The use of commas in parenthetical; in numbers;in names
[自学考试密押题库与答案解析]外语教学法自考题模拟4
![[自学考试密押题库与答案解析]外语教学法自考题模拟4](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/51b8cba4767f5acfa0c7cd9c.png)
B.gradation selection principle
C.four skills principle
D.presentation principle
答案:C[解析] 口语法是以语法为基础的教学法，给语言课程建立了一个选择(Selection)的科学理论，并制定了一系列选择标准，语法和词汇按难易程度分层次教学(Gradation)，新的语言点通过有意义的情景活动得到展示与练习(Presentation)。因此排除C。
问题:4. An ultimate purpose of learning a foreign language in a Grammar-Translation classroom is to enable the learners to______.
A.think and communicate in the target language
B.get a practical command of the four basic skills of the language
C.get the same types of abilities that native speakers have
D.read and translate its literature.
A.Cognitive theory
B.Suggestopaedia
C.Acculturation theory
D
答案:C[解析] 文化认同说产生于20世纪70年代末，是由美国的舒曼(Schumann)和安德森(Anderson)提出的，指的是一种文化的成员要想在另一种文化之中行动自如，他们就得改变自己的态度、知识结构和行为举止。选项A的代表人物是皮亚杰，着重研究人的认知能力对语言习得的影响；选项B是新兴的外语教学法暗示法，与本题无关；选项D是由乔姆斯基提出的语言习得机制(Language Acquisition Device)，认为儿童天生脑中就有一个语言习得机制来习得语言。
插入语英语作文模板
插入语英语作文模板The Importance of Using Insertion Phrases in English Writing。
Introduction。
English writing is an essential skill for communication in today's globalized world. Whether it's for academic, professional, or personal purposes, being able to express oneself effectively in written English is crucial. One aspect of writing that is often overlooked but can greatly enhance the quality of a piece is the use of insertion phrases. In this article, we will explore the importance of using insertion phrases in English writing and provide some examples of how to incorporate them into your own writing.What are Insertion Phrases?Insertion phrases, also known as parenthetical phrases or interrupters, are words or phrases that are inserted into a sentence to provide additional information, clarify a point, or add emphasis. These phrases are set off by commas, dashes, or parentheses and can be used to create a more dynamic and engaging writing style. Insertion phrases can be used in various types of writing, including essays, reports, emails, and creative writing.The Importance of Using Insertion Phrases。
华东师范大学成人高等教育学位英语考试真题
华东师范大学成人高等教育学位英语考试真题全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1East China Normal University Adult Higher Education Degree English Exam PaperPart A: Reading Comprehension (40 points)Directions: There are four passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneQuestions 1-5 are based on the passage you have just heard.1. According to the passage, what is the main purpose of American holidays?A) To work towards a more unified country.B) To celebrate the founding of America.C) To provide time off for workers.D) To honor historical events.2. When does the legal celebration of the 4th of July take place?A) July 4thB) The closest Monday to the 4th of July.C) The weekend following the 4th of July.D) The last Monday in July.3. Which statement best reflects the passage's discussion of Halloween?A) Halloween is a mysterious holiday with origins in American history.B) Halloween is the most celebrated holiday in America.C) Halloween was once an important religious holiday.D) Halloween has evolved over the years and has different meanings for different people.4. What is the pattern of American holiday celebrations, according to the speaker?A) Americans celebrate holidays with a lot of tradition, often regardless of their individual views on the holiday.B) Americans are intrigued by new holidays, creating many obscure holidays to celebrate.C) Americans celebrate most holidays similarly to the rest of the world.D) Americans don't really celebrate holidays.5. What tone does the speaker use to describe American holidays?A) NostalgicB) CriticalC) SatiricalD) Objective1. [答案] C2. [答案] A3. [答案] D4. [答案] A5. [答案] DPassage TwoQuestions 6-10 are based on the passage you have just heard.6. What time of year does the Chinese New Year usually fall?A) In FebruaryB) In JanuaryC) In MarchD) In December7. What sign of the zodiac is associated with the upcoming year 2019?A) The DogB) The PigC) The MonkeyD) The Rat8. What are some of the traditions associated with the Chinese New Year?A) Sending greeting cardsB) Setting off fireworksC) Eating dumplingsD) All of the above9. According to the speaker, what should listeners do in preparation for the Chinese New Year?A) Stock up on fireworksB) Clean their housesC) Buy new clothesD) Paint their front doors10. What is the speaker's overall attitude towards the Chinese New Year?A) CriticalB) NostalgicC) ObjectiveD) Enthusiastic6. [答案] A7. [答案] B8. [答案] D9. [答案] B10. [答案] DPassage ThreeQuestions 11-15 are based on the passage you have just heard.11. What two countries are primarily discussed in this passage?A) The United States and AustraliaB) The United States and EnglandC) China and JapanD) England and France12. How does the speaker describe American English?A) As the most common language in the worldB) As a second language for many European countriesC) As a language spoken by just a few peopleD) As a difficult language to learn13. According to the speaker, what is the point of British English?A) To unify the languages of the worldB) To make a distinction between English languagesC) To confuse English speakersD) To make English easier to understand14. What does the speaker compare Australian English to?A) British EnglishB) American EnglishC) Canadian EnglishD) New Zealand English15. What does the speaker imply about Chinese English speakers?A) Chinese English speakers have trouble learning American English.B) Chinese English speakers are better at speaking British English.C) Chinese English speakers are easily confused between American and British English.D) Chinese English speakers have no trouble understanding English.11. [答案] B12. [答案] A13. [答案] B14. [答案] D15. [答案] CPassage FourQuestions 16-20 are based on the passage you have just heard.16. Where does the speaker say that Valentine's Day traditions originate?A) In the United StatesB) In Great BritainC) In EuropeD) In Asia17. What does the speaker say that people typically give one another on Valentine's Day?A) PresentsB) Hugs and kissesC) LettersD) All of the above18. What does the speaker say about the history of Valentine's Day?A) That it is shrouded in mysteryB) That it is a well-known holiday with a certain historyC) That its history is well-documentedD) That it is famous for being a new holiday19. Why does the speaker describe Christmas as a "brilliant" holiday?A) Because it has the most traditionsB) Because it has the most commercial valueC) Because it is the most expensive holidayD) Because it is celebrated on February 1420. What tone does the speaker use when discussing holidays in general?A) HumorousB) CriticalC) EnthusiasticD) Neutral16. [答案] C17. [答案] D18. [答案] A19. [答案] A20. [答案] CPart B: Translation (10 points)Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese and write the translation on the Answer Sheet.Many people believe that luck plays a major role in our lives. Some say that luck can be influenced by certain actions or behaviors, while others believe that luck is simply a matter of chance. Whether you believe in luck or not, it is undeniable that good fortune can bring happiness and success. In the end, we make our own luck through hard work and perseverance.Part C: Dialogue Comprehe...篇2华东师范大学成人高等教育学位英语考试真题Part I Vocabulary and Structure (10 points)Directions: There are 10 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.1. There _______ a boat race on the river this Sunday.A. will holdB. will be heldC. is holdingD. is to be held2. He often leaves the office late, ________?A. doesn't heB. is he?C. does heD. isn't he?3. Grace is very _______ in English, which surprises me.A. goodB. wellC. bestD. better4. I _______ her when I meet her tomorrow.A. will tellB. told goC. will say.D. will talk5. The young man went to the _______ to report the loss of his wallet.A. stationB. police stationC. railway stationD. bus station6. The geography class is ________ in Room 302 of Office Building.A. took placeB. holdC. being heldD. was held7. The Moon travels round the Earth and the Earth _______ round the Sun.A. travelB. travelsC. has traveledD. is traveling8. If it ________ tomorrow, we’ll go to pick grames.A. doesn't rainB. isn't rainingC. not rainsD. won’t rain9. They want to know the best way how the city can be_______.A. decoratingB. decoratedC. to decoratedD. being decorated10. These few months, the government has put a great deal of money into the ______ of the hospitals.A. reconstructedB. reconstructionC. reconstructingD. reconstructPart II Cloze Test (10 points)Directions: There are 10 blanks in the following passage, which are numbered from 21 to 30. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that best fills in the blank and write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.For the KidsAs our many visits to the parks showed, kids are not about sitting still. They need to move, move and keep moving. This is especially true of (21) ones who are too young to start school. This is the reason why playgrounds exist. They might seem silly to adults but for kids, they are the (22) . A park is a place with structures that are not only fun (23) but also safe to play on. Kids get to go up and down the slides, (24) around on the seesaws, try to hang on the monkey bars for as long (25) possible, and play tag with (26) ing up with games they can (27) is not difficult for kids. They do it without any planning or forethought. They just do it, (28) out the necessary rules as they go. These games give them practice in problem (29) and working together with others. They don’t have to deal with peer pressure under parents’ or adults’ (30) watching eyes. Kids need spaces where they can be kids, and playgrounds provide just that.Part III Reading Comprehension (30 points)Directions: There are three reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that you think fits best, and write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. ALose Little Control with Parental ControlNo parents would like to see their kids spending too much time on phones, game consoles or tablets. Fortunately, these problems will soon be solved.The latest solution to keep an eye on your kids involves the use of parental control apps. With such apps, you can keep a close eye on time spent on apps, phone