Eutrophication study at the Panjiakou-Daheiting Reservoir system, northern Hebei Province, Peopl

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中科院英语作文

中科院英语作文Title: Advantages and Challenges of Pursuing Research at the Chinese Academy of Sciences。

The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) stands as a beacon of scientific research and innovation in China and globally. Engaging in research activities at CAS offers a plethora of advantages, alongside unique challenges. Let's delve into these aspects:Firstly, one of the prominent advantages of conducting research at CAS is access to state-of-the-art facilities and resources. CAS boasts cutting-edge laboratories, advanced equipment, and ample funding, facilitating groundbreaking research across various disciplines. Whether it's in the fields of physics, chemistry, biology, or engineering, researchers at CAS benefit from an environment conducive to experimentation and discovery.Secondly, collaboration opportunities abound at CAS.With a vast network of researchers, both domestic and international, there are ample prospects for interdisciplinary collaborations. Such collaborations not only enrich one's own research but also contribute to the collective advancement of scientific knowledge. The culture of collaboration fosters creativity and innovation, propelling research endeavors to new heights.Moreover, being part of CAS provides researchers with access to a diverse pool of talent. The academy attracts some of the brightest minds in the scientific community, offering opportunities for intellectual exchange and mentorship. Engaging with peers and mentors who are leaders in their respective fields can be immensely beneficial for personal and professional growth.Furthermore, CAS offers ample support for academic and career development. From mentorship programs to professional development workshops, researchers at CAS have access to resources aimed at honing their skills and advancing their careers. Additionally, the prestige associated with being affiliated with CAS opens doors tovarious career opportunities, both within academia and industry.However, alongside these advantages, there are also challenges associated with pursuing research at CAS. One such challenge is the intense competition for funding and resources. With a large number of researchers vying for limited resources, securing funding for research projects can be highly competitive and challenging.Another challenge is navigating the bureaucratic processes inherent in large academic institutions like CAS. From obtaining approvals for research proposals to navigating administrative procedures, researchers may encounter bureaucratic hurdles that can slow down the paceof research.Additionally, the pressure to publish in high-impact journals and produce groundbreaking results can be daunting. The publish-or-perish culture prevalent in academia can place immense pressure on researchers, leading to stressand burnout.Moreover, cultural and language barriers may pose challenges for international researchers joining CAS. Adapting to a new cultural and linguistic environment can take time and effort, impacting both personal and professional life.Despite these challenges, the rewards of conducting research at CAS are immense. The opportunity to contribute to cutting-edge research, collaborate with top scientists, and access state-of-the-art facilities make it a compelling choice for researchers aspiring to make a significant impact in their fields. With perseverance, dedication, and resilience, researchers at CAS can overcome challenges and thrive in their academic pursuits.。

Study_on_the_pharmacological_activities_and_chemic

ReviewStudy on the pharmacological activities and chemicalstructures of Viburnum dilatatumZhiheng Gao, Yufei Xi, Man Wang, Xiaoxiao Huang*, Shaojiang Song*Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research &Development, Liaoning Province, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, ShenyangPharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, ChinaAbstractViburnum dilatatum (jiami in Chinese), belonging to the Caprifollaceae family, is widely distributed in Japan and China. Phytochemical investigations of Viburnum dilatatum (V. dilatatum) have resulted in the isolation of triterpenoids, phenolic glycosides essential oil, norisoprenoids, etc. Research results have shown that the chemical constituents of V. dilatatum possess various pharmacological activities, including antihyperglycemic, antioxidant activity and antiulcer effects. This study reviewed the chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of V. dilatatum to provide practical and useful information for further research and development of this plant.Keywords: Viburnum dilatatum; pharmacological activity; chemical structures1 IntroductionViburnum dilatatum (called jiami in Chinese, gamazumi in Japanese and snowball tree in English), beloinging to family Caprifoliaceae, is a deciduous low tree distributed widely in the hills of northern China and Japan [1]. There are many types of chemical constituents in Viburnum dilatatum (V. dilatatum), including triterpenoids, * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Address:School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Rd., Shenyang 110016, China; Tel.: +86-24-43520793 (Xiaoxiao Huang); +86-24-43520707 (ShaojiangSong);E-mail:*******************(XiaoxiaoHuang); ****************(ShaojiangSong).Received: 2021-04-16 Accepted: 2022-08-28phenolic glycosides and norisoprenoids [2-4]. The leaves have been utilized as a traditional Chinese medicine, and phenolic compounds have been reported as the main active chemical component of the leaves. Many researchers have analyzed the functions of these medicinal components and found that these components have good antioxidant antihyperglycemic and antiulcer effects. For example, the gamazumi crude extract obtained from the squeezed juice of the fruit prevented oxidative injury in rats [5]. This review described the chemical structures and pharmacological activities of V. dilatatum, so as to help readers understand comprehensively the research progress of V. dilatatum and provide help for the development of V. dilatatum.2 Chemical constituents and structuresPrevious reports have indicated that the main chemical constituents of V. dilatatum are phenolic glycosides and triterpenoids.2.1 Phenolic glycosidesThirteen phenolic glycosides were isolated and identified from V. dilatatum by extensive spectroscopic methods, namely p -hydroxyphenyl-6-O -trans-caffeoyl-β-D -glucoside (1) [6], p -hydroxyphenyl-6-O -trans-caffeoyl-β-D -alloside (2) [6], 4-allyl-2-methoxyphenyl-6-O -β-D -apiosyl(1→6)-β-D -glucoside (3) [6], 1-(4’-hydroxy-3’-methoxypheny1)-2-[2’’-hydroxy-4’’-(3’’’-hydroxypropyl)]-1,3-propanediol-l-O -β-D -glucopyranoside (erythro isomer) (4-7) [7], neochlorogenic acid methyl ester (8-9) [7], cryptochlorogenic acid methyl ester (10-11) [7], cyanidin-3-sambubioside (Cy-3-sam) (12) [8], cyanidin-3-glucoside (Cy-3-glc) (13) [8], 5-O -caffeoyl-4-methoxyl quinic acid (4-MeO-5-CQA) (14) [8], chlorogenic acid (5-CQA) (15) [8], quercetin (16) [8], 2-(glucopyranosyloxy)-benzyl-3-(glucopyranosyloxy)-benzoate (17) [9] and jiamizioside E (18) [10]. These structures are shown in Fig. 1.Fig. 1 Phenolic glycosides isolated from V . dilatatumContinued fig. 12.2 TriterpenoidsThere were about seventeen triterpenoids isolated and characterized from V. dilatatum , such as viburnols A (19) [11], viburnols B (20) [11], viburnols C (21) [11], viburnols D (22) [11], viburnols E (23) [11], viburnols F (24) [12], viburnols G (25) [12], viburnols H (26) [12], viburnols I (27) [12], viburnols J (28) [12],viburnols K (29) [12], viburnudienone B 2methyl ester (30) [13], viburnenone H 2 (31) [13],v i b u r n e n o n e B 2 m e t h y l e s t e r (32) [13], viburnudienone B 1 methyl ester (33) [13], viburnenone H 1 (34) [13], and viburnenone B 2 methyl ester (35) [13]. The structures are shown in Fig. 2.Continued fig. 23 Pharmacological activities3.1 Antioxidant activityOxidative stress caused by free radicals and their derivatives leads to disturbances in redox homeostasis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are not only endogenously produced during intracellular metabolic processes but also generated by exogenous stimuli such as UV radiation, pollutants, smoke and drugs. The cell triggers its defense systems or undergoes apoptosis when intracellular oxidative status increases. It influences numerous cellular processes including core signaling pathways, which are associated with development of systematic and chronic disorders, such as aging and cancer. Therefore, it is critical to remove cellular oxidants and restore redox balance.solution of V. dilatatum (GSS) had strong antioxidant activity in vivo and prevent stress-induced oxidative damage by the XYZ-dish method and the澳electron spin resonance (ESR) method [14]. The experimental result showed that the concentrations of lipid peroxide in plasma, liver and stomach in the GSS group were reduced. Furthermore, the activities of plasma lactic dehydrogenase, amylase and creatine phosphokinase are ordinarily increased by stress. However, these activities in the GSS group decreased to that in the control group. It was concluded that gastric ulcer formation, increase of lipid peroxidation in plasma and tissues and elevation of plasma enzymatic activities were confirmed in rats with water immersion restraint stress. It was also found that intake of GSS could protect the stomach and other tissues from oxidative damage.Kim et al. identified and isolated two major anthocyanins by NMR and LC-ESI-MS/MS, namely, cyanidin 3-sambubioside (I) and kuromanin (II) [15]. By the electron spin resonance method, the superoxide anion radical scavenging activities of I and II were evaluated with the IC 50 values of 17.3 and 69.6 µM, and their activities on hydroxyl radicals were evaluated with the IC 50 values of 4.3 and 53.2 mM. As the positive control, the IC 50 values of ascorbic acid were 74.2 µM on superoxide anion radicals and 3.0 mM on hydroxyl radicals, respectively. The above results suggested that these anthocyanins with radical scavenging properties might be the key compounds contributing to the antioxidant activity and physiological effects of V . dilatatum fruits.Woo et al. determined the free radical scavenging capacity of VD (the leaves of V. dilatatum ) [16]. Anti-oxidant activity of the extracts was assessed by the ability to scavenge 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) or 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radicals. Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), a synthetic antioxidant, or α-tocopherol, was used as the positive control in these assays. The experimental result showed that VD inducedincrease in radical scavenging activity. In addition, lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity was determined via measurement of MDA (Malondialdehyde) levels using mouse liver tissue homogenate treated with various concentrations of the extracts. The concentration-dependent decrease in MDA levels observed was consistent with radical scavenging activities of the extracts. To examine whether VD extracts could protect mam-malian cells from oxidative stress, cultures of a human mammary gland-derived epithelial cell line MCF-7 were treated with each extract prior to challenging them with tBHP. The intracellular ROS (Reactive oxygen species) production was determined with the relative intensity of dichlorofluorescein fluorescence. While intracellular ROS formation was significantly promoted by tBHP treatment, the augmented ROS level was significantly reduced after the treatment with VD extracts.3.2 Antihyperglycemic effectIwai et al. used an oral glucose tolerance test on the diabetic rats [17]. They found that the elevation of plasma glucose level after oral administration of 2 g/kg glucose was suppressed by the repeated administration of the freeze-dried powder of V. dilatatum fruit juice (CEV). The α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of isolated compounds from CEV were also measured. Cyanidin 3-sambubioside and 5-caffeoyl quinic acid A showed inhibitory activity. These results suggested that V. dilatatum fruit had the antihyperglycemic effects.4 ConclusionV. dilatatum is distributed widely in the hills of northern China and Japan. Currently, the studies on V. dilatatum have been conducted at home and abroad, but few studies focus on its chemical components and pharmacological activities. Previousphytochemical investigations showed that the constituents of V. dilatatum included triterpenoids, phenolic glycosides, norisoprenoids and other compounds. This study describes thirteen phenolic glycosides and seventeen triterpenoids and their different degrees of antihyperglycemic, antioxidant activity and antiulcer effects, aiming to provide a reference for further studies on V. dilatatum and pharmaceutical development.References[1] Jeffrey B, Harborne A. Colour atlas of medicinal plantsof Japan. Phytochemistry, 1981, 20: 1467.[2] Miyazawa M, Hashidume S, Takahashi T, et al. Aromaevaluation of gamazumi (Viburnum dilatatum) by aroma extract dilution analysis and odour activity value.Phytochem Anal, 2012, 23: 208-213.[3] Kurihara T, Kikuchi M. Studies on the constituentsof flowers. IV. On the components of the flower of Viburnum dilatatum Thunb. J Health Sci, 1975, 95: 1098-1102.[4] Machida K, Kikuchi M. Norisoprenoids from Viburnumdilatatum. Phytochemistry, 1996, 41: 1333-1336. [5] Iwai K, Onodera A, Matsue H. Mechanism of preventiveaction of Viburnum dilatatum Thunb (gamazumi) crude extract on oxidative damage in rats subjected to stress. J Sci Food Agric, 2010, 83: 1593-1599.[6] Machida K, Nakano Y, Kikuchi M. Phenolic glycosidesfrom Viburnum dilatatum. Phytochemistry, 1991, 30: 2013-2014.[7] Machida K, Kikuchi M. Phenolic compounds fromViburnum dilatatum. Phytochemistry, 1992, 31: 3654-3656.[8] Kim MY, Iwai K, Matsue H. Phenolic compositions ofViburnum dilatatum Thunb. fruits and their antiradical properties. J Food Compos Anal, 2005, 18: 789-802. [9] Lu D, Yao S. Phenolic glycoside from the roots ofViburnum dilatatum. Nat Prod Commun, 2009, 4: 945-946.[10] Wu B, Zeng X, Zhang Y. New metabolite fromViburnum dilatatum. Nat Prod Commun, 2010, 5: 1097-1098.[11] Machida K, Kikuchi M. Viburnols: Novel triterpenoidswith a rearranged dammarane skeleton from Viburnum dilatatum. Tetrahedron Lett, 1996, 37: 4157-4160. [12] Machida K, Kikuchi M. Viburnols: Six noveltriterpenoids from Viburnum dilatatum. Tetrahedron Lett, 1997, 38: 571-574.[13] Machida K, Kikuchi M. Studies on the Constituents ofViburnum Species. XIX. Six New Triterpenoids from Viburnum dilatatum Thunb. Chem Pharm Bull, 1999, 47: 692-694.[14] Iwai K, Onodera A, Matsue H, et al. Antioxidant activityand inhibitory effect of Gamazumi (Viburnum dilatatum THUNB.) on oxidative damage induced by water immersion restraint stress in rats. Int J. Food Sci Nutr, 2001, 52: 443-451.[15] Kim MY, Iwai K, Onodera A, et al. Identification andAntiradical Properties of Anthocyanins in Fruits of Viburnum dilatatum Thunb. J Agric Food Chem, 2003, 51: 6173-6177.[16] Woo YJ, Lee HJ, Jeong YS, et al. Antioxidant Potentialof Selected Korean Edible Plant Extracts. Bio Med Res Int, 2017, 2017: 1-9.[17] Iwai K, Kim MY, Akio O, et al. Alpha-glucosidaseinhibitory and antihyperglycemic effects of polyphenols in the fruit of Viburnum dilatatum Thunb. J Agric Food Chem, 2006, 54: 4588-4592.。

