏准则1、f ττ<时，土体受剪面是稳定的，处于弹性平衡状态；2、f ττ>时，土体受剪面已经破坏；3、f ττ=时，受剪面正好处于将要破坏的临界状态，称受剪面为极限平衡状态直剪试验的理论依据：土体受剪面在破坏时测得的τ和δ应在库仑直线上，测定若干个τ 和δ ，可绘制直线求出 φ和 C 值。

第二节土的极限平衡条件一、土中一点的应力状态：与第一应力平面成α角的任一平面上，其应力ασ 、ατ 分别为：ασσσσσα2cos 223131-++=ασστα2sin 231-=摩尔应力圆：以231σσ+ 为圆心，以231σσ-为半径的圆的方程，即单位体上个截面的应力可绘成一应力圆。

单位体与摩尔应力圆关系：圆上一点，单元体上一面，转角2倍，转向相同。

二、摩尔——库仑准则（准则）（一）应力圆与库仑直线的关系（1）应力圆与库仑直线相离， f ττ< ，稳定状态（2）应力圆与库仑直线相切，单位体上有一个截面的剪应力刚好等于抗剪强度，处于极限平衡状态。

其余截面 f ττ<（3）应力圆与库仑直线相割：该单元体面剪切破坏。

土力学专业英语

土力学专业英语English:Soil mechanics, also known as geotechnical engineering, is a branch of civil engineering that deals with the study of the behavior of soils under the influence of loading forces and environmental conditions. This field is crucial for the design and construction of infrastructure such as buildings, foundations, retaining walls, and tunnels, as the behavior of soil directly affects the stability and performance of these structures. Soil mechanics also plays a significant role in geotechnical investigation, where engineers assess and analyze soil properties to ensure the safety and feasibility of construction projects. By understanding the physical and mechanical properties of soils, soil mechanics specialists are able to provide solutions for challenges such as settling, erosion, and soil liquefaction.中文翻译:土力学，又称为岩土工程，是土木工程的一个分支领域，涉及土壤在受到荷载力和环境条件的影响下的行为研究。

高等土力学土的抗剪强度分析

§5.2 抗剪强度测定方法
§5.2.3 单剪试验单剪仪是直剪仪的改良形式，它是为了克服直剪仪试样因应变不均匀，不能控制排水条件以及预先规定剪切面等缺点而在仪器结构上的改进。详见书p255。
§5.2 抗剪强度测定方法
§5.2.4 十字板剪切试验十字板剪切试验是一种土的抗剪强度的原位测试方法，这种试验方法适合于在现场测定饱和粘性土的原位不排水抗剪强度，特别适用于均匀饱和粘性土。图中为十字板剪切仪示意图。在钻孔孔底插入规定形状和尺寸的十字板头到指定位置，施加扭矩M使十字板头等速扭转，在土中形成圆柱破坏面。
偏主应力方程：
S 3 J1S 2 J 2 S J 3 0
[(S S1 )(S S2 )(S S3 ) 0]
§5.1 概述
广义Von Mises屈服条件 — 进一步考虑静水压力对土体破坏的影响
Hale Waihona Puke J 2 I1 K —试验常数式中：K，
当
sin 3 3 sin 2 ,K 3C cos 3 sin 2
max K
或
——数學表达式
1 3
2
K
1 3 2K
式中 K—试验常数
§5.1 概述
进一步考虑静水压力对土体破坏的影响，则有广义Tresca破坏条件：
1 3 I1 2K

— 试验常数;
1 2 3 I1 3
，应力张量第一不变量
任何破坏条件都可以在p平面（子午面）上用图形表示。 Mohr—Coulomb条件在p平面上为等边不等角的六边形。试验表明：日本Matsuoka—Nakai的破坏条件与真实破坏点较为相符。但Mohr—Coulomb破坏准则直观(分成c、两部分)、实用、且偏安全，故在实际中应用最广。历史上曾有人认为：含水量是决定饱和土抗剪强度的重要因素。但事实并非如此，由右图中A、B两点可知。