calls, WhatsApp and internet access. Some of these apps also have the added function of allowing you to see messages and photos your child sends, and to further protect them from potential dangers.However, having too much control is never a good thing, such as limiting the amount of hours kids can use phones to less than two hours each day. It may just stress parents out more as they have to constantly keep an eye on the time. In the end, it’s all about finding a balance between ensuring the wellbeing of children and not losing control of the situation. Do you thinkparental control apps are worth using, or are they just another way of losing control over kid’s activity?31. Parents use parental control apps toA. see their kids’ smartphones usage.B. keep their kids from potential dangers.C. stress themselves out.D. a balance between ensuring the welfare of children.32. What is the author’s attitude towards using parental control apps?A. Approval.B. Disapproval.C. Neutral.D. Doubtful.33. What does the author recommend parents to do with regard to their kids’ smartphone use?A. Keep a close eye on kids’ time on phones.B. Limit kids’ smartphone use to less than two hours each day.C. Allow kids to use phones unrestrictedly.D. A balance between ensuring children’s welfare and not losing control.The above passages and questions are examples of the kind of content that may appear in the Huadong Normal University Adult Higher Education Degree English Exam. It is important for all candidates to prepare thoroughly for the exam and be familiar with the types of questions that may be asked. Good luck!篇3Title: East China Normal University Adult Higher Education Degree English Exam Real QuestionsIntroduction:The East China Normal University (ECNU) adult higher education degree English exam is an important assessment for students pursuing a degree in English. The exam covers a wide range of topics, including listening, reading, writing, and speaking. In this article, we will provide some sample questions from previous exams to help you prepare for this challenging test.Listening Section:1. Listen to a conversation between two students discussing their plans for the weekend. Answer the following questions:- What does the male student want to do?- What does the female student suggest they do instead?2. Listen to a news report about a new museum opening in the city. Answer the following questions:- What is unique about this museum?- When does it open to the public?Reading Section:3. Read the following passage about the impact of technology on education. Answer the following questions:- According to the passage, how has technology changed the way students learn?- What are the potential benefits of integrating technology into the classroom?4. Read a job advertisement for an English teacher at a language school. Answer the following questions:- What qualifications does the school require for this position?- What responsibilities will the successful candidate have?Writing Section:5. Write a short essay discussing the importance of learninga second language. Include examples from your own experience or research to support your argument.6. Write an email to a friend inviting them to a cultural event in your city. Provide details about the event, such as the date, time, and location, and explain why you think they would enjoy it.Speaking Section:7. Describe a memorable holiday you have taken. Include details about where you went, what you did, and why it was memorable.8. Discuss the role of technology in education. Do you think technology has had a positive or negative impact on learning? Support your answer with examples.Conclusion:Preparing for the ECNU adult higher education degree English exam requires practice and dedication. By familiarizing yourself with the types of questions that may appear on the exam, you can improve your chances of success. Good luck with your studies and exam preparation!。
英语写作基础教程(第三版)chapter
and a few books - are here. (4). introduce a summarizing clause after a series of
h
11
一、Manuscript Form
1. Arrangement
(10) attention: Never begin with a comma(,), a period(.), a colon(:), a question mark (?), an exclamation mark(!)
Never ends with 【 “ ( h-
h
20
二、 Punctuation
3. The Dash / Hyphen (-)
(1). indicates a break in thought or a change in tone, or a speaker's confusion or hesitation e.g. Many people went there - did you go?
2. The Period (.)
(1). used at the end of a declarative sentence, a mildly imperative sentence, and an indirect question
(2). Abbreviations U.S.A. a.m.
(3). Three spaced periods make the ellipsis mark
Chapter 1 Basic Rules for Writing
Chapter 1 Manuscript Form
Division of proper names should be _______: avoided Armstrong Australia __________; ________, The ____________________ last word of a page should not be divided. It should be written on the next page; Division of words at the ends of several consecutive lines should be avoided _______.
Chapter 1 Manuscript Form
Title writing: The title or topic of your essay should be written in the way as follows: the first line In the middle of ___________; Every word of the title should be capitalized _________, except articles ___________, prepositions coordinating connections and _______, ______________________, to infinitives, unless one of these words is and __in the first or last word of the title ; ___________________________ phrases (nouns with their Topics are generally noun ___________ modifiers), though other forms are possible; No full stop should be used at the end of a title __________ unless the topic is a direct question.
英文摘要的写作方法
英文摘要的写作方法论文摘要的时态基本上有两种: 一般现在时、一般过去时。
由于学术论文写作通常采用一般现在时, 摘要也多用一般现在时。
目的、方法、结果及结论部分多用一般现在时, 背景介绍常采用一般过去时。
一般现在时用于描述研究目的和范围、研究内容、结果和结论;一般过去时用于描述论文撰写前作者已做的工作, 也可用于表示转述已发表文献的报导、讨论和研究内容。
语态与人称主张多采用被动语态。
因为使用被动语态不仅可以省略施动者, 避免出现“Ｗｅ”表示式, 而且还可以使需强调的事物做主语而突出了它们的地位, 有利于说明事实。
英文摘要往往采用第三人称的被动语态, 可以避免提及有关执行者, 使行文显得客观。
同时, 被动语态句子在结构上有较大的调节余地, 有利于使用恰当的修辞手段, 扩展名词短语, 扩大句子信息量。
但有时采用主动语态比用被动语态在结构上更简练, 表达更英文摘要的翻译英文摘要应直接用英文写, 这样能按英文思维方式更直接、准确地表达原文。
但是, 这对一些作者尚有难度。
在翻译过程中, 要避免按中文字面意义逐字翻译, 应从语篇层次把握原文, 选择恰当的翻译单位。
刘士聪认为, 在翻译过程中, 分析和转换是一个难以截然分开的思维过程, 以主述位作翻译单位, 一方面是注意到了它本身的形式特点, 另一方面也注意到了它在语篇中的衔接功能, 可以把对原文的分析和转换统一起来。
英文摘要的写作根据《ＥＩ》的要求, 一篇较好的英文摘要应较好地回答以下4 个方面的问题:1) What you want to do ( 目的);2) How you did it ( 方法); 3) What results did you get and what conclusions can you draw ( 结果和结论); 4) What is original in your paner ( 创新独到之处) 。
在开头交待论文的目的时, 英文摘要的首句不要重复题名或题名的一部分, 同时摘要中要尽量少谈或不谈背景信息。
IEEE论文模板(官方版)
Paper Title (use style: paper title) Subtitle as needed (paper subtitle)Authors Name/s per 1st Affiliation(Author)Dept. name of organization (Line 1 of Affiliation - optional)Name of organization - acronymsacceptable (line 2)City, Country (line 3)************– optional (line 4)Authors Name/s per 2nd Affiliation(Author)Dept. name of organization (Line 1 of Affiliation - optional)Name of organization - acronymsacceptable (line 2)City, Country (line 3)************– optional (line 4)Abstract—This electronic document is a “live” template. The various components of your paper [title, text, heads, etc.] are already defined on the style sheet, as illustrated by the portions given in this document. DO NOT USE SPECIAL CHARACTERS, SYMBOLS, OR MATH IN YOUR TITLE OR ABSTRACT. (Abstract)Index Terms—Component, formatting, style, styling, insert. (key words)I.I NTRODUCTION (H EADING 1)All manuscripts must be in English. These guidelines include complete descriptions of the fonts, spacing, and related information for producing your proceedings manuscripts. Please follow them and if you have any questions, direct them to the production editor in charge of your proceedings (see author-kit message for contact info).This template provides authors with most of the formatting specifications needed for preparing electronic versions of their papers. All standard paper components have been specified for three reasons: (1) ease of use when formatting individual papers, (2) automatic compliance to electronic requirements that facilitate the concurrent or later production of electronic products, and (3) conformity of style throughout a conference proceedings. Margins, column widths, line spacing, and type styles are built-in; examples of the type styles are provided throughout this document and are identified in italic type, within parentheses, following the example. PLEASE DO NOT RE-ADJUST THESE MARGINS. Some components, such as multi-leveled equations, graphics, and tables are not prescribed, although the various table text styles are provided. The formatter will need to create these components, incorporating the applicable criteria that follow.II.T YPE S TYLE AND F ONTSWherever Times is specified, Times Roman or Times New Roman may be used. If neither is available on your word processor, please use the font closest in appearance to Times. Avoid using bit-mapped fonts. True Type 1 or Open Type fonts are required. Please embed all fonts, in particular symbol fonts, as well, for math, etc.III.E ASE OF U SEThe template is used to format your paper and style the text. All margins, column widths, line spaces, and text fonts are prescribed; please do not alter them. You may note peculiarities. For example, the head margin in this template measures proportionately more than is customary. This measurement and others are deliberate, using specifications that anticipate your paper as one part of the entire proceedings, and not as an independent document. Please do not revise any of the current designations.IV.P REPARE Y OUR P APER B EFORE S TYLING Before you begin to format your paper, first write and save the content as a separate text file. Keep your text and graphic files separate until after the text has been formatted and styled. Do not use hard tabs, and limit use of hard returns to only one return at the end of a paragraph. Do not add any kind of pagination anywhere in the paper. Do not number text heads—the template will do that for you.Finally, complete content and organizational editing before formatting. Please take note of the following items when proofreading spelling and grammar.A.Abbreviations and Acronyms (Heading2)Define abbreviations and acronyms the first time they are used in the text, even after they have been defined in the abstract. Abbreviations such as IEEE and SI do not have to be defined. Do not use abbreviations in the title or heads unless they are unavoidable. B.Units•Use either SI or CGS as primary units. (SI units are encouraged.)English units may be used assecondary units (in parentheses).An exception would be the use ofEnglish units as identifiers intrade, such as “3.5-inch diskdrive”.