英美文学考试复习点重点整理

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英美文学史复习

英美文学史复习

英美文学史复习资料英国文学史资料I. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages<Beowulf>贝奥武夫Artistic features:ing alliteration头韵ing metaphor暗喻 and understatement含蓄陈述Geoffery Chaucer杰弗里乔叟The founder of English poetry.三个阶段:1<The Romaunt of the Rose>玫瑰传奇2<Troilus and Criseyde>特罗伊拉斯和克莱希德longest complete poe m3<The Canterbury Tales>坎特伯雷故事集:Significance :first time to use ‘heroic couplet’(英雄双韵体) b y middle EnglishIIThe Renaissance PeriodA period of drama and poetry. The Elizabethan drama is the realmainstream of the English Renaissance.Renaissance: the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14 th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the trans ition from the medieval to the modern world. Humanism is the ke y-note of the Renaissance.1. 1.Edmund Spenser埃德蒙斯宾塞1552~1599(后人称之为“诗人(de)诗人”.)The poets’ poet. The first to be buried in the Poet’s corner of Westerminster Abbey.① <The Faerie Queene>仙后(for Queen Elizabeth)The theme is not “Arms and the man”, but something more roman tic “Fierce wars and faithfull loves”.②<The Shepherds Calendar>牧人日历The theme is to lament over the loss of RosalinismMore2. Thomas托马斯莫尔1478~1535One of the greatest English humanists①<Utopia>乌托邦Two books: the social conditions of Englishan ideal communist societyBacon3. Francis弗兰西斯培根1561~1626The first English of english eassy.1<TheAdvancement of Learning>学术(de)推进2.<New Instrument>3<Essays>随笔58 essays4. Marlowe柯里斯托弗马洛①<The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus>浮士德博士(de)悲剧(根据德国民间故事书写成)②<Tamburlaine>帖木耳大帝③<The Jew of Malta>马耳他岛(de)犹太人5. William Shakespeare威廉莎士比亚1564~1616共37plays①Historical plays:Henry VI ; Henry IV : Richard III ; Henry V;Richard II;Henry VIII②四大喜剧:第二阶段<As You Like It>皆大欢喜; <Twelfth Night>第十二夜; <A Midsummer Night’S Dream>仲夏夜之梦; <Merchant Of Ven ice>威尼斯商人③四大悲剧:<Hamlet>哈姆莱特; <Othello>奥赛罗; <King Lear>李尔王; <Macbeth>麦克白④Shakespeare Sonnet :154 <The Sonnets>III The 17th Century1. John Milton约翰弥尔顿1608~1674(失明后写失乐园、复乐园、力士参孙.)①Epics:<Paradise Lost>失乐园(亚当Adam夏娃Eve受魔鬼撒旦Satan 诱惑偷尝禁果,被God逐出伊甸园Eden)< RegainedParadise>复乐园②Dramatic poem:<Samson Agonistes>力士参孙.2. John Bunyan约翰班扬1628~1688(代表作天路历程,宗教寓言,被誉为“具有永恒意义(de)百科全书”,是英国文学史上里程碑式着作.与但丁(de)神曲、奥古斯丁(de)忏悔录并列为世界三大宗教题材文学杰作.)Puritan poet(清教徒派诗人)①Religionary Allegory:<The Pilgrim’s Progress>天路历程3. John Donnethe Metaphysical poet(玄学派诗人).Metaphysical Poetry(玄学诗):(用语)the diction is simple, the imagery is from the actual, (形式)the form is frequently an argument with the poet’s beloved, with god, or with himself.(主题:love, religious, thought)4. John Dryden:革命时期(de)保皇派代表royalistIVThe 18th Century1Enlightment 3位代表Addison,Steele,PopeJohnson2. Samuel塞缪尔约翰逊1709~1784①Dictionary =<A Dictionary of English Language>英语大词典3. Jonathan Swift乔纳森斯威夫特1667~1745①<Gulliver’s Travels>格列佛游记(fictional work)Four parts:Lilliput 小人国 Brobdingnag 大人国Flying Island 飞岛 Houyhnhnm 马岛<A Modest Proposal>一个小小(de)建议②<The Battle of Books>书战③<A Tale of a Tub>木桶(de)故事④ <The Drapper’s Letters>一个麻布商(de)书信4. Daniel Defoe丹尼尔笛福1660~1731< CrusoeRobinson>鲁宾逊漂流记5. Oliver Goldsmith奥利弗格尔德斯密斯1730~1774①poems:<The Deserted Village>荒村②novel:<The Vicar of Wakefield>威克菲尔德牧师传6.感伤主义sentimentalism and pre-romanticism:Blake& Burns7 William Blake威廉布莱克1757~1827①<Songs of Innocence>天真之歌.②<Songs of Experience>经验之歌③ <The Marriage of Heaven and Hell>天堂与地狱(de)婚姻8 Robert Burns罗伯特彭斯1759~1796The greatest Scottish poet in the late 18th century.Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect主要用苏格兰方言写(de)诗① <John Anderson, My Jo>约翰安德生,我(de)爱人② <A Red, Red Rose>一朵红红(de)玫瑰③ < SyneAuld Long>友谊地久天长④ <A Man’s a Man for A’That>不管那一套⑤ <HighlandsMy Heart’s in the>我(de)心在那高原上VThe Romantic PeriodThe romantic period began in 1798 the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge’s <Lyrical Ballads>, and end in 1832 with Sir Walt er Scott’s death.“The Lake Poets”湖畔诗人,who lived in the lake district.William Wordsworth; Samuel Taylor Coleridge; Robert Southey1. William Wordsworth威廉华兹华斯1770~1850(与柯尔律治、骚塞同被称为“”诗人. The Lake Poets)① <Lyrical Ballads>抒情歌谣集(with Samuel Taylor Coleridge)②<I Wondered Lonely As A Cloud>③Lines Composed A Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey④The Solitary Reaper孤独(de)割麦女② <The Prelude>序曲2. Samuel Taylor Coleridge塞缪尔泰勒科尔律治1772~1834The Lake Poets① <The Rime of the Ancient Mariner>古舟子颂② <Christabel>柯里斯塔贝尔③ <Kubla Khan>忽必烈汗④ <Frost at Night>半夜冰霜⑤ <Dejection, an Ode>忧郁颂⑥ <Lyrical Ballads>抒情歌谣集(with William Wordsworth)3. George Gordon Byron乔治戈登拜伦1788~1824①<Don Juan>唐璜<Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage>恰尔德哈罗德尔游记<Cain>该隐②<When We Two Parted>当初我们俩分别<She Walks In Beauty>4. Persy Bysshe Shelley波西比希雪莱1792~1822①Poetic Drama:<Prometheus Unbound>解放了(de)普罗米修斯②<Queen Mab>麦布女王<Revolt of Islam>伊斯兰(de)反叛<The Cenci>钦契一家<A Defence of Poetry>诗辩<The Necessity of Atheism>无神论(de)必要性③Lyrics:Ode to the West Wind西风颂<To a Skylark>致云雀A Defense of Poetry ---critical worksSong to Men of England---greatest political lyricKeats5. John约翰济慈1795~1821(“美即是真,真即是美”是他(de)着名诗句.)①Four great odes: <Ode on a Grecian Urn>希腊古瓮颂<Ode to a Nightingale>夜莺颂<To Autumn>秋颂<Ode On Melancholy>忧郁颂②Five long poems:Endymion, Isabella, The eve of ,Lamia, Hyper ionScott6 Walter沃尔特斯科特1771~1832(历史小说之父”)Father of history novels①<Rob Roy>罗伯罗伊②<Ivanhoe>艾凡赫VIThe Victorian PeriodCommon sense and moral propreity, again became the predominant preoccupation. Critical realists were all concerned about the f ate of the common people and everyday events.1. Charles Dickens查尔斯狄更斯1812~1870(批判现实主义小说家)critical realist writer第一阶段: by Boz特写集2<The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club>匹克威克外传3<Oliver Twist>奥利弗特维斯特(雾都孤儿)4Nicholas Nickleby5.<The Old Curiosity Shop>老古玩店Rudge第二阶段:1Amercian Notes美国札记2,Martin Chuzzlewit宗教色彩,圣诞小说: .3<A Christmas Carol>圣诞颂歌 4 The Chimes 圣诞颂歌 5The Cricket on the Earth 灶上蟋蟀6<Dombey and Son>董贝父子7<David Copperfield>大卫科波菲尔自传体第三阶段1 <Bleak House>荒凉山庄2.<Hard Times>艰难时世dorrit4<A Tale of Two Cities>双城记(London & Paris)5 <Great Expectations>远大前程6 <Our Mutual Friend>我们共同(de)朋友7未完成:Edwin Drood2. William Makepeace Thackeray威廉麦克匹斯萨克雷1811~1863①<Vanity Fair>or a Novel without a Hero名利场(the name is an e xcerpt from <The Pilgrim’s Progress>by John Bunyan)②<The Book Of Snobs>3 Jane Austen简奥斯丁1775~1817浪漫主义时期(de)批判现实主义.①<Sense and Sensibility>理智与感情<Pride and Prejudic>傲慢与偏见(chapter I)<Emma>爱玛<Mansfield Park>曼斯菲尔德庄园<Northanger Abbey>诺桑觉寺<Persuasion>劝导3. Charlotte Bronte夏洛蒂勃朗特1816~1855① <Jane Eyre>简爱② <Shirley>雪莉③ <Professor>教师4. Emily Bronte艾米莉勃朗特1818~1854① < HeightsWuthering>呼啸山庄② <Old Stoic>Bronte安妮.勃朗特①Agnes Grey②The Tenant of the Wildfell Hall6.Robert Louis Stevenson①<Treasure Island>金银岛7. Oscar Wilde奥斯卡王尔德1856~1900①4 Comedies:<The Importance Of Being Earnest>认真(de)重要<Lady Windermere’s Fan>温德米尔夫人(de)扇子<A Woman Of No Importance>一个无足轻重(de)女人<An Ideal Husband>理想(de)丈夫②Novel:<The Picture Of Dorian Gray>多利安格雷(de)画像③Fairy Stories:<The Happy Prince And Other Tales>快乐王子故事集Hardy1 Thomas托马斯哈代1840~1928(小说多以农村生活为背景;自然主义小说家.Wessex novels; novels of character and environment)⑴Novels① <Tess Of The D’Urbervilles>德伯家(de)苔丝人物:Angel Clare,A lec② <Jude The Obscure>无名(de)裘德人物:Fawley, Arabella Donnm,(a ll body) Sue Bridehead(all mind)③ <Under The Greenwood Tree>绿荫下④< The Madding CrowdFar From>远离尘嚣⑤ <The Mayor Of Casterbridge>卡斯特桥市长⑥<The Return of the Native>还乡⑵PoemsWessex Poems And Other VersesPoems Of The Past And PresentThe Dynasts 列国2.George Bernard Shaw乔治伯纳萧1856~1950(英国杰出(de)批判现实主义剧作家)critical realistic dramatist ⑴Plays①Plays Unpleasant<Mrs Warren’S Profession>华伦夫人(de)职业<Widowers’ Houses>鳏夫(de)房产②Plays Pleasant<Arms And Man>武器与人<The Man Of Destiny>左右命运(de)人③Plays<Man And Superman>人与超人<Pygmalion>匹格玛利翁<The Apple Cart>苹果车< JoanSaint>圣女贞德1. David Herbert Lawrence劳伦斯男女关系①<Sons And Lovers>儿子与情人(autobiographical)②<The Rainbow>虹③<Women In Love>恋爱中(de)女人④<Lady Chatterley’s Lover>查特莱夫人(de)情人Joyce2. James詹姆斯乔伊斯1882~1941(爱尔兰小说家,意识流小说(de)代表人物)stream-of-consciousness <Ulysses>尤利西斯(S_O_C)<A Portrait Of The Artist As A Young Man>一个青年艺术家(de)肖像<Finnegans Wake>芬尼根(de)苏醒<Dubliners>都柏林人3. Virginia Woolf弗吉尼娅沃尔芙1882~1941(意识流小说(de)代表人物)stream-of-consciousness①Novels< DallowayMrs>达洛维夫人<To The Lighthouse>到灯塔去<The Waves>浪<The Lighthouse><Jacob’s Room>雅各布(de)房间<Orlando>奥兰朵<Between The Acts>幕间Yeats 1. 叶芝1865~1939(爱尔兰诗人,剧作家; The Irish nationalist movement 爱尔兰独立运动; The Irish Literary Revival 爱尔兰文艺复兴; The Irish Lit erary Theater, or the Abbey Theater 爱尔兰民族剧团)⑴collections①<The Wind Among The Reeds>苇风<Responsibilities>责任②<The Tower>塔<The Winding Stair>旋转(de)楼梯⑵Poems<Easter 1916>复活节,1916<The Second Coming>第二次来临/再世<Sailing To Byzantium>到拜占庭航行2. Thomas Sterns Eliot(诗人,剧作家,批评家)⑴Poems①<The Waste Land>②<Four Quartets>四个四重奏③<The Love Song Of J. Alfred Prufrock>⑵Plays①<Murder In The Cathedral>大教堂谋杀案美国文学史复习1、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林1)"Poor Richard's Almanac" 穷人查理德(de)年鉴 2)“The Way to W ealth”致富之道“The Autobiography”自传 18世纪美国唯一流传至今(de)自传2、Washington Irving华盛顿.欧文the first great belletrist 第一个纯文学作家,the first greatprose stylist of American romanticism. 美国第一位浪漫主义散文文体作家“Sketch Book”见闻札记, thefirst modern short storiesand the fi rst great American juvenile literature.现代文学史上第一部短篇小说和美国第一部伟大(de)青少年文学读物.“Legends of the Conquest of Spain”西班牙征服记A History of New York纽约(de)历史-----美国人写(de)第一部诙谐文学杰作;The Sketch Book见闻札记The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷(de)传说-----使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉(de)作家;Bracebridge Hall布雷斯布里奇田庄;Talks of Travellers旅客谈;The Alhambra阿尔罕伯拉Fenimore Cooper詹姆斯.芬尼莫.库珀“Leatherstocking Tales”皮袜子故事集,包括“The Deerslayer”杀鹿者、“The Last of the Mohicans”最后(de)莫希干人、“The Pathfind er”探路人、“The Pioneers”拓荒者、“The Prairie”大草原, regar d as “the nearest approach yet to an American epic.” 被认为是迄今为止美国最接近史诗(de)作品.The Spy间谍The Pilot领航者The Littlepage Manuscripts利特佩奇(de)手稿4、Ralph Waldo Emersion 拉尔夫.沃尔多.爱默生be responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New England,是把超验主义引入新英格兰(de)先驱.Emerson believed above all in individualism个人主义, independence of mind思想独立, and self-r eliance自强.作品:“Nature”论自然、“Essays”随笔录“The American Scholar”美国学者, our intellectual Declaration of Independence.我们知识分子(de)独立宣言.④his most important works are “Representative Men”代表and “E nglish Traits”英国人、“Poems”诗集.5、Henry David Thoreau 亨利.戴维.梭罗“In Walden”沃尔登成名作“Civil Disobedience”平民反抗essay 随笔.非暴力不合作6、Nathaniel Hawthorne 纳萨尼尔.霍桑“Mosses from an Old Manse”古厦青苔、“The Marble Faun”玉石神像“The Scarlet Letter”红字人物:Hester Prynne, Roger Chillingwor th, Arthur Dimmesdale, Pearl7、Herman Melville 赫尔曼.麦尔维尔“Moby Dick”白鲸人物:Captain Ahab.船长阿哈比;Queequeg,捕鲸人奎因奎格Ishmael讲故事(de)人,Starkbuck 星巴克8、Walt Whitman 沃尔特.惠特曼①★free verse (自由诗体) 无固定节奏,无有规律(de)韵脚②“Leaves of Grass”草叶集 1870 the first genuine epic poem. 美国历史上第一部真正(de)史诗Poem’s 特点:most of the poems in “LeavesofGrass”are about man and nature.9、Emily Dickinson 爱米丽.狄金森“I died for Beauty” 我为美而死(诗歌)Beauty / Truth / Goodness are ultimate(终极) the same“Because I could not stop for Death”我不能等候死神Theme:死亡是实现永恒Immortality(de)途径“my life closed twice before its close”“mine—by the right of the white election”Allan Poe埃德加.阿伦.坡“The Fall of the House of Usher”鄂谢府崩溃记、“The Raven”乌鸦the title poem of a collection“Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque”述异集first collection of short stories. 第一部短篇小说集.“A modern instance一个现代(de)例证“The rise of Silas Lapham”塞拉斯.拉帕姆(de)发迹“The Amercian”美国人“Daisy Miller”黛西,米勒“The portrait of a lady”贵妇人画像“The ambassador”奉使记“The Wings of the Dove”鸽翼“the golden bowl”金碗Twain马克.吐温①美国现实主义文学(de)代表作“Adventures ofHuckleberry Finn”哈克贝里.费恩历险记(马克最有名(de)作品)②特点:local colorist地方特色:a unique variation of American literary realism, it refers to the particular concern about the local character of a region.代表作:“The Gilded Age”70-90年代,镀金时代,贫富分化,财富积累.“The Adventures of Tom Sawyer”用词简单、幽默、使用当地语言编写“Life on the Mississippi”14、Theodore Dreiser 西奥多.德莱塞①代表作:“Sister Carrie”嘉莉妹妹 the first novel, which traces the material rise of Carrie Meeber and the tragic decline of G. W. Hurstwood.“The Financier”、“The Titan”、“The Stoic”Trilogy of Desire 欲望三部曲②“An American Tragedy”美国悲剧,The identification of potency with money is at the heart of Dreiser’s grea test and most successful novel,德莱塞最恢宏、最成功(de)小说,表达了金钱万能(de)主题.15、Thomas Stearns Eliot托马斯.斯特恩斯.爱略特现代主义代言人“The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock”poems,holds its place in the development of Eliot’s poetry as a whole.“Tradition and the Individual Talent”essay,随笔传统和个人天才, the earliest statement of his aesthetics第一次阐释了自己(de)审美观点.“The Waste Land”荒原现代主义(de)标志“Four Quartets”四个四重奏poem“Murder in the Cathedral”,poetic tragedy, 诗歌悲诗, a drama (戏剧) of impressive spiritual power.极富感染力(de)戏剧Frost罗伯特.弗洛斯特自然主义诗人 poet“The Road Not Taken”、“Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening”向往大自然,想逃避社会;死亡、迷惑17、Ernest Hemingway 厄恩斯特.海明威 novelist 小说家诺贝尔代表作:“The Sun Also Rises” Hemingway became the spokesman fo r “a lost generation”“A Farewell to Arms”、“For Whom the Bell Tolls”、“The Old Man and the Sea”18、William Faulkner 威廉.福克纳诺贝尔①作品(de)主题:the universal theme of “the problems of the hum an heart in conflict with itself”人类心灵与自己冲突是宇宙永恒(de)主题.②作品:“The Sound and the Fury”喧嚣与骚动成名作、“Absalom, Absalom”、“Go Down, Moses”Steinbeck约翰.斯坦贝克诺贝尔“Of Mice and Men”人鼠之间 portrayed the tragic friendship betw een two migrant workers“The Grapes of Wrath”愤怒(de)葡萄regarded as masterpiece 视为杰作.20. Eugene O’Neill诺贝尔“The Emperor Jones”琼斯国王、“Anna Christie”安娜.克里斯蒂、“The Hairy Ape”毛猿“Long days’Journey”自传21.Saul Bellow犹太人诺贝尔从1941年到1987年(de)4O余年间,贝娄共出版了9部.早期创作有结构优美(de)挂起来(de)人“Danglin Man”(1944)、受害者“The victim”(1947),颇为评论界注目.(1953)(de)出版,一举成名,奠定了他(de)文学地位.由于把“丰富多彩(de)流浪汉小说与当代文化(de)精妙分析结合在一起”,这部小说成为当代美国文学中描写自意识和个人自由(de)典型之作.陆续出版了雨王汉德逊“Hederson the Rain King”(1959)、“H erzog”获得4项奖(1964)、赛姆勒先生(de)行星Mr Sammlers Plann et”(1970)、洪堡(de)礼物(1975)、系主任(de)十二月(1981)、而今更见伤心死(1987)、偷窃(1989)等.这些作品袒露了中产阶级知识分子(de)苦闷,从反映了美国当代“丰裕社会”(de)精神危机.成为美国轰动一时(de)畅销书.此外,贝娄还出版过中短篇小说集且惜今朝(195 6)和莫斯比(de)回忆(1968),剧本最后(de)分析(1965)以及游记去来(1976)、散文集集腋成裘(1994)等.犹太人Jewish“The Catcher of the Rye”麦田里(de)守望者名词解释romanticism:Owing to difference in social and political attitudes,the roman ticists split into two romantic writers expressed the aspirati ons of the classes created by capitalism and held out an ideal, though a vague one,of a feature society free from oppression an d were the younger generation of romanticists represented by B yron,Shelley and Keats.Ronmanticism:Owing to difference in social and political attitudes,the roman ticists split into two romantic writers reflected the thinking of classes ruined by the bourgoisie,and by the way of protesti ng against capitalist development turned to the feudal were th e elder generation of romanticists,sometimes called escapist ro manticists,including Wordsworth,Coleridge and Southey.Critical Realism:English critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the forties and in the early fifties. The critical realists decribe d with much vividness and great artistic skill the chief traits of the English society and criticized the capitalist system fr om a democratic critical realists included Charles Dickens,Tha ckeray,the Bronte Sisters and so on..4、Lost Generation:Writers of the first postwar era self-consci ously acknowledged that they were a “Lost Generation,” devoid of faith and alienated from a civilization. It describes the Am ericans who remained in Paris as a colony of “expatriates” or exiles. It describes the writers like Hemingway who lived in se mipoverty. It describes the Americans who returned to their nat ive land with an intense awareness of living in an unfamiliar c hanging famous writers were Hemingway,Fitzgwrald.:Imagism was an Anglo-Amercian poetic movement flourishing in t he 1910s. Its program was formulated about 1912 by the Amercian poet,Ezra Pound and the movement soon broke up in about 1917. The imagist poetry was a kind of free verse shaking off the con ventional metres and emphasizing on the use of common speech,new rhythms and clear images. The two most important English poet s of the first half of 20th century were Yeats and Eliot.: It refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th century. It means revival , revival of interest in ancient Greek and Ro man culture. Renaissance, in essence , was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attem pts to get rid of conservatism in feudalist Europe and introduc e new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoi sie , to lift the restrictions in all areas placed by the Roman church is the key-note of the Renaissance.The greatest humanist was Thomas More.colourism:Local Colourism is a type of writing that was popula r in the late 19th century, particularly among authors in the Sou th of the U.S.. This style relied heanvily on using words, phra ses, and slang that were native to the particular region in whi ch the story take place. The term has come to mean any device w hich implies a special focus. Whether it be geographical or tem poral. A well-known loca colourism author was Mark Twain with h is books Tom Sawyer and The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn.。