有害藻类水化与微生物

环境微生物学
Environmental Microbiology
郑州大学生物工程系席宇
第九章有害藻类水华与微生物
主要内容
1.水体富营养化与有害藻类水华 2.有害藻类水华的防治
3.微生物防治有害藻类水华的研究进展
一、水体富营养化与有害藻类水华
1.有害藻类水华的概念水体富营养化（eutrophication）是大量的氮、磷等营养物质进入水体，引起蓝细菌、微小藻类几其他浮游生物恶性增殖，最终导致水质急剧下降的一种污染现象。水体富营养化已成为当今世界上水体普遍存在的环境难题。有害藻类水华 (harmful algal bloom,HAB) 的爆发则是富营养化引起的生物污染现象。
Photo: Helene Munk Sø rensen, County Board of
Århus, Denmark
Microcystis aeruginosa bloom in Crawley Bay, SwanCanning Estuary, WA. Photo courtesy of West Australian Newspapers and used with permission of the Waters and Rivers Commission of Western Australia.
2.有害藻类水华的危害
A.严重破坏景观：水体发臭难闻，透明度降低 B.水体生态及生物的影响。 a.影响水体的溶氧； b.对浮游生物和底栖生物的影响。 c.对整个生态系统结构和生物分布的影响 C.破坏正常的水生生态平衡 D .危害人类的健康
二、有害藻类水华的防治
鉴于有害藻类水华对环境及人类存在的危害性，对其进行控制和消除势在必行。蓝藻水华尤其是大型湖泊中的蓝藻水华的治理是世界性的难题，除了降低水体中N、P营养盐水平外，世

微波辅助深共熔溶剂提取紫斑牡丹籽总黄酮的工艺优化及其抗氧化活性

陈思羽，饶桂维，王露桦，等. 微波辅助深共熔溶剂提取紫斑牡丹籽总黄酮的工艺优化及其抗氧化活性[J]. 食品工业科技，2024，45（5）：161−168. doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2023030318CHEN Siyu, RAO Guiwei, WANG Luhua, et al. Optimization of Microwave-assisted Deep Eutectic Solvent Extraction of Total Flavonoids from Paeonia rockii Seeds and Its Antioxidant Activity[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2024, 45(5):161−168. (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2023030318· 工艺技术 ·微波辅助深共熔溶剂提取紫斑牡丹籽总黄酮的工艺优化及其抗氧化活性陈思羽1，饶桂维2, *，王露桦3，盛颖霏2（1.浙江树人学院树兰国际医学院，浙江杭州 310015；2.浙江树人学院交叉科学研究院，浙江杭州 310015；3.浙江树人学院生物与环境工程学院，浙江杭州 310015）摘　要：目的：优化紫斑牡丹籽总黄酮的微波辅助深共熔溶剂提取方法，并探究其体外抗氧化活性。

方法：以低共熔溶剂作为提取溶剂，采用微波辅助技术提取紫斑牡丹籽中的总黄酮。

采用单因素实验以及响应面法进行提取工艺优化。

从DPPH 自由基清除率、羟基自由基清除率进行总黄酮的体外抗氧化活性研究。

结果：以氯化胆碱作为氢键受体，脲作为氢键供体的低共熔溶剂体系下，在摩尔比为1:3，含水量41.80%（V/V ）的深共熔溶剂体系最优，料液比1:19 g/mL ，微波功率为110 W ，微波时间3.00 min ，此时紫斑牡丹籽总黄酮得率为1.76 mg/g 。

219525878_超声辅助低共熔溶剂提取红松树皮原花青素及动力学研究

周佳悦，候艳丽，王凡予，等. 超声辅助低共熔溶剂提取红松树皮原花青素及动力学研究[J]. 食品工业科技，2023，44（14）：229−236. doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2022100070ZHOU Jiayue, HOU Yanli, WANG Fanyu, et al. Ultrasonic-Assisted Deep Eutectic Solvent Extraction of Proanthocyanidins from Korean Pine Bark and Its Kinetics[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2023, 44(14): 229−236. (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2022100070· 工艺技术 ·超声辅助低共熔溶剂提取红松树皮原花青素及动力学研究周佳悦1，候艳丽1，王凡予1，郭庆启1,2,*（1.东北林业大学生命科学学院，黑龙江哈尔滨 150040；2.黑龙江省森林食品资源利用重点实验室，黑龙江哈尔滨 150040）摘　要：目的：对超声辅助低共熔溶剂法提取红松树皮原花青素的工艺条件进行优化，拟合提取动力学方程，旨在对红松树皮中原花青素的资源开发利用提供理论和技术参考。

方法：以原花青素得率为指标，筛选最佳低共熔溶剂体系，并进一步通过单因素结合响应面优化超声辅助低共熔溶剂提取红松树皮中原花青素的主要工艺参数。

通过提取过程中不同温度和不同时间条件下原花青素得率的变化，拟合出最佳的原花青素提取动力学模型并验证。

结果：氯化胆碱、丙三醇和水的摩尔比为1:1:4制备的低共熔溶剂为红松树皮原花青素的最佳提取溶剂；响应面法优化工艺参数条件为：液料比16 mL/g ，超声时间50 min ，超声温度55 ℃，超声功率480 W 时，红松树皮原花青素的提取效果最好，原花青素得率为4.11%；Boltzman 模型能够很好地拟合超声辅助低共熔溶剂提取原花青素动力学过程（R 2≥0.9768），模型验证值与预测值拟合度较高（R 2≥0.9442）。

034.潘家口—大黑汀水库水环境现状分析

单位：mg/L 水温℃ pH 值溶解氧 4.2-10. 9 7.3 高锰酸盐指数 3.1-4.9 4.63 总磷 0.0290.15 0.04 总氮透明度叶绿素 a 0.00710.0327 0.020
范围潘家口水库汛期均值非汛期均值范围大黑汀水库汛期均值非汛期均值
总磷（湖、库） ≤0.01 总氮（湖、库） ≤0.2
水体富营养化按照《地表水资源质量评价技术规程》[7]进行评价，评价指标包括叶绿素 a、总磷、总氮、高锰酸盐指数和透明度等 5 项，湖库营养状态评价标准及方法见表 2，采用内线插值 N 法进行计算，营养状态指数 EI 的计算公式为 EI 价项目赋分值；N—评价项目个数。
0-25.7 21.45
6.2-8.9 8.3
4.0-6.6 4.62
1.1-8.5 3.1
6.08
7.94
8.8 2.7-17. 4 9.1
3.68
0.10 0.03-0. 33 0.063
5.26
--
-0.00790.024 0.0169
0-24.9 21.65
6.1-9.4 8.025
3.0-5.5 5.2
-2-
第二届全国流域生态保护与水污染控制研讨会论文集
随着经济社会的迅猛发展，城市污水和工农业废水大量产生，富营养化问题已成为当今世界共同面临的重大水污染问题，危害着人类生存环境，全球约有 75%以上的封闭型水体存在富营养化[5]。作为天津、唐山重要饮用水源低的潘家口—大黑汀水库同样面临的富营养化的威胁[6]，本文通过潘家口—大黑汀水库水体监测数据对水质和富营养化现状进行评价分析，为天津、唐山地区水资源可持续利用具有重要参考价值，也对该区域自然生态环境和社会经济发展协调具有重要参照意义。

中国科学院大学考博英语作文

Title: The Journey to the Top: Pursuing a PhD at the University of Chinese Academy ofSciencesIn the academic world, the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS) stands tall as a beacon of excellence and innovation. Its reputation for fostering cutting-edge research and fostering the brightest minds in science is unparalleled. As I embarked on the challenging journey of applying for a PhD program at UCAS, I felt a sense of excitement and anticipation that was unparalleled. The application process itself was rigorous and competitive, requiring a meticulous attention to detail and a strong foundation in research. The essay, a crucial part of the application, was my opportunity to showcase my research interests, academic achievements, and personal qualities. I knew that my essay had to be not just well-written but also authentic, reflecting my unique perspective and passion for science.I began by delving into the depths of my research interests, exploring the nuances and connections that had captivated me over the years. I wanted to convey a sense ofcuriosity and enthusiasm that would resonate with the admissions committee. I described how my undergraduate research experiences had sparked a deep interest in thefield of materials science, and how I had since then been relentlessly pursuing knowledge and skills to further my understanding.Highlighting my academic achievements was also crucial.I detailed my participation in various projects and competitions, emphasizing the value of teamwork, leadership, and critical thinking skills that I had honed along the way.I emphasized how these experiences had not only enriched my academic journey but also prepared me for the rigors of a PhD program.The personal aspect of the essay was equally important.I wanted to show the admissions committee that I was notjust a dedicated researcher but also a well-rounded individual with passions and interests beyond the laboratory. I spoke about my love for music, my involvement in community service, and my commitment to scientific outreach activities. These aspects of my life, I argued,had shaped my character and made me a more compassionateand empathetic researcher.In conclusion, my essay was a testament to my dedication, passion, and potential as a future PhD studentat UCAS. It was my opportunity to paint a picture of myself that was both comprehensive and engaging, reflecting notjust my academic credentials but also my unique perspective and aspirations. As I submitted my application, I knew that I had done my best to present myself as the ideal candidate for this prestigious program.**中国科学院大学考博英语作文的旅程**在学术领域，中国科学院大学（UCAS）犹如一座卓越与创新的灯塔，矗立不倒。

