【必备资料】托福阅读经典加试-达尔文进化论

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9月20日托福小范围机经(五)

19月20日托福小范围机经(五)阅读1. Europe civilization欧洲工业的发展，好象是人口和技术革新导致的。

2. Darwin’s theory of evolution.达尔文的进化论，他是在航行的时候发现的，有化石和现存的生物作为例子，但是他不敢发表，好像是因为他觉得可靠的 data 不够，同时有一个什么 HC 人跟他一起发现了进化论，但是达尔文的得到了更多的认可。

3. Camel can conserve a lot of water.骆驼,为什么可以在沙漠生存,和他的 skin,fat,hump 等等有关,我觉得这篇不是太难, 但是细节挺多的。

4. agriculture of a group of people in Sahara desert一个 N 的人在 southern Asia 讲了他们的祖先，他们怎么种植，怎么选地方住。

听力1. 学生与生物老师的对话2 学生来找生物老师,有人问他落叶的问题(有目的题,问什么来找生物老师)。

老师讲解,说落叶是树分泌荷尔蒙,让叶子脱落。

学生说大家普遍误解树在其中没有起到作用,只是叶子自动脱落(此处有题,关于叶子脱落的原理)。

学生说很有趣,自己下学期要选生物课,老师说为什么不选生物专业,学生说自己对很多科学都感兴趣,想广泛选科学的课。

老师问下周有个各个科学学科的会,问学生参加不。

学生说不知道,自己的导师没告诉自己。

老师问你上一次见导师什么时候,学生说上个月。

老师说这应该是几个月前就通知到了的,还有什么的。

(此处有题,是老师说这话是什么意思)。

还有题学生下一学期要完成哪两件事。

补充:男生找老师因为他参加一个活动觉得自己对叶子是怎么从树上掉下来的,老师说:是落叶树会产生一种什么东西把叶子从树枝上 push 下来(有题)。

然后又说道他们早上会有早餐,有她和别的教授参加(有题),还让男生考虑学 botany 或者biology 当专业,但是学生拒绝了,他觉得他才大一,没想法。

托福阅读TPO30（试题+答案+...

托福阅读TPO30(试题+答案+译文)第2篇:ThePaceofEvolutionaryChange为了帮助大家备考托福。

提高阅读成绩，打有准备的仗，下面小编给大家带来托福阅读TPO30(试题+答案+译文)第2篇:The Pace of Evolutionary Change，希望大家喜欢。