英美文学考研复习资料重要作品整理文学流派解析

英美文学考研复习资料重要作品整理文学流派解析

英美文学考研复习资料重要作品整理文学流派解析英美文学是世界上最为重要的文学流派之一,它涵盖了从古典到现代的各种文学作品。

本文将为您整理英美文学考研复习资料中的一些重要作品,并对其中代表性的文学流派进行解析。

一、文学流派解析1. 古典主义文学古典主义文学是英美文学史上的重要流派之一,其诞生于17世纪,充分借鉴了古希腊罗马文学的风格和理念。

代表作品包括约翰·米尔顿的《失乐园》,这部史诗被视为英国文学史上最伟大的作品之一,展现了古典主义文学的典型特征。

2. 浪漫主义文学浪漫主义文学兴起于18世纪末至19世纪初,追求个性、情感和自然的恢弘力量。

其中的重要作品有威廉·华兹华斯的《賓納山诗集》和塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治的《孤独的旅行者》,这两部作品以描绘自然风光和表达人内心情感为主要特点。

3. 现实主义文学现实主义文学盛行于19世纪中叶至20世纪初,追求真实和客观的描写方式,反映社会问题和人民生活。

查尔斯·狄更斯的《雾都孤儿》和托马斯·哈代的《傲慢与偏见》是现实主义文学的代表作品,揭示了当时英美社会的不公与剥削。

4. 自然主义文学自然主义文学是现实主义文学的延伸,强调人的行为和命运受到自然和社会环境的决定。

斯蒂芬·克莱恩的《追逐》和杰克·伦敦的《野性的呼唤》是自然主义文学的经典之作,通过对人性的观察呈现了残酷的现实。

5. 现代主义文学现代主义文学兴起于20世纪初,以对传统文学形式的反叛和对意识流的运用为特点。

弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫的《到灯塔去》和詹姆斯·乔伊斯的《尤利西斯》是现代主义文学中的杰作,以其独特的叙事结构和思想深度引领了当时文学的新潮流。

二、重要作品整理1. 威廉·莎士比亚的《哈姆雷特》《哈姆雷特》是莎士比亚最著名的戏剧之一,被誉为西方文学史上最伟大的作品之一。

它通过对主人公哈姆雷特的心理描写,探讨了复仇、死亡和道德的问题,展现了莎士比亚独特的戏剧艺术和人物塑造能力。

英美文学选读复习资料

英美文学选读复习资料

英美文学选读复习资料英美文学选读复习资料一、英国文学1、文艺复兴时期:莎士比亚的戏剧《哈姆雷特》、《李尔王》、《麦克白》等,以及弥尔顿的《失乐园》。

2、17世纪:约翰·多恩的玄学派诗歌,以及约翰·班扬的《天路历程》。

3、18世纪:启蒙时期,亨利·菲尔丁和理查逊的小说,以及亚历山大·蒲柏的讽刺诗歌。

4、19世纪:浪漫主义时期,包括拜伦、雪莱、济慈等人的诗歌,以及简·奥斯汀、爱米莉·勃朗特等的小说。

5、维多利亚时期:查尔斯·狄更斯、乔治·艾略特、托马斯·哈代等作家的小说,以及马修·阿诺德、约翰·罗斯金等人的诗歌。

二、美国文学1、浪漫主义时期:包括华盛顿·欧文的《睡谷传说》、爱伦·坡的短篇小说、以及纳撒尼尔·霍桑的《红字》。

2、现实主义时期:包括马克·吐温的《汤姆·索亚历险记》、亨利·詹姆斯的小说、以及艾米莉·狄金森的诗歌。

3、20世纪:包括F.斯科特·菲茨杰拉德的《了不起的盖茨比》、欧内斯特·海明威的《老人与海》、杰克·凯鲁亚克的《在路上》等文学作品。

三、文学术语和概念1、象征主义:通过象征性的符号或形象来表达某种思想或情感。

2、叙事视角:从特定的角度来描述故事,常见的有第一人称、第二人称、第三人称等。

3、意象主义:通过形象和比喻来表达情感和思想。

4、文艺复兴:欧洲历史上的一次文化运动,强调人文主义和古希腊罗马文化。

5、玄学派:17世纪英国的一种文学流派,强调诗歌中的哲学思考和神秘主义。

6、悲剧:一种戏剧类型,通常表现英雄人物的悲惨命运。

7、喜剧:一种戏剧类型,通常表现幽默、讽刺等轻松愉快的主题。

8、自然主义:一种文学流派,强调对自然和社会现实的客观描写。

9、超验主义:一种哲学思想,强调个人经验和直觉,反对传统权威。

英美文学重点知识归纳

英美文学重点知识归纳

英美文学重点知识归纳1. 英美文学的定义英美文学是指英国和美国的文学作品,包括小说、诗歌、戏剧、散文等。

英美文学具有悠久的历史,涵盖了从古代文学到现代文学的各个时期和流派。

2. 英美文学的时期和流派2.1 古代英美文学古代英美文学包括早期安格鲁-撒克逊文学、中世纪文学和文艺复兴时期文学。

其中,早期安格鲁-撒克逊文学以史诗《贝奥武夫》为代表,中世纪文学以《坎特伯雷故事集》为代表,文艺复兴时期文学以莎士比亚的戏剧作品为代表。

2.2 浪漫主义文学浪漫主义是英美文学的一个重要流派,包括诗人拜伦、雪莱和济慈等人的作品。

浪漫主义文学强调个体的感情和想象力,关注自然、爱情、自由等主题。

2.3 现实主义文学现实主义是英美文学的另一个重要流派,出现于19世纪后期。

代表作家包括狄更斯、托尔斯泰和马克·吐温等人。

现实主义文学揭示社会问题,关注人性的复杂性和社会的不公平。

2.4 现代主义文学现代主义是20世纪英美文学的主要流派,代表作家有弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫、塞缪尔·贝克特和詹姆斯·乔伊斯。