•Avoid combining SI and CGS units, such as current in amperes andmagnetic field in oersteds. Thisoften leads to confusion becauseequations do not balancedimensionally. If you must usemixed units, clearly state theunits for each quantity that youuse in an equation.•Do not mix complete spellings and abbreviations of units: “Wb/m2”or “webers per square meter”,not “webers/m2”. Spell outunits when they appear in text:“. . . a few henries”, not“. . . a few H”.•Use a zero before decimal points: “0.25”, not “.25”. Use “cm3”,not “cc”. (bullet list)C.EquationsThe equations are an exception to the prescribed specifications of this template. You will need to determine whether or not your equation should be typed using either the Times New Roman or the Symbol font (please no other font). To create multileveled equations, it may be necessary to treat the equation as a graphic and insert it into the text after your paper is styled.Number equations consecutively. Equation numbers, within parentheses, are to position flush right, as in Eq. 1, using a right tab stop. To make your equations more compact, you may use the solidus ( / ), the exp function, or appropriate exponents. Italicize Roman symbols for quantities and variables, but not Greek symbols. Use a long dash rather than a hyphen for a minus sign. Punctuate equations with commas or periods when they are part of a sentence, as inNote that the equation is centered using a center tab stop. Be sure that the symbols in your equation have been defined before or immediately following the equation. Use “Eq. 1” or “Equation 1”, not “(1)”, esp ecially at the beginning of a sentence: “Equation 1 is . . .”D.Some Common Mistakes•The word “data” is plural, not singular.•The subscript for the permeability of vacuum, and other common scientific constants, is zero withsubscript formatting, not alowercase letter “o”.•In American English, commas, semi-/colons, periods, question andexclamation marks are locatedwithin quotation marks only when acomplete thought or name is cited,such as a title or full quotation.When quotation marks are used,instead of a bold or italictypeface, to highlight a word orphrase, punctuation should appearoutside of the quotation marks. Aparenthetical phrase or statementat the end of a sentence ispunctuated outside of the closingparenthesis (like this). (Aparenthetical sentence ispunctuated within the parentheses.)• A graph within a graph is an “inset”, not an “insert”. Theword alternatively is preferred tothe word “alternately” (unlessyou really mean something thatalternates).•Do not use the word “essentially” to mean“approximately” or“effectively”.•In your paper title, if the words “that uses” can accuratelyreplace the word “using”,capitalize the “u”; if not, keepusing lower-cased.•Be aware of the different meanings of the homophones “affect” and“effect”, “complement” and“compliment”, “discreet” and“discrete”, “principal” and“principle”.•Do not confuse “imply” and “infer”.•The prefix “non” is not a word;it should be joined to the word itmodifies, usually without a hyphen.•There is no period after the “et” in the Latin abbreviation“et al.”.•The abbreviation “i.e.” means “that is”, and the abbreviation“e.g.” means “for example”.An excellent style manual for science writers is given by Young [7].V.U SING THE T EMPLATEAfter the text edit has been completed, the paper is ready for the template. Duplicate the template file by using the Save As command, and use the naming convention prescribed by your conference for the name of your paper. In this newly created file, highlight all of the contents and import your prepared text file. You are now ready to style your paper; use the scroll down window on the left of the MS Word Formatting toolbar.A.Authors and AffiliationsThe template is designed so that author affiliations are not repeated each time for multiple authors of the same affiliation. Please keep your affiliations as succinct as possible (for example, do not differentiate among departments of the same organization). This template was designed for two affiliations.1)For Author/s of Only One Affiliation (Heading 3): To change the default, adjust the template as follows.a)Selection (Heading 4): Highlight all author and affiliation lines.b)Change Number of Columns: Select Format > Columns >Presets > One Column.c)Deletion: Delete the author and affiliation lines for the second affiliation.2)For Authors of More than Two Affiliations: To change the default, adjust the template as follows.a)Selection: Highlight all author and affiliation lines.b)Change Number of Columns: Select Format > Columns > Presets > One Column.c)Highlight Author and Affiliation Lines of Affiliation 1 and Copy this Selection.d)Formatting: Insert one hard return immediately after the last character of the last affiliation line. Then paste down the copy of affiliation 1. Repeat as necessary for each additional affiliation.e)Reassign Number of Columns: Place your cursor to the right of the last character of the last affiliation line of an even numbered affiliation (e.g.,if there are five affiliations, place your cursor at end of fourth affiliation). Drag the cursor up to highlight all of the above author and affiliation lines. Go to Format > Columns and select “2 Columns”. If you have an odd number of affiliations, the final affiliation will be centered on the page; all previous will be in two columns.B.Identify the HeadingsHeadings, or heads, are organizational devices that guide the reader through your paper. There are two types: component heads and text heads.Component heads identify the different components of your paper and are not topically subordinate to each other. Examples include Acknowledgments and References and, for these, the correct style to use is “Heading 5”. Use “figure caption” for your Figure captions, and“table head”for your table title. Run-in heads, such as “Abstract”, will require you to apply a style (in this case, italic) in addition to the style provided by the drop down menu to differentiate the head from the text.Text heads organize the topics on a relational, hierarchical basis. For example, the paper title is the primary text head because all subsequent material relates and elaborates on this one topic. If there are two or more sub-topics, the next level head (uppercase Roman numerals) should be used and, conversely, if there are not at least two sub-topics, then no subheads should be introduced. Styles named “Heading 1”, “Heading 2”,“Heading 3”, and “Heading 4”are prescribed.C.Figures and TablesPlace figures and tables at the top and bottom of columns. Avoid placing them in the middle of columns. Large figures and tables may span across both columns. Figure captions should be below the figures; table captions should appear above the tables. Insert figures and tables after they are cited in the text. Use the abbreviation “Fig. 1” in the text, and “Figure 1” at the b eginning of a sentence.Use 8 point Times New Roman for figure labels. Use words rather than symbols or abbreviations when writing figure-axis labels to avoid confusing the reader. As an example, write the quantity “Magnetization”, or “Magnetization, M”, not just “M”.If including units in the label, present them within parentheses. Do not label axes only with units. In the example, write “Magnetization (A/m)” or “Magnetization {A[m(1)]}”, not just “A/m”. Do not label axes with a ratio of quantities and units. For example, write “Temperature (K)”, not “Temperature/K”.D.FootnotesUse footnotes sparingly (or not at all) and place them at the bottom of the column on the page on which theyare referenced. Use Times 8-point type, single-spaced.To help your readers, avoid using footnotes altogether and include necessary peripheral observations in the text (within parentheses, if you prefer, as in this sentence).Number footnotes separately from reference numbers, and in superscripts. Do not put footnotes in the reference list. Use letters for table footnotes.TABLE I. T ABLE T YPE S TYLESTab le Hea dTable Column HeadTable column subhead Subhe ad SubheadcopyMore table copy aa. Sample of a table footnote. (table footnote)Fig. 1. Example of a figure caption.(figure caption)VI. C OPYRIGHT F ORMSYou must submit the IEEE Electronic Copyright Form (ECF) as described in your author-kit message. THIS FORM MUST BE SUBMITTED IN ORDER TO PUBLISH YOUR PAPER.A CKNOWLEDGMENTThe preferred spelling of the word “acknowledgment” in America is without an “e” after the “g”. Avoid the stilted expression, “One of us (R. B. G.) thanks . . .” Instead, try “R. B. G. thanks”. Put applicable sponsor acknowledgments here; DO NOT place them on the first page of your paper or as a footnote.R EFERENCESList and number all bibliographical references in 9-point Times, single-spaced, at the end of your paper. Whenreferenced in the text, enclose thecitation number in square brackets, for example: [1]. Where appropriate,include the name(s) of editors ofreferenced books. The template will number citations consecutively withinbrackets [1]. The sentence punctuationfollows the bracket [2]. Refer simplyto the reference number, as in“[3]”—do not use “Ref. [3]” or“reference [3]”. Do not use referencecitations as nouns of a sentence (e.g., not: “as the writer explains in [1]”).Unless there are six authors or more give all authors’ names and do not use “et al.”. Papers that have not been published, even if they have been submitted for publication, should be cited as “unpublished” [4]. Papers that have been accepted for publicationshould be cited as “in press” [5].Capitalize only the first word in a paper title, except for proper nouns and element symbols.For papers published in translation journals, please give the English citation first, followed by the original foreign-language citation [6].[1]G. Eason, B. Noble, and I. N.Sneddon, “On certain integrals of Lipschitz-Hankel type involving products of Bessel functions,”Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, vol.A247, pp. 529–551, April 1955.(references)[2]J. Clerk Maxwell, A Treatise onElectricity and Magnetism, 3rd ed., vol. 2. Oxford: Clarendon, 1892, pp.68–73.[3]I. S. Jacobs and C. P. Bean, “Fineparticles, thin films and exchange anisotropy,” in Magnetism, vol.III, G. T. Rado and H. Suhl, Eds.New York: Academic, 1963, pp. 271–350.[4]K. Elissa, “Title o f paper ifknown,” unpublished.[5]R. Nicole, “Title of paper withonly first word capitalized,” J.Name Stand. Abbrev., in press.[6]Y. Yorozu, M. Hirano, K. Oka, and Y.Tagawa, “Electron spectroscopy studies on magneto-optical media and plastic substrate inter face,”IEEE Transl. J. Magn. Japan, vol. 2, pp. 740–741, August 1987 [Digests 9th Annual Conf. Magnetics Japan, p.301, 1982].[7]M. Young, The Technical Writer'sHandbook. Mill Valley, CA: University Science, 1989.。