土力学英文词汇

有空看看，当做学英语好了~ ~ ~土的分类soil classificationboulder漂石cobble卵石coarse grained soil(gravelly and sandy)粗粒土gravel石子coarse sand粗砂medium sand中砂fine sand细砂silty sand粉砂fine-grained soil(silty and clayey)细粒土clayey soil粘性土clay粘土silty clay粉质粘土silt粉土sandy silt砂质粉土clayey silt粘质粉土Residual soil 残积土clay minerals 粘土矿物secondary minerals 次生矿物fill (soil) 填土soft clay 软粘土expansive (swelling) soil 膨胀土peat 泥炭frozen soil 冻土over consolidated soil 超固结土normally consolidated soil 正常固结土under consolidated soil欠固结土saturated soil饱和土unsaturated soil非饱和土borehole columnar section 钻孔柱状图engineering geologic investigation 工程地质勘察geotechnical engineering岩土工程foundation engineering 基础工程soil, earth 土soil mechanics 土力学cyclic loading 周期荷载unloading 卸载reloading 再加载viscoelastic foundation 粘弹性地基viscous damping 粘滞阻尼shear modulus 剪切模量soil dynamics土动力学stress path 应力路径numerical geotechnic 数值岩土力学landslide 滑坡Atterberg limits阿太堡界限degree of saturation饱和度dry unit weight干重度moist unit weight湿重度saturated unit weight饱和重度effective unit weight有效重度density密度compactness 密实度maximum dry density最大干密度optimum water content最优含水量three phase diagram三相图tri-phase soil三相土soil fraction粒组sieve analysis筛分hydrometer analysis比重计分析uniformity coefficient不均匀系数coefficient of gradation级配系数。

土力学专业英语词汇

Retaining WallA retaining wall is a structure designed and constructed to resist the lateral pressure of soil when there is a desired change in ground elevation that exceeds the angle of repose of the soil. The active pressure increases on the retaining wall proportionally from zero at the upper grade level to a maximum value at the lowest depth of the wall. The total pressure or thrust may be assumed to be acting through the centroid of the triangular distribution pattern, one-third above the base of the wall.Stability of Retaining walls(a) sliding of the wall outwards from the retaining soil,(b) overturning of the retaining wall about its toe,(c) foundation bearing failure(d) larger scale slope or other failure in the surrounding soil. Retaining wall design has long been carried out with the aid of either the Rankine or Coulomb theories of earth pressure.Water loadWave loadsFluid pressurehydrostatic pressure (Hydrostatic Forces on Surfaces ) Ice Loadsiceberg impacts (流冰冲击力)Wind LoadCharacteristic value of wind load (风荷载标准值)vertical to building surfacePrincipal load-bearing structuresDynamic effect factor of wind (风振系数)at a height of Z; Shape factor of wind loadExposure factor for wind pressureReference wind pressureRecurrence interval of wind pressure(重现期)Terrain roughness（地面粗糙程度）The population effects for the mutual interference of wind forces The mutual interference enlargement coefficient（群体风压体型系数）The shape factors for the local wind pressures (the fencing members and their connections)局部风压体型系数Along wind direction wind excitationMagnification factor of wind fluctuationWind fluctuation factorThe vibration mode factorThe width of windward side of structureMass and rigiditybasic wind speedGust factor (阵风系数)Cross wind direction wind excitationReynolds numberFundamental natural period of vibration for structure重力荷载（Weight load）Within the framework of Civil Engineering, structural engineering is the discipline that creates the structural forms that serve to provide shelter, electrical power, and transportation for the population.It is often said that structural design is a combination of art and science. The experience and intuitive feeling of an engineer relative to the structure being built reflect the artistic aspects of structural design. The scientific aspects of structural design rely on knowledge of mechanics and material behavior.However, the two aspects are not separated since a good structural design requires a highly creative work based on engineering judgements and scientific principles.Before and assessment of the preliminary design can be accomplished, it is necessary to make a reasonable estimate of the loads that will be applied to the structure during its service life. These loads will produce strength and stiffness demands on the structure that must be satisfied by the strength and stiffness supplied by the selected members. The basic concept of a successful design is that the Demands of the applied loads must be less than the Supply of the strength and stiffness provided by the structural members.