托福阅读原文【1】A heated debate has enlivened recent studies of evolution. Darwin's original thesis, and the viewpoint supported by evolutionary gradualists, is that species change continuously but slowly and in small increments. Such changes are all but invisible over the short time scale of modern observations, and, it is argued, they are usually obscured by innumerable gaps in the imperfect fossil record. Gradualism, with its stress on the slow pace of change, is a comforting position, repeated over and over again in generations of textbooks. By the early twentieth century, the question about the rate of evolution had been answered in favor of gradualism to most biologists' satisfaction.【2】Sometimes a closed question must be reopened as new evidence or new arguments based on old evidence come to light. In 1972 paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge challenged conventional wisdom with an opposing viewpoint, the punctuated equilibrium hypothesis, which posits that species give rise to new species in relatively sudden bursts, without a lengthy transition period. These episodes of rapid evolution are separated by relatively long static spans during which a species may hardly change at all.【3】The punctuated equilibrium hypothesis attempts to explain a curious feature of the fossil record—one that has been familiar to paleontologist for more than a century but has usuallybeen ignored. Many species appear to remain unchanged in the fossil record for millions of years—a situation that seems to be at odds with Darwin's model of continuous change. Intermediated fossil forms, predicted by gradualism, are typically lacking. In most localities a given species of clam or coral persists essentially unchanged throughout a thick formation of rock, only to be replaced suddenly by a new and different species.【4】The evolution of North American horse, which was once presented as a classic textbook example of gradual evolution, is now providing equally compelling evidence for punctuated equilibrium. A convincing 50-million-year sequence of modern horse ancestors—each slightly larger, with more complex teeth, a longer face, and a more prominent central toe—seemed to provide strong support for Darwin's contention that species evolve gradually. But close examination of those fossil deposits now reveals a somewhat different story. Horses evolved in discrete steps, each of which persisted almost unchanged for millions of years and was eventually replaced by a distinctive newer model. The four-toed Eohippus preceded the three-toed Miohippus, for example, but North American fossil evidence suggests a jerky, uneven transition between the two. If evolution had been a continuous, gradual process, one might expect that almost every fossil specimen would be slightly different from every year.【5】If it seems difficult to conceive how major changes could occur rapidly, consider this: an alteration of a single gene in files is enough to turn a normal fly with a single pair of wings into one that has two pairs of wings.【6】The question about the rate of evolution must now be turned around: does evolution ever proceed gradually, or does italways occur in short bursts? Detailed field studies of thick rock formations containing fossils provide the best potential tests of the competing theories.【7】Occasionally, a sequence of fossil-rich layers of rock permits a comprehensive look at one type of organism over a long period of time. For example, Peter Sheldon's studies of trilobites, a now extinct marine animal with a segmented body, offer a detailed glimpse into three million years of evolution in one marine environment. In that study, each of eight different trilobite species was observed to undergo a gradual change in the number of segments—typically an increase of one or two segments over the whole time interval. No significant discontinuous were observed, leading Sheldon to conclude that environmental conditions were quite stable during the period he examined.【8】Similar exhaustive studies are required for many different kinds of organisms from many different periods. Most researchers expect to find that both modes of transition from one species to another are at work in evolution. Slow, continuous change may be the norm during periods of environmental stability, while rapid evolution of new species occurs during periods of environment stress. But a lot more studies like Sheldon's are needed before we can say for sure.托福阅读试题1.The word "innumerable" in the passage is closest in the meaning toA.countless.B.occasional.rge.D.repeated.2.According to paragraph 1, all of the following are true EXCEPTA.Darwin saw evolutionary change as happening slowly and gradually.B.Gaps in the fossil record were used to explain why it is difficult to see continuous small changes in the evolution of species.C.Darwin's evolutionary thesis was rejected because small changes could not be observed in the evolutionary record.D.By the early twentieth century, most biologists believed that gradualism explained evolutionary change.3.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage paragraph 2 ? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.The punctuated equilibrium hypothesis challenged gradualism, which holds that species evolve in relatively sudden bursts of brief duration.B.The punctuated equilibrium hypothesis developed by Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge was challenged in 1972.C.In 1972 Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge challenged gradualism by positing that change from one species to another cannot occur without a lengthy transition period.D.The punctuate equilibrium hypothesis, in opposition to gradualism, holds that transitions from one species to another occur in comparatively sudden burst.4.According to paragraph 1 and paragraph 2, the punctuated equilibrium hypothesis and the gradualism hypothesis differed aboutA.Whether the fossil record is complete.B.Whether all species undergo change.C.Whether evolution proceeds an a constant rate.D.How many new species occur over long periods of time.5.According to paragraph 3, the lack of intermediate fossils in the fossil record of some speciesA.has been extensively studied by paleontologist for over a century.B.contradicts the idea that most species have remained unchanged for millions of years.C.challenges the view that evolutionary change is gradual.D.is most common in the fossil records of clam and coral species.6.The word "compelling" in the passage paragraph 4 is closest in the meaning toA.surprising.B.persuasive.C.controversial.D.detailed.7.Paragraph 4 mentions that North American horses have changed in all the following ways EXCEPT inA.the number of toes they have.B.the length of their face.C.their overall size.D.the number of years they live.8.The word "alteration" in the passage paragraph 5 is closest in meaning toA.imperfection.B.replacement.C.change.D.duplication.9.According to paragraph 7, Peter Sheldon's studies demonstrated which ofthe following about trilobites?A.They underwent gradual change over a long time period.B.They experienced a number of discontinuous transitions during their history.C.They remained unchanged during a long period of environmental stability.D.They evolved in ways that cannot be counted for by either of the two competing theories.10.The word "occasionally" in the passage paragraph 7 is closest in meaning toA.undoubtedly.B.basically.C.once in a while.D.to some extent.11.The main purpose of paragraph 7 is toA.Describe one test of the competing theories.B.Provide an example of punctuated equilibrium.C.Describe how segmented animals evidence both competing theories.D.Explain why trilobites became extinct.12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.Where could the sentence best fit? They believe that environmental conditions may play a crucial role in determining which of the two modes will be in operation over a given period.■【A】Similar exhaustive studies are required for many different kinds of o rganisms from many different periods. ■【B】Most researchers expect to find that both modes of transition from one species to another are at work in evolution.■【C】Slow,continuous change may be the norm during periods of environmental stability, while rapid evolution of new species occurs during periods of environment stress. ■【D】But a lot more studies like Sheldon's are needed before we can say for sure.13.Directions: selected from the seven phrases below the phrases that correctly characterize punctuated equilibrium and the phrases that correctly characterize gradualism. Two of the phrases will not be used. This question is worth 3 points.A.States that new species emerge from existing species during relatively brief period of time.B.Was first formulated by Charles Darwin.C.Explain why North American horses have become smaller over time.D.States that new species evolve slowly and continuously from existing species.E.Explain the lack of intermediate fossil forms in the fossil record of many species.petition is usually strongest when the density of the competing populations is the same.G.States that a species will not change unless its environment changes.1 )GradualismA B C D E F G2 )punctuated equilibriumA B C D E F G托福阅读答案1.innumerable是不可计数的，A是无数的，B是偶然的，C是大的，D是重复的。