2024年高等教育自学考试自考《英语二》试卷与参考答案

2024年高等教育自学考试自考《英语二》模拟试卷与参考答案一、阅读判断（共10分）第一题Read the following passage and answer the questions by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Passage:In recent years, the internet has become an integral part of our daily lives. It has revolutionized the way we communicate, work, and access information. However, along with its numerous benefits, the internet also brings along a set of challenges and risks. One of the most significant concerns is the issue of online privacy.The internet allows users to share personal information with ease. While this can be advantageous in certain situations, it also exposes individuals to potential privacy breaches. Cybercriminals often target unsuspecting users to steal sensitive data such as bank account details, credit card information, and social security numbers.To protect their privacy, individuals need to be cautious about the information they share online. They should only provide personal details onsecure websites and use strong passwords for their online accounts. Additionally, it is important to keep software and security systems up to date to prevent cyberattacks.Despite the risks, the internet continues to offer numerous advantages. It has made communication faster and more convenient. People can now connect with friends and family across the globe through social media platforms and instant messaging apps. It has also facilitated access to a vast amount of information, enabling users to learn and grow in their respective fields.1、The internet has become a crucial part of our lives.A. TrueB. FalseC. Not mentionedD. Opposite to the passage2、Sharing personal information online can be dangerous.A. TrueB. FalseC. Not mentionedD. Opposite to the passage3、It is important to use strong passwords for online accounts.A. TrueB. FalseC. Not mentionedD. Opposite to the passage4、The internet has made communication faster.A. TrueB. FalseC. Not mentionedD. Opposite to the passage5、The passage focuses on the risks of using the internet.A. TrueB. FalseC. Not mentionedD. Opposite to the passageAnswers:1、A2、A3、A4、A5、B第二题Reading ComprehensionPlease read the following passage and then answer the questions by choosing the best answer (T for True, F for False).Passage:In recent years, the importance of lifelong learning has been increasingly recognized. Many adults are returning to school to further their education, either through traditional college programs or through self-study. One of the most popular self-study options is the Self-Testing Examination (STE) for Higher Education, commonly known as “Self-Taught Examination.”The Self-Taught Examination is a form of self-study examination for higher education in China, which allows individuals to assess their knowledge and skills in specific subjects without attending regular classes. It is particularly beneficial for working adults who want to enhance their professional qualifications or simply gain a deeper understanding of a subject.The examination is divided into different levels, with Level Two being the second level of difficulty. English is one of the subjects offered in this level. The English Level Two examination focuses on practical communication skills and the ability to understand and produce written English.1、The Self-Testing Examination is a traditional college program that requires regular classes to be attended.2、The Self-Taught Examination is only available for students in China.3、The English Level Two examination is designed to improve practical communication skills and the ability to write in English.4、The Self-Taught Examination is not suitable for working adults who want to enhance their professional qualifications.5、The Self-Testing Examination is the only way for adults to further theireducation in China.Answers:1、F2、F3、T4、F5、F二、阅读理解（共10分）Title: Higher Education Self-study Examination Test Paper for English Level 2Part II: Reading ComprehensionPassage:The Internet has become an integral part of our daily lives, revolutionizing the way we communicate, access information, and conduct business. One of the most significant impacts of the Internet is the rise of social media platforms. These platforms have transformed the way people interact, share information, and express themselves. However, the rapid growth of social media has also raised concerns about privacy, security, and the potential for misinformation.The following article discusses the benefits and challenges of social media in the modern age.Article:The Benefits and Challenges of Social MediaSocial media has brought numerous benefits to society. It has democratized information, allowing individuals to access a wide range of content and perspectives from around the world. This has led to increased awareness and understanding of global issues. Additionally, social media has provided a platform for marginalized groups to voice their concerns and advocate for change.On the other hand, social media also poses several challenges. One of the most pressing concerns is privacy. Many users are unaware of the extent to which their personal information is being collected and used by social media platforms. Another challenge is the spread of misinformation, which can have serious consequences, such as influencing elections and undermining public health initiatives.Question:What is one of the main concerns raised by the article about the use of social media?A)The decline of face-to-face communicationB)The spread of misinformationC)The difficulty in finding reliable news sourcesD)The cost of maintaining social media accountsE)The lack of privacy protection for usersAnswer:B) The spread of misinformation三、概况段落大意和补全句子（共10分）第一题Read the following paragraph and then answer the questions that follow.In the modern era, the role of technology in education has become increasingly significant. With the advent of online learning platforms and digital resources, students now have access to a wealth of information and tools that can enhance their learning experience. However, this convenience also brings challenges, such as the potential for distractions and the need for self-discipline. As a result, educators must adapt their teaching methods to incorporate technology effectively while maintaining a focus on student engagement and academic integrity.Questions:1、The paragraph discusses the impact of technology on education by mentioning its:a)Increased costb)Availability of informationc)Decreasing teacher-student interactiond)Negative influence on student discipline2、According to the paragraph, what is one of the challenges brought by the use of technology in education?a)The need for more physical textbooksb)The risk of student lazinessc)The potential for distractionsd)The difficulty in assessing student progress3、The paragraph suggests that educators need to:a)Eliminate technology from the classroomb)Focus solely on traditional teaching methodsc)Adapt teaching methods to incorporate technologyd)Increase the number of students in each class4、Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a result of the integration of technology in education?a)Improved student engagementb)Increased academic dishonestyc)Enhanced learning resourcesd)Reduced need for libraries5、The paragraph implies that maintaining a focus on what aspect is crucial in the use of technology in education?a)Teacher salariesb)Student attendancec)Academic integrityd)Classroom sizeAnswers:1、b) Availability of information2、c) The potential for distractions3、c) Adapt teaching methods to incorporate technology4、b) Increased academic dishonesty5、c) Academic integrity第二题Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow.The rapid development of technology has greatly impacted the way we live and work. One of the most significant changes is the advent of the internet, which has revolutionized the way we access information and communicate with others. This essay discusses the benefits and challenges of living in the digital age.1、The passage primarily focuses on the impact of technology on:a)Educationb)Communicationc)Transportationd)HealthcareAnswer: b) Communication2、The author mentions that the internet has “revolutionized the way we access information.” What does this imply about the internet’s role in our lives?a)It has made information more accessible.b)It has eliminated the need for traditional libraries.c)It has made information less reliable.d)It has reduced the need for face-to-face interactions.Answer: a) It has made information more accessible.3、The passage states that the digital age has both “benefits and challenges.” What are two challenges mentioned in the passage?a)Information overload and loss of privacyb)Increased social isolation and reduced attention spansc)The decline of face-to-face communication and the rise of cyberbullyingd)Job displacement and the loss of traditional cultural practicesAnswer: a) Information overload and loss of privacy4、According to the author, what is one of the main benefits of living in the digital age?a)Enhanced productivity in the workplaceb)Improved access to educational resourcesc)Greater opportunities for social networkingd) A more sustainable way of livingAnswer: b) Improved access to educational resources5、The author concludes by suggesting that despite the challenges, the digital age offers many opportunities. What is the author’s overall attitude towards the digital age?a)Cautious optimismb)Pessimistic skepticismc)Indifferent resignationd)Passionate enthusiasmAnswer: a) Cautious optimism四、填空补文（共10分）Read the following passage and complete the sentences by choosing the most suitable words or phrases from the list given below.After graduating from high school, many students choose to further their education through self-study examinations (SSEs). One of the most popular SSEs in China is the National Self-study Examination for Higher Education (NSEE). The NSEE offers a wide range of subjects, including English. The English section, known as English Level 2, is particularly challenging and requires a solid foundation in the language.The English Level 2 examination tests the candidate’s ability to understand and use English in practical situations. It consists of four parts: listening comprehension, reading comprehension, writing, and translation. Below is a passage that needs to be completed with the appropriate words or phrases.Many students find the__________section of the English Level 2 examination the most difficult. They often struggle with understanding the meaning of complex sentences and identifying the main ideas of a passage. To improve their reading skills, candidates are advised to practice regularly and expand their vocabulary.1.The__________section requires candidates to listen to a variety of accents and comprehend spoken English.2.The__________section tests candidates’ ability to read and understanda range of texts, including academic articles, news reports, and literature.3.The__________section challenges candidates to express their thoughts clearly and coherently in English.4.The__________section involves translating a passage from Chinese to English or vice versa.5.Candidates are encouraged to practice__________and__________to improve their reading skills.List of options:a) listening comprehensionb) reading comprehensionc) writingd) translatione) vocabularyf) grammarg) pronunciationh) regular practiceAnswer key:1.a2.b3.c4.d5.e, h五、填词补文（共15分）第一题阅读内容：After spending a long day at work, Sarah decided to take a break and relax. She had been looking forward to this moment for hours. She turned on her favorite music, sat down on the couch, and began to read a book that had been on her shelf for months. The story was captivating, and she found herself completely immersed in it.As she continued to read, she noticed a word that she wasn’t sure of. She paused to think about its meaning and context. Here’s the paragraph with the missing words:“After f inishing her dinner, she decided to take a short walk. The weather was perfect, with a gentle breeze and the sun setting beautifully in the background. She walked for about 20 minutes, enjoying the peacefulness of the neighborhood. Then, she decided to stop by the park. She sat on a bench and watched the children play. The laughter was infectious, and she couldn’t help but smile. As she watched, she noticed a group of teenagers playing basketball. Their skills were impressive, and she was amazed at how they moved so effortlessly. She realized that she hadn’t been to the park in a long time. It was a great way to end her evening.”Now, please fill in the blanks with the appropriate words from the list below:1、_________ the children play.2、The weather was perfect, with a gentle breeze and the_________setting beautifully in the background.3、She walked for about 20 minutes, enjoying the peacefulness of the neighborhood.4、She sat on a bench and watched _________.5、Their skills were impressive, and she was amazed at how they _________.答案：1、watching2、sun3、sunset4、the teenagers5、moved第二题Read the following passage and choose the most appropriate word to fill in each of the blanks. Each blank will have four options to choose from.Passage:In the small coastal town of Seabreeze, the local library was a hub of community activity. It was known for its cozy atmosphere and extensive collection of books. Every Thursday evening, a group of eager readers would gather to discuss the latest bestsellers. The library also hosted various workshops and events, which were always well-attended.One day, the librarian, Mrs. Johnson, noticed that the attendance at the workshops was dropping. She decided to take action and came up with a new idea to boost interest. She planned to organize a “Book Swap” event, where readers could exchange their favorite books with others.The first “Book Swap” event was a great success. The library was filled with people of all ages, from children to grandparents. The atmosphere was lively, and the exchange of books was seamless. However, Mrs. Johnson realized that she needed a better way to organize the event.1、She began by creating a list of categories for the books, such as “Mystery,” “Romance,” and “Science Fiction.” This made it easier for readers to find books that matched their interests.2、Next, she thought of a way to track the books that were being swapped. She decided to use a simple spreadsheet to keep a record of the exchanges.3、To encourage more people to participate, Mrs. Johnson offered small prizes for those who brought the most interesting books or who engaged in the most meaningful discussions.4、She also reached out to local schools and community centers to promote the event and invite more people to join in the fun.5、The “Book Swap” event has become a monthly tradition at the Seabreeze Library, and it has greatly contributed to the revitalization of the community.Choose the most appropriate word to fill in each blank:1、A) categories B) organize C) interesting D) promote2、A) creating B) record C) discuss D) search3、A) prizes B) ideas C) books D) discussions4、A) schools B) promote C) organize D) encourage5、A) tradition B) event C) collection D) atmosphereAnswers:1、A) categories2、B) record3、A) prizes4、B) promote5、A) tradition六、完型补文（共15分）第一题阅读内容：In the modern world, communication is more important than ever. With the advancement of technology, people can connect with each other across the globe in seconds. However, effective communication is not just about speaking or writing. It involves listening, understanding, and responding appropriately. In this passage, we will explore the importance of communication in various aspects of life.1._(1)__A. Communication is the key to success in business.B. Communication skills are essential for personal relationships.C. Effective communication can lead to better health outcomes.D. Communication is vital in educational settings.2._(2)__A. Good communication skills can help resolve conflicts.B. Communication is necessary for staying updated with current events.C. Effective communication can improve one’s self-confidence.D. Communication is crucial for managing time effectively.3._(3)__A. Verbal communication is the most important form of communication.B. Non-verbal communication is more effective than verbal communication.C. Listening is just as important as speaking in communication.D. Writing skills are not necessary for effective communication.4._(4)__A. Effective communication can lead to better teamwork.B. Communication is unnecessary in a well-organized workplace.C. Communication can be a barrier to productivity.D. Communication is only important in personal relationships.5._(5)__A. Improving communication skills is beneficial for everyone.B. Communication is not important in the digital age.C. Effective communication is only important for professionals.D. Communication skills cannot be improved with practice.答案：1.B2.A3.C4.A5.A第二题Read the following passage and choose the best word for each blank from the list given below the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter (A, B, C, or D) on Answer Sheet 2.Many people believe that 1, the ability to learn, is one of the most important skills we can possess. However, not everyone is born with the same natural talent for learning. While some individuals can quickly grasp new concepts and master complex information, others find it much more challenging.The process of learning can be influenced by various factors. 2, the right environment plays a crucial role in fostering a love for knowledge and curiosity. For instance, parents who encourage their children to explore and ask questions are more likely to raise a generation of lifelong learners.Moreover, the way we approach learning also matters. 3, a positive attitude towards learning can make the process more enjoyable and less stressful. When we view challenges as opportunities for growth, we are more likely to persistand eventually succeed.Here are some tips to enhance your learning experience:1.4, make sure you have a quiet and comfortable study space. This will help you focus better and absorb information more effectively.2.5, engage in active learning. Instead of passively reading or listening, try to engage with the material by taking notes, asking questions, and discussing it with others.3.Keep a balanced lifestyle. Regular exercise, adequate sleep, and proper nutrition can all contribute to better cognitive function and, consequently, improved learning.4.Set realistic goals and celebrate your progress. This will help you stay motivated and focused on your learning journey.5.Finally, be patient with yourself. Learning is a gradual process, and it’s normal to encounter setbacks along the way. Remember that each challenge is an opportunity to learn and grow.Now, read the passage again and complete the following sentences by choosing the appropriate words from the list below.1.The key to successful learning is (A) natural talent (B) perseverance (C) a supportive environment (D) constant practice2.A child’s curiosity can be (A) nurtured (B) hindered (C) ignored (D) discouraged3.A positive mindset can (A) improve (B) hinder (C) have no effect on (D) determine the outcome of4.To enhance your learning, it is important to (A) create a conducive study environment (B) avoid distractions (C) study for long hours (D) rely solely on textbooks5.To maintain a healthy learning process, you should (A) take regular breaks(B) avoid exercise (C) consume excessive caffeine (D) skip mealsAnswers:1.C2.A3.A4.A5.A七、写作（30分）Task:Write an essay of approximately 200 words on the following topic:“Education has always been a vital factor in personal development and societal progress. With the rapid development of technology, online education has become increasingly popular. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of online education, and give your own opinion on whether it is a positive or n egative change.”Example:In recent years, the advent of online education has revolutionized the waywe acquire knowledge. On the one hand, online education offers numerous advantages. Firstly, it provides flexibility in terms of time and location. Students can attend classes from the comfort of their homes, which is particularly beneficial for those with busy schedules. Moreover, online platforms often offer a wide range of resources and interactive tools that can enhance the learning experience.However, there are also some drawbacks to online education. One major concern is the lack of face-to-face interaction, which can lead to feelings of isolation and reduced social skills. Additionally, self-discipline and time management are crucial for online learners, as they need to stay motivated and focused without the guidance of a traditional classroom environment.In my opinion, online education is a positive change. While it does have its drawbacks, the flexibility and accessibility it offers far outweigh the negatives. With the right mindset and support, online education can empower individuals to pursue their dreams and contribute to societal progress.Analysis:The essay presents a clear and concise argument about the advantages and disadvantages of online education. The writer begins by acknowledging the rapid development of technology and its impact on education. The advantages of online education are highlighted first, such as flexibility and access to a wide range of resources. The disadvantages are then mentioned, such as the lack of face-to-face interaction and the need for self-discipline. The writer concludesby expressing their own opinion, emphasizing the positive aspects of online education while acknowledging its challenges.The essay follows a logical structure, with clear introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion. The writer uses appropriate vocabulary and sentence structures to convey their ideas effectively. Overall, the essay demonstrates a strong understanding of the topic and provides a balanced perspective on the issue.。

湿地决策权力的委托(Elonfson的英文文章)