土压力：Soil Pressure土侧压力，地下水压力：Load due to Lateral earth pressure, Groundwater pressure..自重：self-weightDetermination Method of Equivalent uniform loads Uniform Live Loads on Floors in Civil BuildingsLive loads on Floors in Industrial BuildingsLive loads on Roofs屋面积灰荷载：Ash load on RoofsConstruction and Maintenance Loads, and Horizontal Load on Railings动力系数：Dynamic CoefficientAccessible roof 上人屋面Inaccessible roof 不上人屋面吊车荷载：Crane LoadVertical and Horizontal Crane LoadCombination of Multi-craneDynamic Coefficients of Crane LoadsCombination Value, Frequent Value and Quasi-permanent Value of Crane load雪荷载：Snow LoadCharacteristic Value of Snow Load and Reference Snow pressure屋面积雪分布系数：Roofing Snow Cover Distribution FactorReliability of StructureFunctionality:ServiceabilityThe structure has to be designed to function properly during its anticipated service life. This usually means that excessive deformations and undesired vibrations should be not occur.. SafetyThe structure must be designed with sufficient strength and stiffness to resist the design loads and have enough reserve deformation capacity to maintain life safety under possible extreme loads.Sustainability of Civil Engineering Structures –Durability These loads are termed the “dead load” since they are fixed with regard to both position and magnitude. Occupancy loads are considered to be “live loads” since both their magnitude and location are uncertain.Earthquake engineering is concerned with the design and construction of all kinds of civil and building engineering systems to withstand earthquake shaking.Seismic WavesInteraction of structures with the shaky groundEarthquakes shake the ground in a variety of directions Horizontal and Vertical ShakingWhen earthquake shaking occurs, a building gets thrown from side to side and/or up and down. That is, while the ground is violently moving from side to side, the building tends to stand at rest, similar to a passenger standing on a bus that accelerates quickly.Once the building starts moving, it tends to continue in the same direction, but by this time the ground is moving back in the opposite direction Internal forces in a building caused by vibration of the building's mass during earthquake shaking are called inertial forces.Two basic philosophies are currently used for structural designs: One is Allowable Stress Design (ASD) and the other is Limit States Design.Allowable stress = failure (limit) stress/ factor of safetySafety limits:• Achieving a strength limit• Stability limit• Fatigue• FractureServiceability limits :• Deflection limit• Cracking• Vibration• Permanent deformationThe general expression can be written as,“Structural State ≤Limit State”the safety is achieved by providing the resistance R to be sufficiently larger than the load effect s. However, due to the random nature in the values of the load Q (or s) and R, such safety is not absolute,probability of “failure” (the exceedance of a limit state)“Failure” is shown by the shaded region. The relative size of the shaded area or the probability of “failure” is related to the distance from the origin to the mean value. This distance is defined by the standard deviation σof the function and a multiplier β, which is called the reliability index. For a given situation, the larger is βthe smaller the probability of exceedance of a limit state, thus the greater is the margin of safety.。