托福机经：20XX年1月13日托福阅读考题回顾-托福考试.doc

讲骆驼为什么耐旱。

可以1）喝好多水，普通动物在短时间内喝那么多水，血管里的红细胞会破裂，骆驼不会。

2）可以失很多水（有题）。

说骆驼失水20%-25%也不会死，人失水12%就不行了。

3）可以保持体内水分，第一是因为面积/体积这个比例小，另一个是因为fat隔热，而且它还会随着太阳调整方向，减少受到照射的面积。

4）驼峰到底是不是储存水的。

答案：不是，是存脂肪的，虽然脂肪在分解过程中也会产生水，但是这个水还没有分解过程本身需要的水多，所以驼峰是不能提供水的。

达尔文1）发现在一个岛链的很多个岛上动物都不一样，除了动物是渐渐变化的这一种说法，没有别的理论能解释这种现象了。

2）而且鸟和蝙蝠的前肢结构相似，是由于它们有相同的祖先，然后在适应不同的环境的过程中产生了变化。

3）那么这个变化是怎么产生的呢？就提到了自然选择和人工选择。

自然选择就是动物种群内部就会自发的选择优秀的基因，然后传递下去。

人工选择受到另外一个学者的启发，这个学者说一个人种在粮食少的时候，人口反而增加了，这样就自动的剩下了那些能适应环境的。

然后达尔文说，对，动物也是通过这样的竞争来发生变化的，这就是人工选择。

讲亚洲西南位置的一个文明。

说sand不适合种植植物，因为缺乏营养（有题）。

但是暖和的天气使得这块地区的higher country适合生长植物，而且长得很好，植物的繁荣也伴随着N 人种的繁荣。

N人种非常善于gathering foods,技巧非常高明，所以他们活动范围非常广，到处去gather food（有题，问N人种和另外一个人种的区别）。

食物多了，很多部落就settle下来了，选择靠近水源的地方。

到后来，这个部落就出现等级制度了，等级制度显示在陪葬物品的不同（同义改写题）。

原因是他们要重新分配多余的食物，有个题目问出现等级制度的原因是什么。

后面还说道ritual的问题，可能也跟等级制度的产生有关。

后来天气变差了，正好是N人口继续增长的时期，使得食物减少，都到更高的地方去了，但是这些部落因为要选择靠近水源的地方居住，所以跑来跑去很麻烦，最后就改种plant,不去gathering了。