Instruction(说明)
Paper Title (use style: paper title)Subtitle as neededAuthors Name/s per 1st Affiliation (Author) line 1 (of Affiliation): dept. name of organization line 2: name of organization, acronyms acceptableline 3: City, Countryline 4: e-mail: name@ Authors Name/s per 2nd Affiliation (Author) line 1 (of Affiliation): dept. name of organization line 2: name of organization, acronyms acceptableline 3: City, Countryline 4: e-mail: name@Abstract—This electronic document is a “live” template. T he various components of your paper [title, text, heads, etc.] are already defined on the style sheet, as illustrated by the portions given in this document. DO NOT USE SPECIAL CHARACTERS, SYMBOLS, OR MATH IN YOUR TITLE OR ABSTRACT. (Abstract)Keywords-component; formatting; style; styling; insert (key words)I.I NTRODUCTION (H EADING 1)All manuscripts must be in English. These guidelines include complete descriptions of the fonts, spacing, and related information for producing your proceedings manuscripts. Please follow them and if you have any questions, direct them to the production editor in charge of your proceedings at Conference Publishing Services (CPS): Phone +1 (714) 821-8380 or Fax +1 (714) 761-1784.This template provides authors with most of the formatting specifications needed for preparing electronic versions of their papers. All standard paper components have been specified for three reasons: (1) ease of use when formatting individual papers, (2) automatic compliance to electronic requirements that facilitate the concurrent or later production of electronic products, and (3) conformity of style throughout a conference proceedings. Margins, column widths, line spacing, and type styles are built-in; examples of the type styles are provided throughout this document and are identified in italic type, within parentheses, following the example. PLEASE DO NOT RE-ADJUST THESE MARGINS. Some components, such as multi-leveled equations, graphics, and tables are not prescribed, although the various table text styles are provided. The formatter will need to create these components, incorporating the applicable criteria that follow.II.T YPE S TYLE AND F ONTSWherever Times is specified, Times Roman or Times New Roman may be used. If neither is available on your word processor, please use the font closest in appearance to Times. Avoid using bit-mapped fonts if possible. True-Type 1 or Open Type fonts are preferred. Please embed symbol fonts, as well, for math, etc.III.E ASE OF U SEA.Selecting a Template (Heading 2)First, confirm that you have the correct template for your paper size. This template has been tailored for output on the US-letter paper size. If you are using A4-sized paper, please close this template and download the file for A4 paper format called ―CPS_A4_format‖.B.Maintaining the Integrity of the SpecificationsThe template is used to format your paper and style the text. All margins, column widths, line spaces, and text fonts are prescribed; please do not alter them. You may note peculiarities. For example, the head margin in this template measures proportionately more than is customary. This measurement and others are deliberate, using specifications that anticipate your paper as one part of the entire proceedings, and not as an independent document. Please do not revise any of the current designations.IV.P REPARE Y OUR P APER B EFORE S TYLING Before you begin to format your paper, first write and save the content as a separate text file. Keep your text and graphic files separate until after the text has been formatted and styled. Do not use hard tabs, and limit use of hard returns to only one return at the end of a paragraph. Do not add any kind of pagination anywhere in the paper. Do not number text heads-the template will do that for you.Finally, complete content and organizational editing before formatting. Please take note of the following items when proofreading spelling and grammar:A.Abbreviations and AcronymsDefine abbreviations and acronyms the first time they are used in the text, even after they have been defined in the abstract. Abbreviations such as IEEE, SI, MKS, CGS, sc, dc, and rms do not have to be defined. Do not use abbreviations in the title or heads unless they are unavoidable.B.UnitsUse either SI (MKS) or CGS as primary units. (SI units are encouraged.) English units may be used assecondary units (in parentheses). An exceptionwould be the use of English units as identifiers intrade, such as ―3.5-inch disk drive‖.∙Avoid combining SI and CGS units, such as current in amperes and magnetic field in oersteds. This oftenleads to confusion because equations do not balancedimensionally. If you must use mixed units, clearlystate the units for each quantity that you use in anequation.∙Do not mix complete spellings and abbreviations of units: ―Wb/m2‖ or ―webers per square meter‖, not―webers/m2‖. Spell out units when they appear intext: ―. . . a few henries‖, not ―. . . a few H‖.∙Use a zero before dec imal points: ―0.25‖, not ―.25‖. C.EquationsThe equations are an exception to the prescribed specifications of this template. You will need to determine whether or not your equation should be typed using either the Times New Roman or the Symbol font (please no other font). To create multileveled equations, it may be necessary to treat the equation as a graphic and insert it into the text after your paper is styled.Number equations consecutively. Equation numbers, within parentheses, are to position flush right, as in (1), using a right tab stop. To make your equations more compact, you may use the solidus ( / ), the exp function, or appropriate exponents. Italicize Roman symbols for quantities and variables, but not Greek symbols. Use a long dash rather than a hyphen for a minus sign. Punctuate equations with commas or periods when they are part of a sentence, as inα + β = χ. (1)Note that the equation is centered using a center tab stop. Be sure that the symbols in your equation have been defined before or immediately following the equation. Use ―(1)‖, not ―Eq. (1)‖ or ―equation (1)‖, except at the beginning of a sentence: ―Equation (1) is . . .‖D.Some Common Mistakes∙The word ―data‖ is plural, not singular.∙The subscript for the permeability of vacuum μ0, and other common scientific constants, is zero withsubscript formatting, not a lowercase letter ―o‖.∙In American English, commas, semi-/colons, periods, question and exclamation marks are located withinquotation marks only when a complete thought orname is cited, such as a title or full quotation. Whenquotation marks are used, instead of a bold or italictypeface, to highlight a word or phrase, punctuationshould appear outside of the quotation marks. Aparenthetical phrase or statement at the end of asentence is punctuated outside of the closingparenthesis (like this). (A parenthetical sentence ispunctuated within the parentheses.)∙ A graph within a graph is an ―inset‖, not an ―insert‖.The word alternatively is preferred to the word―alternately‖ (unless you really mean something thatalternates).∙Do not use the word ―essentially‖ to mean ―approximately‖ or ―effectively‖.∙In your paper title, if the words ―that uses‖ can accurately replace the word ―using‖, capitalize the―u‖; if not, keep using lower-cased.∙Be aware of the different meanings of the homophones ―affect‖ and ―effect‖, ―complement‖and ―compliment‖, ―discreet‖ and ―discrete‖,―principal‖ and ―principle‖.∙Do not confuse ―imply‖ and ―infer‖.∙The prefix ―non‖ is not a word; it should be joined to the word it modifies, usually without a hyphen.∙There is no period after the ―et‖ in the Latin abbreviati on ―et al.‖.∙The abbreviation ―i.e.‖ means ―that is‖, and the abbreviation ―e.g.‖ means ―for example‖.An excellent style manual for science writers is [7].V.U SING THE T EMPLATEAfter the text edit has been completed, the paper is ready for the template. Duplicate the template file by using the Save As command, and use the naming convention prescribed by your conference for the name of your paper. In this newly created file, highlight all of the contents and import your prepared text file. You are now ready to style your paper.A.Authors and AffiliationsThe template is designed so that author affiliations are not repeated each time for multiple authors of the same affiliation. Please keep your affiliations as succinct as possible (for example, do not differentiate among departments of the same organization). This template was designed for two affiliations.1)For author/s of only one affiliation (Heading 3): To change the default, adjust the template as follows.a)Selection (Heading 4): Highlight all author and affiliation lines.b)Change number of columns: Select Format > Columns >Presets > One Column.c)Deletion: Delete the author and affiliation lines for the second affiliation.d)For author/s of more than two affiliations: To change the default, adjust the template as follows.e)Selection: Highlight all author and affiliation lines.f)Change number of columns: Select Format > Columns > Presets > One Column.g)Highlight author and affiliation lines of affiliation 1 and copy this selection.h)Formatting: Insert one hard return immediately after the last character of the last affiliation line. Then paste the copy of affiliation 1. Repeat as necessary for each additional affiliation.i)Reassign number of columns: Place your cursor to the right of the last character of the last affiliation line of an even numbered affiliation (e.g., if there are five affiliations, place your cursor at end of fourth affiliation). Drag the cursor up to highlight all of the above author and affiliation lines. Go to Format > Columns and select ―2 Columns‖. I f you have an odd number of affiliations, the final affiliation will be centered on the page; all