土力学英语词汇

土力学英语词汇第一章soil 土rock 岩土sand 沙土silt 粉土clay 粘土weathering 风化disintegration 分解;崩解decomposition 分解作用mineral 矿物crack 裂缝fracture 断裂;破裂debris 岩屑thermal stress 热应力rock mass 岩体sandstone 砂岩gravel 砾石parent rock 母岩natural soil 天然土;底土residual soil 残积土transported soil 运积土moraine 冰泽igneous rock 火成岩granite 花岗岩basalt 玄武岩sedimentary rock 沉积岩limestone 石灰岩shale 页岩alluvial soil 冲积土wind-borne soil 风积土loess 黄土dune 沙丘wind blown silt 风积尘土silty clay 粉质粘土glacial soil 冰川沉积土pleistocene epoch 更新世glacial deposit 冰川沉积erosion 侵蚀boulder 漂石fragment 碎屑foundation engineering 基础工程bedrock 基岩glacial till 冰土unstratified 非层状的unconsolidated 不固结的heterogeneous 非均质的marsh soil 沼泽土muck 淤泥,腐植土inorganic soil 无机土soil particle 土粒void 孔隙solid phase 固相liquid phase 液相vapor phase 气相saturated soil 饱和土dry soil 干土original mineral 原生矿物quartz 石英feldspar 长石isinglass云母hornblende 角闪石pyroxene 辉石coarseness 粗度roundness 圆度secondary mineral 次生矿物kaolinite 高岭石illite 依利石montmorillonite 蒙脱石water content 含水量crystal structure 晶体结构crystal cell 晶胞alluminosilicate 铝硅酸盐isomorphous replacement 同晶置换grain group 粒组scree 卵石colloidal particle 胶粒sieve analysis 筛分析grading curve 粒晶分布曲线crystal lattice 晶格hygroscopic water 吸着水capillary water 毛细管水gravitational water 重力水fabric 组构single grain fabric 单粒组构flocculent fabric 絮凝组构disperded fabric 分散组构bulk density 湿密度unit weight 容重specific gravity 比重water content 含水量void ratio 孔隙比porosity 孔隙率dry density 干密度degree of saturation 饱和度saturated unit weight 饱和容重dry unit weight 干容重buoyant density 浮密度buoyant unit weight 浮容重relative density 相对密度consistency 稠度liquid limit 液限plastic limit 塑限shrinkage limit 缩限kneading method 搓滚法liquid-plastic limit combined device 液塑限联合测定仪plasticity index 塑性指数liquidity index 液性指数compaction 压实，夯实classification 分类coarse grained soil 粗粒土fine grained soil 细粒土liquefaction 液化第二章seepage 渗透total head 总水头elevation head 位置水头pressure head 压力水头head loss 水头损失darcy’s law 达西定律pore water pressure 孔隙水压力coefficient of permeability 渗透系数hydraulic gradient 水力坡降(水力梯度) flow path length 渗径长度constant-head test 常水头试验falling-head test 变水头试验pumping test 压水试验groundwater 地下水soil layers 土层Laplace’s Equation 拉普拉斯方程homogeneous 均质的isotropic 各向同性的anisotropic 各向异性的incompressible 不可压缩的finite difference method 有限差分法finite element method 有限单元法boundary element method 边界单元法flow net 流网equipotential lines 等势线flow lines 流线the principle of effective stress 有效应力原理total stress 总应力effective stress 有效应力piezometer 孔隙水压力计standpipe 测压管seepage force 渗流力liquefaction 液化boiling 砂沸heaving 隆起piping 管涌Critical Hydraulic Gradient 临界水力梯度第三章additional stress（stress increase）附加应力at-rest 静止bulk unit weight 天然（湿）容重buoyant unit weight 浮容重centric load 中心荷载coefficient of lateral earth pressure at rest 静止土压力系数compatible 相容，协调concentrated load 点荷载，集中荷载contact pressure 基底压力dam 坝deposit 沉（堆）积，沉（堆）积物eccentric load 偏心荷载effective overburden pressure 自重应力（有效）elastic half-space 弹性半空间体embankment 堤坝，堤防，路堤embedment depth 埋置深度flexible foundation 柔性基础foundation 基础geostatic stress 自重应力geotechnical engineering 岩土工程GL=ground level 地面GWL=ground water level 地下水位Ground 地基Heterogeneous 非均质Homogeneous 均质Hydraulic fill 水力吹填Heave 隆起In-situ 原位，现场Isotropic 各向同性Landfill 填埋场Line load 线荷载Load intensity 荷载强（集）度Major axis 主轴Man-made ground 人工地基Medium 介质Moment 力矩Moment of inertia 惯性矩Natural ground 天然地基Net contact pressure 基底净压力（基底附加压力）Offsetting 偏心矩Overturning 倾覆Point load 点荷载，几种荷载Principle of superposition 叠加原理Reclamation 围垦Retaining wall 挡（土）墙Rigid foundation 刚性基础Sediment 沉积（淀），沉积（淀）物Semi-infinite mass 半无限体Settlement 沉降Solid waste 固体废弃物Stratum （土，地）层Strip foundation 条形基础Stress increase 附加应力Superimposed stress 附加应力Thrust 推力Tracing paper 描图（透明，透写）纸第四章, 第五章architectural damage 建筑损伤brittle 脆性caisson 沉箱，沉井coefficient of consolidation 固结系数coefficient of volume compressibility 体积压缩系数collapse settlement 湿陷沉降collapsible