Environ Resource Econ(2011)50:285–303DOI10.1007/s10640-011-9472-zDelegation of Decision-Rights for WetlandsKatarina ElofssonAccepted:21March2011/Published online:10April2011©The Author(s)2011.This article is published with open access at Abstract Different nutrient abatement activities jointly determine water quality.Policies are determined by governments at central and local level,implying that decisions can be affected by strategic considerations.In this article,decentralization of wetland policies is analyzed with regard to the environmental and economic consequences.A two-stage game is used to investigate strategic abatement decisions regarding nitrogen fertilizer reductions, waste water treatment plant phosphorus reductions and wetlands,assuming that wetland decision can be decentralized.It is shown that under particular circumstances,strategic con-sideration may imply that a central government undertakes more abatement than socially optimal,but in most cases the opposite is likely to occur.Decentralization of wetland deci-sions is advantageous to the central government but only beneﬁts the local government if its wetland technology is considerably more efﬁcient that the central government’s.This paper explains why local governments often hesitate to take on additional responsibilities for environmental management,and identiﬁes conditions under which local governments make smaller losses or even gain from delegation.The results also contribute to understanding how strategically optimal matching grants are chosen when governments only take into account their own direct costs of abatement and the central government needs to satisfy the local government’s participation constraint.Keywords Hierarchical governance·Nitrogen·Phosphorus·Stackelberg·Water Framework Directive·Wetlands1IntroductionWater quality policies are determined and implemented by multiple governments in different sectors and at different levels(see e.g.Lundqvist2004).The multitude ofK.Elofsson(B)Department of Economics,Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences,Uppsala,Swedene-mail:katarina.elofsson@slu.se286K.Elofsson governments involved leads to difﬁculties in coordinating policies to achieve cost-effec-tiveness,and decision-makers may act strategically to pursue their own interests.Implementation of the EU’s new Water Framework Directive(WFD)should,in principle, lead to a strengthening of the regional governmental level for water management(EC2007). The WFD requires all EU countries to assign River Basin Districts1and associated Compe-tent Authorities.The Competent Authorities are responsible for compilation of environmental and economic information,and development of environmental quality targets and river basin management plans.If the river basin management plans are to be enforced,the rights and responsibilities of the Competent Authorities and those of local and national governments might need to be adjusted,particularly in regard to the right to decide on policy instruments (CA2007).This brings to the fore the need for analysis of hierarchical governance structures with regard to environmental management.Currently,responsibilities for water quality man-agement are split between national and local governments.Decisions on policy instruments for the agricultural sector are,to a large extent,made by central governments within the context of the CAP-ﬁnanced Rural Development Programs.Local governments generally have the decision-right on wastewater management and spatial planning,both of which are important for water quality management.There is so far little evidence that policy discretion has actually been delegated within the WFD context.On the contrary,there is a tendency for damping the independence of local governments with regard to environmental policy in general,while instead increasing—on voluntary or non-voluntary basis—the delegation of centrally deﬁned tasks to local level (Hovik2004).These tasks are to some extent reimbursed by the central level—intergovern-mental grants to local governments,earmarked for environmental purposes,constitute up to40%of all earmarked grants in the OECD countries(Bergvall et al.2006).Such grants could provide local governments with incentives to increase abatement to the socially optimal level in the case of interregional spillovers,or lead to the achievement of optimal outcomes if neither central nor local governments strive to maximize social net beneﬁts(Miceli and Segerson1999).The relative merits of centralized and decentralized environmental policy are extensively analyzed in the literature.It has been argued that in the presence of inter-jurisdictional tax competition,local governments have incentives to set environmental standards below the optimal level(Rauscher1995;Porter1999),a view that has been questioned on both empir-ical and theoretical grounds(Wheeler2001;Millimet2003;Roelfsema2007).In principle, the right to decide on policy goals should be assigned to the lowest governmental level that takes into account all costs and beneﬁts of the policy in question(Oates and Schwab1996; Oates1998;Wellisch2000).In practice,this distinction is not always easily made;for exam-ple,when a single abatement activity may jointly reduce local,regional and global pollutants (Caplan and Silva2005).In addition,local and national governments can have different infor-mation about the beneﬁts and costs of policies such that it would be beneﬁcial to society to pool information from both(Andersen and Jensen2003).The interaction between central and local governments can be an important determinant of both the decision to decentralize and the outcome of decentralization(Pierre and Peters2000;Andersen and Jensen2003;Demski and Sappinton1987;Miceli and Segerson1999).Moreover,the impact of decentralization may vary with institutional and economic conditions(Wälti2004).This article is based on the following observations:(i)the local government may have a cost advantage with regard to the provision of environmental beneﬁts(d’Amato and Valentini 2008);1This requirement has led to the establishment of110River Basin Districts across the EU27(EC2007).Delegation of Decision-Rights for Wetlands 287(ii)different abatement activities can jointly determine environmental quality;(iii)inter-action between central and local governments can affect the environmental and economic outcome of decentralization;and (iv)there can be institutional constraints on delegation of policy discretion.In this paper,the particular local cost advantage with regard to wetland construction is deﬁned and its implications are discussed in a context where,unlike in d’Amato and Valentini (2008),interactions between governmental levels are taken into account.The model devel-oped here highlights the trade-off between the beneﬁts of technological advantages associated with delegation on one hand,and effects of strategic decision-making on the other.Incentives for decentralization with and without intergovernmental matching grants for local abatement are investigated.The analysis is carried out with the help of a two-stage game-theoretic model.Given the complexity that arises in sequential games,numerical simulations based on reasonable data are carried out to analyze the outcome.The paper adds to existing literature on hierarchical management through the inclusion of technology interdependence between abatement measures in combination with constraints to delegation.The remainder of the article proceeds as follows.Section 2presents the model,Sect.3describes the socially optimal solution and Sect.4describes the sequential games.Section 5describes the data for the simulations,and the results are given in Sect.6.Section 7provides a discussion on the results.2The ModelIn the following a two-stage model is developed to illustrate the interdependences between central and local decisions with regard to water quality management.It is assumed that there are two different governments i =C ,L ,where C denotes the central and L the local govern-ment.The central government can be thought of as the national government.Assuming zero interregional spillovers between local jurisdictions,the local government can be thought of as the aggregate of all local governments in a country.2Each of the two governments aims to maximize net beneﬁts,given their perceptions of beneﬁts and costs of abatement,which are explained in the following.There are two pollutants;nitrogen and phosphorus,which contribute to impaired water quality.Reductions in nutrients to the coastal zone are denoted R n ,with n =N ,P ,where N and P denote nitrogen and phosphorus,respectively.Central and local governments both beneﬁt from reduced nutrient emissions to coastal waters.They are assumed to have identical linear beneﬁt functions B (R n )= n b n R n ,where b n is the marginal beneﬁt of reductions in nutrient n .Identical beneﬁt functions is a reasonable assumption when the local level is an aggregate of all local governments.In general,beneﬁts of nitrogen and phosphorus reductions are likely to be non-separable because eutrophication is jointly determined by the inputs of the two nutrients.However,the nature of the interdependences between nitrogen and phosphorus cannot be modeled in a general manner and often,it is not possible to deter-mine interdependences even for a speciﬁc aquifer.Therefore,much of the scientiﬁc literature assumes separability between the two nutrients with regard to eutrophication (see e.g.Nielsen et al.2002;Håkanson et al.2007).Where the characteristics of interdependence can be iden-tiﬁed,it is evident that the relationship is site-speciﬁc,complex,and nonsymmetric between the two nutrients (Håkanson et al.2007;Wulff et al.2007).The choice of nonseparability in 2In principle,the model could also be applied when the local government is one out of multiple local gov-ernments,as long as there are no externalities between the local governments.This would only require an appropriate scaling of the local government’s beneﬁt and cost functions.288K.Elofsson this paper is explained by convenience of modeling in combination with the lack of general interdependences.It is assumed that there are three different abatement measures,x 1,x 2and x 3,that can be used to reduce nutrient emissions to coastal waters.Of those,x 1is reduction of nitrogen fertilizers,x 2is the area of constructed wetlands and x 3is reduction of phosphorus emis-sions from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs).These three measures are chosen because they are among the most important available options in a cost-effective policy with regard to combating nutrient loads to the Baltic Sea (Elofsson 2010a ).The central government is assumed always to have the right to determine the level of fertilizer use.This assumption is motivated by the dominating role of central governments with regard to agricultural and agri-environmental policy in most countries.It is assumed that the right to decide on wetlands could be given to either the central or local government.This assumption seems reasonable considering the current split of decision-rights between central and local governments with regard to land use management.The local government is assumed to make decisions about the level of phosphorus abatement at WWTPs.Finally,the central government is assumed to decide on the level of matching grants for abatement at the local level.There are costs associated with the abatement measures.Cost functions are assumed to be increasing and convex and each governmental level is assumed to take into account only the costs associated with abatement over which it has decision-rights.It is assumed that the cost for each measure equals the private costs to each government of undertaking the mea-sure in question.This assumption is motivated by agricultural policy measures and municipal wastewater treatment usually being ﬁnanced by public funds.3Ignorance with regard to costs incurred by other governmental levels could be explained by governments making a narrow ex-ante analysis of the consequences of their decisions,taking into account only direct costs.4Cost functions differ depending on which level of government has the ﬁnal decision rights on wetlands.In the case where the central government has the ﬁnal say on wetlands develop-ment policy,its costs are deﬁned by C C =a 1(x 1)2+a 2 x C 2 2+βa 3(x 3)2,where a 1,a 1and a 3are cost coefﬁcients for the different measures,respectively.This implies that the central government incurs the full cost for reductions in fertilizer use and wetlands and a fraction β,with 0≤β≤1,of the costs for phosphorus reductions in WWTPs,where βequals the matching grant for phosphorus reductions.If the local government decides on wetlands,the central government’s cost function is deﬁned by C C =a 1(x 1)2+αa 2 x L 2 2+βa 3(x 3)2,where α,with 0≤α≤1,is the matching grant for wetlands.Correspondingly,the local government’s cost function is deﬁned by C L =(1−β)a 3(x 3)2in the case when the central government decides on wetlands and C L =(1−α)a 2 x L 2 2+(1−β)a 3(x 3)2when the local government decides on wetlands.3The assumption seems reasonable as under the Rural Development Programs,countries are only allowed to compensate farmers for the direct costs incurred.For wetlands,this includes compensation for the opportunity cost of land.We note that several European countries,e.g.Sweden,Norway,Finland and Austria,have earlier controlled nitrogen fertilizer use through the use of environmental taxes,see e.g.Söderholm and Christiernsson (2008).In all cases,the tax has been revoked,suggesting that the “polluter pays”principle is not accepted for abatement in the agricultural sector.4It is not difﬁcult to ﬁnd examples that show governments have a simpliﬁed view on the costs associated with abatement measures.For example,in a Swedish evaluation of the nitrogen fertilizer tax,cost estimates are based on a static evaluation of the farmer’s costs without recognition of production adjustment possibilities,indirect costs imposed on other sectors,or indirect effects on other abatement measures (MOF 2003).For the Swedish rural development program (MOA 2008),the ﬂat-rate level of agri-environmental support to nutrient reducing measures is calculated on the basis of private cost to an “average”Swedish farm,ignoring cost variation among farmers and production adjustment possibilities.Delegation of Decision-Rights for Wetlands289 Reductions of nitrogen and phosphorus loads to coastal waters due to reductions in nitro-gen fertilizers and phosphorus reductions at WWTPs are deﬁned by r N D x1and r P D x3, respectively,where r n D,with0≤r n D≤1equals one minus retention of nutrient n on the way from the sources through the drainage basin to the coastal area.5Thus,r n D expresses the impact of a unit reduction of nutrient n on coastal load.Wetlands are known to serve as sinks for nitrogen and phosphorus,and nutrient abate-ment in wetlands,measured in absolute terms,is increasing in the nutrient load reaching the wetland(Correll et al.1992;Jansson et al.1994;Svensson et al.2004).Empirical evi-dence suggests that nutrient removal is lower in wetlands created with centrally rather than locally administered abatement policies.In an evaluation initiated by the Swedish Envi-ronmental Protection Agency(SEPA),wetlands constructed with the support of the cen-trally administered CAP-ﬁnanced agri-environmental program were compared with those created under the so called Local Investment Programs(LIP),where municipalities chose the design and location of the wetlands(Svensson et al.2004).Agri-environmental support is distributed to farmers through the national Board of Agriculture,and general rules gov-ern the eligibility for and level of support,not including any requirements for the location of the wetland apart from being located on agricultural land.Municipalities were eligi-ble to apply for LIP-support from the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency(SEPA) between1998and2008.These applications include a plan for the location of the wet-lands,and wetlands could be located also on non-agricultural land.The SEPA evaluation revealed that wetlands constructed with LIP-support abated considerably more nutrients per hectare than those constructed with CAP-support.This is explained by the LIP-wet-lands being located such that their drainage area is larger and hence a large nutrient load reaches the wetland.6This comes at a slightly higher cost.Differences in nutrient abate-ment seem to be explained by differences in policy instrument design,where the design of wetlands plays a minor role for the granting of the nationally administered CAP-sup-port to farmers and a larger role for the granting of LIP-support to local municipalities (Svensson et al.2004).Moreover,the local government has superior knowledge about the local landscape,implying that it is able to identify better locations for wetlands than the central government is.Therefore,it is here assumed that wetlands constructed by the local government abate more nutrients than those constructed by the central government because they capture a larger fraction of the total load of nutrients,i.e.they have a larger drainagearea.Nutrient abatement in coastal wetlands is then deﬁned as x i2k i n r nWL0n−r n D x1,where k i nis the fraction of the load of nutrient n entering one hectare of wetland,r nW,with0≤r nW≤1, is the retention of nutrient n in wetlands,measured in percent,and L0n is the initial load of nutrient n reaching the coastal region.Thus,it is assumed here that wetlands remove a con-stant fraction of the nutrients entering the wetland and that nutrient abatement is higher when the local government chooses the design,because each unit of wetland captures a larger frac-tion of the nutrient load,i.e.k L n>k C n.It is assumed that wetlands can be constructed only in the coastal zone and once nutrients have passed the wetland,they directly enter coastal waters.5Nutrient retention is a process where a fraction of the nutrients emitted from the sources are captured in soils,sediments and vegetation.6Notably,wetlands are valuable not only because of their nutrient sink capacity but also because of their contribution to biodiversity.The SEPA report shows there is larger stated focus on nutrient reductions for wetlands constructed with LIP-support compared with those constructed with CAP-support,but there is no evidence that either type performs better with regard to biodiversity.290K.ElofssonThe total reductions of nutrient loads to coastal waters are then deﬁned by R Nx1,x i2=x i2k i N r N WL0N−r N D x1+r N D x1and R Px i2,x3=x i2k i P r PWL0P−r P D x3+r P D x3fornitrogen and phosphorus,respectively.These functions are increasing,concave and non-sep-arable.Nitrogen reductions depend jointly on x1and x i2,and phosphorus reductions depend jointly on x i2and x3.The central and local governments are assumed to take their decisions sequentially with the central government making theﬁrst move.The assumption about the central government being theﬁrst mover is often made in models where vertical interaction between governments is investigated(cf.e.g.Andersson et al.2004;Esteller-Moréand Solé-Ollé2001;Fenge and Wrede2004).Sequential decisions are a reasonable assumption if,for example,the central government is able to inform the local government about its decisions,while many small, local governments can have difﬁculties coordinating information.Also,many small govern-ments might not be able to collude and challenge the central government,implying that the central government has market power that facilitates a commitment(cf.Boadway and Keen 1996).In the following,the socially optimal solution isﬁrst derived as a reference case.This is followed by a comparison of the sequential games where,in turn,the central and local governments have the overriding decision-right over wetlands.3The Socially Optimal SolutionBefore turning to the above-described strategic problem,the socially optimal solution is ﬁrst derived as a reference case.The social problem is one of maximizing total net beneﬁts, TNB,of abatement,and the social optimum is one where the local government’s superior knowledge about wetland technology is utilized:max x1,x2,x3TNB=B(R n)−C=b Nx2k L N r NWL0N−r ND x1+r ND x1+b Px2k L P r PWL0P−r PD x3+r PD x3−a11(x1)2−a2x i22−a3(x3)2(1)Assuming an interior solution,theﬁrst-order conditions(FOCs)are:b N−x2k L N r NW r ND+r ND=2a11x1,(2)b N k L N r NWL0N−r ND x1+b P k L P r PWL0P−r PD x3=2a2x2and(3) b P−x2k L P r PW r PD+r PD=2a3x3.(4)The FOCs require that marginal beneﬁts are equated to marginal costs.The marginal beneﬁt of x1and x3is determined by the direct impact of nitrogen fertilizer and WWTP phosphorus reductions,respectively,on coastal load minus the negative impact on wetland nutrient abate-ment,see Eqs.(2)and(4).Thus,the optimal level of abatement of fertilizers and wastewater emissions is smaller than if the impact on wetland abatement was ignored.Equation(3) requires that marginal beneﬁts of wetland construction are equal to marginal costs,given that marginal beneﬁts are determined by the load of nutrients reaching the wetland.Delegation of Decision-Rights for Wetlands291 4The Sequential GameIf,instead,there are two different governmental levels and governments only take their own costs into account,this will affect abatement choices.A sequential game where the central government decides on wetlands isﬁrst analyzed in Sect.4.1,followed by one where the local government has the decision-right in Sect.4.2.4.1The Central Government has the Decision-Right on WetlandsAssume that the central government has the decision right on x1,x2andβ,and that decisions are taken sequentially,implying that the central government will internalize the reaction of the local government.Solving the game by backwards induction,weﬁrst look at the local government’s decision problem,which is as follows:max x3TNB L=B L(R n)−C L=b Nx L2k L N r N WL0N−r N D x1+r N D x1+b Px L2k L P r PWL0P−r P D x3+r P D x3−(1−α)a2x L22−(1−β)a3(x3)2(5)The FOC for x3is determined by:b P−x L2k L P r PW r P D+r P D=2(1−β)a3x3.(6)The local government’s reaction function,x R3=x3x C2,given by Eq.(6),now enters thecentral government’s decision-problem,where the central government strives to maximize TNB C subject to the local government’s participation constraint:max x1,x C2,βTNB C=B(R n)−C=b Nx C2k C N r N WL0N−r N D x1+r N D x1+b Px C2k C P r PWL0P−r P D x R3+r P D x R3−a11(x1)2−a2x C22−βa3x R32(7)s.t.TNB L≥TNB L,where TNB L is the level of minimum net beneﬁts required by the local government.The size of TNB L could,for example,reﬂect the bargaining power of the local government.If the bargaining power is low,TNB L is small,and if the bargaining power is high,TNB L is large.Assuming an interior solution,the FOC for x1is:b N−x2k L N r N W r N D+r N D=2a11x1+λ∂TNB L∂x1,(8)292K.Elofsson where λis the Lagrangian multiplier with regard to the participation constraint.The FOC for x C 2is:b N k C N r N W L 0N −r N D x 1 +b P k C P r PW L 0P −r P D x R 3 −x C 2k C P r PW r P D ∂x R 3∂x C 2+r P D ∂x R 3∂x C 2=2a 2x C 2+2βa 2x R 3∂x R 3∂x 2+λ∂TNB L ∂x 2.(9)The FOC for βis:b P −x C 2k C P r PW r P D +r P D ∂x R 3∂β=a 3 x R 3 2+2βa 3x R 3+λ∂TNB L ∂β.(10)It is assumed that the problem is convex and that there is a unique point x ∗1,x C ∗2,β∗ ,which satisﬁes the problem.7As indicated by Eq.(9),the central government’s choice of x 2is affected in several ways by the introduction of strategic decision-making compared with the socially optimal outcome.It can ﬁrst be noted that the reaction function is downward sloping:∂x R 3∂x C 2=−b P k C P r PW r P D 2(1−β)a 3≤0.The central government anticipates that the local government will compensate for a higher x 2through a decrease in x 3.Looking at the simpliﬁed case where k C P =k L P ,it can be seen that the central government’s perceived marginal beneﬁts from an increase in x 2will be lower than the social marginal beneﬁt due to a direct effect of strategic decision-making .This is reﬂected by last term within the squared brackets in Eq.(9),r P D ∂x R 3∂x C 2,which is negative.However,this will be counteracted through the technology interdependence effect ,captured in the positive term −k C P r PW x 2r P D ∂x R 3C 2,which tells us that the central government will anticipate that mar-ginal phosphorus abatement in wetlands will increase when x 3is reduced.The direct effect will exceed the indirect technology effect in size if k C P r PW x 2 <1,which holds if wetlands are modestly efﬁcient in phosphorus abatement,but may not do so if wetlands are highly efﬁ-cient in abatement.8Thus,if wetlands are highly efﬁcient,sequential decision-making could imply that a larger wetland area is created by the central government than socially optimal,9while the opposite would occur if wetlands are less efﬁcient.Turning to Eq.(10),it states that the marginal change in the environmental beneﬁts from x 3due to a marginal change in βmust equal the marginal cost of the change in β,taking into account the reaction of the local government with regard to its choice of x 3.Finally,comparing Eqs.(8)–(10),reveals that an increase in TNB L would imply that the central government increases x 1,x C 2and/or β.Thus,either of the central government’s decision variables could be used to satisfy the participation constraint.7If the problem is not convex,the FOCs are necessary but not sufﬁcient for a global maximum.The assump-tion about an interior solution is made to simplify the expressions,although corner solutions where one or more of the choice variables take on either a zero or a maximum value may well occur in reality and are allowed for in the simulations below.8If wetlands are highly efﬁcient,k C Pand r PW are high,implying that x 2is also high,while the opposite holds if wetlands are little efﬁcient.For most real-world situations,k C P should be a very small number,implying that that k C P r PW x 2 <1.9At least this could be the outcome if the last term on the r.h.s.,λ∂TNB L /∂x C 2,is small.Delegation of Decision-Rights for Wetlands 2934.2The Local Government has the Final Decision-Rights on WetlandsNext,we look at the subgame perfect outcome when the local government is given the right to decide on x 2.In this case,the local government solves the following:max x L 2,x 3TNB L =B L (R n )−C L =b N x L 2k L N r N W L 0N −r N D x 1 +r N D x 1 +b P x L 2k L P r PW L 0P −r P D x 3 +r P D x 3−(1−α)a 2 x L 2 2−(1−β)a 3(x 3)2(11)The reaction function for x L 2,is:b N k L N r N W L 0N −r N D x 1 +b P k L P r PW L 0P −r P D x 3 =2(1−α)a 2x L 2,(12)whereas the reaction function for x 3is still deﬁned by Eq.(6)above.The local government’s reaction functions,x R 2=x 2(x 1,α,x 3(β)),given by Eq.(12)and x R 3=x 3(x 2(x 1,α),β),given by Eqs.(6)and (12),now enter the decision prob-lem.The slopes of the reaction functions with regard to x 1are ∂x R 2∂x 1=−b N k L N r N W r N D 2(1−α)a 2≤0and ∂x R 3∂x 1=∂x R 3∂x L 2∂x L 2∂x 1= n b n k L n r nW r n D 4(1−α)(1−β)a 2a 3≥0.The difference in sign of the slopes isexplained by fertilizer reductions and WWTP reductions both being substitutes for wetlands.The sign of the slope in the former case is explained by an increase in the wetland area being substituted for a decrease in fertilizer reductions.In the latter case,the sign of the slope is explained by an increase in the wetland area being substituted for a decrease in fertilizer reductions,and the larger wetlands area being compensated for through a smaller WWTP reduction.The slopes of the reaction functions with regard to αand βare,respectively,∂x L 2∂α≥0,∂x 3∂β≥0,∂x 3∂α=∂x 3∂x L 2∂x L 2∂α≤0and ∂x L 2∂β=∂x L 2∂x 3∂x 3∂β≤0.That is,a higher grant tends to increase the amount of the targeted abatement measure and reduce the level of the other measure.Knowing this,we can turn to the central government’s decision problem which is to:max x 1,α,βTNB C =B (R n )−C =b N x R 2k L N r N W L 0N −r N D x 1 +r N D x 1 +b P x R 2k L P r PW L 0P −r P D x R 3 +r P D x R 3 −a 1(x 1)2−αa 2 x R 22−βa 3 x R 3 2(13)s.t.TNB L ≥TNB L .。