previous will be in two columns.B.Identify the HeadingsHeadings, or heads, are organizational devices that guide the reader through your paper. There are two types: component heads and text heads.Component heads identify the different components of your paper and are not topically subordinate to each other. Examples include Acknowledgments and References and, for these, the correct style to use is ―Heading5‖. Use ―figurecaption‖ for your Figure captions, and ―table head‖ for your table title. Run-in heads, such as ―Abstract‖, will require you to apply a style (in this case, italic) in addition to the style provided by the drop down menu to differentiate the head from the text.Text heads organize the topics on a relational, hierarchical basis. For example, the paper title is the primary text head because all subsequent material relates and elaborates on this one topic. If there are two or more sub-topics, the next level head (uppercase Roman numerals) should be used and, conversely, if there are not at least two sub-topics, then no subheads should be introduced. Styles named ―Heading 1‖, ―Heading 2‖, ―Heading 3‖, and ―Heading 4‖ are prescribed.C.Figures and Tables1)Positioning Figures and Tables: Place figures and tables at the top and bottom of columns. Avoid placing them in the middle of columns. Large figures and tables may span across both columns. Figure captions should be below the figures; table heads should appear above the tables. Insert figures and tables after they are cited in the text. Use the abbreviation ―Fig. 1‖, even at the beginning of a sentence.TABLE I. T ABLE T YPE S TYLESa. Sample of a Table footnote. (Table footnote)Figure 1. Example of a ONE-COLUMN figure caption.Please see last page of this document for AN EXAMPLE of a 2-COLUMN Figure.Figure Labels: Use 8 point Times New Roman for Figure labels. Use words rather than symbols or abbreviations when writing Figure axis labels to avoid confusing the reader. As an example, write the quantity ―Magnetization‖, or―Magnetization, M‖, not just ―M‖. If including units in the label, present them within parentheses. Do not label axes only with units. In the example, write ―Magnetization (A/m)‖ or ―Magnetization {A[m(1)]}‖, not just ―A/m‖. Do not label axes with a ratio of quantities and units. For example, write ―Temperature (K)‖, not ―Temperature/K‖. D.FootnotesUse footnotes sparingly (or not at all) and place them at the bottom of the column on the page on which they are referenced. Use Times 8-point type, single-spaced. To help your readers, avoid using footnotes altogether and include necessary peripheral observations in the text (within parentheses, if you prefer, as in this sentence).VI.C OPYRIGHT F ORMS AND R EPRINT O RDERS You must submit the IEEE Electronic Copyright Form (ECF) per Step 7 of the CPS author kit’s web page. THIS FORM MUST BE SUBMITTED IN ORDER TO PUBLISH YOUR PAPER.Please see Step 9 for ordering reprints of your paper. Reprints may be ordered using the form provided as <reprint.doc> or <reprint.pdf>.A CKNOWLEDGMENTThe preferred spelling of the word ―acknowledgment‖ in America is without an ―e‖ after the ―g‖. Avoid the stilted expression, ―One of us (R.B.G.) thanks . . .‖ Instead, try ―R.B.G. thanks‖. Put applicable sponsor acknowledgments here; DO NOT place them on the first page of your paper or as a footnote.R EFERENCESList and number all bibliographical references in 9-point Times, single-spaced, at the end of your paper. When referenced in the text, enclose the citation number in square brackets, for example [1]. Where appropriate, include the name(s) of editors of referenced books. The template will number citations consecutively within brackets [1]. The sentence punctuation follows the bracket [2]. Refer simply to the reference number, as in [3]—do not use ―Ref. [3]‖ or ―reference [3]‖ except at the beginning of a sentence: ―Reference [3] was the first. . .‖Number footnotes separately in superscripts. Place the actual footnote at the bottom of the column in which it was cited. Do not put footnotes in the reference list. Use letters for table footnotes.Unless there are six authors or more give all authors’names; do not use ―et al.‖. Papers that have not been published, even if they have been submitted for publication,should be cited as ―unpublished‖ [4]. Papers that have been accepted for publication should be cited as ―in press‖ [5]. Capitalize only the first word in a paper title, except for proper nouns and element symbols.For papers published in translation journals, please give the English citation first, followed by the original foreign-language citation [6].[1]G. Eason, B. Noble, and I. N. Sned don, ―On certain integrals ofLipschitz-Hankel type involving products of Bessel functions,‖ Phil.Trans. Roy. Soc. London, vol. A247, pp. 529–551, April 1955.(references)[2]J. Clerk Maxwell, A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, 3rd ed.,vol. 2. Oxford: Clarendon, 1892, pp.68–73.[3]I. S. Jacobs and C. P. Bean, ―Fine particles, thin films and exchangeanisotropy,‖ in Magnetism, vol. III, G. T. Rado and H. Suhl, Eds.New York: Academic, 1963, pp. 271–350.[4]K. Elissa, ―Title of paper if known,‖ unpublished.[5]R. Nicole, ―Title of paper with only first word capitalized,‖ J. NameStand. Abbrev., in press.[6]Y. Yorozu, M. Hirano, K. Oka, and Y. Tagawa, ―Electronspectroscopy studies on magneto-optical media and plastic substrate interface,‖ IEEE Transl. J. Magn. Japan, vol. 2, pp. 740–741, August 1987 [Digests 9th Annual Conf. Magnetics Japan, p. 301, 1982]. [7]M. Young, The Technical Writer’s Handbook. Mill Valley, CA:University Science, 1989.[8]Electronic Publication: Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs):Article in a journal:[9] D. Kornack and P. Rakic, ―Cell Proliferation without Neurogenesis inAdult Primate Neocortex,‖ Science, vol. 294, Dec. 2001, pp. 2127-2130, doi:10.1126/science.1065467.Article in a conference proceedings:[10]H. Goto, Y. Hasegawa, and M. Tanaka, ―Efficien t SchedulingFocusing on the Duality of MPL Representatives,‖ Proc. IEEE Symp.Computational Intelligence in Scheduling (SCIS 07), IEEE Press, Dec.2007, pp. 57-64, doi:10.1109/SCIS.2007.357670.Figure 2. Example of a TWO-COLUMN figure caption: (a) this is the format for referencing parts of a figure.。
怎样写论文的参考文献Reference(Harvard style)How_to._use_the_Harvard_reference_system
How to... use the Harvard reference systemWhat is the Harvard reference system?The Harvard reference system, also known as the author-date system, is Emerald's approved system of citing other works. A distinguishing feature of the system is that in the body of the text, the cited work is given a simple parenthetical reference as follows:"While information sharing between the private and public sector has improved since 9/11, sharing of information requires additional enhancements (Dacey, 2002).""Although much recent research has focused on the importance of long-term strategic relationships (Morgan and Hunt, 1994; Wilson, 1995)."The quoted work will then be listed in full, in alphabetical order, in a section entitled "References" at the end of the article.References should be used whenever you use a direct quotation from another author, also when you are quoting someone else's opinion or research. Sometimes, the reference may be direct, asin the second example, at others it may be indirect, as in the first, when the author is acknowledging that he or she has taken the statement from someone else's work. Elements of a Harvard-style referenceThe basic structureList alphabetically by lead author's surname (i.e. the surname that appears first in the work quoted).While conventions of use of italics, quotations etc. will vary according to the media, the basic structure is as follows:•Surname, initials•(year of publication)•Title•Publisher, place of publication, journal, etc.•Exact reference.Putting references in orderEntries should follow alphabetical order of author surname.•If there is more than one entry by the same author, put them in date order of publication.•If an author wrote more than one of your references in a single year, then use 2000a, 2000b, etc. References by more than one author always follow single author references.•Three authors follows two, four authors follows three and so on.•Sort alphabetically using lead author's surname first, then second author, then third author etc.•Sorting by names in this way is more important than sorting by date.Punctuation should be as follows:•for two authors, separate by "and", without a comma•for multiple authors, separate by a comma, but the last name should be linked by "and" without the comma.ExampleRichardson, A. (1988)Richardson, A. (1989a)Richardson, A. (1989b)Richardson, A. and Brown, B., (1988)Richardson, A. and Smith, S., (1986)Richardson, A., Brown, B. and Smith, S. (1983)Ingram, T.N., Schwepker, C.H. and Hutson, D. (1992)Ingram, T.N., Laforge, R.W., Schwepker, C.H. Jr, Avila, R.A. and Williams, M.R. (1997) Ingram, T.N., Laforge, R.W., Avila, R.A. and Schwepker, C.H. Jr and Williams, M.R. (2001)How to cite different source typesBooks•Surname, initials•(year of publication)•Title•Edition•Publisher•Place of publication.ExampleAbbott, A. (1988), System of Professions: An Essay on the Division of Expert Labor , University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.Patton, M.Q. (1990), Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods , 2nd ed., Sage, Newbury Park, CA.A chapter from an edited book•Surname, A.N.•(year of publication)•"Title of chapter"•in Editor surname, initials (Ed.)•Title of Book•Edition•Publisher•Place of publication•Chapter page numbers.ExampleBourdieu, P.(1977), "The forms of capital", in Richardson, J.G. (Ed.), Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, Greenwood Press, New York, NY, pp. 311-56.A translated work•Surname, A.N.•(year of publication)•Title of Book•Edition•Translated by Translator name, initials•Publisher•Place of publication.ExampleBourdieu, P. (1977), Outline of a Theory of Practice, translated by Nice, R., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Journal articles•Surname, A.N.