托福阅读tpo55R-2原文+译文+题目+答案+背景知识

TPO55 阅读-2 Evolution of the Flowering Plants原文 (1)译文 (2)题目 (4)答案 (7)背景知识 (8)原文Evolution of the Flowering Plants①Many aspects of the history of flowering plants (angiosperms) remain mysterious. Evidence of the earliest angiosperms comes from fossilized leaves, stems, fruits, pollen, and, very rarely, flowers. In addition, there has been much study of modern plant morphology (structure) and genetics in order to determine which living species might be most closely related to the ancient ancestors of angiosperms. Despite intensive efforts for over 200 years, scientists have still not reached consensus on which type of plant was the ancestor to the angiosperms, and when and where the angiosperms first evolved. Indeed, Charles Darwin himself called the origin of the flowering plants an “abominable mystery.”②What type of plant was the ancestor to the angiosperms? Most botanists now agree that the flowering plants are monophyletic in origin, meaning that they evolved from a common ancestor. Some paleontologists have suggested that the common ancestor may have been a type of cycad (palmlike tropical plants). Other paleontologists maintain that the angiosperms may have evolved from seed-bearing ferns. Finally, analysis of the morphological traits of some primitive living plants suggests that the ancestor may have been related to the modern pines. The question of angiosperm ancestry remains unresolved.③The time and place of the first appearance of flowering plants have long been a topic of great interest. There is good fossil evidence that early angiosperms, including a number resembling modern magnolias, were present in the Early Cretaceous geologic period (more than 100 million years ago). Angiosperms became increasingly abundant during this period. Between 100 million and 65 million years ago, a period known as the Late Cretaceous, angiosperms increased from less than 1 percent of flora (plant life) to well over 50 percent. Many of the modern plant families appeared during this time period. In the Early Tertiary period which followed, angiosperms increased to comprise 90 percent or more ofEarth’s total flora. Where did these successful plants first originate and spread from?④Analysis of the fossil leaf structure and geographic distribution of the earliest Cretaceous angiosperms has led many biogeographers to conclude that they evolved in the tropics and then migrated poleward. It is known that angiosperms did not become dominant in the high latitudes until the Late Cretaceous. Paleontologists have recovered fossil angiosperm leaves, stems, and pollen from Early Cretaceous deposits in eastern South America and western Africa. These two continents were joined together as part of Gondwanaland, one of two supercontinents that existed at that time. The locations of these early angiosperm finds would have been close to the equator during the Early Cretaceous and are conformable with a model by which angiosperms spread from the tropics poleward.⑤Not all botanists agree with an African-South American center for the evolution and dispersal of the angiosperms, pointing out that many of the most primitive forms of flowering plants are found in the South Pacific, including portions of Fiji, New Caledonia, New Guinea, eastern Australia, and the Malay Archipelago. Recent genetic research has identified the rare tropical shrub Amborella as being the living plant most closely related to the ancient ancestor of all the angiosperms. This small shrub, which has tiny yellow-white flowers and red fruit, is found only on New Caledonia, a group of islands in the South Pacific. Many botanists conclude that the best explanation for the large numbers of primitive living angiosperms in the South Pacific region is that this is where the flowering plants first evolved and these modern species are relics of this early evolution. Comparisons of the DNA of Amborella and many hundreds of species of flowering plants suggest that the first angiosperm arose and the development of separate species occurred about 135 million years ago.⑥Recently discovered fossils complicate our understanding of the origin of the angiosperms even further. Paleontologists from China have found beautifully preserved fossils of an angiosperm plant, including flowers and seeds, in Jurassic period deposits from China. The site, which is about 130 million years old, is near modern Beijing. The new fossil plant found at the site is one of the oldest known angiosperms. The age of the fossils and the very primitive features of the flowers have led the discoverers to suggest that the earliest flowering plants may have evolved in northern Asia.译文开花植物进化史①开花植物(被子植物)历史的很多方面仍然是神秘的。

托福阅读经典加试全面整理Word版

托福阅读经典加试：苏美尔文明来源: 太傻网考试频道整理时间: 2008年07月04日Mesopotamia的背景：美索不达米亚亚洲西南部Tigris 和Euphrates 两河流域间的古王国,美索不达米亚古代西南亚介于底格里斯河和幼发拉底河之间的一个地区，位于现在的伊拉克境内。

可能在公元前5000年以前就开始有人在此定居。

这一地区孕育了众多的人类早期文明，其中包括苏美尔文明、阿卡德文明、巴比伦文明和亚述文明。

蒙古侵略者在公元1258年破坏了该地区发达的灌溉系统之后，这一地区的重要性就此减小。

其中巴比伦文明以其成就斐然而成为两河流域文明的典范，古巴比伦王国与古埃及、古印度和中国构成了人们所说的世界四大文明古国。

尼罗河文明：发源于非洲尼罗河（Nile）流域，又称古埃及文明，其历史也可追溯到公元前4000年。

公元前3100年左右，上埃及国王美尼斯统一上下埃及，开始了史称的埃及王朝时期，也就代表了古埃及文明的正式开始。

美索布达米娅文化Sumerian civilization第一段：美文化和埃及文化同时，但因为美的地域限制一直没有统一。

（有题）平原，经常受到入侵，四周沙漠，生活好，不统一。

开头，it is astonishing that...两个地方在同一时间产生了两种文化，并且互有交流。

一个是尼罗河的埃及文化，一个是两河流域的M地文化。

埃及文化仰仗尼罗河，河水孕育了富饶的土地，两岸有沙漠作为自然屏障。

M地不一样，河水土地narrow and shallow,周围没有起保护作用的天然屏障第二段：直到一种S人来统一，说了他们的来源和历史，他们建立了一种s文化第三段：S文化的实物遗迹少，这又两方面原因：一当地石料不丰富二当地人没有厚葬的习惯。

所以对S的了解主要基于文字。

当初美索不达米亚的居民生活好像挺好的，所以一直没有人提出统一的想法，很久以后才有，可是由于大量的花费在战争上什么的，很快就覆灭了。

由于当时的环境条件，那里的人们都用泥土/木头盖房子，所以和埃及不一样，现在我们没找到什么当初留下的建筑物。

达尔文进化论

Charles Darwin and His Theory of EvolutionJ﹒G﹒CrowtherDuring the voyage of the Beagle, Darwin had been deeply impressed by similarities between existing South American animals and the fossil remains. He had noted how closely similar animals replaced one another when proceeding southward. He was struck by the South American character of the animals on the Galapagos archipelago, differing from island to island, and yet all the islands were recent and of the same age. It seemed utterly improbable that all of these myriad different yet similar species could each have been individually created. He felt that they could only be explained by supposing that they had sprung from a few original species which had gradually become modified. The subject haunted him.Though Darwin said that he started collecting facts on origin of Species without the guidance of any theory, his first notebook on the subject shows that he was in fact grappling with the problem of a scientific law which would explain how these modifications occurred. His mind went out to the law of gravitation. Before Newton, men had thought that each planet was individually kept in its course by God. There was no necessary relation between all of the moving bodies. In 1837, men believed that each individual species of animal was created by God, without necessary relation with any other species.But would it not be much more simple and sublime to suppose that after the creation of original animals, all their multifarious successions should arise from them by the operation of some fixed scientific law? This was one of the first ideas, a law which would do for biology what gravitation had done for astronomy.But what was the law? He tried to think it out, and almost succeeded. He noted that a variety of South American ostrich might have not been ‘well adapted, and thus perish ’, while in a variety with favourable qualities ‘ many might be produced ’. this required the principle that some variations survive because they are adapted to changing circumstances and that the‘death of species is a consequence of non –adaptation to circumstances’ .Darwin had almost worked out the idea of natural selection and the survival of the fittest, but they did not become quite clear to him until the following year, 1838, when he happened to read Malthus’Essay on the principle of population. Malthus said that ‘population, when unchecked, increases in a geometrical ratio…This implies a strong and constantly operating check on population from the difficulty of subsistence…’Darwin saw at once that ‘ under these circumstance ’ favourable variations would tend to be preserved and unfavourable ones to be destroyed. The result of this would be the formation of a new species. Here then I had a theory by which to work.Darwin established the evolutionary method by using it to explain the origin of species. But he also showed how to use it in many other directions. In his descent of man he showed how it could be applied in anthropology, and in The Expression of the Emotions in man and animals, to psychology.By showing that one species must have arisen from another, he raised the question of how, and thus founded the science of genetics. He explored this science in his Variations of Animals and Plants under Domestication, and said that ‘ a grand and almost untrodden field of inquiry will be opened, on the cause and law of variation, on correlation, on the effects of use and disuse, on the direct action of external conditions, and so on…’He threw out scores of ideas which have contained profound truths, even in some of his most criticized conceptions, such as Pangenesis. In this he ascribed the mechanism of heredity to physical entities which he called gemmules, supposed to connected with every part of body. The modern knowledge of genes and hormones has confirmed his fundamental idea.He buttressed his technical position with huge monographs on barnacles, and important works on coral reefs, the fertilization of flowers by insects, climbing and movement in plants, crossing, and a big final volume on The Formation of vegetable mould, through the Action ofWorms, published in the year before he died.His range of enquiry was astonishing, and his power of drawing important conclusions from inconspicuous details unequalled. Nevertheless, time has, of course, emphasized many of the obscurities of which he was himself very much aware. While the fact of evolution became obvious, its inner mechanism, in spite of all the biological research of the last hundred years, is still under sharp dispute.Why did Darwin’s work have such an effect, not only on science, but on the whole of human thought? It was because it contained principles which were of interest to many different classes in society.[ 806 words ]译文：查尔斯﹒达尔文进化论J﹒G﹒克劳瑟在小猎犬号的航程中，达尔文对南美洲的动物与动物化石之间的相似性留下了深刻印象。