现代主义文学对传统的文学形式进行了颠覆和重塑,追求形式上的创新和思想上的深度。

3. 英美文学的重要作家和作品3.1 威廉·莎士比亚(William Shakespeare)威廉·莎士比亚是英国文学史上最伟大的戏剧家和诗人之一。

他的代表作品包括《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》和《麦克白》等。

3.2 简·奥斯汀(Jane Austen)简·奥斯汀是19世纪英国小说家,被誉为英国小说的经典作家。

她的代表作包括《傲慢与偏见》、《理智与情感》和《艾玛》等。

3.3 弗朗西斯·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德(F. Scott Fitzgerald)弗朗西斯·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德是20世纪美国作家,代表作品有《了不起的盖茨比》。

他被认为是美国“爵士时代”的象征之一。

英美文学考试复习点重点整理

英美文学考试复习点重点整理

英美文学考试复习点重点整理1.现实主义、批判现实主义(代表人物、作品,以及每部作品讲了什么故事)P276—比如《匹克威克外传》主要讲什么?P281 《双城记》主要讲什么?P298 《大卫科波菲尔》主要讲什么?P2922.其中自传体形式的作品有哪些?3.傲慢与偏见的第一个名字:first impression(Pride and prejudice现)4.三姐妹指的是?5.19世纪有名小说名利场副标题:“A Novel Without a Hero”作者:William Makepeace Thackeray P3036.18th浪漫主义作家、代表作P211 反对什么,反抗什么思想?7.Pop代表作有哪些?P134 剪发记?8.玄学诗派有哪些人物组成?Leading Feature? P1169.乌托邦is written in form of ?P3310.Universal Wicks大学才子是谁?P5011.中世纪文学流行的是? 主题特征骑马精神P8?12.最著名作家:乔叟P1913.对于三次征服的概念(1)罗马征服P1 (2)英国人征服P2(3)诺曼征服P514.人民大宪章什么时候出现?时间:1837年1.John MiltonHe was born in London in 1608. He is a master of the blank verse, and a great stylist. And he is famous for his grand style.But his style is never exactly natural. He devoted almost twenty years of his best life to the fight for political, religious and personal liberty as a writer. His famous works are Paradise lost, Paradise Regained, and Samson Agonistes.2.RomanceRomance was the most prevailing kind of literature of theupper class in feudal England in the Medieval Ages. It is a long composition in verse or in prose which describes the life and chivalric adventures of a noble hero. The central character of romances is the knight, a man of noble birth skilled in the use of weapon. The theme of loyalty to king and lord was repeatedly emphasized in romances.3.the EnlightenmentIt is the philosophical and artistic movement growing out of the Renaissance and continuing until the nineteenth century. It was an optimistic belief that humanity could improve itself by applying logic and reasons to all things. Typically, these enlightenment writers would use satire to ridicule what they felt illogical errors in government, socialcustom, and religious belief.4.NeoclassicismThe neoclassical movement began in the mid-18th century and brought about a revival of interest in the old classical work. The neoclassicists held that forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be in judged in terms of its service to humanity./doc/0d16361832.html,ke poetsAlso called Lake School, it is a name applied to a group of poets in the 19th century, including Wordsworth, Coleridge, and Southey. They had lived in the Lake District in the northwest of England and shared a community of literary and social outlook in their works.6.MetaphysicalAbout the beginning of the 17th century appeared a schoolof poets called “Metaphysical”, including Donne, Herbert, Marvell, Vaughan, and Crashaw. The work of the metaphysical poets are characterized their wit, imaginative picturing, compressions, often cryptic expression and by generally speaking, by mysticism in content and fantasticality in form.7.Heroic coupletsA heroic couplet is a traditional form for English poetry, commonly used for epic and narrative poetry; it refers to poems constructed from a sequence of rhyming pairs of iambic pentameter lines. The rhyme is always masculine. The use of the heroic couplet was first pioneered by Chaucer in The legend of Good Women and The Canterbury Tales.8.BalladsBallad was the most important department of English folk literature. A ballad is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed. They are anonymous narrative poems bearing the characteristics of folklore and designed for singing or oral recitation in various English and Scottish dialects. Ballad is mainly the literature of the common people and one is able to understand the outlook of the English common people in feudal society through the ballads. The subjects of ballad are various in kind, as the struggle of young lovers against their feudal—minded families, the conflict between love and wealth, the cruelty of jealousy, the criticism of the civil war, and the matters of class struggle. Usually a ballad deals with a single episode and the beginning is often abrupt, without any introduction to the characters and background information.回答问题1.撒旦为什么选择伊甸园作为复仇之地2.写一个关于傲慢与偏见的小结(作者、人物角色、情节、后果)和主题评价Pride and Prejudice is a novel by Jane Austen, first published in 1813.翻译题1.P103①Throw open all doors; let the re be light ; let every man think and bring his thoughts to the light;dread not any diversities of opinion.②Truth is compared in Scripture to a streaming fountain; if her waters flow not in a perpetual progression, they sicken into a muddy pool of conformity.③Where there is much desire to learn, there of necessity will be much arguing, much writing, many opinions; for opinion in good men is but knowledge in the marking.2.P193It was marked by a strong protest against the bondage of Classicism, by a recognition of the claims of passion and emotion, and by a renewedinterest in medieval literature.。