•(year of publication)•"Article title"•Journal Title•Volume number, Issue number (if it exists)•Article page numbers.ExampleBaron, R.M. and Kenny, D.A. (1986), "The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 51, pp. 1173-82.Guthrie, J. and Parker, L. (1997) "Editorial: Celebration, reflection and a future: a decade of AAAJ", Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal , Vol. 10 No.1, pp. 3-8Electronic sourcesNB this refers to a source which is only available electronically, and not to sources which you may have accessed electronically but which are also available in print form, such as an article from an Emerald journal accessed via the Web.These follow the same convention of referencing as for printed sources, but include elements unique to the Web:•Name•(year of publication)•"Article title"•available at: full url•(accessed date)For the last two elements, please try to remember the following conventions:•When giving the url, "http://" should only be included if the address does not include "www"•(accessed date) is important because of the lack of permanence of Internet sites. ExampleBetter Business Bureau (2001), "Third-party assurance boosts online purchasing", available at: /about/press/2001/101701.asp (accessed 7 January 2002). Hummingbird (2002), Hummingbird corporate website, available at: (accessed 2 January 2002).Leeds Metropolitan University (2002), "Business Start-Up@Leeds Met", available at: /city/bus_startup.htmPitkow, J. and Kehoel, C. (1997), "GVU's WWW user surveys", available at:Ballantyne, D. (2000), "Dialogue and knowledge generation: two sides of the same coin in relationship marketing", paper presented at the 2nd WWW Conference on Relationship Marketing, November 1999-February 2000, Monash University and MCB University Press, available at: /services/conferen/nov99/rm/paper3.htmlAn electronic journal would be referenced as follows:•Surname, A.N.•(year of publication)•"Article title"•Journal Title•Volume number, Issue number•Article page numbers•Available at: url•(accessed date)ExampleSwaminathan, V., Lepkoswka-White, E. and Rao, B.P. (1999), "Browsers or buyers in cyberspace? An investigation of electronic factors influencing electronic exchange", Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, Vol. 5 No. 2, available at: www. / jcmc/vol5/ issue2/Conference papersSome papers may not be published in journals but may be delivered at a conference and then published as part of the proceedings of that conference, in which case, use one of the following styles as appropriate.ExampleLodi, E., Veseley, M. and Vigen, J. (2000), "Link managers for grey literature", New Frontiers in Grey Literature, Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Grey Literature, Washington, DC, October 4-5, 1999, GreyNet, Amsterdam, pp. 116-34.Naude, P. and Holland, C. (1998), "Marketing in the information domain", in Halinen-Kaila, A. and Nummela, N. (Eds), Interaction, Relationships and Networks: Visions for the Future, Proceedings of the 14th Annual IMP Conference, pp. 245-62.Stauss, B. and Weinlich, B. (1995), "Process-oriented measurement of service quality by applying the sequential incident technique", paper presented at the Fifth Workshop on Quality Management in Services, EIASM, Tilburg.Strandvik, T. and Storbacka, K. (1996), "Managing relationship quality", paper presented at the QUIS5 Quality in Services Conference, University of Karlstad, Karlstad.As you see, some of the above references give the date of the conference, others do not; if in doubt, follow the convention used by the conference.Government or commercial reportsParticularly when writing a case study, you may want to refer to company or government documents. In which case, the organization may become the author and the form of entry would be as follows:•Organization name•(year of publication)•Title of report•Publisher and place of publication (may be same as author).ExampleApollo Enterprises (1993), Annual Report , p. 8.Ernst and Ernst (1978), Social Responsibility Disclosure: 1978 Survey, Ernst and Ernst, Cleveland, OH.Bank of England (2003), Quarterly Report on Small Business Statistics, Bank of England, London.Department for Trade and Industry (DTI) (2002), White Paper on Enterprise, Skills and Innovation, DTI, London.European Commission (1998), Fostering Entrepreneurship in Europe: Priorities for the Future, European Commission, Brussels.Yorkshire Forward (1999), Regional Economic Strategy, Yorkshire Forward, Leeds.Some guidelines to remember for all source typesIf all the above seems complicated, it's worth remembering that the Harvard system is actually quite logical. Bear in mind the following guidelines:•The entry always begins with the author's surname, followed by initials, followed by the date in brackets.•Authors' surnames and initials are always inverted, i.e. Other, A.N. (whether you are referring to the author of an article/chapter, or the editor of the work within which the work is found).•If more than one entry by the same author, put in order of dates.•Publications, whether book or journal titles, are always in italic, with significant words only capitalized. Make sure that the journal title is exactly the same, e.g. use of &/and.•Excerpts from publications, i.e. book chapters, journal articles, always come in "quotes", with only the first word, proper names, and German nouns, capitalized.•The name of the publisher is shown before the place of publication (as it would be in an address). Abbreviations for US states should be in short capitalized form, e.g. CA, MA, rather than Ca., Mass., and should be added as necessary.•Electronic references follow the same conventions as printed ones, followed by "available at:"and the URL. Only retain "http://" if the address does NOT include www. Also, state the date when last accessed (accessed ...).•Use commas to separate elements of the entry.© Emerald Group Publishing Limited。
APA引用指南：引用引用指南（第7版）说明书
APA In-Text Citation GuideAPA In-text CitationsGuidelines from the APA Handbook (7th edition):https:///What are in-text citations for APA?•In your text, you should include a parenthetical citation each time you directly quote or paraphrase from another source. This is known as an in-text citation.•Each of the in-text citations in your paper should have a corresponding full reference in your References list.•An in-text citation gives your reader enough information to locate the full reference in your References page at the end of the essay.•The most common way to do an in-text citation is to include the source´s information in parentheses at the end of the sentence, before the period.APA uses the author-date method—use the author´s last name, a comma, and the publication date for in-text citations.Direct quotes, unlike paraphrases or summaries, also require page numbers, which are preceded by “p.” for a single page and “pp.” for a page range. See examples below.Citing a Work with One Author (Paraphrasing or Summarizing)If the author’s name is NOT included in the sentence, use author´s last name and the year in the parenthetical citation.Example: Dickens despised the way in which dismissing truth and bending the rules allowed citizens inpower to commit heinous offenses with impunity (Van Ghent, 1950).*Note that the author whose work is being paraphrased is not mentioned in the sentence. This is why weneed to include the author´s last name and the year in the parenthetical citation. Also note that the period comes after the in-text citation.If the author’s name is already included in the sentence, use only the year in the parentheses right after referencing the author. Take a look at this example:Example: Mark Twain (2016) suggested that it is important for all readers to read his entire book in onesitting in order to get the full experience of his writing.*Note that the author´s name is mentioned in the text, so the parenthetical citation only includes thepublication date of the source.Citing a Work with One Author (Direct Quoting)If directly quoting word for word from another author, use the author’s name, the year, and the page number from where the quote was taken. Take a look at this example:Example:She stated, "Even though students think APA is confusing, it’s really not that hard once you learna few basics" (Smith, 1999, p. 199).If there are no page numbers available (such as in an electronic source), use the paragraph numbers.Example: She stated, "Even though students think APA is confusing, it’s really not that hard once you learn a few basics" (Smith, 1999, paras. 2-3).Citing a Work by Multiple Authors (Paraphrasing or Summarizing)For a source with two authors, list the authors’ last names and the year in the text or in the parenthetical citation: Examples: King and Twain (2020) argue that literature and science fiction make the best live action plays.The authors claim that literature and science fiction are beautiful, mesmerizing, and entertaining (King &Twain, 2020).*Note that in the parenthetical documentation, an ampersand (&) is used between the author’s names.For a source with three or more authors, list only the first author’s last name, followed by “et al.”Example: The researchers claimed, "A two percent increase in dosage resulted in a 15% decrease in reported side effects" (King et al., 2013, p. 15).Citing Sources with No AuthorSome websites and other materials may not have an author. When this happens, cite the source by its title or use the first couple of words of the title if it is lengthy.Example: Learning how to format a research paper takes time, but anyone can learn ("Using Citations,"2001).*Note: Titles of books and reports are italicized; titles of articles, chapters, and web pages are in quotation marks in the in-text citations.Multiple Citations in One InstanceTo cite multiple sources in the same parenthetical reference, separate the citations by a semi-colon: Example: . . . as has been discussed in previous research (Dunn, 2013; Dietz, 2012).For sample papers, please visit: https:///style-grammar-guidelines/paper-format/sample-papers。
punctuation 英语标点的使用
e.g. 1) She said, “We have decided to take the examination.” 2) “We have decided to take the examination,” she said. 3) “We have decided,” she said, “to take the examination.”
e.g. 1) When the bell rang, the teacher dismissed the class. 2) In the ancient palace, they saw the throne where emperors used to sit. 3) Born and brought up in the South, she is not used to eating wheat. 4) The audience, interested in the topic, asked the speaker many questions. *You will be unable to finish the work in time if you don’t start at once. *He found the document in one of the drawers of his desk.