响应面法优化天然低共熔溶剂提取米糠蛋白工艺

刘伟麒，邓媛元，魏振承，等. 响应面法优化天然低共熔溶剂提取米糠蛋白工艺[J]. 食品工业科技，2023，44（17）：194−201. doi:10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2022100049LIU Weiqi, DENG Yuanyuan, WEI Zhencheng, et al. Optimization of Rice Bran Protein Extraction Processing by Response Surface Methodology with Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2023, 44(17): 194−201. (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2022100049· 工艺技术 ·响应面法优化天然低共熔溶剂提取米糠蛋白工艺刘伟麒1,2，邓媛元1，魏振承1，张　雁1，唐小俊1，刘　光1，周鹏飞1, *，张名位1,*（1.广东省农业科学院蚕业与农产品加工研究所，农业农村部功能食品重点实验室，广东省农产品加工重点实验室，广东广州 510610；2.华南农业大学食品学院，广东广州 510642）摘　要：本研究采用天然低共熔溶剂（Natural deep eutectic solvents ，NADES ）提取米糠蛋白的工艺并利用响应面方法对工艺参数进行优化，且通过采用傅里叶红外光谱和投射扫描电镜分析对天然低共熔溶剂提取米糠蛋白进行表征。

结果表明，米糠蛋白提取最佳工艺条件为：含有4.7%水分的脯氨酸-甘油（摩尔比2:5）溶剂体系中，米糠和溶剂料液比为9:30 g/g ，水浴搅拌3.0 h ，反应温度为65 ℃，此时米糠蛋白提取率为82.69%，通过采用傅里叶红外光谱分析发现提取米糠蛋白过程中没有生成新物质，且天然低共熔溶剂能有效破坏米糠组织结构，释放米糠蛋白，从而提高米糠蛋白提取率。

不能只注重结果还要注重过程的英语作文素材

不能只注重结果还要注重过程的英语作文素材全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Never-Ending Journey: Why Focusing Solely on Results is a Dead EndAs a student, I can't even begin to count the number of times I've been told that results are what matter most. Get good grades, ace those exams, secure a spot at a top university - these are the metrics by which society often judges our worth and capability. But increasingly, I've come to realize that buying fully into this results-obsessed mindset is misguided and superficial. True growth, true learning, lies not just in the destination, but in the journey itself.Let me illustrate this with a personal example from my own life. Like many of my peers, I spent years ruthlessly pursuing perfect grades and test scores. My daily routine was an endless grind of study, practice tests, tutoring sessions and an unhealthy amount of sacrificed sleep and social time. All for the sake of those coveted 4.0s and 800s that were supposed to be my golden ticket to success.And you know what? I got them. I reached the promised land of stellar results. But at what cost? I was left feeling hollow, burnt out, my passion for learning extinguished. The subjects I once loved had been drained of joy, becoming mere boxes to check off rather than fields of knowledge to explore. Worst of all, my habit of hyperfocusing on outcomes made me a master crammer and test strategizer, but a very poor long-term learner and critical thinker.It took me a long time and a lot of retrospection to realize just how toxic and counterproductive this single-minded results chasing had become. I had trained myself to view learning as a means to an end, rather than a rewarding process in itself. To treat subjects as obstacles to overcome, not worlds to discover and question. My education had become transactional - study to get good grades, get good grades to get into university, get into university to...well, get a job I supposed.But where was the space for curiosity, for intellectual growth unshackled from extrinsic goals? Where was the joy of learning for learning's sake, of untangling complex concepts through trial, error and discussion? Of passionately debating ideas with professors and classmates? Tragically, these vital elements hadbeen lost in the rush to accumulate more and more "objective" successes.It was a painful realization, but a catalyzing one. I committed myself to breaking out of this vicious cycle, to rediscovering the thrill of knowledge and shaking off the burden of defining my entire self-worth through scores and rankings. I started reading deeply about topics simply because they fascinated me. I sought out enrichment opportunities not for their resume value, but for genuine enrichment. I learned to value and engage with the process, not just the end results.And you know what? It was life-changing and life-affirming. My curiosity and passion was reignited in ways I hadn't experienced since childhood. I found myself actually absorbing and retaining information instead of just regurgitating it for tests. Complex concepts I'd previously feared began clicking into place as I immersed myself in them through analysis and discourse. The journey itself, with all its twists, turns and struggles, became as gratifying as the destination.This newfound mindset shift didn't just re-energize my academics either. It opened every aspect of life up to more meaning, richness and fulfillment. Whether I'm practicing a new sport, picking up an instrument, or reading a challenging book, Inow strive to stay present and engaged with the process. To lose myself in the endeavor itself, not just the desired outcome. To find reward in the effort, the growth, and yes, even the failures and setbacks that are inherent in any worthwhile pursuit.Because that's ultimately what an unhealthy results fixation robs us of - the ability to learn from our mistakes, to evolve and be resilient in the face of adversity. When all that matters is checking boxes and acing tests, any deviation from perfection becomes a source of paralysis rather than an invitation tore-evaluate, adapt and forge ahead wiser. The prioritization of outcomes over process turns growth into a terrifying,high-stakes game with little room for creative or intellectual risk-taking.In contrast, when we celebrate the effort, the grit and the inherent value of tackling challenges head-on, we give ourselves the freedom to stumble and discover. To iterate. To question assumptions. To forge new paths. Thomas Edison didn't invent the lightbulb by obsessing over being first, he got there through thousands of failed attempts, each one a stepping stone rather than a futile roadblock. Modernist composers didn't revolutionize music by playing it safe on tests, but by shattering conventions through bold experimentation. Even scientificrevolutions are hardly ever the work of safely pursuing predetermined outcomes, but of fearless thinkers willing to be wrong again and again in pursuit of deeper understanding.Of course, I'm not arguing that we should abandon goals or benchmarks entirely. Having a direction, achieving concrete milestones, feeling the satisfaction of realized ambitions - these are all vital components of motivation, self-actualization and a life well-lived. But they cannot be pursued in isolation, unmoored from the life-giving spirit of process and journey. Results are glorious peaks, celebrated after the climb. But the climb itself, with all its breathtaking vistas and steep rock faces, is just as essential. Maybe even more so.For me, finding this balance and perspective has been one of the most valuable life lessons of my young adulthood. In a world that constantly pressures us to treat life like a checklist, abullet-pointed climb up rigid hierarchies and ladders, retaining our sense of wonder and engagement with the present moment is nothing short of radical and revolutionary. It preserves our souls, our creativity, our ability to grow and evolve rather than stagnating in the pursuit of a hollow prize.So as I look forward to my future, I carry this appreciationto value of process and the entire journey - in my studies, my career,and every facet of life. I aim to chase dreams and chase growth through immersive presence. To be fueled by an intrinsic hunger to discover, create, analyze and discuss. To drink deeply from the cup of effort, struggle and evolution rather than just sprinting toward distant, extrinsic finish lines.Because at the end of the day, we are not scores or resumes or accolades. We are processes, journeys, stories of constant transformation and reinvention woven through dedication, mistakes, breakthroughs and evolutions both big and small. And keeping that truth at the core of how we live is the ultimate key to a life fully realized and vibrantly experienced.篇2The Importance of Valuing the Journey, Not Just the DestinationAs a student, it's easy to get caught up in the pursuit of good grades, test scores, and ultimately, that elusive acceptance letter to your dream university or job offer at a top company. We are conditioned from an early age to focus on results – the A's on our report cards, the trophies and medals, the accolades and accomplishments that we can put on our resumes and college applications. But in this relentless chase for success, we oftenlose sight of something even more valuable: the journey itself and the lessons we learn along the way.I'll be the first to admit that I used to be utterly results-driven. Back in high school, I would study and prepare solely with the goal of acing the next big test or exam. The process of actually learning the material and gaining a deeper understanding wasn't my priority – I just wanted to do whatever it took to get that A. Looking back, I realize how misguided that approach was. Yes, I got good grades, but I missed out on so many opportunities to really immerse myself in the subjects, ask questions, explore novel concepts and make connections between ideas. Instead of engaging with the material, I simply crammed information into my head like a computer uploading data, regurgitated it on the test, and then promptly forgot most of it. It was an empty, unfulfilling way to learn.Everything changed for me when I started taking a biology course my freshman year of college. On the first day, our professor said something that stuck with me: "I don't care about your grades nearly as much as I care about your growth as scientists and critical thinkers." From that point on, the entire focus of the class was on the process – forming hypotheses, designing experiments, analyzing results, and learning from ourmistakes. Getting the "right" answer wasn't what mattered; it was about exercising our curiosity, bravely following our questions down endless rabbit holes of inquiry, and developing a rigorous scientific mindset.It was a stark contrast to the cut-and-dried classes of my high school years, and admittedly, it took some adjustment. There were times when I felt frustrated because an experiment didn't give me the outcome I'd predicted, or I couldn't immediately grasp a complex theory. But my professor constantly reminded us that the struggle was where true learning happened. He encouraged us to revel in examining our failed hypotheses, to fearlessly rethink our assumptions, and to persist through confusion until we arrived at a deeper level of comprehension.Slowly but surely, I found myself being transformed. Instead of obsessing over grades, I became passionate about truly understanding biology in all its intricate details. I learned to let go of the need to be "right" all the time, and to embrace a growth mindset where mistakes were opportunities, not shortcomings. Class became something I looked forward to not because there was a test to study for, but because I was endlesslyinvigorated by the thrill of scientific discovery and critical thinking.This shift in mentality didn't just affect my experience in that single biology course – it pervaded every aspect of my education and life. I found myself re-engaging with my studies across subjects through a new lens, savoring the acquisition of knowledge rather than stressing over achievement metrics. Group projects, which I used to dread, became avenues for collaborative exploration. And when faced with challenges or obstacles, I no longer saw them as roadblocks but as chances to flexmy critical thinking muscles and grow from the experience.Beyond academics, this focus on cherishing the process has enriched my personal life as well. When I pursued extracurriculars and hobbies, from creative writing to dance to volunteering, I found myself being fully present and engaged rather than just going through the motions to pad my resume. Everything I did retained a sense of meaning, curiosity, and exploration – qualities that are so easy to lose when you're solely fixated on the end goal.As I prepare to graduate from college and take my next big leap, I know that wherever I go, I will carry this vital mindset with me. In a professional setting, I won't merely check boxes andchase promotions and prestigious titles. I'll approach my work with an open mind, a hunger to constantly learn and improve, and a commitment to embracing challenges as opportunities for growth. And in my personal life, I'll continue to seek out new experiences not for the sake of achievement, but for the sheer joy of the journey itself.Don't get me wrong – I'm not dismissing the importance of results altogether. Setting goals and working towards tangible accomplishments is human nature, and there's nothing wrong with striving for success. But that success is hollow and unsustainable if it comes at the cost of overlooking the process. The winding paths we take to reach our destinations are just as crucial, if not more so, than the destinations themselves.It's on these journeys that we have our most profound realizations about ourselves and the world around us. It's where we gain resilience through failures and obstacles. It's where we spark eureka moments of brilliant insight and innovation. It's where our perspectives shift, our minds expand, and we shape the critical thinking skills that will serve us for life. To neglect the process is to rob ourselves of the most rewarding parts of pursuing our dreams and ambitions. The results may be the icingon the cake, but the process is the cake itself – rich, nourishing, and worthsavoring every single bite.So as you embark on your own journeys through school, career, and life, do remember to pause and appreciate the paths you're traveling, not just the ultimate destinations towards which they lead. Value every struggle, every victory, every moment of confusion that eventually gives way to clarity. Allow yourself to be challenged, stumped, and forced to evolve your perspectives. Remain endlessly curious and hungry to learn. And most importantly, cherish each step along the way – for that is where the profound gifts of growth, wisdom, and self-discovery lie. The results will inevitably follow, but the process is what makes the effort truly meaningful and worthwhile.篇3The Importance of Valuing the Journey, Not Just the DestinationAs students, we're constantly bombarded with messages about the importance of achieving good grades, getting into a top university, and ultimately landing a high-paying job. From a young age, we're taught that success is measured by tangible results – the numbers on a report card, the rankings andreputation of the school we attend, the salary we ultimately command in the workforce.While there's no denying that these conventional metrics of achievement are important, I've come to realize that an unhealthy obsession with results can be counterproductive and leave us feeling unsatisfied and unfulfilled. What gets lost in the relentless pursuit of outcomes is an appreciation for the process itself – the journey of learning, growing, and developing as a human being.I'll admit that for many years, I was guilty of falling into this results-oriented trap. In middle school and early high school, I was utterly consumed by my GPA, frantically checking the education portal after every assignment and test to calculate how each new mark would impact my overall average. If I didn't achieve the grade I was hoping for, I would be crushed, feeling like all the time and effort I had invested was for naught.It was in my junior year that I had something of an awakening about the flaws of this mindset. I had just joined the debate team, an extracurricular that represented quite a departure from the traditional academic arena where I typically operated. In debate, scoring well wasn't just about regurgitating information, but about original analysis, quick thinking, andskilled oratory. For the first time, I began to appreciate that the true value wasn't in the competition результаты, but in the process of preparing – the hours spent researching, crafting arguments, and practicing delivery.With debate, I experienced meaningful learning and growth that couldn't be quantified by a numeric score or ranking. Sure, winning felt good, but even when my team fell short, I felt a sense of pride and fulfillment. I had taken ownership of my education, rather than just being a vessel for absorbing information. The invaluable critical thinking, communication, and intellectual curiosity cultivated through debate have served me well in all my endeavors since.This reframing of what constitutes true success has fundamentally altered my approach to academics. I shifted my perspective from just striving for an arbitrary percentage or GPA number, to prioritizing patience, diligence, and a genuine passion for the material itself. I don't just want to learn things exclusively to get good test scores, but to actually understand concepts at a deeper level.When I struggled in a class like organic chemistry, instead of bemoaning a poor midterm grade, I resolved to savor the process, embracing mistakes and gaps in understanding asinevitable steps towards mastery. I spent more time in office hours, asked more questions in class, and engaged with the material more actively using techniques like hand-written notes and molecular model kits.This isn't to say that I don't still care about performing well –academic achievement is important to me and a worthy pursuit. However, I no longer treat results as the sole barometer of success. I focus on the satisfaction that comes from the hard work, intellectual engagement, and incremental progress embodied by the learning process itself.Beyond academics, I've found that many of life's most meaningful endeavors don't lend themselves to clean, quantitative measures of achievement. Take a pursuit like creative writing, for example. When crafting a short story or poem, there is no clear metric for determining whether you've crossed some objective finish line. You could get that exhilarating piece published in a prestigious literary journal, but even then, beauty remains subjective and open to interpretation.The true reward comes from the art of practicing the craft itself – selecting just the right phrasing, agonizing over each line edit, and experiencing moments of creative epiphany amid the struggle of overcoming writer's block. The process stretches youas a writer and you inevitably improve, regardless of any external stamp of validation.Or consider a teenage relationship – though it may not have worked out in the long run, the lessons learned about communication, vulnerability, and emotional intelligence remain invaluable. The meaning was embodied in the journey of exploring romance, growing as an individual, and coming to deeper understandings of yourself. Getting caught up only in the relationship's ultimate longevity or lack thereof is to ignore the catalyzing impact it had on your maturation.I think back to my experiences as a summer camp counselor, where the process was far more meaningful than any final evaluations or accolades. The true value came from the innumerable lighthearted moments with energetic kids – playing games, singing silly songs, and making inside jokes around the campfire. It was about stepping up, taking responsibility for small humans' wellbeing, and emerging as more of a leader and role model. Those character-shaping experiences transcend any physical souvenirs or end-of-summer awards.Admittedly, in our results-obsessed world, it isn't always easy to maintain the perspective that the journey matters more than just the destination. We're inundated with messages thatreinforce a more transactional, outcome-based notion of success. From academics to athletics to professional pursuits,говорятся остается heavily tilted towards recognizing only those who finish first or produce something concrete to show for their efforts.Yet I've come to understand that while celebrating major achievements and milestones is all well and good, the real substance that shapes us resides in those in-between spaces that get overlooked. It's in the trenches of embracing struggle before any sort of breakthrough. It's in the quotidian routines, habits, and daily practices that eventually culminate into who we become as people. It's in the conversations, fleeting moments of interconnectedness, and shared emotions that make life deeply textured and three-dimensional.At the end of the day, life is a continuous journey of growth, exploration, perseverance, and pursuing curiosities. Material results and accolades certainly have their place, but they are incomplete, inadequate finish lines in what should be anever-ending race. True satisfaction comes from the actual act of undertaking the journey itself. So as I move forward, while still working hard towards my goals, I'll be sure to appreciate the profound value found simply in the process.。