英美文学期末复习资料+所有作家作品流派总结442

英美文学期末复习资料+所有作家作品流派总结442

一、文学术语*41.Epic叙事诗,史诗A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society fromwhich it originated.Many epics were drawn from an oral tradition and were transmitted by song and recitation before they were written down.Twoof the most famous epics of Western civilization are Homer's Iliad and Odyssey.The great epic of the Middle Ages is The DivineComedy(神曲)by the Italian poet Dante.The two most famous English epics are the Anglo-Saxon Beowulf and John Milton'sParadise Lost,which employ some of the conventions of the classical epic.2.Naturalism自然主义(文学、艺术以反映现实为宗旨)Naturalism is a term of literary history,primarily a French movement in prose fiction and the dramaduring the final thirdof the19th century,although it is also applied to similar movements or groups of writers in other countries in the later decades ofthe19th and early years of the20th cents.In France Emile Zola(1840-1902)was the dominant practitioner(习艺者,专业人员)of Naturalism in prose fiction and the chief exponent(鼓吹者,倡导者,拥护者;能手,大师)of its doctrines.The emergence of Naturalism does not mark a radical(彻底的)break with Realism,rather the new style is a logicalextension of it.Broadly speaking,Naturalism is characterized by a refusal to idealize experience and by the persuasion thathuman life is strictly subjected to natural laws.The Naturalists shared with the earlier Realists the conviction that the everydaylife of the middle and lower classes of their own day provided subjects worthy of serious literary treatment. Emphasis was laid onthe influence of the material and economic environment on behavior,and on the determining effects of physical and hereditaryfactors in forming the individual temperament.Famous American Naturalistic writers would include Jack London,Stephen Craneand Frank Norris,who were deeply influenced by Charles Darwin's evolution theory which believe that one's heredity and socialsituation limit one's character.3.Modernism现代派(盛行于20世纪的文学风格)Modernism was a complex and diverse international movement in all the creative arts,originating about the end of the19thcentury and prosperity in the20th century.The major themes of the modernist literature are the distorted, alienated and illrelationships between man and nature,man and society,man and man,and man and himself.The modernist writers concentratemore on the private than on the public,more on the subjective than on the objective.They are mainly concerned with the innerbeing of an individual.In their writings,the past,the present and the future are mingled(混合)together and exist at the sametime in the consciousness of an individual.4.Transcendentalism超验主义It was a reaction to the18th century Newtonian concept of the universe.The major features of New EnglandTranscendentalism can be summarized as follows:1.The Transcendentalists placed emphasis on spirit,or the Oversoul,as themost important thing in the universe.2.The Transcendentalists stressed the importance of the individual.To them the individualwas the most important element of society.3.The Transcendentalists offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spiritor God.Nature was,to them,not purely matter.It was alive,filled with God's overwhelming presence.I.Major Literary Terms in The Anglo-Norman Period1.Romance:Any imaginative literature that is set in an idealized world and that deals with heroic adventures and battles betweengood characters and villains or monsters.Originally,the term referred to a medieval tale dealing with the loves and adventures ofkings and queens,knights and ladies,and including unlikely or supernatural happenings.Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is thebest of the medieval romances.John Keats's The Eve of St.Agnes is one of the greatest metrical(格律)romances ever written.2.Ballad(民谣,叙事歌谣):A story told in verse and usually meant to be sung.In many centuries,the folk ballad was one of theearliest forms of literature.Folk ballads have no known authors.They were transmitted orally from generation to generation andwere not set down in writing until centuries after they were first sung.The subject matter of folk ballads stems from the everydaylife of the common people.The most popular subjects,often tragic,are disappointed love,jealousy,revenge, sudden disaster anddeeds of adventure and daring.Devices commonly used in ballads are the the refrain(叠词),incremental repetition(叠句)and code language(特定语言).A later form of ballad is the literary ballad which imitates the style of the folk ballad.The mostfamous English literary ballad is Samuel Taylor Coleridge's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner(老水手之歌).二、选择&填空The Anglo-Norman PeriodThe literature which Normans brought to England is remarkable for its____tales of___and___,in marked contrast of____and____of Anglo-Saxon poetry.romantic,love,adventure,strength,somberness(昏暗;冷静)Geoffrey Chaucer1.The Canterbury Tales contains in fact a General Prologue and only_____tales,of which two are left unfinished.242.The____provides a framework for the tales in The Canterbury Tales and it comprises a group of vivid pictures of variousmedieval figures.Prologue序言3.The Canterbury Tales is Chaucer's greatest work and the greater part of it was written in____Couplets.Heroic(英雄双韵体)4.The pilgrims in The Canterbury Tales are on their way to the shrine of St.Thomas a Becket at the place named____.Canterbury5.In The Canterbury Tales,from the character of_____,we may see a very vivid sketch of a woman of the middle class,and acolorful picture of the domestic life of that class in Chaucer's own day.the Wife of Bath(巴斯夫人:齐叟笔下一个结过5次婚等待第六位丈夫的女人)Renaissance1.Hamlet,Othello,King Lear,and____are generally regarded as Shakespeare's four great tragedies.Macbeth2.Absolute monarchy in England reached its summit during the reign of_____.Queen Elizabeth3._____wrote his_____in which he gave a profound and truthful picture of people's sufferings and put forward his ideal of afuture happy society.Thomas More,UtopiaThe literature of the17th century1.After____'s death,monarchy was again restored in1660.It was called the period of_____.Oliver Cromwell;Restoration2.The Glorious Revolution took place in the year of_____1688.3.Paradise Lost tells how____rebelled against God and how___and___were driven out of Eden.Satan;Adam,Eve.4.Bunyan's most important work is____,written in the form old-fashioned medieval form of_____and dream.The Pilgrim's Progress;allegory寓言the18th century literature1.The image of an enterprising Englishman of the18th century was created by Daniel Defoe in his famous novel______.Robinson Crusoe2.The18th century in English literature is an age of___.prose3.Jonathan Swift's masterpiece is___..Gulliver's Travels4.William Blake's work___(1794)are in marked contrast with the Songs of Innocence天真之歌.The Songs of Experience经验之歌5.The greatest of___poets in the18th century is Robert Burns.Scottishthe19th century literature1.With the publication of William Wordworth's______with S.T.Coleridge,______began to bloom and founda firm place inthe history of English literature.Lyrical Ballads抒情歌谣集,Romanticism2.The Romantic Age came to an end in1832when the last Romantic writer_____died.Walter Scott3.The greatest historical novelist_____was produced in the Romantic Age.Walter Scott4.The glory of the Romantic age is in the poetry of___,___,___,___,___,and___.Scott,Wordsworth,Coleridge科尔里奇,Byron,Shelley,Keats,Moore,Southey索西.5.The English Romantic Period produced two major novelists.They are______.Scott and Austen6.In his poems Wordsworth aimed at the_____and_____of the language.simplicity,purity7.Byron is chiefly known for his two long poems,one is Childe Harold's Pilgrimage,and the other is_____.Don Juan8.“Ode to a Nightingale”was written by_____.John Keats9.Jane Austen's literary concern is about human beings in their_____relationships.personal.Victorian Age1.In the19th century English literature,a new literary trend_____appeared after the romantic poetry,and flourished in the time of______.Critical realism,1840s and1850s.2.Critical realism reveals the corrupting influence of the rule of cash upon human nature.Here lies in the essentially_____and_____character of critical realism.Democratic,humanitarian3.In A tale of Two Cities,the two cities are_____and_____in the time of revolution.London,Paris4.In1847,Thackeray published his masterpiece_____,which marks the peak of his literary career.Vanity Fair5.It is Robert Browning who developed the literary form_____..Dramatic monologue戏剧独白20th century British Literature1.____had its outstanding advocate in Kipling,who with drum and trumpet,called upon England to“take up the Whiteman'sburden”by dominating all“lesser breeds without the law.”lmperialism2.Those“novels of character and environment”by Thomas Hardy are the lost representative of him as botha and acritical realist writer.Naturalistic3.It took Galsworthy twenty-two years to accomplish the monumental work,his masterpiece____The Forsyte Saga福尔赛世家wrence finished____,the autobiographical novel at which he had been working off and on for years, which was positivelytaken as a typical example and lively manifestation of the“Oedipus Complex”in fiction.Sons and Lovers5.___and___are the most outstanding stream of consciousness novelist.James Joyce,Virginia Woolf.6.____is generally regarded as Virginia Woolf's most remarkable work.To the LighthouseExercises on American Literature1.In the17th century,the English settlements in____and____began the main stream of what we recognize as the Americannational history.Virginia,Massachusetts2.Washington Irving's____became the first work by an American writer to win financial success on both sides of the Atlantic.Sketch Book3.Cooper's enduring fame rests on his frontier stories,especially the five novels that comprise the____.Leatherstocking Tales4.____was responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New land.Ralph Waldo Emerson5.A superb book entitled____came out of Henry David Thoreau's two-year experiment at Walden Pond.Walden6.The book____is a tremendous chronicle of a whaling voyage in pursuit of a seemingly supernatural white whale.Moby DickBook two chapter one1.In his cluster of poems called Leaves of Grass,__gave America its first genuine epic poem.Walt Whitman2.As the founder of American Critical Realism,____enjoys the fame as“Lincoln of American literature”.Mark Twain3.____was considered the founder of psychological realism in America.Henry James4.The identification of potency(影响)with money is at the heart of Dreiser's greatest and most successful novel,____.An American TragedyThe20th century1.Pound was the leader of a new movement in poetry which he called the“_____Movement”.Imagist2.The most significant American poem of the20th century was_____.The Waste Land3.____of the1920s characterized by frivolity and carelessness is brought vividly to life in The Great Gatsby.The Jazz Age4.Hemingway's novel___painted the image of a whole generation,the Lost Generation.The Sun Also Rises5.____wrote about the disintegration(瓦解)of the old social system in the American southern states,and the lives of modempeople,both black and white.William Faulkner三、True or False1.In1066,Alexander the Great led the Norman army to invade England.It was called the Norman Conquest.F(William the Conqueror)2.The Story of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is the culmination(顶点)of the romances about Charles the Great.F(King Arthur and his knights)3.Robinson named Saturday to the saved victim.F(Friday)4.“A Modest Proposal”is made to Irish government to relieve the poverty of English people.F(Irish)5.It was Henry Fielding and Tobias Gorge Smollet who became the real founders of the genre of the bourgeois realistic novel inEngland and Europe.T6.Of all the romantic poets of the18th century,Blake is the most in-dependent and the most original.T7.George Eliot produced the remarkable novels including Adam Bede,The Mill on the Floss and Silas Marner. (true)8.The Bronte sisters are Charlotte Bronte,Emily Bronte and Anne Bronte.(true)9.The Victorian Age was largely an age of prose,especially of the novel.(true)10.David Copperfield is Thackeray's masterpiece.F(Dickens)11.The title of the novel Vanity Fair is taken from Bunyan's Pilgrim's progress.(true)12.In1907,John Galsworthy received the Nobel Prize for“idealism”in literature.Kim is his long novel.F(Kipling)13.George Bernard Shaw was strongly against the credo of“art for art's sake”.T14.The Importance of Being Earnest is written by Oscar Wilde.T15.Hester Prynne is the heroine in Nathaniel Hawthorne's novel The Scarlet Letter.T16.In1828,Noah Webster published his An American Dictionary of the English Language.T17.Stirred by the teachings of transcendentalism,writers of Boston and nearby towns produced a New England literaryrenaissance.T18.The Fall of the House of Usher is one of Edgar Allan Poe's poems.F(novels)19.Most of the poems in Leaves of Grass are about man and nature.T20.Emily Dickinson is a democratic poet.F(modernist)21.“The Cop and the Anthem”was written by Jack London.F(O Henry)22.While embracing the socialism of Marx,Jack London also believed in the triumph of the strongest individuals.Thiscontradiction is most vividly projected in the patently autobiographical novel The Call of the Wild F (Martin Eden)23.Between the mid-19th and the first decade of the20th century,there had been a big flush of new theories and new ideas inboth social id natural sciences,as well in the field of art in Europe,which played an indispensable role in bringing aboutmodernism and the modernistic writings in the United States.T24.The decade of the1910s,American literature achieved a new diversity and reached its greatest heights.F(1920s)25.John Steinbeck is a representative of the1930s,when“novels of social protest”became dominant on the American literaryscene.T26.John Updike is considered to be a spokesman for the alienated youth in the post-war era and his The Catcher in the Rye isregarded as students'classic.F(Jerome David Salinger)(J.D.Salinger)四、连线题作家流派/文体作品Literature Stylechiefly under theinfluenceRomance of the Roses of French poetryof theMiddle AgesChaucer heroic couplet英雄双韵体The House of Fame--《名誉堂》Troylus and Criseyde《特罗伊勒斯和克莱西德》The Legend of Good women--《良妇传说》The Parliament of Fowls--《百鸟堂》u nder the spell of thegreatliterary geniuses ofearlyRenaissance Italy:Danteand Petrarch andBoccaccioProduced hisworks ofThe Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》maturity free fromanyforeign influence.William Langland Piers the Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》Alliteration(头韵)Thomas More托马斯.莫尔Utopia乌托邦Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯.培根T he Advancement of Learning《学术的推进》Of Studies《论读书》;Of wisdom《论智慧》EssayJohn Lyly Eupheus w ritten in a peculiar styleknown as EuphuismThomas Wyatt first introduced the sonnet托马斯.怀亚特into English literatureEarl of Surrey萨利伯爵Edmund Spenser 埃德蒙.斯宾塞Humanism人文主义created blankverseThe Fairy Queen《仙后》Lyrical poetryBen Jonson琼生Christopher E very Man in His Humour;Volpone,or the Fox; TheAlchemist;Bartholomew Fair.Marlowe克里Doctor Faustus;The Jew of Malta;Tamburlaine Play 斯托弗.马洛Robert Greene George Green;the Pinner of WakefieldWilliam Shakespeare威廉姆.莎士比亚Hamlet(哈姆雷特),Othello(奥赛罗),King Lear(李尔王),The Tragedy of Macbeth(麦克白)37plays;blankverse1.Extraordinaryfrankness,John Donne 约翰.多恩“metaphysical”poets(玄学派诗人)《Death be not proud》《死神莫骄妄》Songs and Sonnets《歌谣与十四行诗》The RelicA Valediction:Forbidding Mourning《离别辞:莫忧伤》p enetrating realism,cynicism.2.Novelty of subjectmatter and point ofview.3.Novelty of form.John Milton 约翰.弥尔顿三个John都是the Puritans清教徒派《Defense for the English People》为英国人辩护《Paradise Lost》失乐园Samson Agoniste《s力士参孙》《Paradise Regained》复乐园Sonnet-On His Blindness1.The use of blankverse.2.Grand style.3.Inheritance fromtraditional works suchas《失明述怀》Sonnet-On His Deceased Wife《梦之妻》Bible.1.Written in theJohn Bunyan 约翰.拜扬Pilgrim’s ProgressThe Holy War《圣战》The Life and Death of Mr.BadmanGrace Abounding《丰盛恩惠》o ld-fashioned,medievalform of allegory anddream.2.His language ischieflyplain,colloquial,andquitemodern.Daniel Defoe realistic novel《Robinson Crusoe》鲁宾逊漂流记《Jonathan Wild》丹尼尔.笛福现实主义小说乔纳森.威尔德《Moll Flanders》摩尔.弗兰德斯《Joseph Andrews》约瑟夫.安德鲁斯Henry Fielding 亨利.菲尔丁Father of modernfiction《The History of Tom Jones,a foundling》弃婴汤姆.琼斯的故事The History of Jonathan Wild the Great《伟大的乔纳森·王尔德》Humor&satirist 《Gulliver’s Travels》格列佛游记Jonathan Swift 乔纳森.斯威夫特satirist反讽prose poetry《A Modest Proposal》一个温和的建议A Tale of a Tub1697《一只桶的故事》The Battle of the Books1698《书籍之战》The Drapier’s Letters1724《布商来信》Joseph Addison&RichardSteele;their life-longJoseph Addlson The Tatler闲谈者The Spectator旁观者friendship and thepartnership inliterarycareer.the Pastorals(1709)(田园诗歌)the Essay on CriticismAlexander pope (1711)(论批评)The Rape of the Lock(1714)(卷发遇劫记)“Elegy to the Memory of an Unfortunate Lady”;“Eloise to Abelard,Samuel 缪尔.理查森epistolarynovel(书信体小说),Englishdomestic novel(英国家庭小说)《Pamela》帕美勒Clarissa Harlowe克拉丽莎Sir Charles Grandison查尔斯•格兰迪森的历史Richardson塞psychological analysisRichard B.Sheridan理查德.B.谢尔丹comedy《School for Scandal》造谣学校the Rivals(情敌)t he only importantEnglishdramatist of the18thcentury《The Vicar of Wakefield》威克菲尔德的牧师,小说novelOliverGoldsmith’s奥利佛.哥尔德斯密斯《She Stoops to Conquer》委曲求全,欢乐喜剧rollicking comedy《The Deserted Village》荒村,诗歌The Traveller旅行者poems,诗歌The Citizen of the World世界公民essay以上6位都是18世纪Classicism(古典主义)、revival of romantic poetry(新兴的浪漫主义诗歌)、beginnings of the modern novel(刚启萌的现代派小说)的代表人物Thomas Gray 托马斯.格雷S entimentalism感伤主义no belief《Elegy,Written in aCountryChurchyard》墓园挽歌William Blake 威廉.布莱克Pre-romanticismS ongs of Innocence天真之歌SongsofExperience经验之歌PoeticalSketches素描诗集The Tiger老虎My Heart’s in the Highlands我的心呀Robert Burns 罗伯特.彭斯在高原John Anderson,My Jo约翰·安徒生,我爱A Red,Red Rose一朵红红的玫瑰To a Mouse致小鼠Auld Lang Syne友谊地久天长William Wordsworth 威廉.华兹华斯Lake Poets(湖畔派)Lyrical Ballads抒情歌谣《The Prelude》序曲1.Leading figure of Englishromanticpoetry2.See this world freshly andnaturally.3.Changed the course of EnglishpoetryLord Byron拜伦Romanticism《Childe Harold Pilgrimage》查尔德哈罗德游记Don Juan(唐璜)《Hours of Idleness》闲散时刻1.Renowned as the“gloomyegoist”2.“Byronic Hero”(拜伦式英雄)3.Devote himself into therevolutionPercy Bysshe Idealism Shelley雪莱(理想主义)《Prometheus Unbound》解放的普罗米修斯《Ode to the West Wind》西风颂The Cloud云1.Intense and original2.Reflect radical ideas andrevolutionaryoptimism3.Rebel against English politicsandconservative values《The Eve of St.Agnes》 1.Epitaph:Here lies one whose name was圣阿格良斯之夜written in water(此地长眠者,声名水John Keats济Romanticism《On a Greeian Urn》希腊古瓮颂上书)慈(浪漫主义)《To a Nightingale》致夜莺 2.Early death fromtuberculosis at theOde on Melancholy(忧郁颂)age of25Isabella(伊莎贝拉) 3.He is characterized bysensual imageryWalter Scott沃Famous Historical特.斯科特Novelist Ivanhoe(艾凡赫)The lady of the Lake(湖中夫人)Waverley(威佛利)1.Historical novelist as well asplaywrightand poet.2.He was an advocate,judge andlegaladministrator by professionJane Austen简.Female Novelist奥斯丁《Pride and Prejudice》傲慢与偏见《Sense and Sensibility》理智与情感《Emma》爱玛1.Modern character through thetreatmentof everyday life2.Virginia Woolf called Austen"themostperfect artist among women."Charles Lamb Essayist 查尔斯.兰伯(随笔作家)Tales from Shakespeare(莎士比亚故事集)Essays of Elia(伊利亚随笔)The Last Essays of Elia(伊利亚续笔)1.Indulged in his own contemplationandimagination2.To him,literature was a means toexpress his own subjective world andtoescape from the sordidness(肮脏、卑鄙)1.expose and criticize the poverty,Charles Dickens 狄更斯Critical Realism批判现实主义《Hard Times》艰难时刻《PickwickPapers》匹克威克外传《OliverTwist》雾都孤儿《A Tale of Two Cities》双城injustice,hypocrisy andcorruptness2.show a highly consciousemodernartist记 3.humor and wit seeminexhaustibleCharlotte Bronte 夏洛特.勃郎特Victorian Period维多利亚时期《Shirley》雪利《Jane Eyre》简.爱4.Picaresque novel(流浪汉小说)1.great work of genius inEnglishfictionEmily Bronte艾米丽.勃郎特Mrs.Gaskell humanism人文主义《Wuthering Heights》呼啸山庄《Mary Barton,North and South》玛丽.巴顿,北方和南方2.focus on the femaletopic3.lyric writing style4.simple realism1.rich knowledge of social life andWilliam Makepeace Thackeray 《Vanity Fair》名利场—this titlewasborrowed from The Pilgrim’s Progressby Bunyan.没有大人物的小说heart,the picture in the novelsareaccurate and true life2.Thackeray’s satire is causticand hishumor subtle3.Pay attention to morility1.show superb conceptionandexecution and include muchfavoral《Adam Bede》亚当贝德feminist criticismGeorge Eliot 乔治.艾略特T he Mill on the Floss《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》Silas Marner《织工马南传》2.describe various inner worldanddepict people’s live withcinematicprecisionMiddlemarch《米德尔马契》 3.moral teaching andpsychologicalrealism.精神说教和心理现实主义。