The Usage of Colon
Used to make a list Used to make explanations Used to separate the hour from the minute in time references Used to mark the scores of games Used to ternimate the salutation
初中英语作文插入语
初中英语作文插入语English:"In English composition, the use of insertions or parenthetical expressions can enhance the clarity and flow of your writing. These insertions serve to provide additional information, clarify a point, or add emphasis to a particular idea. For example, when describing a historical event, you might insert a brief explanation of its significance in parentheses to ensure the reader understands its importance. Similarly, in a narrative essay, inserting descriptive phrases within parentheses can offer vivid details without disrupting the main narrative. However, it's important to use insertions judiciously to avoid cluttering your writing or confusing your reader. Make sure that the information within the parentheses is relevant and adds value to your composition. Additionally, be mindful of the punctuation rules governing insertions, such as placing commas or periods correctly both inside and outside the parentheses. Overall, mastering the skill of using insertions effectively can greatly enhance the clarity and coherence of your English compositions."中文翻译："在英语作文中，使用插入语或括号表达可以增强你写作的清晰度和流畅性。
parenthetical citation例子 -回复
parenthetical citation例子-回复Parenthetical citations refer to the practice of including brief citations within the body of a written work. These citations serve to acknowledge the source of information or ideas used in the text and allow readers to locate the complete reference in the bibliography or works cited section. In this article, we will explore the concept of parenthetical citation and provide a step-by-step guide on how to use them effectively in academic writing.Step 1: Understanding Parenthetical CitationParenthetical citations are commonly used in academic writing, particularly in fields such as humanities and social sciences, where it is essential to provide accurate and transparent references to external sources. The purpose of parenthetical citations is twofold: to give credit to the original author and to enable readers to verify the information being cited.Step 2: Format of Parenthetical CitationsParenthetical citations typically consist of the author's last name and the page number from which the information is taken. Forexample, (Smith 45). If the source has multiple authors, include the last names of all authors separated by commas, followed by the page number. For example, (Johnson, Smith 22).If the source does not have a page number, such as a website or an electronic source, use the author's last name or the title of the work. For example, (Anderson) or ("History of Art").Step 3: Incorporating Parenthetical Citations in the TextWhen incorporating parenthetical citations in the text, it is important to place them immediately after the information being cited and before any punctuation marks. For example, "According to a recent study, the average global temperature has increased by 1.5 degrees Celsius in the past century (Smith 45)."Step 4: Citing Different Types of SourcesDifferent types of sources require slightly different formatting for parenthetical citations. For books, articles, and other print sources, include the author's last name and page number. For online sources without page numbers, use the author's last name or thetitle of the work.Step 5: Creating a Works Cited or Bibliography PageIn addition to parenthetical citations, it is important to include a comprehensive list of all the sources cited in the work. This list is typically titled "Works Cited" or "Bibliography" and should be arranged alphabetically by the author's last name.The format for entries in the Works Cited or Bibliography page varies depending on the type of source. For books, include the author's name, title of the book, publication date, and other relevant information. For articles, include the author's name, title of the article, name of the journal, volume and issue number, publication date, and page numbers.Step 6: Double-checking Accuracy and ConsistencyBefore submitting the final version of your written work, it is crucial to double-check the accuracy and consistency of your parenthetical citations. Ensure that all sources are properly cited and that the format is consistent throughout the entire document. This will helpmaintain academic integrity and give credit to the original authors.In conclusion, parenthetical citations are an essential aspect of academic writing, allowing for proper acknowledgment of sources and enabling readers to verify the information presented. By following the steps outlined in this article, you can effectively incorporate parenthetical citations into your writing and ensure the accuracy and integrity of your work.。
英语作文逗号
英语作文逗号The use of the comma in English writing is a topic that has been debated and discussed by writers, editors, and grammar enthusiasts for centuries. The comma is a small but powerful punctuation mark that can significantly impact the meaning and flow of a sentence. Whether to use a comma or not can often be a matter of personal preference or stylistic choice, but there are also established rules and guidelines that writers should be aware of.One of the primary functions of the comma is to separate independent clauses within a compound sentence. For example, in the sentence "I went to the store and bought some groceries," the comma separates the two independent clauses "I went to the store" and "I bought some groceries." This helps to clearly delineate the two actions and makes the sentence easier to read and understand.Commas are also used to separate items in a list. For instance, in the sentence "I bought apples, oranges, bananas, and grapes," the commas separate the different types of fruit. This makes it clear that the list includes four distinct items, rather than just one long list offruits.Another common use of the comma is to set off introductory phrases or clauses. For example, in the sentence "After I finished my work, I went for a walk," the comma separates the introductory clause "After I finished my work" from the main clause "I went for a walk." This helps to establish the temporal relationship between the two actions and makes the sentence flow more smoothly.Commas can also be used to set off non-essential or parenthetical information within a sentence. For instance, in the sentence "My friend, who is a teacher, is visiting from out of town," the commas around "who is a teacher" indicate that this information is not essential to the meaning of the sentence and could be removed without changing the core message.Despite these established uses, the comma can also be a source of confusion and debate. One area where opinions often differ is the use of the "Oxford comma," which is the comma placed before the final item in a list. For example, in the sentence "I bought apples, oranges, and bananas," the comma before "and bananas" is the Oxford comma. Some writers and style guides advocate for the use of the Oxford comma, while others argue that it is unnecessary and can even be confusing.Another area of debate is the use of the comma in complex sentences with multiple clauses. There are often multiple ways to punctuate such sentences, and different writers or style guides may have different preferences. For example, in the sentence "If you finish your homework early you can go outside and play," some writers may choose to use a comma after "early," while others may not.Ultimately, the use of the comma in English writing is a complex and nuanced topic. While there are established rules and guidelines, there is also a significant amount of flexibility and personal preference involved. Writers should strive to use commas consistently and in a way that enhances the clarity and flow of their writing, but they should also be open to different approaches and be willing to adapt their style to suit the needs of their audience and the specific context of their writing.In conclusion, the comma is a crucial punctuation mark in English writing that serves a variety of important functions. While there are established rules and guidelines for its use, the comma can also be a source of debate and personal preference. Writers should strive to use commas effectively and consistently, while also being open to different approaches and styles. By mastering the use of the comma, writers can create more clear, coherent, and engaging written work.。
英语作文十个标点符号
英语作文十个标点符号Here is an essay on the topic "Ten Punctuation Marks in English" with a word count of over 1000 words, written in English without any additional titles or unnecessary punctuation marks.Punctuation marks are the essential tools that help writers organize and convey their thoughts effectively in written language. These small yet powerful symbols play a crucial role in shaping the meaning, rhythm, and clarity of a text. In the English language, there are ten primary punctuation marks that writers utilize to enhance their written communication. Each of these marks serves a unique purpose, contributing to the overall coherence and readability of a piece of writing.The first and perhaps the most fundamental punctuation mark is the period (.). This simple dot at the end of a sentence signifies the completion of a thought or idea. It indicates to the reader that the preceding statement is complete and that they should pause briefly before moving on to the next sentence. The period is essential in creating a natural flow and rhythm in written discourse, preventing the text from becoming a continuous, uninterrupted stream of words.The second punctuation mark is the comma (,). This small, yet versatile symbol serves several functions in English writing. Commas are used to separate items in a list, to set off introductory phrases or clauses, to indicate a pause or break in a sentence, and to separate independent clauses in a compound sentence. Proper use of commas helps the reader navigate the text, understand the relationships between ideas, and grasp the intended meaning.The third punctuation mark is the question mark (?). This mark is employed at the end of a sentence that poses a direct question, whether it is a simple yes-or-no query or a more complex interrogative. The question mark signals to the reader that a response or answer is expected, and it helps to differentiate questions from statements in the written form.The fourth punctuation mark is the exclamation point (!). This mark is used to convey a sense of strong emotion, emphasis, or urgency. Exclamation points are often found at the end of sentences that express surprise, excitement, or a command. Their judicious use can add dramatic flair and impact to a written work, but overuse can diminish their effectiveness.The fifth punctuation mark is the apostrophe ('). This small mark serves two primary functions in English writing. First, it is used to indicate possession, as in "the cat's toy" or "the students' books."Second, it is used to denote the omission of letters in contractions, such as "don't" or "can't." Proper use of the apostrophe helps to maintain clarity and avoid ambiguity in written communication.The sixth punctuation mark is the quotation mark (" "). These marks are used to enclose direct quotes, dialogue, or titles of works. They signal to the reader that the enclosed text is a verbatim reproduction of someone else's words or a specific reference. Quotation marks also help to distinguish between a writer's own words and the words of others, ensuring clarity and accuracy in the text.The seventh punctuation mark is the colon (:). This mark is used to introduce a list, a quotation, an explanation, or an example. Colons often precede a statement that elaborates on or clarifies the preceding clause. They help to create a sense of anticipation and connection between related ideas within a sentence.The eighth punctuation mark is the semicolon (;). This mark serves as a bridge between two independent clauses that are closely related in meaning but could stand alone as separate sentences. Semicolons allow writers to maintain a sense of continuity and flow without the need for a conjunction, such as "and" or "but." They can also be used to separate items in a complex list, where the items themselves contain commas.The ninth punctuation mark is the hyphen (-). This mark is used to join two or more words that function together as a single concept or modifier, such as "long-term" or "well-known." Hyphens can also be used to break a word at the end of a line, indicating that the remainder of the word continues on the next line. Additionally, hyphens are employed in certain compound words and to connect prefixes or suffixes to root words.The tenth and final punctuation mark is the dash (–). This mark serves a variety of purposes in English writing, often used to indicate a break, pause, or change in thought within a sentence. Dashes can be used to set off parenthetical information, to emphasize a point, or to introduce a summary or conclusion. They are also commonly used in place of commas or colons to introduce lists or examples.In conclusion, the ten punctuation marks in English – the period, comma, question mark, exclamation point, apostrophe, quotation mark, colon, semicolon, hyphen, and dash – are essential tools that writers use to organize, clarify, and enhance their written communication. Each mark serves a specific purpose, and their judicious use can greatly improve the clarity, flow, and impact of a written work. By mastering the proper application of these punctuation marks, writers can create more polished, effective, and engaging texts that effectively convey their ideas to their readers.。
如何使用英文逗号
•
8#
• Use a comma to avoid confusion. This is often a matter of consistently
applying rule #3.
• For most the year is already finished.
• One of the most frequent errors in comma usage is the placement of a
comma after a coordinating conjunction. We cannot say that the comma will always come before the conjunction and never after, but it would be a rare event, indeed, that we need to follow a coordinating conjunction with a comma. When speaking, we do sometimes pause after the little conjunction, but there is seldom a good reason to put a comma there.
• Use a comma + a little conjunction (and, but, for, nor, yet, or, so) to connect
two independent clauses, as in "He hit the ball well, but ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้e ran toward third base."