近百年来滇南双龙水库沉积物中氮的赋存特征变化

滇池流域水土流失严峻ꎬ近年来入湖泥沙的增加
导致沉积物中各形态氮富集ꎬ滇池富营养化严重
[９]
.
双龙水库作为饮用水源地ꎬ受不合理土地利用影响ꎬ
水质遭到破坏. 因此ꎬ该研究通过分析滇南双龙水库
深层沉积物中ＴＮ和ＴＩＮ赋存特征及沉积物理化性
质ꎬ探讨水库沉积物氮迁移转化的影响因素ꎬ并评估
湖库营养状况的变化ꎬ以期为湖库富营养化治理和流
ｌｅｖｅｌｉｎｄｅｘ ( ＴＬＩ) ａｎｄｏｒｇａｎｉｃｎｉｔｒｏｇｅｎ ( ＯＮ) ｉｎｄｅｘ. Ｔｈｅｒｅｓｕｌｔｓｓｈｏｗｔｈａｔ: (１) ＴｈｅｄａｔｉｎｇｂｙｔｈｅＣＲＳｍｏｄｅｌｓｕｇｇｅｓｔｅｄｔｈａｔｔｈｅａｇｅｓｐａｎ
ｏｆｔｈｅ７０ｃｍｓｅｄｉｍｅｎｔｃｏｒｅｗａｓｆｒｏｍ１８７１ｔｏ２０１１. ( ２) ＴｈｅＴＮꎬ ＩＥＦ￣ＮａｎｄＳＡＥＦ￣Ｎｃｏｎｔｅｎｔｓｗｅｒｅ０８３２￣５７４４ꎬ ００２７￣０１４２ａｎｄ
Ｒｅｓｅｒｖｏｉｒｗｅｒｅａｎａｌｙｚｅｄ. Ｐｅａｒｓｏｎｃｏｒｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎａｎａｌｙｓｉｓꎬ ｒｅｄｕｎｄａｎｃｙａｎａｌｙｓｉｓａｎｄｒｅｇｒｅｓｓｉｏｎａｎａｌｙｓｉｓｗｅｒｅｕｓｅｄｔｏｅｘａｍｉｎｔｈｅｅｆｆｅｃｔｓｏｆ
ｐｈｙｓｉｃｏｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓｏｆｔｈｅｓｅｄｉｍｅｎｔｏｎｎｉｔｒｏｇｅｎｔｒａｎｓｐｏｒｔａｎｄｔｒａｎｓｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ. Ｅｕｔｒｏｐｈｉｃａｔｉｏｎｄｅｇｒｅｅｗａｓｅｖａｌｕａｔｅｄｂｙｔｈｅｔｒｏｐｈｉｃ
的剖面特征. 通过Ｐｅａｒｓｏｎ相关、ＲＤＡ ( 冗余分析) 和回归分析探讨沉积物理化性质对氮迁移转化的影响ꎬ并结合ＴＬＩ ( 综合营养

燕麦蛋白耦合异源共架技术对大米蛋白水溶性的影响

黄馨禾，王长艳，范龙彬，等. 燕麦蛋白耦合异源共架技术对大米蛋白水溶性的影响[J]. 食品工业科技，2024，45（7）：134−141. doi:10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2023100090HUANG Xinhe, WANG Changyan, FAN Longbin, et al. Effect of Oat Protein-coupled Co-assemble Hybridization Technology on Water Solubility of Rice Protein[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2024, 45(7): 134−141. (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2023100090· 研究与探讨 ·燕麦蛋白耦合异源共架技术对大米蛋白水溶性的影响黄馨禾1，王长艳1，范龙彬2，常雅宁1,*（1.华东理工大学食品科学与工程系生物反应器工程国家重点实验室，上海 200237；2.上海徐汇区地下空间开发有限公司，上海 200030）摘　要：为了通过燕麦蛋白耦合异源共架技术提升大米蛋白在水中的溶解特性，本研究以不同比例的大米蛋白和燕麦蛋白为原料，将两种蛋白在pH12的环境下混合，再恢复至中性进行共架。

测定蛋白的溶解性并通过分析十二烷基磺酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳、粒径、微观形态、乳化特性、起泡特性、傅里叶红外光谱等探究其作用机理。

结果显示，大米-燕麦蛋白的溶解度显著高于大米蛋白（8.49%±1.53%）（P <0.05），两者比例为1:0.6时达到最大值93.07%±2.15%。

经过异源共架处理的大米-燕麦蛋白复合物粒径为0.1 μm 左右，同时结构更加松散，大米蛋白和燕麦蛋白之间的疏水相互作用和氢键也发生了变化，使得大米蛋白的溶解度增加，进一步提升乳化特性和起泡特性。

水体富营养化英文PPT

In the chemical method, another way is to kill algae with algaecide.
This method is suitable for the water body of the lake water bloom. After algaecide kills the algae, the decomposition of algae will still release phosphorus. Therefore , algae killed by algaecide should be promptly removed, or some appropriate chemicals should be added into the water body to make phosphate precipitate.
Inject water Injecting water containing low concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus into lakes can dilute nutrient concentration.
Chemical methods
Coagulation and sedimentation Many kinds of cations can cause the phosphorus to precipitate from the aqueous solution effectively , such as iron, aluminum and calcium
Excess nutrients(N、P)
Autotrophic organisms (especially blue-green algae and red algae) grow quickly

江苏省如皋市2024_2025学年高二英语上学期期末教学质量调研试题

江苏省如皋市2024-2025学年高二英语上学期期末教学质量调研试题第一部分听力 (共两节，满分30分)第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分 7.5 分）听下面5段对话，每段对话后有一个小题。

从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。

听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。

每段对话仅读一遍。

1. Where does the conversation probably take place?A. In the street.B. On the bus.C. At the bus station.2. What are the speakers talking about?A. The weather.B. The man’s clothes.C. The vacation plan.3. How much RMB will the man get?A. About 480 yuan.B. About 600 yuan.C. About 4,800 yuan.4. When does the woman usually get up?A. At 4:00.B. At 6:00.C. At 8:00.5. Why does the man think he will fail the exam?A. His listening is poor.B. His reading is poor.C. His writing is poor.其次节（共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分）听下面5段对话或独白。

每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。

听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。

每段对话或独白读两遍。

听第6段材料，回答第6、7题。

6. What happened during the holiday?A. Mary didn’t go to Harbin.B. Jenny held a party.C. The man had moved house.7. When can the woman meet Jenny?A. On weekends.B. On weekdays.C. In summer holidays.听第7段材料，回答第8至10题。

水体富营养化导致蓝藻水华暴发

N:P ratios,light limitation,and cyanobacterial dominance in a subtropical lake impacted by non-point source nutrient pollutionKarl E.Havens a,*,R.Thomas James a ,Therese L.East a ,Val H.Smith baSouth Florida Water Management District,West Palm Beach,Florida 33406,USAbU niversity ofKansas,Lawrence,Kansas 66045,U SAReceived 2May 2002;accepted 19July 2002‘‘Capsule’’:Low ratios ofN:P and low underwater irradiance control dominance ofcyanobacteria in a subtropical lake.AbstractA long-term (28-year)data set was used to investigate historical changes in concentrations of phosphorus (P),nitrogen (N),N:P ratios,and Secchi disk transparency in a shallow subtropical lake (Lake Okeechobee,Florida,USA).The aim was to evaluate changes in the risk of N 2-ﬁxing cyanobacterial blooms,which have infrequently occurred in the lake’s pelagic zone.Predictions regarding bloom risk were based on previously published N:P ratio models.Temporal trends in the biomass of cyanobacteria were evaluated using phytoplankton data collected in 1974,1989–1992,and 1997–2000.Concentrations of pelagic total P increased from near 50m g l À1in the mid-1970s to over 100m g l À1in the late 1990s.Coincidentally,the total N:P (mass)ratio decreased from 30:1to below 15:1,and soluble N:P ratio decreased from 15:1to near 6:1,in the lake water.Published empirical models predict that current conditions favor cyanobacteria.The observations conﬁrm this prediction:cyanobacteria presently account for 50–80%of total phytoplankton biovolume.The historical decrease in TN:TP ratio in the lake can be attributed to a decreased TN:TP ratio in the inﬂow water and to a decline in the lake’s assimilation of P,relative to N.Coincident with these declines in total and soluble N:P ratios,Secchi disk transparency declined from 0.6m to near 0.3m,possibly due to increased mineral turbidity in the lake water.Empirical models predict that under the turbid,low irradiance conditions that prevail in this lake,non-heterocystous cyanobacteria should dominate the phytoplankton.Our observations conﬁrmed this prediction:non-N 2-ﬁxing taxa (primarily Oscillatoria and Lyngbya spp.)typically dominated the cyanobacteria community during the last decade.The only exception was a year with very low water levels,when heterocystous N 2-ﬁxing Anabaena became dominant.In the near-shore regions of this shallow lake,low N:P ratios potentially favor blooms of N 2-ﬁxing cyanobacteria,but their occurrence in the pelagic zone is restricted by low irradiance and lack of stable stratiﬁcation.#2002Elsevier Science Ltd.All rights reserved.Keywords:Cyanobacteria;Nitrogen:phosphorus ratios;Transparency;Shallow lakes1.IntroductionCyanobacteria dominance,and sometimes bloom formation,are among the most visible symptoms of accelerated eutrophication of lakes and reservoirs (Moss et al.,1997).At high densities,cyanobacteria produce taste and odor problems in drinking water,impair aes-thetics,and kill aquatic biota due to conditions asso-ciated with their senescence (e.g.low dissolved oxygen and high ammonia concentrations)and/or the productionof toxins (Paerl et al.,2001).Understanding the cause of cyanobacteria dominance has been a focal point of classical and contemporary limnological research.Early experimental whole-lake research (Schindler,1977)established that high concentrations of P,and a low N:P supply ratio,are favorable for the production of cya-nobacteria blooms.Smith (1983)evaluated data from a wide range of temperate lakes and concluded that a total N:P ratio (TN:TP)of 29:1diﬀerentiates between lakes with cyanobacteria dominance (TN:TP <29:1by mass)and lakes without such dominance (TN:TP >29:1).Smith et al.(1995)concluded that a mass ratio of 22:1provided a more distinct boundary0269-7491/03/$-see front matter #2002Elsevier Science Ltd.All rights reserved.P I I :S 0269-7491(02)00304-4Environmental Pollution 122(2003)379–390/locate/envpol*Corresponding author.Tel.:+1-561-682-6534;fax:+1-561-682-6442.E-mail address:khavens@ (K.E.Havens).between lakes dominated by N-ﬁxing cyanobacteria and lakes with low occurrence of these algae.The mechanism proposed(Smith,1983)to link cya-nobacteria dominance to a low TN:TP ratio is that all species of cyanobacteria are better able to compete for nitrogen than other phytoplankton when N is scarce. Therefore,when excessive P loading creates a surplus supply of phosphorus,N becomes relatively scarce and cyanobacteria are predicted to become dominant.Sub-sequent multi-lake surveys and controlled experiments (Smith and Bennett,1999)have generally supported this hypothesis(for a contrasting view,however,see Down-ing et al.,2001).Cyanobacterial blooms in moderately deep,stratiﬁed eutrophic lakes typically are comprised of N2-ﬁxing taxa,including Anabaena and Aphanizomenon(Paerl et al.,2001).These bloom-forming members of the Nos-tocaceae are strong resource competitors under condi-tions of nitrogen limitation because they canﬁx new nitrogen from N2,a gaseous source of inorganic nitro-gen that is not available to other phytoplankton (Horne,1979;Howarth et al.,1988;Tilman,1982).In contrast,shallow eutrophic lakes typically are domi-nated by cyanobacterial taxa that do notﬁx N2,in par-ticular the family Oscillatoriaceae,including Oscillatoria,Planktothrix,and Limnothrix(Berger, 1989;van Duin et al.,1995).The dominance of non-N2-ﬁxing cyanobacteria is attributed to their ability to maintain net growth at low underwater irradiance(van Duin et al.,1995).Oscillatoriaceae can attain high bio-mass in shallow eutrophic lakes,but do not form sur-face blooms.They continue to grow even when biomass and light attenuation become extremely high,possibly setting up a stable feedback loop that maintains their dominance over other phytoplankton species(Scheﬀer et al.,1997).A long-term(28-year)data set from a large sub-tropical lake(Lake Okeechobee,Florida,USA)pro-vides an opportunity to further evaluate the factors that control cyanobacterial biomass and taxonomic compo-sition in phytoplankton communities.This lake has displayed a wide range of TN:TP ratios,underwater irradiances,and phytoplankton composition,and has infrequent blooms of N2-ﬁxers such as Anabaena circi-nalis(Jones,1987).Most often it is dominated by Oscillatoria and Lyngbya(Havens et al.,1998).The lake also experiences frequent wind resuspension of its mud bottom sediments(Jin et al.,2000),and has a corre-spondingly high contribution of abiotic seston to underwater light attenuation(Havens,1995a).During winter the phytoplankton can include a high relative biovolume of small centric diatoms and pico-plankton (Phlips et al.,1997).Our objective is to use a long-term water chemistry data set(1973–2000),and historic phy-toplankton data sets(1974,1989–1992,1997–2000)to address the following questions:1.Have pelagic nutrient concentrations and N:Pratios changed in a direction that favors bloom-forming,N2-ﬁxing cyanobacteria?2.Have there been historical changes in the abso-lute and the relative biomass of cyanobacteria,and are those changes consistent with predictionsbased on nutrient-ratio theory?3.Is there evidence that low underwater irradiancesuppresses dominance by N2-ﬁxing cyano-bacteria,relative to what would be predictedfrom N:P ratios?4.What are the lake management implications ofthese results,from the perspective of LakeOkeechobee and other shallow eutrophic lakes?2.Study siteLake Okeechobee(Fig.1)is a natural lake located at 27 000N,80 500W in south Florida,USA.A dike that was constructed in the early part of the20th century for regionalﬂood control encircles the lake,and its hydrol-ogy is constrained by water control structures on all outﬂows and all but one inﬂow.Depth in the pelagic zone averages3m,with a maximal depth of4.5m.In addition to providingﬂood protection and water sup-ply,the lake’s littoral zone is an important wildlife habitat,and the ecosystem supports a valuable recrea-tionalﬁshery(Furse and Fox,1993).3.Data sourcesWater chemistry data were obtained from the long-term monitoring program of the South Florida Water Management District(SFWMD),and included monthly (October–April)or twice monthly(May–September) data from eight pelagic stations(Fig.1).The period of record was January1973to December2000.We exam-ined data for near-surface samples of TP,TN,soluble reactive P(SRP),dissolved inorganic N(DIN= NO x-N+NH4-N),chlorophyll a,and Secchi transpar-ency.The methods of sample collection,processing, analysis,and quality control follow established standard protocols of the Florida Department of Environmental Protection that are described in detail in James et al. (1995a).Unless otherwise indicated,data reported in this paper for any given year are arithmetic means from the eight pelagic stations.Full yearly data,rather than data from some speci-ﬁed‘‘growing season’’were used here for several rea-sons.First,conditions in this Florida lake are favorable for phytoplankton growth year-round in some lake regions.Water temperatures in the pelagic region vary only from approximately18to30 C between winter and mid-summer,respectively(Havens380K.E.Havens et al./Environmental Pollution122(2003)379–390et al.,1994).In the central pelagic region,a higher degree of sediment resuspension during the windy win-ter season does restrict phytoplankton growth (Phlips et al.,1993),but at that same time of year,phyto-plankton maxima have been observed in western pela-gic regions (Phlips et al.,1993).Second,use of yearly-averaged data allows for consistency when comparing in-lake TN:TP ratios with ratios in total yearly loads from the watershed.Third,when we compared historic trends in TP,TN,TN:TP and other attributes pre-sented in this paper,on both a yearly average vs.sum-mer average (May-September)basis,no substantive diﬀerences were found.Nutrient loading data were examined with a focus on the loading ratio of TN:TP and the relative residence times of N vs.P (t N or t P =lake mass+annual change in lake mass/output mass+mass loss to sediments).The net sedimentation coeﬃcient for P (calculated here as (input Àoutput)/change in lake mass)also was calcu-lated from the lake nutrient budget.These attributes were examined in order to explain observed historic changes in lake water TN:TP ratios.Water andnutrientFig.1.Map of Lake Okeechobee,showing locations of long-term (1973–2000)water quality monitoring stations (open circles),and the stations where data were collected for evaluation of phytoplankton biovolume and taxonomic composition by Marshall (1977,black circles),Cichra et al.(1995,grey circles),and the ongoing SFWMD sampling program (grey squares).The small inset map shows the location of this lake in Florida,USA.K.E.Havens et al./Environmental Pollution 122(2003)379–390381budgets for Lake Okeechobee are determined based on data collected at32inﬂow/outﬂow monitoring sites plus the eight in-lake pelagic monitoring stations.Flows at tributary structures are continuously monitored and nutrient sampling is done with a combination of monthly or twice monthly grab samples and time-com-posite autosamplers.Water depths in the lake were determined from a network of12stage recorders main-tained by the SFWMD and United States Army Corps of Engineers.Details of this sampling program and nutrient budget calculations are provided in James et al. (1995b).Phytoplankton data were compiled from a number of successive programs carried out on the lake since the early1970s.Sampling carried out by Marshall(1977) during1974included the eight long-term water quality monitoring stations.Cichra et al.(1995)sampled21 stations from1988to1990,and the SFWMD collected phytoplankton samples from four pelagic stations from 1997to2000.Marshall(1977)and Cichra et al.(1995) sampled monthly.The SFWMD sampling was every other month from1994to1999and monthly thereafter. To maintain spatial continuity in the data set,we inclu-ded only data from the four stations located closest to the current SFWMD phytoplankton sampling stations in our analyses.In all sampling programs,the phyto-plankton was preserved in Lugols solution and counted with an inverted microscope at1000Âmagniﬁcation or higher following the methods of Lund et al.(1958). Species’cell volumes were determined by measuring cells and approximating their shapes to regular geo-metric solids,and data are expressed as population bio-volumes(m m3mlÀ1).Here we focus on both the absolute and the relative biovolumes of all cyano-bacteria;of N2-ﬁxing cyanobacteria;and of selected cyanobacterial taxa including Anabaena,Aphanizome-non,Microcystis,Oscillatoria,and Lyngbya.All of these taxa have been dominant at one time or another in the recent history of the lake(Havens et al.,1998)and they all are implicated with water quality problems in other eutrophic lakes and reservoirs(Paerl et al.,2001).For comparative purposes,we also evaluated data from Lake Okeechobee in the context of other published studies,drawing upon datasets published in Smith (1985,1986).4.Results and discussionke nutrient statusTotal P concentrations in Lake Okeechobee display year-to-year variation(Fig.2A)that is positively corre-lated with water levels in the lake(Canﬁeld and Hoyer, 1988);this variation has been explained based on a number of physical and biological mechanisms(Havens,1997).Over the28-year period of record,there has been a general increase in TP,with concentrations in the early1970s averaging near50m g lÀ1,compared to>100 m g lÀ1since the late1990s.Total N concentrations (Fig.2B)also increased from the early1970s to1981, but then declined to near the original values in the1980s and1990s.As a result of these historic changes,the lake water TN:TP ratio decreased from approximately30:1 (with considerable variability)prior to1982to below 15:1in the1980s and1990s.According to Smith et al. (1995),lake water TN:TP ratios below22:1favor dom-inance by N2-ﬁxing cyanobacteria.Soluble reactive P concentrations(Fig.3A)display year-to-year variation that tracks changes in TP.There generally are high concentrations of SRP in the pelagic water of Lake Okeechobee,reﬂecting a surplus of P and explaining why the phytoplankton almost never are found to be limited by P in nutrient-addition bioassays (Aldridge et al.,1995;Phlips et al.,1997).Although DIN also displays high seasonal and year-to-year var-iation(Fig.3B),there is no signiﬁcant long-termtrend Fig.2.Yearly average concentrations of total phosphorus,TP(A), total nitrogen,TN(B),and the TN:TP ratio(C)in Lake Okeechobee from1973to2000.The data are means calculated from monthly or semi-monthly sampling at the eight pelagic stations shown in Fig.1. The critical ratio of22:1by mass(Smith et al.,1995),below which cyanobacteria dominance is predicted to occur,is shown in panel C.382K.E.Havens et al./Environmental Pollution122(2003)379–390in this attribute.During mid-summer,DIN concentra-tions typically decline to levels that are limiting for phytoplankton growth (Phlips et al.,1997).The ratio of DIN:SRP declined from near 20:1by mass (with con-siderable variation)in the early 1970s to ratios below 10:1after this time (Fig.3C).DIN:SRP ratios <10:1by mass are considered to indicate strongly nitrogen-limit-ing conditions that favor the growth and proliferation of N 2-ﬁxing cyanobacteria (Horne and Commins,1987;Smith et al.,1995).4.2.Nutrient loading ratiosThe historical trend in TN:TP loading ratio (by mass)is similar to that displayed by lake water TN:TP ratios (Fig.4A).Loading ratios averaged near 18:1in the 1970s,and then declined after 1982to near 12:1.Both lake and loading ratios declined from the ﬁrst to the second decade of sampling (Fig.4B).However,from the second to third decade,TN:TP ratios in the lake waterdeclined further,without a corresponding change in loading ratios.There also has been a parallel decrease in the N:P residence time ratio (Fig.5A).Vollenweider (1974)sug-gested that a shift in the N:P residence time ratio to values below 1may mark a change from phosphorus to nitrogen limitation of algal productivity,and indeed this shift in nutrient limitation status has been documented for Lake Okeechobee (Havens,1995b).Janus et al.(1990)concluded,‘‘if the [N:P residence time ratio]trend continues to a value below about 1,the implica-tion is that blooms of blue-green N 2-ﬁxers will become a more prominent feature of the lake,which may result in chronic water quality problems.’’In regard to the mechanism underlying the lake’s decreasing N:P resi-dence time ratio,we suspect that after decades of excessive P loads,the system has experienced a decrease in its ability to process incoming P.A downward trend in the net P sedimentation coeﬃcient (Fig.5B)conﬁrms that the lake’s capacity to assimilate P is decreasing,favoring a greater development of P surplus and N lim-itation (Havens and Schelske,2001).The recent ﬁnding (Fisher et al.,2001)of increased sedimentporewaterFig.4.Yearly average loading ratio of TN:TP (by mass)for inﬂows to Lake Okeechobee from 1973to 2000(A),and relationship between lake water TN:TP and inﬂow loading TN:TP (B).Three decades of data are diﬀerentiated in panel B to more clearly illustrate the changes that have occurred over time.Critical ratios for cyanobacteria dom-inance are taken from Smith et al.(1995)for the lake water and Flett et al.(1980)for theloads.Fig.3.Yearly average concentrations of soluble reactive phosphorus,SRP (A),dissolved inorganic nitrogen,DIN (B),and the DIN:SRP ratio (C)in Lake Okeechobee from 1973to 2000.The data are means calculated from monthly or semi-monthly sampling at the eight pelagic stations shown in Fig.1.The critical ratio of 10:1by mass (Horne and Commins,1987),below which cyanobacteria dominance is predicted to occur,is shown in panel C.K.E.Havens et al./Environmental Pollution 122(2003)379–390383SRP concentrations relative to porewater conditions that were measured one decade ago provides additional support for this hypothesis.The nutrient loading study by Janus et al.(1992)occurred just after a large pelagic bloom of Anabaena circinalis occurred in summer 1986(Jones,1987;Swift et al.,1987).However,despite a consistently low N:P residence time ratio,large pelagic Anabaena blooms have not re-occurred on the lake.Blooms of hetero-cystous cyanobacteria are instead frequently observed in sheltered regions near the lake shore,where there is a strong positive correlation between algal blooms and concentrations of TP in the water (Havens and Walker,2002).4.3.Other water quality attributesCoincident with the increasing TP concentrations in Lake Okeechobee there has been a decline in Secchi disk transparency (Fig.6A).There has not,however,been a corresponding increase in phytoplankton chlorophyll a (Fig.6B),suggesting that the lake may have experienced an increase in the amount of mineral turbidity in its water column,possibly due to greater sediment resus-pension.There is unfortunately no long-term record of non-volatile suspended solids for this lake,so it is not possible to test this hypothesis directly.However,Havens and James (1999)documented that there has been lateral expansion of the soft ﬂuid mud sediments that occur in the lake’s central pelagic area,and that site-speciﬁc declines in Secchi disk transparency coin-cide temporally with sediment migration into certain lake regions.The observed decline in average Secchi depth may therefore indicate a progressive increase in the number of pelagic stations with low transparencies,as mud sediment has migrated outward over time from the lake’s center.Other hypotheses,such as tightly cou-pled primary production/zooplankton grazing/detritus production,seem less likely,because it has been experi-mentally documented that zooplankton grazing has no signiﬁcant eﬀects on phytoplankton in this lake (Havens et al.,1996).Diminished light conditions in the lake might favor Oscillatoriaceae,as noted above.Alternatively,the lower light levels could suppress dominance by all spe-cies of cyanobacteria,in favor of other phytoplankton,if the concentrations of inorganic suspended seston become suﬃciently high (van Duin et al.,1995;Knowl-ton and Jones,1996;Smith and Bennett,1999).4.4.Cyanobacteria biomass and dominanceIn 1974,the biovolume of cyanobacteria averaged ca.3Â106m m 3ml À1,accounting for roughly 30%of the total phytoplankton biovolume in the lake (Fig.7A,B).The total biovolumes of cyanobacteria in 1989,1990,Fig.6.Yearly average Secchi disk transparencies (A)and concentra-tions of plankton chlorophyll a (B)in Lake Okeechobee from 1973to 2000.The data are means calculated from monthly or semi-monthly sampling at the eight pelagic stations shown in Fig.1.Fig.5.Ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus residence time (t N /t P )in Lake Okeechobee from 1973to 2000(A).The solid line is a least-squares linear regression model ﬁt to the phosphorus assimilation by the lake from 1973to 2000(B).The solid line is a polynomial regres-sion model ﬁt to the data.Methods for calculating residence time and assimilation are described in the text.384K.E.Havens et al./Environmental Pollution 122(2003)379–3901992and 1997–2000were not dramatically diﬀerent than in 1974,but their contribution to the total phyto-plankton biovolume was consistently higher than in 1974,with the relative biomass of all cyanobacteria ranging from 50to 80%.This increase in cyanobacterial dominance agrees with expectations based on the observed reductions in lake water TN:TP ratios,and with the widespread N-limitation of phytoplankton production that has been documented in Lake Okee-chobee during the past decade (Aldridge et al.,1995;Phlips et al.,1997).In the document containing phytoplankton data from 1974(Marshall,1977),there are no quantitative data regarding individual taxa of algae.Therefore it is not possible to evaluate the relative biomass of N 2-ﬁxing vs.non N 2-ﬁxing cyanobacterial species in that year.How-ever,in 1989,1990and 1992,the contributions of het-erocystous cyanobacteria to the total (Fig.8A)were only 20–40%,and similar results were obtained in 1997to 1999.A much higher relative biomass (80%)of N 2-ﬁxing cyanobacteria occurred in 2000,a year when water levels dropped by nearly 1.5m during a regional drought,and large near-shore areas exhibited con-siderably enhanced light penetration through the water column (Havens et al.,2001).These improved lightconditions might have stimulated growth of N 2-ﬁxing cyanobacteria,which subsequently were transported to the pelagic region.In 2000,the cyanobacteria was dominated by Anabaena spp.(A.circinalis and A.lim-netica ),whereas Oscillatoria and Lyngbya were domi-nant in the other years when water column light availability was lower (Fig.8B).In certain years (1989and 1997),Cylindrospermopsis also had a relatively high biovolume.This alga is a N 2-ﬁxer in the family Nosto-caceae,but it has morphological and ecological char-acteristics resembling members of the family Oscillatoriaceae (see below).The dominance by Oscillatoria and Lyngbya in most years of the survey,when Secchi disk transparency was low,is consistent with the general model presented in Havens et al.(1998),and with research results from other shallow turbid lakes.Berger (1989)concluded that lakes with mean depth of <3.0m and low Secchi depth are expected to be dominated by Oscillatoriaceae,which have adaptations to permit eﬀective light harvesting under low irradiance conditions.These adaptations include high chlorophyll-to-biovolume ratios,high con-centrations of accessory photo-pigments,and a large surface-to-volume ratio (Zevenboom et al.,1982;Fig.8.Percent of yearly averaged cyanobacteria biovolumes due to N 2-ﬁxing and non-N 2-ﬁxing taxa (A)in Lake Okeechobee in 1989–1992,and 1997–2000.Corresponding data for the dominant cyano-bacteria genera (B).There are no comparable data at this level of resolution available from the 1974study.Fig.7.Yearly average biovolumes (A)of total phytoplankton and cyanobacteria in Lake Okeechobee in 1974,1989–1992,and 1997–2000.The data are means of monthly sampling at the four pelagic stations shown in Fig.1.Relative cyanobacterial biomass (percent of total biovolume due to cyanobacteria)(B)based on the same data.K.E.Havens et al./Environmental Pollution 122(2003)379–390385Hosper,1997;Phlips et al.,1997).Reynolds(1984) called these taxa the‘‘shade plants’’of the phyto-plankton,and there are many reports in the literature of near-complete dominance of the plankton by Oscilla-toria,Lyngbya,and Planktothrix in strongly light-lim-ited lakes(e.g.Berger1989;Rucker et al.,1997;Scheﬀer et al.,1997).A detailed evaluation of phytoplankton responses to light and nutrients in Lake Okeechobee(Phlips et al., 1997)supports the hypothesis that low light conditions have a strong controlling inﬂuence on phytoplankton community structure.A series of controlled experiments were performed in1994and1995to evaluate growth responses of the lake’s phytoplankton to a range of irradiances and N and P concentrations;these experi-ments were coupled with simultaneousﬁeld observa-tions of heterocyst abundance,N2ﬁxation,and DIN concentrations.The experiments conﬁrmed that low light availability in the pelagic zone,during winter to spring,limits algal growth to a level below that poten-tially supported by available supplies of N and P. Nitrogen limits algal growth in summer and early fall,at which time there is a signiﬁcant relationship in the lake between heterocyst density,N2ﬁxation,and the deple-tion of DIN.Phlips et al.(1997)also documented that during1994–1995(a period not covered by our routine sampling program),the dominant phytoplankton taxa were non-heterocystous cyanobacteria(Oscillatoria and Lyngbya),small centric diatoms,and1–2m m pico-phy-toplankton.The authors suggested that the small cell size/ﬁlament diameter of these species allows them to make better use of the low amounts of light in the water column,and that this largely determines their dom-inance.On one occasion(May–June1994),however,the phytoplankton at a northern station(L001)was instead dominated by Anabaena.This species shift coincided with high rates of N2ﬁxation,a high density of hetero-cysts,a peak in total phytoplankton biomass,and importantly,an increase in the mean water column irradiance.Taken together,these results support the hypothesis that in Lake Okeechobee a low lake water TN:TP ratio provides nutrient conditions that are potentially favorable for dominance by N2-ﬁxing cya-nobacteria,but that their occurrence is often modiﬁed or restricted by low light availability.The occurrence of Cylindrospermopsis in Lake Okee-chobee is consistent with the hypothesis that low irra-diances aﬀect taxonomic structure in the cyanobacteria assemblage(Havens et al.,1998).Although this alga can ﬁx N2,it often does not produce heterocysts,and unlike other members of the family Nostocaceae,when it pro-liferates,theﬁlaments remain mixed through the water column(i.e.it does not form surface blooms;St. Amand,2002).The cells are very small(2–3m m),pro-viding a large surface to volume ratio,and active growth can occur under low light conditions.Cylindrospermopsis has invaded many eutrophic Florida lakes(Chapman and Schelske,1997;St. Amand,2002),ﬁlling a niche typically exploited by Oscillatoria and Lyngbya.Further research is needed to quantify competition between Cylindrospermopsis and the native phytoplankton taxa for resources,including dissolved inorganic N.Research should also be designed to tease apart the interactive eﬀects of nutrient supply, light levels,and turbulence on control of cyanobacterial community structure and competitive interactions with eukaryotic phytoplankton.parisons with published data and empirical modelsSmith(1985)presented data fromﬁve sources in Eur-ope and North America,which when plotted as growing season averages,indicate an inverse relationship between cyanobacterial dominance and TN:TP ratios. When his data were re-plotted with the data from Lake Okeechobee(Fig.9A),it is apparent that our new resultsﬁt the general inverse pattern,with percent cya-nobacteria values at the higher end of the range observed by Smith(1985),except for the1974datum. Fig.9.Relationship between percent of total phytoplankton biovo-lume due to cyanobacteria(A)and percent due to N2-ﬁxing cyano-bacteria(B)and water column TN:TP ratios.Open circles are data from various lakes compiled by Smith(1985);closed triangles are the data from Lake Okeechobee.In panel B there are only7data points, because the report of phytoplankton studies from1974(Marshall, 1977)did not quantify the percentage of N2-ﬁxing cyanobacteria in the community.386K.E.Havens et al./Environmental Pollution122(2003)379–390。

安乐死在中国是否执行英语作文

安乐死在中国是否执行英语作文篇一：The mercy-killing has been becoming the hot topic around the world, and fierce discussion about its legalization occurs at home and abroad. In my opinion, the mercy-killing should be legalized.For these patients who can never be cured, death is unavoidable to them, so putting the mercy-killing into practice is the best way to let them get rid of the great pain. And these patients have to suffer from the pain, at the same time, their family members have to stand the burdens economically or mentally, as a result, their family bread down. Therefore, it's merciful for the doctors to help these patience come to an end of their life with the mercy-killing. In addition, to reduce the pain of the patients is one of the doctors' duty, so mercy-killing is moral. To be frank, everyone has the right and freedom to manage their own final destiny, such as refuse any cure. And thus right also includes the freedom of choosing to die as well as the ways of death, even when it's necessary to ask somebody else to end their life.Therefore, again, I want to call on the legitimization of the mercy-killing to let the patients get rid of the struggle between life and death as soon as possible, aimed at letting them live beautifully as well as die with dignity.篇二：Euthanasia，a quiet and easy death，or “mercy killing”as we call it recently has made the headlines frequently. many people applaud it and argue that euthanasia should be legalized.as is pointed out，to practise euthanasia can benefit both the patient and his family. to a terminally ill person who is suffering excruciating pains day and night or living“like a vegetable”，to be allowed to end his life painlessly is a good release. to his family it is also a big relief considering the financial and emotional drain on them that having to sustain his life entails. However，the legalization of euthanasia may also bring with it problems our society has not previously faced. is it humane，for example，that a terminally ill patient is thus caused to feel guilty for remaining alive because he does not want to die？is it wise that a patient is killed alive simply because of a mistaken terminal diagnosis？and is it possible that euthanasia could be taken advantage of for some ulterior or even criminal purposes？since the legalization of euthanasia will raise serious moral and social issues，the decision our society makes about euthanasia will undoubtedly have tremendous consequences in society.。

Ethics of Euthanasia

Ethics of EuthanasiaEuthanasia, also known as assisted suicide, is a controversial issue that has been debated for decades. It is the act of intentionally ending a person's life to relieve their suffering. The ethics of euthanasia are complex and multifaceted, with different perspectives and opinions on the matter. In this response, I will explore the various ethical considerations involved in euthanasia and provide insights from different perspectives.One perspective on euthanasia is that it is morally wrong and goes against the sanctity of life. This view is often held by religious groups who believe that life is a gift from God and should not be taken away by humans. They argue that euthanasia is a form of murder and that it is not our place to decide when someone should die. From this perspective, euthanasia is seen as a violation of human dignity and a disregard for the inherent value of human life.On the other hand, proponents of euthanasia argue that it is a compassionate and humane way to relieve suffering. They argue that people should have the right to die with dignity and that euthanasia can provide a peaceful and painless death. From this perspective, euthanasia is seen as a way to respect a person's autonomy and their right to make decisions about their own life and death.Another perspective on euthanasia is that it is a slippery slope that could lead to abuse and exploitation. Critics of euthanasia argue that it could be used to justify the killing of vulnerable groups such as the elderly, disabled, and mentally ill. They argue that it is difficult to ensure that euthanasia is only used in cases where it is truly necessary and that it could be misused by doctors or family members who have their own interests at heart. From this perspective, euthanasia is seen as a dangerous and unethical practice that could lead to the devaluing of human life.However, supporters of euthanasia argue that strict regulations and guidelines can be put in place to prevent abuse and ensure that euthanasia is only used in cases where it is appropriate. They argue that the decision to end one's life should be made with the guidance of medical professionals and that it should only be considered when all otheroptions have been exhausted. From this perspective, euthanasia is seen as a responsible and ethical practice that can provide relief to those who are suffering.In conclusion, the ethics of euthanasia are complex and multifaceted. There are valid arguments on both sides of the debate, with different perspectives on the value of life, the right to die with dignity, and the potential for abuse. Ultimately, the decision on whether or not to legalize euthanasia should be made with careful consideration of all these factors, and with the goal of promoting the well-being and autonomy of individuals while also upholding the sanctity of life.。

潘家口水库宽城水域生态渔业方案设计

潘家口水库宽城水域生态渔业方案设计作者：章小娟张海生刘小平王双郭爱红来源：《河北渔业》2023年第11期摘要：为了确保实现“以渔养水、以渔洁水”的绿色生态养殖，在保护生态环境的大前提下推动渔业绿色发展，对潘家口水库宽城水域进行水体富营养化评价与增养殖容量调查。

结果显示，潘家口水库宽城水域滤食性鱼类和底栖动物食性鱼类总增殖容量范围为：9 858.93～14 793.78 t，其中，滤食性水生动物增殖容量范围为9 856～14 785 t，底栖动物食性鱼类增殖容量范围为2.93～8.78 t。

根据鱼类生长年限和库区优势鱼种池沼公鱼的繁殖特性，结合潘家口水库宽城水域增养殖总容量，成鱼按照2 kg/尾计算，折合成鱼493万～740万尾，第一年增殖不少于50%，首次增殖鱼苗250万～370万尾，鳙∶鲢为1∶3～1∶4，投放规格0.10 kg/尾；第二年和第三年的增殖量为243万～370万尾，鳙∶鲢为1∶2～1∶3，投放规格0.10 kg/尾。

后期也可以根据实际水库的水质情况调整鲢鳙的比例。

关键词：水体营养状态；增养殖容量；增殖方案潘家口水库是引滦工程的源头，是天津、唐山两市的重要水源地，位于河北省迁西县的滦河干流上，跨兴隆、宽城和迁西三地，控制流域面积33 700 km2，其中宽城县6.79万亩（4 527 hm2），占总面积的65.3%。

为充分响应“以渔养水、以渔洁水”，改善水体富营养化的环境现状，我们团队利用了一年多的时间对库区进行富营养化水平评价与增养殖容量调查，并基于此提出合理的增殖技术方案，现报告如下。

1水体富营养化水平评价1.1评价标准及方法对潘家口水库宽城水域水库水质参数包括透明度、总氮、总磷、高锰酸盐指数、叶绿素a 共计5项指标进行现场监测或实验室检测，并对宽城潘家口水域水质现状和富营养化程度做出评价。

水体富营养化水平按照《地表水资源质量评价技术规程》[1]进行评价，评价指标包括叶绿素a、总氮、总磷、高锰酸盐指数和透明度等5项，湖库营养状态评价标准及方法见表1。