英美文学重点

英美文学重点

一、I’m am Nobody! Who are you?1.The speaker wants to be a Nobody,because she feels peaceful and quiet. BeingNobody won’t be disturbed by others and can do what we want to do. The author is proud of being Nobody, and she wants to find somebody to be her friend, who is also Nobody, too. And being Somebody will face the facts that they will be watched by others, their life will be disturbed by others with many noisy.Furthermore, there will be less private room.2)Form1.Satire 讽刺作品on the folly荒唐of seeking fame2.Soliloquy独白3. 2 stanzas两节4.Iambic tetrameter (they follow an ABCB rhyme scheme)5.Dashes破折号: to create a dramatic effect and to create more emotion; to forcefullyinterrupt lines and interfere with the flow of her poem.3) ThemeSatire on the folly of seeking fame; identity of self; love4)Why does the speaker choose that frogs as her representative of a public creature?It's because frogs make a lot of noise. The poem says that frogs, though they can croak and make themselves heard and be noticed, are noticed only by "an admiring bog." The bog is the frog's environment, not the frog's friend. So, who cares what the bog thinks? That's what the poem says about being a "somebody" who gets noticed by an admiring public. Frequently, the relationship is impersonal and distanced, not like a real friendship. Somebodies may have many admirers, but they might not be able to make those personal connections that real friendship offers.2.rhetorical device/figure of speech1)metaphor /simile暗喻2)conversation3)soliloquy4)contrast/comparison:somebody and nobody5)capitals:emphasize/refer to a particular type of person3.P6 speaker; P15 image; P38 symbol; P55 setting; P81musicSpeaker: The speaker is the voice, or mask or persona that speaks the poem. Image: Image is a concrete representation of an object or sensory experience/ Image is whatever appeals to any of our senses (including sense of hearing as well as of sight, smell, taste, touch and sound).Symbol: Symbols are a part of our everyday lives. A symbol is a sign which suggests more than its literal meaning. A symbol is an image but an image is not necessarily a symbol.Setting: The time and location in which a story takes place—place, time, weather conditions, social conditions, mood and atmosphereFigurative比喻的language: metaphor暗喻(is), simile明喻(as, like), personification 拟人Musical effect: Alliteration头韵: the repetition of initial consonant soundsAssonance元韵: the repetition of vowel soundsConsonance辅韵: the repetition of final consonant soundsRhyme: the combination of assonance and consonanceI’m nobody! who are you; I wondered lonely as a cloud: 抑扬四步格iambic tetrameterWhen you are old: 抑扬五步格iambic pentameter二、A clean well-lighted place1、Hemingway:极简主义Minimalism 、冰山原则Ice Principle、存在主义哲学理念Existentialist Ideal1)对话形式dialogue: expect us to engage in the narratives and stir up our imagination to understand the emotional core2)no any adjective or adverb: It is able to make readers feel the emotion of the character directly and the best way to produce the effect is to set down exactly every particular kind of feeling without conventionally emotive language and with a bare minimum of adjectives and adverbs.2、ThemeFailure to communicate; loneliness; futility/despair; old age; loss of faith, nothingness; existentialism; grace under pressure;no hope, no solace安慰, no escape3、writing style1)economy of words- simple but suggestive2)reliance on dialogue-showing rather than telling, highly suggestive of personality3)repetition-foregrounding the theme4)antithesis对照-binary oppositions used to contrast different values and forces5)Ambiguity 含糊6)Symbolic meaninga.Light: represents and device man uses to distract himself from the darkness. Thestory’s image of the lighted café in the sea of dark nothingness perfectly symbolizes Hemingway’s nihilistic虚无主义的view of a world.b.Café: a refuge from despair(loneliness), where those lonely can pass their timewith dignity.c.Shad/shadow: comfort/ warmthd.Darkness: death, fear, loneliness, despaire.Brandy: mental/ spiritual anesthesia精神麻醉3、Character:The old man: drown his sorrows in the drink and his sorrows grow out of loneliness The old waiter: compassionate, in the process of understanding and coming to terms with lonelinessThe young waiter: acerbic尖酸刻薄的, resist the idea that one day he will also be the old man, think youth and confidence with last forever, immersed in专心于happiness, has little understanding for those lonely4、code-heroThe old waiter:A compassionate man who understands why the old man may want to stay late at the café. The older waiter enjoys staying late at cafés as well. He thinks it’s very important for a café to be clean and well lit, and he sees the café as a refuge from despair. Rather than admit that he is lonely, he tells himself that he has insomnia. can understand the old man四、Rice1.CharactersWomen images: (1) Mom: weak/ submissive顺从的; obedient服从的;Nurturing培养(2) The speaker: rebellious反抗的/ independent/ intelligent; Naïve/ biased结果偏倚的(3) Grandma: The real victim who eternalized永恒the value of the institution/ institutionalized/ indoctrinated灌输、教导; Demonized妖魔化的/ stereotypedContrasting形成鲜明对比的culture: patriarchal家长的, hierarchical等级的, monotonous, exclusive排外的, superstitious迷信的, frugal节俭的, democratic民主的, dynamic, exciting, inclusive包含的2.Symbolic meaning of rice1)Chinese traditional value: rice is important in agriculture in society2)A tool of living3)The fate of the writer. The writer didn’t like eating rice and didn’t eat rice when she left home, but her husband asked her to cook a bowl of rice for him when theygot married.4)The daily life of writer’s family. In the writer’s family, they have rice in each meal.Even though her mother quarreled with her father, she stilled asked the writer to give her father a bowl of rice.3、中心思想:the realization of one's true identity。

英美文学重点知识归纳

英美文学重点知识归纳

英美文学重点知识归纳一、英美文学的概念和特点英美文学是指英国和美国的文学作品,包括小说、诗歌、剧本等。

它具有以下几个特点:1.多元化:英美文学以其丰富多样的风格和流派而闻名。

从古典主义到浪漫主义,从现代主义到后现代主义,英美文学不断演变和发展,展示了人类思想和情感的多样性。

2.自由和开放性:英美文学强调个体的自由和独立思考,在作品中反映了社会、政治和文化的变革。

自由主义和个人主义的精神贯穿在英美文学的历史中。

3.注重个人感受和情感表达:英美文学注重个人感受和情感表达,通过描写人物内心的矛盾和困惑,展示了人性的复杂和多样性。

二、英美文学的重要时期和代表作品1. 文艺复兴时期(16世纪)文艺复兴时期是英美文学的重要里程碑,代表作品有:•威廉·莎士比亚的剧作《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》等,深刻地反映了人性的复杂性和命运的无常。

•约翰·米尔顿的史诗《失乐园》,通过对上帝、撒旦和亚当夏娃的描写,揭示了人类的原罪和思想的自由。

2. 浪漫主义时期(18世纪末至19世纪初)浪漫主义时期是英美文学的重要发展阶段,代表作品有:•威廉·华兹华斯的诗集《抒情诗选集》,强调对自然和个人感受的表达,展现了对自由和灵魂的渴望。

•简·奥斯汀的小说《傲慢与偏见》,通过对社会等级和女性地位的描写,呈现了封建社会的弊端。

3. 现代主义时期(20世纪初至中期)现代主义时期是英美文学的革命性时期,代表作品有:•弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫的小说《至灵之泉》,以流动的意识流体式叙述,探索了心灵的迷茫和现代社会的困惑。

•T·S·艾略特的诗集《荒原》,通过对现代社会的批判和对个体灵魂的探索,反映了人类在现代社会中的孤独和迷失。

三、英美文学的重要作家和代表作1. 威廉·莎士比亚(1564-1616)威廉·莎士比亚是英国文学史上最伟大的剧作家之一,代表作品有:•《哈姆雷特》:探讨了人性的矛盾和命运的无常,是世界戏剧史上最重要的作品之一。

英美文学各章学习重点

英美文学各章学习重点

英美文学各章学习重点英国文学—The old and medieval periods1.Beowuf这部作品Romance是这个时期最流行的文学形式;Chaucer第一个引进“英雄偶句”诗体。

Beowulf(贝奥武甫(八世纪初的一篇古英语史诗; 该史诗中的主角)), a typical example of old English poetry, is regarded today as the national epic (民族史诗)of the Anglo-Saxons. Literary position: The poem was originally in an oral form, it is written down in the 10th century. Thematically the poem presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage heroic struggles against the hostile forces of the natural world under a wise and mighty leader.Romance (骑士抒情诗),a popular literary form in the medieval period) uses narrative verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds, whose motifs(主题, 主旨)of the quest is for truth, beauty and kindness.Chaucer(乔叟): whose masterpiece is The Canterbury Tales 《坎特伯雷故事集》. The famous character of his works is the Wife of Bath. Chaucer employed the heroic coupletverse form (英雄双韵诗形式) with true ease and charm for the first time in the history of English literature. He is the father of English poetry.英国文学—The renaissance periods 1.《仙后》一部寓言(allegory), 人物象征意义与主题.The Faerie is an allegory.The Red-crosse Knight stands for St.George, the patron saint of England, and he also represent Holiness.A lovely Ladie, virgin Una, symbolizes the thruth or the true faith of religion.A milke white lambe reprents the God.Dragon and infernall feend refer the SatanThe theme is not “Arms and the man,” but something more romantic—“fiece warres and faithful loves”.2. 斯宾塞的诗歌特点The five main quailites of spenser’spoetry are:1) a perfect melody;2) a rare sense of beauty;3) a splendid imagination;4) a lofty purity and seriousness;5) a dedicated idealism.3.《浮士德》的主题Dr. Faustus is a play based on theGerman legend of a magician aspiringfor knowledge and finally meeting histragic end as a result of selling his soulto the Devil. The play’s dominantmoral is human than religious. Itcelebrates the human passion forknowledge, power and happiness; italso reveals man’s frustration inrealizing the high aspiration in ahostile moral order. And theconfinement to time is the cruelest factof man’s condition.4.《威尼丝商人》的故事及主题The play has a double plot:1) Bassanio——Portia2) Antonio——ShylockThe traditional theme of the playis to praise the friendship betweemAntonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portia as a heroine of greate beaulity, wit and loyalty, and to expose the insatiable greed and brutality of the Jew. Tody, many people tend to regard the play as a satire of the christians’hypocrisy and their false standards of frindship and love, their cunning way of pursuing worldliness(俗心, 俗气)and their unreasoning prejudice against Jews.5.Milton的三部作品Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained, Samson Agonistes.英国文学—The neoclassical periods 1.Bunyan的《天路历程》是一部寓言(allegory),其主题及《名利场》的寓意The Pilgrim’s Progress is themost successful religious allegory in the English language. Its purpose is to urge people to abide by Christian doctrines and seek salvation through constant struggle with their own weakness and all kinds of social evils. Its predominant metaphor —life as a journey — is simple and familiar. The objects that Christian meets are homely and commonplace, and the scence presented a typical Englishones, but throughout the allegory a spiritual signifiance is added to the commonplace details.The Vanity Fair symbolizeshuman world, for “All that cometh is vanity.”Everything and anything inthis world is “vanity”, having no value and no meaning. The Vanity Fair, a “marcket selling nothingness” of all sorts, is a dirty place originally built up by devils, but, this town “lay” in the way to the Celestial City, meaning pilgrims had to resist the tempatations there way through. So, the depiction of the “Fair” in selling things worldly and in attracting people bad, represents John Bunyan’s rejection of the worldly seekings and pious longing for the pure and charming “Celestial City” his Christian ideal.2.鲁宾逊的意义Robinson is here a real hero: atypical eighteenth-century Enlish middle-class man, with a great capacity for work, inexhaustible energy, courage, patience and persistence in overcoming obstacles, in stuggling against the hostile natural environment. He is the very prototype of the empire builder, the pioneer colonist.3.Gulliver’s Travel的四个部分The book contains four parts.The first part —— LilliputThe second part —— BrobdingnagThe third part —— flying IslandThe fourth part —— Houyhnhnmland, YahooAs a whole, the book is one of themost effcetive and devastatingcriticisms and satires of all aspects inthen English and European life —socially, politically, religiously,philosophically, scientifically, andmorally.4.Fielding的贡献Fielding has been regarded by some as “Father of the English Novel”.He was first to set out, both in theory and practice, to write specifically a “comic epic in prose,” the first to give the modern novel its structure and syle. Before him, the relating of a story in a novel was either the Episolary form or the picaresque form, but fielding adopted “the third-person narration,” in which the author become the “all-knowing God”.英国文学—The romantic periods 1.Blake青春之歌与经验之歌的比较The Song of Innocence is a lovely volume of poems, presenting a happy and innocent world, though not without its evils and suffering.His Songs of Experiecnce paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with melancholy tone.The two “Chimney Sweeper” poems are good examples toreveal the relation between an economic circumstance, i.e. the exploitation of child labor, and an ideological circumstance, i.e. the role played by religion in making compiant to exploitation. The poem from the Songs of Innocence indicates the conditions which make religion a consolation, a prospect(景色, 前景)of “illusory happiness;” the poem from the Songs of the Experience reveals the true nature of religion which helps bring misery to the poor child.2.拜伦式英雄Buyron’s chief contribution is his creation of the “Byronic hero,” a proud, mysterious rebel figu re of noble origin. With immense superiority in his passions and powers, this Byronic hero would carry on his shoulders the burdens of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt society, and would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustilbeenergies.3.KEATS的希腊古瓮颂的主题Ode on an grecian Urn shows thecontrast between the permanence of artand the transcience of human passion.4.奥丝丁的三种婚姻观Stories of love and marriageprovide the major theme in all JaneAusten’s novels, in which femalechatacters are always playing an activepart. In their pursuit of a marriage,they ate usually categorize into threetypes according to their differentattitudes: those who would marry for material wealth and social position, those who would marry just for beauty and passion, and those who would marry for true love with a consideration of the partn er’s personal merit as well ad his economical and social status.5.《傲慢与偏见》的故事及主题Pride and Prejudice mainly tellsof the love story between a rich, pround young man Darcy and the beautiful and intelligent Elizaeth Bennet. None of the daughters can inherit the estate of the family for it has been entailed upon the nearest male heir, Willian Collins, Collins intends to marry and he decides to shoose Elizabeth as a way of making amends for inheriting the family’s estate. Collins is a preposterous(荒谬的) suitor, and Elizabeth rejects the proposal. Another young man called Darcy proposes her, but she has prejudice against him because she thinks that he has nothing but pride. After many twists and turns, they are happily united. This book tells us a great deal about attitude toward marriage in Austen’s time.Stories of love and marriageprovide the major themes in all her novels, Jane Austen tries to say that it is wrong to marry just for money or for beauty, but it is also wrong to marry without it.as it is said in the book that it is a truth universally acknowledged that a singe man in possession of a good foutune must be in want of a wife.英国文学—The victorian periods 1.Dickens小说的3种角色类型及创作生涯。

英美文学复习要点.docx

英美文学复习要点.docx

选择10X2分填空10X3分名词解释5X4分简答5X4分论述1X10分选择&填空各章重要知识点:包扌臣各历史时期的文学流派特点标志,重要的代表作家及主要作品,作品的主要情节和主要人物。

名词解释&简答BeowulfepicalliterationballadRomanceHeroic CoupletsBlank VerseChaucer and The Canterbuiy Tales WilliamShakespeare&his great works SonnetMetaphysical PoetsThe RenaissanceEnlightenment RomanticismCritical RealismImagismModernismThe Stream of Consciousness 诗歌格律韵式辨析John Milton and Paradise LostJohn Bunyan and The Pilgrim? sProgress HumanismEnlightenmentNeoclassicismSentimantalism浪漫主义的重要诗人和代表作Byronic HeroesDramatic MonologueCritical RealismOedipus Complex 论述ChaucerShakespeareJohn MiltonHenry FieldingCharles DickensJane AustenThomas HardyRenaissance特点:1. There was a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature and an expression of the general dissatisfaction at the Catholic and feudal ideas.2eHumanism is the key-note of the Renaissance.Representative Figures1) Thomas More Utopia2) Thomas Wyatt He was the first to introduce the sonnet into English literature.3) John Lyly the novel Eupheus gave rise to the term "euphuisrrT(绮丽体)euphuism refers to an affectedly elegant literary style of the late 16th and early 17th centuries, characterized by elaborate alliteration, antitheses(对照),and similes(明喻)•4) Christopher Marlowe Timur (《巾占木丿L》)he is known for his magnificent blank verse,《帖木儿》是一部英雄剧,塑造了一个叱咤风云却又野心勃勃的征服者形象,充分体现了文艺复兴时期的巨人精神。

{精品}英美文学选读 复习资料 重点知识点

{精品}英美文学选读 复习资料 重点知识点

一、名词解释1. Meter:Meter is the measured arrangement of words in the poetry, the rhythmic pattern of a stanza, determined by the kind and number of lines. It’s the beat of the poem and meter is an organized way to arrange unstressed and stressed syllables. The length of lines is described by the number of repeated meters in the line.1 meter,2 dimeter,3 trimeter,4 tetrameter,5 pentameter,6 hexameter,7 heptameter,8 octameter2. Stressed pattern:The most common stressed pattern in English is the iamb, which consists of 2 syllables and the 2nd one of which is accented. Another common stressed pattern is trochee (also 2 syllables, but with the 1st accented).Iamb: unstressed/ stressedTrochee: stressed/ unstressedAnapest: unstressed/ unstressed/ stressedDactyl: stressed/ unstressed/ unstressed• A line with three iambic feet is known as iambic trimester.• A line with six dactylic feet is known as dactylic hexamete r.•Shakespeare is famous for his use of the iambic pentameter.3. Rhyme:Rhyme is when the endings of the words sound the same.4. Rhyme Scheme:Rhyme Scheme is the pattern of rhyming word at the end of each line.Not all poetry has rhyme scheme. Poems of more than one stanza often repeat the same rhyme scheme in each stanza.5. AlliterationAlliteration is the repetition of the same sounds or the same kinds of sound at the beginning of words or in stressed syllables. Modern alliteration is predominantly consonantal.6. Assonance: 谐音,类韵Assonance is the relatively close succession of the same or similar vowel sounds, but with different consonants and it’s a kind of vowel rhyme.7. Consonance:尾韵Consonance is the relatively close succession of the same end consonants with different vowel sounds and it’s a kind of consonant rhyme.8. Repetition:Repetition is the repeating of a sound, word, or phrase for emphasis.10. Meaning devices:Diction is the writer’s choice of words. The words that a writer chooses to use may carry both denotative and connotative meanings. Denotative is the explicit definition as listed in a dictionary, while connotative is the association or set of associations that a word usually brings to mind.11. Figurative language:Figurative language is any language that goes beyond the literal meaning of words in order to furnish new effects or f resh insights into an idea or a subject.Whenever you describe sth.by comparing it with sth. else, you’re using figurative language.•Simile:A simile is a figure of speech in which two essentially unlike things are compared,often in a phrase introd uces by “like” or “as”.•Metaphor:A metaphor is a figure of speech in which an implied comparison is made betweentwo unlike things that actually have sth. important in common.•Symbol:Symbol is an image that comes to stand for sth. (often an idea) beyond itself. •Pun:A pun occurs when a word is used in such a way as to have more than one meaning and in this way. It’s a kind of instant metaphor.•Imagery:Imagery is an appeal to the senses. The poet describes sth. to help you see, hear, smell, taste or touch the topic of the poem. It’s similar to descriptive writing only in poetry form.•Personification:Personification is a figure of speech, which gives the qualities of a person to an animal, an object or an idea. It’s a comparison, which the author uses to show sth.in an entirely new light, to communicate a certain feeling or attitude towards it and to control the way a reader perceives it.•Paradox:Paradox is a statement that on the surface seems to contradict itself and doesn’t make sense, but that at another level expresses a truth.12. English Romanticism<1>. It prevailed in English during the period of 1798—1832. The publication of Lyrical Ballads in 1798 marked its beginning and the death of Water Scott in 1832 marked its ending.<2>. Highlights of English RomanticismImagination is the supreme faculty of the mindIdealization of Nature: that Nature never did betray the heart that loved herIndividualism: man is an individual in a solitary state; the exploration and evaluation of the inner self.13. Point of view:Point of view is the vantage point from which a story is told.<1>. The First Person Point of View:A character from the story is telling the story; uses pronouns “he”, “she”, “they”.In the first-person point of view, the narrator is a character in the story; knows and can tell only what he or she thinks and feels; may be reliable and trustworthy or may be an unreliable narrator.<2>. Types of Third-Person Point of View:Third-person limited: the narrator knows the thoughts and feelings on only ONEcharacter in a story.Third-person omniscient: the narrator knows the thoughts and feeling of ALL the characters in a story.•Third-Person-Limited Point of View:In Third-person-limited point of view, the narrator plays no part in the story; he knows and can tell what a single character is thinking and feeling.•Omniscient point of view:In the omniscient point of view, the all-knowing narrator plays no part in the story;knows and can tell what any character is thinking and feeling; knows what is happening in all of the story’s settings.14. SettingSetting generally provides the time and place of a story;Setting can also include the mood of the time period, situation and event;Setting can be the social, political, environmental or emotional climate;Setting can also include the emotional state of a character.15. CharacterThe term character refers to a person or an animal in a story, play or other literary work. Characterization is the way a writer reveals the personality of a character.•The protagonist is the main character in a story and the story often revolves around this character.•The antagonist is the force that or character who opposes the protagonist. •Minor characters are present, generally named and have a role that in some way was highlights the protagonist.16. ThemeTheme is the general idea or insight about life that a work of literature reveals.Theme is a main idea or strong message tied to life.Theme threads itself through a story, chapter or scene to make a point about life, society or human nature.Theme is typically implied rather than explicit. The reader has to think about it.Generally, there’s one major theme in a piece of literature. Add itional themes can often be found in a piece of literature.17. Parts of a plotPlot is the sequence of events that happen in a story. Plot provides a story with structure, like a map of a story.•Exposition: introduction; This usually occurs at the beginning of a short story.Here the characters are introduced. We also learn about the setting of the story.Most importantly, we are introduced to the main conflict (problem).•Rising action: events that occur as result of central conflictThis part of the story begins to develop the conflicts. A building of interest or suspense occurs and leads to the climax. Complication arises.•Climax: highest point of interest or suspense of a storyThis is the turning point of the story. Usually the main character comes face witha conflict. The main character will change in some way and this is themostintense moment.•Falling action: tension eases; events show the results of how the main character begins to resolve the conflict.It’s the action that follows the climax a nd ultimately leads to the resolution. •Resolution: the conclusion; all loose ends are tied up; the conflict is solved Either the character defeats the problem, learns to live with the problem or the problem defeats the character.18. ConflictConflict is a problem that must be solved; it’s an issue between the protagonist and antagonist forces. It forms the basis of the plot and conflict can be external or internal. External conflict: exists when a character struggles against some outside force such as another character, group, society, nature, fate or a nonhuman obstacle.E.g. <1>. Man vs. Man is the conflict of one person against another person.<2>. Man vs. Nature is the conflict a person encounters with the forces of nature, and shows how insignificant one person can be when compared to the cosmic scheme of things<3>. Man vs. Society is the conflict of a person/ people and the views of society. Prejudice/Racism is a good example.Internal conflict exits within the mind of a character who is torn between different courses of action. E.g. Man vs. Himself is internal conflict. It’s those conflicts an individual has with his conscience.19. Special Techniques used in a Story<1>. Suspense: excitement, tension, curiosity<2>. Foreshadowing: hint or clue about what will happen in story<3>. Flashback: interrupts the normal sequence of events to tell about something that happened in the past<4>. Symbolism: use of specific objects or images to represent ideas<5>. Personification: when you make a thing, idea or animal do something only humans do<6>. Surprise Ending: conclusion that reader does not expect二、文学作品节选承上启下a connecting link between the preceding and the following1. A Rose for Emily --- William FaulknerThe narration shifts in time frequently and gives out bits of information about the main character Miss Emily in such a way that the reader has to piece them together by himself.Para.1 It tells us who is the main character and who is telling the story. The author chooses “we”, the people of the town, as the collective narrator. “We” represents the gossip of the town, they are observers of the events. But this collective narrator does not know everything. None of “us” have benn inside Miss Emily’s house until her death.•So inevitably there are gaps in the narration that are bound to cause confusion on the part of the readers or the listener of the story. Thatleaves a lot of room for reader participation.Para. 2 This paragraph provides details about the setting of the story --- the place and the time. From the descriptions of the appearance of Miss Emily’s house we learn something about her family and her character, and from the visible changes on the streets over the years we get to know something about the historical and social changes that were taking place then.Part 2.In this part time is shifted back to thirty years before the visit of the deputation. Three things took place during this period of time. There was a bad smell coming from Miss Emily’s house. Two years before that her father dies, and Emily behaved rather strangely by refusing to let the townspeople bury him. A short time after that she had a sweetheart, whom the townspeople believed deserted her.2. A Tale of Two Cities --- Charles Dickensantithesis对照/对仗,anaphora首语重复法,repetition, juxtaposition并列,oxymoron 矛盾3.Romeo and Juliet --- William Shakespeare4.Persuasion --- Jane Austen三、诗歌欣赏1. A Red Red Rose --- Robert Burns①A Red Red Rose is a ballad that written by Robert Burns.②It consists of 4 quatrains (four-line stanzas), in iambic tetrameter in first andthird lines, and iambic trimetersecond and fourth lines. The rhyme scheme isabcb.③The poem focuses on the theme of love. A man professes his true love for hisbeloved girl.④In the first stanzathe author describes her pretty appearance and praise he finedisposition. And he addresses the young lady as bonnie in second stanzas. Hepledges his eternal and faithful love in the next 3 stanzas from 3 dimensions:Depth, length and distance.The man vows to love her however far he may go.⑤There are four main figurative languages used in the poetry.In the first place, the author compares his beloved girl to a red rose which has recently blossomed in June by using simile. And he compares her to melodywhich is the beauty lives on abstraction. Those make the poetry vivid and live.In the second place, he uses hyperbole in the sentence “Till a’ the seas gang dry” to show that all is possible.Furthermore, the author repeat the sentence “Till a’ the seas gang dry” to show the permanent love. The repetition not only emphasizes his love but alsoaddsome musicality to the poetry.In addition, the author uses symbol to expresses his faithful love. Rosesymbolizes passionate love, and rock symbolizes staunch love, sands symbolizeseternal love, seas symbolizes deep love.2.I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud --- William Wordsworth①I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud is a lyric poem written byWilliam Wordsworth.②This poem presents the deep feelings and emotions of the poet rather thantelling a story or presenting a witty observation.③It consists of 4 six-line stanzas, in iambic tetrameter and an ABABCC rhymescheme.④Figurative language:Using personification, the author compares the cloud to a lonely human.By using simile, there is the c omparison of the speaker’s solitariness to that of acloud.Alliteration: lonely as a cloud(line 1)⑤Diction&Tone:Diction can be assumed as indifferent or melancholy in the firsttwo lines. The speaker is comparing himself to a cloud that floats carelessly andyet feels distant or separated from the world beneath himBy the third line“when all at once I saw a crowd” the poem shifts into ablithe/joyful attitude, an interest towards the gorgeous scene which he describesand keeps throughout the poem.-Fluttering/dancing/shine/twinkle/sprightly/dance/glee/gay/jocund/wealth/bliss/ pleasure fills⑥Analysis :In the first stanzas, Wordsworth describes the scene when we wanders “as lonely as a cloud”.He compares himself to a single cloud that is floating over the valleys and the hills.The speaker feels distant and seperated from the world below. The poet says thathe is like a cloud. That’s a simile.Then he sees a “crowd” of golden daffodils which are under the trees and beside alake and are “fluttering and dancing in the breeze”. He uses calm and soft words.In the second stanza, the speaker makes a connection with the daffodils and the stars. This stanza is still full of imagery. He compares the daffodils to the shiningstars that sparkle in the Milky Way as the number of daffodils are near the riverseem to be thousands in number.In the third stanza, he again compares the waves of the lake to the waves of daffodils. He decides that even though the lake is “sparkling”, the daffodils win because they have more “glee.” He felt so happy and expressed his feeling as gay in such a jocund company. He looked at the scene for a long time ,but while he was there, he couldn’t understand what he had gained from his experience. The repetition of “gaze” tells us that he kept looking at the flowers for a long time.In the last stanza, he describes how that scene affected him because whenever he is at home and on his own “in the bliss of solitude,” he remembers the flowers that fills him with pleasure and his heart “dances with the daffodils”. Again the use of words like “bliss” show his happiness each time the memory of tho se flowers and the way theydanced that day comes back to him.⑦This is a beautiful but simple poem about the beauty of nature and how inspiring it can be. This poem was written so that you can visualize and image how it would look in your perspective. In most of this poem, he gave the flowers a human quality, like dancing. There are rhyming words at the end of every alternate line of the poem giving it both continuity and a sense of rhythm.3.Break, Break, Break --- Alfred Tennyson①Break, Break, Break isa lyric poem thatwritten by Alfred Tennyson.②The poem contains four quatrains with combined iambic and anapestic. Mostlines have three feet and some four. The rhyme scheme is abcb.③This poem expresses Tennyson’s grief after his friend died, the preciousness ofyouth and indifference of nature. Namely, the world continues to be busy andbeautiful, but the happy moments of one’s life never stay.④Hallam died of a stroke in 1833 when he was only 22. Nature, of course, doesnot stop to mourn the loss of anyone. Cold and indifferent, it carries on, thewaves of the ocean breaking against rocks along the seashore without pausingeven for a moment. The rest of the world carries on as well: the fisherman's boyhappily playing with his sister, the sailor merrily singing, the ship busily plyingthe waters of commerce. Downcast, isolated by his grief, the narrator yearns totouch the hand of his friend once more, to hear the sound of his voice. But, no,Hallam is gone forever; his "tender grace" will never again return.⑤The author use repetition in the title and the first line to emphasizes that theocean waves are going to keep breaking.Apostrophe (Lines 1 and 2): The narrator addresses the sea.Personification and metaphor also occur in Lines 1 and 2, forthe poet regards the sea as a human being.Alliteration (Line 8): boat on the bay(Lines 9-12): Stanza 3 uses this figure of speech as follows:And the stately ships go onTo their haven under the hill;But O for the touch of a vanished hand,And the sound of a voice that is still!Alliteration (Line 15): day that is deadRepetend: Line 13 repeats Line 1; Line 7 repeats the first twowords of Line 5.Paradox: Touch of a vanished hand (Line 11), sound of a voicethat is still (Line 12).4.Because I Could Not Stop for Death --- Emily Dickinson①Because I Could Not Stop for Death is written by Emily Dickinson.②It consists of 6 four-line stanzas, in iambic tetrameter and iambic trimeter. Therhyme is not strict.③The poem focuses on the theme of death and immortality. The author’s puzzlingover death leading to ly, the arrival of death is not unpleasant.Death means eternity.④The author use simple and plain word to describe the world of living, and moresolemn and serious words to describe death and immortality.⑤In the first stanza is an angel of death, in the image of a kind person comes in acarriage for the sake of immortality and the poet. This stanza reveals Emily’s calm acceptable of death. Death is seen as kind and polite. The journey to her grave begins when death comes calling.In the second stanza, the drive symbolizes her physical leaving life. He drives her slowly, which could be an expression of his consideration for her. Having relinquished her labor and leisure for the ride, she gives death her respect a full attention.In the third stanza, using metaphor, Dickinson speaks about the different stages of her life. School and children at recess symbolizes her childhood. Gazing grain symbolizes her adulthood. The setting sun represents her final years and decent into death. And the atmosphere surrounding the ride begin to change when we see the setting sun.In fourth stanza, it is a shift that makes her getting closer to the death.In fifth stanza, she saw a house with small size, scarcely visible cornice in the ground, which was actually house of the death. The word “house” is used as a euphemism for a grave to indicate how comfortable she feels about death.In the last stanza, she finally realized that she had been dead and also she had already got eternity. The word “eternity” is the echo of the word “immortality ”in first stanza.⑥Tone: In the first place, the tone is light and pleasant, and then turns to serious.In final, it is meditative.5.Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening --- Robert Frost①Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening iswritten by Robert Frost②It consists of 4 four-line stanzas, in iambic tetrameter andanAABA-BBCB-CCDC-DDDDrhyme scheme.③As a traveler, the poet is fascinated by the beautiful scene in the woods. He stopsto enjoy it, but his mind urges him to go on, because there is still a long way ahead of him, an unfinished duty waiting for him. This poem stresses a central conflict between man's enjoyment of natural beauty and his responsibility in society.④The first stanza tells us that the man is stopping in front of the woods owned byanother person in the village--the village and the owner can both represent human society. Only the man is watching the woods being filled up with snow.The woods and snow can both hint at natural occurrences.The second stanza says the location is far from civilization (farmhouse), light (darkest evening) and warmth (frozen lake) that even the horse would think the man is queer to stop there.In the third stanza, there is the climax of the whole poem. The man is woken up by his horse and steps out of fantasy but he finds himself in acontradiction between reality and fantasy.The last stanza reveals the woods’ attractiontowards the man as it is “lovely, dark and deep”. It also shows the man’s determination to break away from suchaesthetic temptation because he has to take on worldly burdens andresponsibilities (“promises”).⑥There are four main figurative languages used in the poetry.In the first place, the author uses personification in the sentences “My little horse must think it queer” and “to ask if there is some mistake”.In the second place, there is the alliteration in words “sound”and “sleep”, ”dark” and “deep”Furthermore, the author repeat the sentence “and miles to go before I sleep”. The superficial meaning is that there is still a long distance before thespeaker. But there is an implied meaning is that there are still numerousresponsibilities before the speaker’s life comes to an end. The repetition alsoadds some musicality to the poetry.In addition, the author uses images in many lines. For example, the woods symbolizes the mystery of nature; the temptations in our life. The snowsymbolizes something of purity. Village & He (the owner of thewoods)—Human world & societyPromises--The unavoidable responsibilities & obligationsMiles--Long distance; the heavy duty of lifeSleep--Rest during night; the end of life (death)I am on my way--The journey of life四、散文1.Letter to Lord Chesterfield --- Samuel JohnsonFebruary 7th, 1755My Lord,I have been lately informed, by the proprietor经营者ofthe World,that two Papers两篇文章, in which my Dictionary is recommended to the Public, were written by your Lordship阁下. To be so distinguished, is an honour受到如此破格的垂青,是一份荣耀, which, being very little accustomed to favors from the Great很不习惯来自大人物的褒奖, I know not well how to receive, or in what terms to acknowledge用什么话来表达感激之情.When, upon some slight encouragement, I first visited your Lordship, I was overpowered深受感动, like the rest of Mankind其他人, by the enchantment of your address您富有魅力的言辞; and could not forbear to wish 奢望that I might boast夸口说myself Le vainqueur du vainqueur de la terre世界征服者的征服者, that I might obtain that regard 受到重视for which I saw the world contending争先,奋斗的; but I found my attendance拜访so little encouraged, that neither pride nor modesty谦逊would suffer me to continue it使我能够继续忍受下去. When I had once addressed your Lordship in public 当众向大人致意, I had exhausted all the art of pleasing which a retired and uncourtly scholar can possess我用尽了一个性情懒散,不善逢迎的书生所持有的所有手段以博取您欢心. I had done all that I could; and no Man is well pleased 高兴的to have his all neglected他的一切努力被忽视, be it ever so little无论多么微不足道.Seven years, My Lord, have now past已经过去七年了, since I waited in your outward Rooms, or was repulsed from your Door被拒之于门外; during which time I have been pushing on my work through difficulties在困难中推进我的工作, of which it is useless to complain, and have brought it, at last, to the verge of Publication快要出版了, without one Act of assistance, one word of encouragement, or one smile of favor. 没有的到一点帮助,没有得到一句鼓励,没有看到一个笑脸支持Such treatment I did not expect, for I never had a Patron before我不曾指望能有这样的待遇,因为我此前从未有权贵提携.The Shepherd in Virgil grew at last acquainted with Love, and found him a Native of the Rocks.维吉尔笔下的牧童最后终于和爱神相识,这才发现所谓爱神只不过是岩穴土人而已。

(完整版)英美文学史复习笔记

(完整版)英美文学史复习笔记

英美文学复习时期划分-—Early & Medieval literature 包括The Anglo-Saxon Period 和The Anglo-Norman Period--Renaissance 文艺复兴—-Revolution & Restoration 资产阶级革命与王权复辟——Enlightenment 启蒙运动-—Romantic Period 浪漫主义时期——Critical Realism 批判现实主义——20th Modernism 现代主义传统诗歌主题:nature, life, death, belief, time, youth, beauty, love, feelings of differen t kinds, reason(wisdom), moral lesson, morality。

修辞名称:meter格律, rhyme韵, sound assonance谐音, consonance和音, alliteration头韵, form of poetry诗歌形式, allusion典故, foot音步, iamb抑扬格, trochee扬抑格, anapest抑抑扬格, da ctyl扬抑抑格, pentameter五音步文学体裁:诗歌poem,小说novel,戏剧novel起源:Christianity基督教Bible圣经myth神话The Roma nce of king Arthur and his knights亚瑟王和他的骑士(笔记)一、 1、The Anglo—Saxon period(496—1066)这个时期的文学作品分类:(pagan异教徒)(Christ ian基督徒)2、代表作:The song of Beowulf《贝奥武甫》(national epic)(民族史诗)采用了隐喻手法3、Alliteration押头韵(写作手法)例子:of man was the mildest and most beloved.To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.二、 The Anglo-Norman period(1066—1350)Canto 诗章受到法国影响 English literature is also a combination of French and Saxon element s。

英美文学复习资料 - Copy

英美文学复习资料 - Copy

1. William Shakespeare1)Humanistic ideas: Shakespeare, as a humanist of the time, does not hesitate to describe the cruelty and anti-natural character of the civil wars, but he did not go all the way against the feudal rule. In his dramatic creation, especially in his histories and tragedies, he affirms the importance of the feudal system in order to uphold the nation unity and social order. He against religious persecution and racial discrimination, against social inequality and the corrupting influence of gold and money. However, there is also a limit to his sympathy for the downtrodden. He fears anarchy, hates rebellion and despises democracy. Thus, he finds no way to solve the social problems. In the end, the only thing he can do as a humanist is to escape from the reality to seek comfort in his dream.2) Literary ideas: Shakespeare has accepted the Renaissance views on literature. He holds that literature should be a combination of beauty, kindness and truth, and should reflect nature and reality. He claims through the mouth of Hamlet that the “end” of dramatic creation is to give faithful reflection of the social reality of the time. Shakespeare also states that literary works, which have truly reflected nature and reality, can reach immortality.2. SonnetThe term “sonnet” derives from the Latin sonitus(meaning “sound”) and the Italian sonetto (meaning “sound”, “song”). The ordinary sonnetconsists of fourteen lines, usually in iambic pentameters with considerable variations in rhyme scheme. The basic sonnet forms are: 1) The Italian or the Petrarchan sonnet which comprises an octave rhyming abba abba or abab abab and a sestet rhyming cde cde or cd cd cd; 2) The English or the Shakespearean sonnet, comprising three quatrains and a couplet, rhyming abab cdcd efef gg. 3) The Spenserian sonnet, again with three quatrains and a couplet, rhyming abab bcbc cdcd ee. However, there remain many deviations from the basic patterns. In English the most conspicuous variant, the 16-line poems of George Meredith’s se quence Modern Love(1862), is clearly related to the sonnet in its themes and abba cddc effe ghhg rhyme scheme.The Italian form of sonnet is the commonest: the octave develops one thought; there is then a “turn” or volta, and the sestet grows out of the octave, varies it and completes it. In the other two forms a different idea is expressed in each quatrain; each grows out of the one preceding it; and the argument, theme, and dialectic are concluded, “tied up” in the binding end-couplet.3. Generally speaking, the classic essay possesses the following characteristics of classic literature:1) Classic literature is of clarity, splendour, sublimity, and philosophicality. And these properties are common in almost all classic essays, as those by Aristotle, Cicero, Confucius, Montaigne, Bacon, Emerson and the kind.2) In western literature there is always a lasting trait of Greek and Roman vigour which fosters a classic temperament in the literary minds of many generations.Classic essayists as Bacon and Pope directly orindirectly adopt much of Homer, Horace, Virgil, Ovid or Seneca in subjects, styles, and even language itself. Their compositions are therefore of typical classic beauty and strength.3) Great importance is placed upon strict rules, elegant forms, refined diction, confined syntax, and balanced texture, in all classic literature including the classic essay, which is more flexible, though.Yet some essayists, such as those of the Augustan England and so comparable to the Tongcheng School of China, comply so strictly with the classic standards that their works bear much affectation, elaboration, and non-naturalness. These linguistic features are so true to classic essayists in England.4) The classic essay is as comprehensive in subject matters and styles as in all classic literature. In subjects, the classic essay deals with a variety of themes: philosophy, literary criticism, arts, politics, history, social problems, travels, and other aspects of life. Its style, however, varies with every individual essayist. For example, Cicero is gracefully eloquent; Bacon is weighty and highly sententious; Swift is deceptively plain and satirically forceful; Addison is “familiar but not coarse, elegant but not ostentatious.”4. The pastoral elegy is a specialized form of elegy, and is very popular with English poets. It bears the following conventions:(1) The scene is pastoral. The poet and the person he mourns are represented as shepherds;(2) The poet begins with an invocation to the Muses and refers to diverse mythological characters during the poem;(3) Nature is involved in mourning the shepherd’s death. Nature feels the wound, so to speak;(4) The poet inquires of the guardians of the dead shepherd where they were when death came;(5) There is a procession of mourners;(6) The poet reflects on divine justice and contemporary evils;(7) There is a “flower” passage, describing the decoration of the bier, etc;(8) At the end there is a renewal of hope and joy, with the idea expressed that death is the beginning of life.5.Desert Island Fiction is a form of fiction in which a remote and uncivilized island is used as the venue of the story and action. Usually itcan be placed right outside the “real” world and may be an image of the ideal, unspoiled or primitive existence, for it is often presented as an example of inner goodness, bravery, dignity and nobility, or adolescent innocence and purity uncorrupted by the evil force in civilization. It appeals directly to the sense of adventure, exploratory impulse, imaginative instinct and romantic desires of most people. It has a particular attraction to children with all kinds of foreign experiences, exciting challenges, and exotic scenes, as well difficult skills for survival and heroic individualism.6. Ballad, originally a short narrative folk song to accompany a dance, isa simple spirited poem in short stanzas in which a popular story is graphically told. This genre of verse is not restricted to the English-speaking world only, as all nations, eastern or western, may possess their own ballads of great literary merit.Traditional English ballads originated in the 13th century and most of them were collected by Child, Pepys, Bradford, Percy, Scott and others. They share with ballads of other nations some striking characteristics which include: 1) the tradition of oral transmission and an unknown authorship; 2) a variety of verse forms, among which the standard stanza form, known as the ballad stanza, “is a quatrain in alternative four and three-stress iambic lin es,” usually with only the second and fourth lines rhyming, such as the form of “Sir Patrick Spens” in the popular ballads; 3) the frequent adoption of refrains or repetitions to form musical echoes; 4) usually a compact little story is arranged in details within which a single incident is dramatically treated but not in a narrative continuity; 5) a multitude of subjects covering history, legends, wars, love stories, family affairs etc.; 6) simple words, plain language and dialogue are often used in the verse lines.7.Ode is a single, complex and often lengthy lyric poem, written in a dignified formal style on some lofty or serious subject. The term connotes some qualities:1) an elaborate stanza-structure, expressed in language dignified;2) a marked formality and stateliness in tone and style;3) more complicated than most of the lyric types in form;4) lofty sentiments and thoughts.In ancient literature, ode is composed for a chorus to chant and dance which is divided into strophe, antistrophe and epode (Moving in a dance rhythm to the left, the chorus chanted the strophe; moving to the right, the antistrophe; then standing still, the epode).There are two classical forms of ode: the Horatian Ode and the Pindaric Ode.。

基础英语考研(英美文学简史)考研复习考点归纳

基础英语考研(英美文学简史)考研复习考点归纳

基础英语考研(英美文学简史)考研复习考点归纳一、《英国文学简史》考点笔记1.1 复习笔记早期英国文学Early English LiteratureⅠ.Background Knowledge—The Making of England(背景知识——英国的形成)1.The Roman Conquest (55B.C.-410A.D.) 罗马征服(公元前55年—公元410年)A. Brief Introduction(简介)Before the Roman Conquest, the early inhabitants in the island we call England were Britons, a tribe of Celts.In 55 B.C., Britain was invaded by Julius Caesar, the Roman conqueror. Britain was not completely subjugated to the Roman Empire until 78 A.D. But at the beginning of the fifth century, the Roman Empire was in the process of declining. In 410 A.D., all the Roman troops went back to the continent and never returned.罗马征服之前,在英格兰岛上居住的早期居民被称为不列颠人(Britons),不列颠人是凯尔特(Celt)部落的一支。

公元前55年,该岛被罗马的朱利尤斯·凯撒(Julius Caesar)侵略。

直到公元78年,不列颠才完全臣服于罗马帝国,但是在5世纪初,罗马帝国开始没落。

公元410年,所有的罗马军队撤离该岛。

B. Influence(影响)①The Roman mode of life was brought into Britain while the native Britons were treated as slaves.②The Romans brought Christianity to the island and this religion was spread widely. (This is a profound religious effect up to today).③Roman road was built for military purposes.④Along the Roman roads, many towns grew up, London was one of them, and it became an important trading center.①罗马人的生活方式被带到了英国,而当地的不列颠人却沦为奴隶。