美国译者协会考试评分体系对我国翻译测试的启示
美国译者协会考试评分体系对我国翻译测试的启示肖维青【摘要】本文介绍了最新的美国译者协会认证考试设计和实施的情况,包括对职业翻译技能的界定、评分标准、评分表以及评分流程等.ATA注重翻译活动的目的性,测试评分自成体系,实施严格公平,对于我国的翻译专业资格考试(CATTI)以及其他大中型翻译测试有一定的借鉴意义.【期刊名称】《学术界》【年(卷),期】2012(000)005【总页数】12页(P225-233,282-284)【关键词】美国译者协会;认证考试;评分;借鉴【作者】肖维青【作者单位】上海外国语大学英语学院,上海200083【正文语种】中文一、引言在一些国家，设立清晰的口笔译质量评价标准并监督这些标准得以执行，都需要一个特定的组织。
比如在澳大利亚有翻译资格认可局，即NAATI(the National Accreditation Authority for Translators and Interpreters)，在英国是语言协会(the Institute of Linguistics)。
〔1〕在美国则是著名的 ATA(American Translators Association)，即美国译者协会。
这些组织还有一个很重要的任务就是选拔人才。
ATA从1971年开始实施资格认证考试，已经整整四十年，算得上历史悠久、设计成熟的翻译考试。
2003年12月我国人事部也推出了全国翻译专业资格(水平)考试(简称CATTI)，这是一项国家级职业资格考试，是在全国实现的、统一的、面向全社会的、对参试人员口译或笔译方面双语互译能力和水平的评价与认定。
到2006年底，7个语种的二、三级口笔译考试以及英语同声传译考试已全面推出。
〔2〕因为施行时间不长，考试的设计、实施、评价等方面还有不少缺憾。
本文简要地介绍一下美国ATA考试的评分体系，特别是考试的评分标准、评分流程以及评分表等。
他山之石，可以攻玉。
我们相信，ATA评分体系的设计和实施对于我国的CATTI考试以及其他大中型翻译测试有一定的借鉴意义。
commas
This set of slides will illustrate the most common uses of one of the most common punctuation marks:Use the information icon and hyperlinks (this color)to link tosources of further information in the Guide to Grammar and Writing.Use a comma to set off the elements of a series (three or more things), including the last two.My favorite uses of the Internet are sending e-mail, surfing the Web, and using chat rooms.You may have learned that this comma is not necessary. Sometimes, however, the last two items in your series will glom into one if you don’t use the so-called serial comma.Use a comma and a coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so) to separate two independent clauses.The public seems eager for some kind of gun control legislation, but the congress is obviously too timid to enact any truly effective measures.If the two independent clauses are brief and nicely balanced, this comma may be omitted, but the comma is always correct. Our team is very good but their team is better.Use a comma to set off introductory elements. Anxious about the upcoming winter, settlers began to bicker among themselves about supplies.In the winter of 1644, nearly half the settlers died of starvation or exposure.If the introductory element is brief and the sentence can be read easily without the comma, it can be omitted.In 1649 the settlers abandoned their initial outpost.Use a comma to separate coordinate adjectives .Coaches grew weary of running practices in the drafty, dreary, dilapidated gymnasium.If you could put a but or an and between the adjectives, you should put a comma between them.expensive and modern =expensive ,modern . . . . But not “a little and old house.”“A little old house” would be correct.The designs for an expensive, modern gym should make them happy.Use a comma to set off elements that express a contrast or a turn in the sentence.The house was cute, but too expensive for the newlyweds. They were looking for something practical, not luxuriousUse a comma to set off states and countries, years (in a full date), titles, etc.The conference was originally set for Geneva, Switzerland, but was then rescheduled for Chicago, Illinois.Their wedding date was set for August 5, 2000, in the college chapel in Newton, Massachusetts.Tashonda Klondike, Chair of the Ways and Means Committee, submitted the committee’s final report.Use a comma to set off quoted language.Frost’s poem “Fire and Ice” begins with the lines, “Some say the world will end in fire, / Some say in ice.”“Fire when ready, Gridley,” the Admiral said.“We can’t see into the future,” said the President, “but we have to prepare for it nonetheless.”Use a comma to set off parenthetical elements. This is the most difficult rule in comma usage. A parenthetical element is “added information,” something that can be removed from a sentence without changing the essential meaning of that sentence. Deciding what is “added information” and what is essential is sometimes difficult. See the next slide.Parenthetical elements:Robert Frost, perhaps America’s most beloved poet, died when he was 88.Frankly, it doesn’t seem to matter.When an appositive phrase can be removed from a sentence without changing its meaning or making it ambiguous:An absolute phrase is treated as a parenthetical element:An addressed person’s (or people’s) name is always parenthetical:I am warning you, good citizens of Hartford, this vote is crucialto the future of our city.One more parenthetical element:An interjection is treated as a parenthetical element: Excuse me, but there are, of course, many points of view that we must consider before voting.One last rule: Don’t over-use commas!When a comma is needed, use it; otherwise, do without. Reviewing the rules of comma usage will help you understand the way sentences are built —and that, ultimately, will help you become a better writer.This PowerPoint presentation was created by Charles Darling, PhDProfessor of English and Webmaster Capital Community CollegeHartford, Connecticutcopyright November 1999。
战争的讨价还价理论_探索战争的理性主义解释
战争的讨价还价理论是国际关系学者把经济学 的讨价还价理论 ( bargaining theory)运用于国家间战 争的研究成果 ,讨价还价理论是博弈论经济学的重 要理论 ,作为博弈论的一个分支 ,讨价还价理论是随 着博弈论的不断完善而发展起来的 。我们知道 ,经 济学是关于稀缺资源 ( scarce resources)如何分配的 科学 ,但相关行为体对于如何分配稀缺资源却经常 存在分歧 ,而分歧的解决则是相关行为体之间讨价 还价的结果 。因此 ,讨价还价 ( bargaining)主要是指 参与人 (p layer)之间通过数轮的报价与还价过程最 终就资源的分配达成协议 。讨价还价理论运用于日 常的经济活动便可阐明买方与卖方如何就交易物品 达成一个双方都可接受的交易价格 。
上述从讨价还价的角度看待战争的研究为 20 世纪 90年代至 21世纪初期的讨价还价理论奠定了
坚实的思想基础 ,但是 ,前者的研究基本上是一种非 形式化的定性分析 ,所以 ,与后者相比 ,前者的研究 在系统性 、逻辑性 、说服力等方面都存在严重的不 足 ,这些不足为后者预留了广阔的理论发展空间 。 当今的学者使用形式模型 ( formal model)方法并运 用博弈论知识 ,以严谨的数理逻辑为战争建立了高 度抽象的讨价还价模型 ( bargaining model) ,即战争 的讨价还价理论 ,从而把战争研究推向了新的理论 高度 。
把国家间合作视为讨价还价过程 ,这一点并不 难理解 ,在国际合作的背景下 ,国家之间存在某种共 同利益的竞争 ,从而呈现非零和博弈状态 。但是 ,把
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战争视为讨价还价问题 ,则似乎有违常识 。按照惯 常的理解 ,国家之间发生战争是因为两国的竞争是 零和博弈 ,一方的所得必是另一方的所失 ,因此 ,不 存在讨价还价的空间 ( bargaining space) ,只能在战 场上一决雌雄 。这种观点的缺陷在于它没有认识 到 ,战争的高成本和高风险使得冲突双方在避免战 争上有着共同的利益 ,双方并非是零和关系 。事实 上 ,在国际政治中 ,国家间关系几乎不存在绝对的零 和博弈 。既然是非零和博弈 ,原则上必然存在讨价 还价的可能性 。战争之所以发生 ,不是因为没有讨 价还价的空间 ,而是由于国家之间存在种种阻碍谈 判的因素而无法达成和平协议 。把战争视为讨价还 价问题的讨价还价理论 ,其理论主旨正是解释哪些 因素阻碍了国家之间达成一种优于战争方案的和平 方案 。
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The use of commas In parenthesis
• Commas are often used to enclose parenthetical words and phrases within a sentence (i.e., information that is not essential to the meaning of the sentence). Such phrases are both preceded and followed by a comma, unless that would result in a doubling of punctuation marks, or the parenthetical is at the start or end of the sentence.
The purpose
• Because of high repetition rate (usually from a very common name, Jack, John, Allen, Tom etc.) and surnames are always strange, which is different from the Chinese traditional name writing. In order to facilitate the sorting, searching in the computer directory, we will often see the form of “ family name + comma + last name ", the main purpose is to facilitate the sorting and searching.
The answers
• Your work, I’m sorry to say, is not satisfactory. • The director, in fact, has done very little work. • To call a spade a spade, the experiment was a failure.
Please add commas in appropriate places.
• Your work I’m sorry to say is not satisfactory. • The director in fact has done very little work. • To call a பைடு நூலகம்pade a spade the experiment was a failure.
The use of commas in names
• In English, the normal names writing is putting the family name behind the last name. • John White • But when we put the last name behind the family name, we should use a comma between the two names. • White, john
The following are examples of types of parenthetical phrases:
• Introductory phrase: Once upon a time, my father ate a muffin. • Interjection: My father ate the muffin, gosh darn it! • Aside: My father, if you don't mind me telling you this, ate the muffin. • Appositive: My father, a jaded and bitter man, ate the muffin. • Absolute phrase: My father, his eyes flashing with rage, ate the muffin.
• 23,000
Read the numbers following and decide if they are true or false. • 100,000,0 • 1000,0000 • 10,000,000
Some little knowledge
• However, in much of Europe, Southern Africa and Latin America, periods or spaces are used instead; the comma is used as a decimal separator, equivalent to the use in English of the decimal point. In India, the groups are two digits, except for the rightmost group. However the comma may not be used for this purpose at all in some styles, e.g. the SI writing style; a space may be used to separate groups of three digits instead.
The use of commas In numbers
• With number over 1,000, commas are often used to separate digits by thousands. From right to left, a comma is placed after ever three numbers: