定语从句讲与练

定语从句讲与练

定语从句是整个高中阶段的重点语法项目。无论在书面表达还是在单项选择中定语从句经常出现。现将其用法讲解如下。

一、基本概念

所谓定语从句就是用一个句子来作定语。基本构成是“先行词+关系词+从句部分”。

这里有两点需要强调：1.从句部分中不能再出现“先行词”；2.关系词的使用与先行词相关，但主要是又从句的谓语动词来决定的。

(1)误：It is the thing that I am looking for it.

正：It is the thing that I am looking for.

(2)I still remembered the day that I spent in the small village.

I still remembered the day when I stayed at the small village.

上面两句中，一个用that,因为spent是及物动词，而另一句中用when,因为stayed是不及物动词。

二、关系词的判定

关系词能够分成两类：关系代词（that, which, who, whom, whose, as）和关系副词(when, where, why)。按照定语从句的要求：先行词在从句中充当某种成分，所以我们在判定关系词时能够这样做：如果先行词在从句中作主语、宾语、标语等则考虑关系代词；如果先行词在从句中作状语则用关系副词（或介词+which）。特别是在充当宾语时，我们要注意从句的谓语动词，是及物动词的用关系代词，是不及物动词的用关系副词。如：

1.Do you still remember the chicken farm _______ we visited three months age?

A. where

B. when

C. that

D. what

2.I have many friends, ______ some are businessmen..

A. of them

B. from which

C. who of

D. of whom

3.A terrible earthquake happened in that district at the end of 2004, ______ many countries in the world paid close attention to this.

A. where

B. when

C. which

D. what

4.He is such a lazy man _______ nobody wants to work with _______.

A. as, him

B. that, x

C. as, x

D. whom, him (Key：1.C 2.D 3.B 4.C)

三、定语从句的相关知识

1.只用that的情况：①先行词被形容词最高级所修饰，先行词被序数词修饰，先行词被only, any, few, little, no, all, one of等不定代词修饰；②先行词是all, much, little, none, few, one of 等不定代词；③先行词既有人又有物时；④先行词在主句中作表语，关系词在从句中作表语时；⑤当主句中含有疑问词which时。

例如：①He was looking pleasantly at the children and parcels that filled his bus.

②The village is no longer the one that was 5 years ago.

③Which are the books that you bought for me?

2.只用which的情况：①在非限定性定语从句中；②在关系词前有介词时；③当先行词本身是that时；④当关系词离先行词较远时。

3.whose能够指人或物，在从句中作定语。其结构为“先行词+whose +名词+其它”。

★whose + n. = the + n. of which = of which + the +n. 这三个结构在定语从句中我们认为是相同的，能够相互转换。如：

(1)There is a room, whose window faces the river.

→There is a room, the window of which faces the river.

→There is a room, of which the window faces the river.

(2)He wrote many stories, one of which I like very much.

4.as作关系代词，用法比较复杂。如在句首作引导词、在句中替代表示整句的先行词、引导无宾句、引导系表结构的句子等,常译成“关于这个点……”。在考试中比较常见的是与such, so, the same等连用的情况。如：

The books as you bought are useful.

The school is just the same as it was 10 years ago.

★such/so…as…和such/so…that…结构不同。as引导定语从句，而that引导结果状语从句。

It is such a good book that I like it very much.

It is such a good book as I like very much.

★the same…that…与the same…as…意义不同。the same…that…就是指同一个，而the same…as…指相似的另一个。如：

This is the same book that I once lost. 这就是我以前丢失的那本书。（指同一本书）

This is the same book as I once lost. 这和我以前丢失的书是一样的。（并不一定是同一本）

5.关系副词

（1）在定语从句中充当状语，指地点用where, 指时间用when, 指原因用why。同时关系副词都能够换成“介词+which”结构。这里要强调的是并不是“介词+which”都能换成关系副词。如果不是表时间、地点、原因时就不能换。如：

①I didn’t go to the place where/ at which he had once stayed.

②He doesn’t eat the apple from which delicious taste can be felt.

第①句中where能够换成at which，指地点，但第②句中的from which就不能，因为先行词是物，不表示时间、地点或原因。

（2）当先行词是way, day, reason, time时，关系词能够用that或省略。

I don’t like the way that/in which/x he talks. (这里that, in which, x 三种表达都可接受)

This is the first time I have given you a lesson in French.

6.定语从句的一致问题。定语从句的谓语动词的数与先行词保持一致。但是当先行词被the only, the very ,just the one等修饰，表示“唯一”时，从句的谓语动词用单数。如：

He is one of the best students who are good at English. (从句的主语是students)

He is the only one of the best students who is good at English. (从句的主语是one)

7.定语从句与强调句的区别：简单地说，强调句去掉It is…that/who…这个框架后，将被强调的部分还原后意思完整。而定语从句中的that在从句中要充当相对应的成分。如：It is the hotel that we visited last year. （定语从句。that在从句中作宾语）

It is in the hotel that we stayed last night. (强调句，强调状语in the hotel。)

★在实际应用中，我们经常能够这样做：有介词的是强调句，用that, 没有介词的是定语从句。

8.定语从句与同位语从句的区别：定语从句的关系词在从句中作相对应的成分，而同位语从句的引导词不作任何成分，而且不能被省略，因为同位语从句是对先行词的解释说明，不是限定。如：

（1）Word came that their army was defeated. （同位语从句）

本句的原形是：Word that their army was defeated came.但为了句子平衡，所以写成上面的形式。