soil 湿陷性土compressible layer 压缩层compression 压缩compression index 压缩指数compression modulus 压缩摸量consolidation 固结consolidation analogy 固结模型curve fitting 曲线拟合deformation modulus 变形摸量degree of consolidation 固结度dial gauge 量表，百分表differential settlement 差异沉降dissipation 消散drained，drainage 排水drilled shaft 钻孔桩driven pile 打入桩expansion index 回弹指数expansive soil 膨胀土floodgate 闸门half-closed layer 单面排水层hogging crack 顶裂Hooke’s law 虎克定律hysteretic loop 回滞环in-situ compression curve 现场压缩曲线intact specimen 原状试样isochrones 等时线loading ratio 荷载率loess 黄土masonry 砌体，砌石normally consolidated 正常固结oedometer 固结仪oedometer test 固结实验open layer 双面排水层overconsolidated 超固结overconsolidation ratio 超固结比peaty soil 泥炭土piezometer 孔压计poisson’s ratio 泊松比porous stone 透水石preconsolidation pressure 前期固结应力primary consolidation 主固结rebounding curve 回弹曲线recompression curve 再压缩曲线secondary consolidation 次固结settlement 沉降soil mass 土体soil skeleton 土骨架specimen 土样standpipe 测压管stratum （pl.strata）土层stress history 应力历史structural damage 结构损伤subsidence 沉陷swelling curve 回弹曲线swelling index 回弹指数time factor 时间因数total head 总水头underconsolidated 欠固结underpin 托换undrained 不排水uneven settlement 不均匀沉降virgin compression curve 初始压缩曲线Young’s modulus 杨氏摸量第六章all-round pressure 围压anisotropic 非各项相等borehole 钻孔cohesion 凝聚力compression 压缩consolidated-drained 固结排水consolidated-quick shear test 固结快剪试验consolidated-slow shear test 固结慢剪试验consolidated-untrained 固结不排水creep 蠕变critical 极限的critical state 极限状态critical void ratio 临界孔隙比crushing 压碎cyclic repeat load 循环荷载cylindrical specimen 圆柱试样dense sand 紧砂density 密度deposition 沉积deviator stress 压力差dilatancy 膨胀directly shear test 直剪试验drainage volume 排水量dynamic load 动力荷载excavation 开挖failure 破坏failure envelop 强度包线fracturing 破裂friction angle 摩擦角friction resistance 摩擦阻力hollow cylinder 空心圆柱interlocking 咬合intermediate stress 中主应力isotropic 各项相等kneading 揉liquefaction 液化loose sand 松砂mohr-coulomb failure criterion 摩尔- 库仑破坏准则o-ring O 形圈parameter 参数peak stress 峰值应力pedestal 底座piezometer 孔压计plane strain 平面应变pore pressure 孔隙压力pore pressure coefficient 孔隙压力系数porous ceramic stone 透水石principle stress 主应力remolded sample 重塑土residual strength 残余强度ring shear test 圆环剪切试验roller bearings 滚珠rubber membrane 橡皮膜sampling 制样screw 螺栓seepage 渗透sensitivity 灵敏度shear 剪切shear vane test 十字板剪切试验shell 贝壳silt lamination 粉沙夹层slope 边坡specimen 试样stability 稳定strength 强度stress path 应力路径torque 扭矩triaxial compression 三轴压缩试验true triaxial test 真三轴试验unconfined compression 无侧限抗压试验unconsolidated-undrained 不固结不排水undisturbed sample 原状样vertical load 垂直荷载volumetric strain 体积应变weak plane 软弱面第七章Rankine’s Theory of earth pressure 朗肯土压力理论Coloumb’s Theory of earth pressure 库仑土压力理论earth pressure 土压力earth pressure at static state 静止土压力active earth pressure 主动土压力passive earth pressure 被动土压力earth pressure coefficient 土压力系数at-rest earth pressure coefficient 静止土压力系数active earth pressure coefficient 主动土压力系数passive earth pressure coefficient 被动土压力系数force polygon 力多边形bracing system 支撑系统第八章acceleration 加速度Bishop’s method 毕肖普法Bishop’s simplified method 简化毕肖普法cutting slope 开挖边坡dam 大坝disturbing moment 倾覆力矩driving moment 滑动力矩earthquake 地震effective stress 有效应力embankment 堤、坝excess pore water pressure 超孔隙水压力failure surface 破坏面limiting equilibrium 极限平衡method of slice 条分法moment arm 力臂moment 力矩most critical surface 最危险滑动面pore pressure 孔隙压力pore water pressure 孔隙水压力resisting moment 抗滑力矩rupture surface 破裂面saturated unit weight 饱和重度seepage force 渗流力seepage surface 浸润面seepage, seepage flow 渗流seismic force 地震力shear resistance 抗剪强度shear strength 抗剪强度slip arc 滑弧slip circle 滑弧slip surface 滑动面slope angle 坡角slope stability 边坡稳定性slope surface 坡面slope 边坡stability 稳定性steady seepage 稳定渗流Swedish method of slices 瑞典条分法toe of slope 坡脚top of slope 坡顶total stress 总应力unit weight 重度weight 重力bulk unit weight 重度。

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