达尔文猿猴进化论英语阅读

达尔文猿猴进化论英语阅读Charles Darwin's whole life was changed by one lucky chance. In 1831, before he went on the voyage1 of the Beagle2, he was a very ordinary young man of twenty-two.No one in England—certainly not Darwin himself —had any idea of the future he had before him.His sister Caroline gave him his first lessons. He was both lazy and naughty, and everyone was glad that he went away to school after his mother's death when he was eight.Charles soon became a keen collector.He collected anything that caught his interest: insects3, seashells, coins and interesting stones. He said later that his collection prepared him for his work as a naturalist4.He was not a very clever boy, but Charles was good at doing the things that interested him. He also took pleasure in carrying out experiments.But he could not learn Latin and Greek which in those days were an important part of education. He was a disappointment to his father, who was sure that he would bring nothing but shame to himself and his family.In 1825, when Charles was sixteen, his fathersent him to Edinburgh to study medicine, saying ：“As you like natural history5 so much, perhaps we can make a doctor of you.”But Charles found the lectures boring, and the dissections6 frightening.But at Edinburgh he was able to go to natural history lectures. In 1826 he read a paper on sea-worms to the Natural History Society. This paper was his first known work on this subject.Then his father decided to send Charles to Cambridge University to study to become a priest.With hard work, he did quite well. And, in the countryside around Cambridge, he was able to shoot, fish and collect insects.He seemed likely to become a country priest like hundreds of others, sharing his time between his work and his interest in natural history and country life. He had a deep faith in God and a lasting interest in religion7.At this time he did not doubt that every word of the Bible was true.Then a letter from Captain Robert FitzRoy changed his life. FitzRoy was planning to make a voyage around the world on a ship called the Beagle. He wanted a naturalist to join the ship, and Darwinwas recommended8.That voyage was the start of Charles Darwin's great life work.In those days a great many people believed that every word written in the Bible was true. Darwin hoped that the plants and animals that they found in the course of their voyage would prove the truth of the Bible story of the great Flood9.He began to observe everything. When they got to Rio de Janeiro in South America, Charles was overcome with joy to see so many different creatures, so much life and colour.His notebooks were full of detailed observations.Then they reached dry land at Punta Alta. There Darwin discovered his first fossils10. Why, he wondered, were there horse bones at Punta Alta, when there had been no horses in the New World until Cortez brought his from Spain11?They came to Tierra del Fuego at the tip of South America. It was a strange place, with terrible storms. Its people grew no food, and they slept on the wet ground. Darwin observed their looks and habits.“How can people be so different, if all are descended12 from Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden?” Charles wondered.A tripinto the mountains showed Darwin seashells at a height of 12,000 feet. Lower down were fossil trees.“So those trees once stood by the sea,” thought Darwin. “The sea came up and covered them. Then the sea-bed rose up...”.To a man who had been taught that every word in the Bible was true, this was very puzzling.In Chile, where Darwin saw earthquakes and volcanoes, he began to see what must have happened. The centre of the earth, he decided, was very hot. The surface of the earth was thinner in some places. It was in these places that earthquakes and volcanoes developed.As the Beagle sailed around the world, Darwin began to wonder how life had developed on earth. He saw volcanic islands in the sea, and wondered how living things had got there.But people who believed every word of the Bible thought that God had made all creatures and Man.But, if that was true, why did some of the fossils look like “mistakes” which had failed to change and, for that reason, died out?On went Beagle, to Tahiti13, New Zealand and Australia. There, Darwin saw coral and coral islands for the first time. How had theseislands come about14? Soon, he had the answer. Coral was made up of the bodies of millions of tiny creatures, piled up over millions of years —a million years for each island.Darwin wrote it all down in his notebooks.After five years he was home. He was never again the healthy young man who climbed mountains and carried heavy bags of fossils for miles.He set to work, getting his collection in order. And, in 1839, he married his cousin15, Emma Wedgwood. It was a happy marriage with ten children.He could be found working in his study, with a child beside him.His first great work The Zoology of the Beagle was well received, but he was slow to make public his ideas on the origins16 of life. He was certainly very worried about disagreeing with the accepted views of the Church.Happily, the naturalists at Cambridge persuaded Darwin that he must make his ideas public. So Darwin and Wallace, another naturalist who had the same opinions as Darwin, produced a paper together.A year later Darwin's great book, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection appeared. It attracted a storm.People thought that Darwin was saying they were descended from monkeys.What a shameful idea! Although most scientists agreed that Darwin was right and that the story of Adam and Eve was merely a story, the Church was still so strong that Darwin never received any honours for his work.Many years later, he published his other great work, The Descent of Man. He gave a lecture at the Royal Institution17, when the whole audience stood up and clapped18.His health grew worse, but still he worked. “When I have to give up observation, I shall die,” he said. He was still working on 17, April, 1882. He was dead two days later.。

【高中生物】高中生物知识点：达尔文进化论的内容

【高中生物】高中生物知识点：达尔文进化论的内容达尔文进化论的内容：过度繁殖，生存斗争，遗传变异和适者生存。

历史意义：①解释了生物进化的原因；② 所有生物都有一个共同的祖先，这解释了生物的多样性和适应性；③反对神创论和物种不变论，为辩证唯物主义世界观提供了有力的武器。

先进性：科学地解释生物进化的原因，生物的多样性和适应性，对人们正确认识生物世界至关重要。

局限性：对于遗传和变异的本质未能作出科学的解释；对生物进化的解释也局限于个体水平；强调物种的形成是渐变的结果，不能解释物种大爆发的现象。

达尔文自然选择理论的解释模型（2）拉马克的进化学说主要内容：① 从古代生物进化而来的生物；②由低等到高等逐渐进化的；③ 生物体各种适应性特征的形成是由于使用和获得性遗传的进退。

不足：缺少科学的支持观点；过于强调环境因素的影响。

（3）意义：它证明了生物是不断进化的，并对生物进化的原因提出了合理的解释。

知识拓展：1.拉马克的进化论主要包括：①生物由古老生物进化而来的；② 从低到高逐渐演变；③生物各种适应性特征的形成是由于用进废退与获得性遗传。

2.不足：缺乏科学支持；过分强调环境因素的影响。

3、意义：论证了生物是不断进化的，并且对生物进化的原因提出了合理的解释。

4.生存斗争不利于某些个体的生存，但有利于物种的生存，破坏生物体的进化。

5、从表面上看，自然选择是对一个个不同个体的选择，实质上是对个体所包含的变异进行选择。

6.生物变异不是定向的，但生物进化的方向是定向的，即适应环境。

环境的功能是对突变的生物体进行定向选择，而不是因某种环境而产生某种变异。

什么是托福阅读加试题及托福阅读加试概率是多少

什么是托福阅读加试题及托福阅读加试概率是多少不论哪种考试，基本上都会有加试题这一说，托福考试也不例外，托福加试题是保证广大考生获得公平、精确和有效的测试而开展的标准化工作的核心部分。

对于托福加试题你了解多少呢?托福阅读加试概率又是多少呢?下面就听店铺一一道来!什么是托福阅读加试题及托福阅读加试概率是多少托福考生往往会在阅读部分碰到加试试题。

阅读部分正常的考题是三篇文章，总计时间为一个小时。

如果有加考，考生将在做了三篇文章之后被要求再做一篇，时间大约为20分钟。

托福阅读加试有两种：经典加试和非经典加试。

经典加试的出现几率大于非经典加试。

考生一定要熟悉阅读经典加试的题目，这样才能在考试中获取更高的加试分数。

托福阅读加试题都是随机出现的，与考生之前的答题情况没有关系。

而且，不只是加考篇目，整个阅读篇目也没有固定的顺序，同一考场不同考生遇到的篇目顺序也是不同的，或者说是随机的。

考生在应试过程中不会被告知哪道题是加试题。

要想判断加考题，只有考试结束，考生互相比对自己做到的题目，那些不是每个人都做到的题目才是加考题。

因此考生在考试时需要把每道题都按照考试题一样认真对待，既不要害怕，也不要抱有侥幸心理。

说到这里，细心的考生可能会问：托福阅读加试算不算分，它对考生最终的成绩有没有影响呢?下面小编就和大家探讨这一问题。

托福阅读加试作为一个标杆来衡量考试的难度，不计入考试的分数，但有可能会影响到考生的成绩。

托福加试对考生的分数有没有影响要看这场考试考生的整体水平：(1)如果考试正确率比加试正确率高，说明考题偏容易，也就是高分档的学生比较多，那么ETS将给分数的分布作相应的调整，也就是给一些高分的学生减分。

给哪些学生减分呢?当然是加试做得不好的学生。

(2)如果考试正确率比加试正确率低，说明考题偏难，也就是低分档的学生比较多，那么ETS将给分数的分布作相应的调整，也就是给一些低分的学生加分。

给哪些学生加分呢?当然是加试做得好的学生。

新托福考试(阅读理解)

改革开放新变化人们常常说：“没有共产党就没有新中国。

”还有一句话这样说的：“打江山难，守江山更难。

”因此我觉得还可以再增加一句：“没有改革开放，就没有现在舒适的生活。

”因为自从改革开放后，我们中国发生了翻天覆地的变化。

改革开放三十年以来，国家飞速的发展，大家的生活水平提高了不少。

衣食住行是人们生活的根本，就以衣食住行来举例。

衣：改革开放以来，服装的花色、款式更加多样化，面料、质地也发生了很大的变化。

而到了九十年代，人们的生活向小康过渡，思想观念更为开放。

人们的服饰在急速变化，穿衣打扮讲求个性和多变，很难用一种款式或色彩来概括时尚潮流，强调个性、不追逐流行本身也成为一种时尚。

食：改革开放初期，人民生活得到改善，但食物匮乏单调、票证盛行，人们营养不足，有些农村没有解决基本的温饱问题。

到了90年代，不但吃饱，还可以吃好，营养均衡，粗细搭配，绿色食品深入人心。

食，已经不单单是生活的温饱品，渐渐变成了一门艺术，一门文化。

住：从原来的木板房到现在的高楼大厦，当我们登上高楼远眺城市流光溢彩的景色时，也可以体会到古人“会当凌绝顶，一览众山小”的豪情。

随着人们生活水平的提高，装修也成为热点，风格多样的装修丰富了我们的生活，也体现了人们生活品位的提高。

行：从最早到的步行，到马车，牛车，再到汽车，火车，无不体现一种时代的进步。

随着生活的进步，人们的出行更为方便，虽然在带来便利的交通的同时也带来了城市发展中的环保问题，国家也必须要解决环境污染和交通阻塞问题。

但这一切，也是发展中国家向发达国家过渡的必经之路。

而现在地球也被称为了地球村，地球在我们眼中会越来越小，周游世界都已经食很平常的事情了。

改革开放是党在新的时代条件下带领人民进行的新的伟大革命，目的就是要解放和发展社会生产力，实现国家现代化，让中国人民富裕起来，振兴伟大的中华民族；就是要推动我国社会主义制度自我完善和发展，赋予社会主义新的生机活力，建设和发展中国特色社会主义；就是要在引领当代中国发展进步中加强和改进党的建设，保持和发展党的先进性，确保党始终走在时代前列。

现代文阅读训练题目及答案科学家重新审视达尔文进化论

达尔文学说需要重新审视吗？美国加利福尼亚理工学院细胞生物学教授恩里克·戴维森认为，任何没有建立在基因发展体系上的、与身体构造变化相关的进化
理论都需要从根本上进行重新审视。

西班牙塞韦罗·奥乔阿分子生物学中心的安东尼奥·加西亚－贝利多指出，现代
生物学的一大贡献就是证明过去的进化论过于保守。

我们所看到的令人惊叹的各种生命形式的变化都是根据相同的调控因子产生的，或者说通过基因子系统，它们负责所有动物的发展演化。

如果按照达尔文理论，通过缓慢和渐进式的积累，进化论并不会给世界上的生物带来多少变化。

戴维森与美国国家自然历史博物馆的道格·欧文在《科学》周刊上发表文章就
动物进化论提出了一个新的设想，该设想与各高等院校中长期以来教授的正统达尔文学说产生了矛盾，并被心理学和哲学等领域的专家和学者用来理解人类大脑的构造。

近五年来，许多科学书籍和文章都提出，传统的进化论需要得到改变和扩充。

其中一些观点是建立在可与进化论相比较的发育生物学的基础上，欧文指出。

戴维森还指出，对于更高级别的动物，变化会以更加剧烈的方式影响到形态，这需要一种不同的基因变化方式。

这也正是达尔文进化论无法解释动物进化过程是如何产生的原因。

发育生物学方面的三位先锋人物加西亚－贝利多、剑桥分子生物学实验室的彼得·劳伦斯和伦敦大学的刘易斯·沃尔铂特均认为，发育生物学是理解进化论的关键。

进化论与发育生物学的结合衍生出了一门新题库：进化发育生物学。