英美文学复习资料

英美文学复习资料

英美文学复习资料英美文学复习资料英美文学是世界文学史上的重要组成部分,包含了许多经典的文学作品和作家。

通过复习英美文学,我们可以更好地了解西方文化和思想,同时也能够提升自己的语言表达能力和文学素养。

本文将为大家提供一些英美文学复习资料,希望对大家的学习有所帮助。

一、英国文学1. 莎士比亚的四大悲剧:《哈姆雷特》、《奥赛罗》、《李尔王》和《麦克白》。

这些作品被誉为世界文学的瑰宝,展现了莎士比亚独特的戏剧才华和对人性的深刻洞察。

2. 简·奥斯汀的小说:《傲慢与偏见》、《理智与情感》等。

奥斯汀以细腻的笔触和幽默的描写,刻画了当时英国社会的风貌和女性的处境,成为英国文学的代表作家之一。

3. 查尔斯·狄更斯的小说:《雾都孤儿》、《双城记》等。

狄更斯以其对社会问题的关注和对人性的揭示而闻名,他的作品揭示了当时英国社会的黑暗面,对社会改革产生了深远影响。

4. 弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫的小说:《达洛维夫人》、《到灯塔去》等。

伍尔夫以其独特的意识流写作风格和对女性问题的关注,开创了现代主义小说的新篇章。

二、美国文学1. 马克·吐温的小说:《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》、《汤姆·索亚历险记》等。

吐温以其幽默风趣和对美国社会的讽刺洞察而受到广泛赞誉,他的作品展现了美国南方的风土人情和对奴隶制度的批判。

2. 埃米莉·迪金森的诗歌:迪金森的诗歌充满了哲思和深度,她以其独特的写作风格和对生死、爱情等主题的探索而成为美国文学的重要代表。

3. 威廉·福克纳的小说:《喧哗与骚动》、《押沙龙,押沙龙!》等。

福克纳以其复杂的叙事结构和对南方社会的描绘而被誉为美国文学的巨匠,他的作品展现了南方社会的衰落和黑暗。

4. 托尼·莫里森的小说:《亲爱的》、《宠儿》等。

莫里森以其对种族、性别和身份问题的关注而成为美国文学的重要代表,她的作品揭示了美国社会的不公和歧视。

三、阅读技巧和复习建议1. 阅读经典作品时,要注重对文本细节的理解和分析。

英语专业英美文学史复习要点

英语专业英美文学史复习要点

英语专业英美文学史复习要点I. Some Historical Facts ★★★The earliest inhabitants: Britons (a tribe of Celts)Britain: ―the land of Britons‖Now, the Three Famous Conquests:A. The Roman Conquest (55BC-410AD)1. Britain was invaded by the Romans under the leadership of Julius Caesar in 55 BC, and was completely subjugated to the Roman Empire in 78 A.D.2. Roman mode of life came across to Britain:Conqueror s→theaters; bathsnative Briton s→slaves3. Roman Empire began to decline at the beginning of the 5th C.In 410 A. D. all the Roman troops withdrew and never returned.B. The Anglo-Saxon Conquest (449-1066)In 449 A.D., Britain was invaded by three Germanic tribes from the Northeast of Europe:Angles(盎格鲁人)Saxons(撒克逊人)Jutes(朱特人)C. The Norman Conquest (1066-1485)French-speaking Normans, under the leadership of Duke William (William the Conqueror) came in 1066.After defeating the English at Hastings, William was crowned as the King of England. In the Anglo-Norman period, the prominent kind of literature, Romances, were at first all in French.At the end of the 14th century, English became dominant once more.II. Anglo-Saxon LiteratureAnglo-Saxon Poetry★★1. Pagan Poetry(世俗诗)Also called secular poetry, it does not contain any specific Christian doctrine. It was represented by Beowulf (贝奥武甫).2. Religious Poetry(宗教诗)Also called Christian poetry, it is mainly on biblical stories and sa ints’ lives. Butsometimes there is a mixture of Christian and pagan(异教徒)ideas. It is represented by Caedmon (凯德蒙)and Cynewulf (基涅武甫).National epic(民族史诗)★★National epic: epic written in vernacular(本国的)languages, namely, the languages of various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages.It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. Poetic Features of ―Beowulf‖ (贝奥武甫)★★★i. The use of alliteration (头韵) is one of its most striking features.In alliterative verse, certain stressed or accented words in a line begin with the same consonant. There are 4 stresses in a line generally, of which three or two show alliteration.ii. The use of kennings:Kenning (代喻): compound words that serve as metaphor, used in place of a name or noun, especially in Old English and Old Norse poetry.For example: ―storm of swords‖ is a kenning for ―battle‖.iii. The use of understatements(抑言陈述) or euphemism (委婉语) , e.g.:―not troublesome‖ > very welcome―need not praise‖ > a right to condemniv. The basically pagan poem has an evident Christian overlay.e.g.:(1) ―God‖ or ―Lord‖ is frequently mentioned as the omnipotent supreme being, along wit h such Christian concepts as the belief in ―future life‖.(2) Grendel is said to be descendant of the errant biblical figure, Cain.The Religious Poetry ★★The religious poetry is also called Christian poetry. It is mainly on biblical stories and saints’ lives. But sometimes there is a mixture of Christian and pagan ideas in these poems. It is represented by Caedmon and Cynewulf.Anglo-Saxon Prose(散文)★★Prose literature did not show its appearance until the 8th century.There were two famous prose writers:V enerable Bede (比德)Alfred the Great (阿尔弗烈德大王)Anglo-Norman Literature★★1066, the year of the Norman conquest, marks the beginning of Anglo-Norman period (1066-1485).Ca. 1200: the beginning of the Middle English Literature.A. Romance ★★★Romance (骑士文学), mostly in French, is the dominant kind of literature in the Anglo-Norman period.It is a long composition in verse or prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero. It generally concerns knights and involves a large amount of fighting a s well as a number of miscellaneous adventures.E ssential features of the Romance★★★1. It lacks general resemblance(相似)to truth or reality.2. It exaggerates the vices(罪恶)of human nature and idealizes the virtues.3. It contains perilous(危险的)adventures more or less remote from ordinary life.4. It lays emphasis on supreme devotion to lady.5. The central character of the romance is the knight, a man of noble birth, skilled in the use of weapons. He is commonly described as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournaments, or fighting for his lord in battle. He is devoted to the church and the king.The Matters of Britain★★★This Cycle mainly deals with the exploits(功绩)of King Arthur and his knights of the Round Table.Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is the culmination(高潮)of the Arthurian romances.Sir Gawain and the Green Knight★★Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》), a verse romance of 2530 lines, derived from Celtic legend. It was considered as the best of Arthurian romance.English Ballads (民歌)★★1. It is oral literature of the English people (esp. peasants).2. It is a story told in song, usu. in 4-line stanzas, with the 2nd and the 4th lines rhymed.3. Its subject matters: young lovers’ struggle against patriarchy(父权制); conflict between love and wealth; cruelty of jealousy; criticism of the civil war (1337~1453) between England and France.; matters of class struggle.Robin Hood Ballads: most noted.Translation of the Bible★★1. John Wycliffe (1320-1384), the first attempt to translate the Latin version of the Bible into Middle English.King James’ version (the Authorized V ersion) (1611)Geoffrey Chaucer (1343-1400)杰弗里·乔叟(Geoffrey Chaucer)★★★Father of English poetryThe first great poet writing in Middle EnglishFounder of English realismMain WorksThe Romance of the Rose《玫瑰传奇》The House of Fame 《声誉殿堂》Troilus and Criseide 《特罗伊拉斯和克莱西德》The Canterbury Tales 《坎特伯雷故事集》Chaucer’s Contributions★★★i. Chaucer made the London dialect the standard for modern English language, and was the first to write in English. In doing so, established English as the literary language of the country.ii. He introduced ( from France and Italy) the rhymed stanza (诗节)of various types, esp. heroic couplet(英雄偶句诗), to take the place of the old alliterative verse. iii. His works give a comprehensive picture of Chau cer’s time; For his true-to-life (写实的)depictions, Chaucer is generally regarded as the forerunner of English realism.iv. Chaucer’s gentle satire(讽刺)and mild irony made him a pioneering English humorist writer.The Canterbury Tales(坎特伯雷故事集)(1387-1400)★★★1.The outline of the storyThe story opens with a general prologue telling that on a spring evening, at the Tabard Inn (泰巴旅店), at the South end of London Bridge, Chaucer meets 29 pilgrims ready for Canterburyand he joins them.Suggested by the host of the inn, each is to tell 2 stories going and 2 returning. The best teller will be treated with a fine supper, by the host.Clearly, the structure of The Canterbury Tales is indebted to Boccaccio's Decameron (《十日谈》).As a gigantic plan, 120 stories should be told but only 24 were written.But these tales cover practically all the major types of medieval literature: a. romance;b. folk tale;c. beast fable (神话);d. adventures;e. saint’s life;f. allegorical tale(寓言);g. sermon(训诫);h. alchemical account(炼丹术), etc.2. The General Prologue(总序言)The Canterbury Tales consists of three parts:The General Prologue,24 tales, four of which left unfinished,Separate prologues to each tale.The General Prologue was considered the best part of the whole work, which supplies a picture of people from all walks of life in the medieval England. It in essence serves as a guide.3.The charactersAll kinds of people except the highest and the lowest are represented by these thirty pilgrims(朝圣者):The gentle class (绅士阶层)is represented by the knight, the squire (骑士扈从), the monk, the prioress(女修道院院长),the Oxford scholar, and the Franklin(地主); The burgher class (市民阶层)is represented by the wealthy trademan, the haberdasher(服装店主), the carpenter, the landed proprietor(土地业主), the weaver, the tapestry-maker(挂毯商), and the Wife of Bath(巴斯夫人);The professionals are represented by the lawyer and the physician.Rhyme★★Alliteration(头韵):stressed words in a line begin with the same consonant, e.g.: great, grew Assonance(谐韵):stressed words in a line share the same vowel (谐元韵), e.g.: great, failRhyme(尾韵):Identity or sameness of terminal sounds in poetic lines or in words, e.g.: great, bait Feet(音步)feet: small groups of syllables(音节), i.e. the combination of a strong stress and one or two weak stresses.simply put(简言之):Combination of one stressed syllable(重读音节)& one or two unstressed syllables (非重读音节)e.g. hazel; to swell;The clock struck one.Four standard feet★★(1) iambic (抑扬格, n. iamb)an unstressed syllable is followed by a stressed syllable:defeat return(2) anapestic (抑抑扬格, n. anapest)two unstressed syllables → a stressed:understand with a leap(3) trochaic (扬抑格, n. trochee)a stressed → an unstressed:listen double(4) dactylic (扬抑抑格, n. dactyl)a stressed → two unstressed syllables:Here we go merrilyNumber of feet in a line★★★(1) monometer 单音步(one foot)(2) dimeter 二音步(two feet)(3) trimeter 三音步(three feet )(4) tetrameter 四音步(four feet )(5) pentameter 五音步(five feet )(6) hexameter 六音步(six feet)(7) heptameter 七音步(seven feet)(8) octameter 八音步(eight feet)Meter(韵律)The meter of a line(诗行的韵律)not only includes the predominant foot of the line, but also the number of feet that it contains.rhymed stanza (押<尾>韵诗节)Rhymed: correspondence of terminal sounds of words, or of lines of verse. Stanza: a group of lines in a repeated pattern that form a unit within a larger poem. List of stanza names according to number of lines:2 lines = Couplet(对联)3 lines = Tercet(三行诗)4 lines = Quatrain(四行诗)5 lines = Cinquain(五行诗)6 lines = Sestet(六行诗)7 lines = Septet(七行诗)8 lines = Octave(八行诗)heroic couplet (英雄诗体,英雄双韵句)It is a rhymed couplet (押韵对句):a pair of rhyming lines in iambic pentameter.rhyming scheme(韵法)英语诗歌的行与行之间的押韵格式称韵法。

英美文学 知识点总结

英美文学 知识点总结

英美文学知识点总结英美文学是指在英国和美国国家领土内产生的文学作品,包括英国文学与美国文学。

英美文学史是人类文明史的一个重要组成部分,包括从古典到现代的文学作品,涵盖了从莎士比亚到奥斯卡·王尔德等众多作家的作品。

英美文学的知识点众多,具有深刻的历史、文化和社会背景,下面将总结英美文学知识点,帮助读者更好地了解和学习英美文学。

1. 英国文学的起源和发展英国文学的起源可追溯至中世纪,早期的英国文学作品包括《贝奥歌》、《坎特伯雷故事集》等。

而随着文艺复兴的到来,英国文学迎来了新的发展时期,莎士比亚、斯宾塞等众多作家的作品为英国文学的繁荣与发展奠定了基础。

18世纪的启蒙运动影响了英国文学的发展方向,霍华德、斯威夫特等作家的作品在英国文学史上留下了重要的痕迹。

2. 美国文学的诞生与发展美国文学的起源较晚,17世纪移民新英格兰书信文学是美国文学的开端。

18世纪,美国文学开始迈入现代化阶段,风格多样的文学作品层出不穷。

19世纪的浪漫主义运动、现实主义运动以及自然主义运动,都为美国文学的繁荣与发展贡献了力量。

3. 英美文学的经典作品在英美文学史上,有许多经典作品,这些作品对后世文学产生了深远的影响。

如莎士比亚的《哈姆雷特》、奥斯卡·王尔德的《风华绝代》、简·奥斯汀的《傲慢与偏见》、查尔斯·狄更斯的《雾都孤儿》等。

4. 英美文学的主题和风格英美文学作品的主题和风格多种多样,既有对家国情怀的歌颂,也有对人性命运的探索。

从文艺复兴时期的骑士文学到现代主义文学,英美文学作品的风格也是千姿百态。

5. 英美文学的流派英美文学的作品涉及的流派众多,包括戏剧、小说、诗歌、散文等。

在戏剧方面,莎士比亚的作品是最具代表性的;在小说方面,狄更斯的作品是最为典型的;在诗歌方面,弗罗斯特的作品是最为著名的。

6. 英美文学的影响英美文学对全球文学产生了深远影响,从语言、风格、主题等方面都对其他国家的文学产生了影响。

自考英美文学选读要点总结精心整理2

自考英美文学选读要点总结精心整理2

英美文学选读要点总结细心整理[英国』Chapter1 The Renaissance period(14世纪至十七世纪中叶)文艺复兴1. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。

2. the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心,人是万物之灵。

3. Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到足够的论据,来赞美人性,并开始留意到人类是崇高的生命,人可以不断发展完善自己,而且世界是属于他们的,供他们怀疑,探究以及享受。

4. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.托马斯.摩尔,克利斯朵夫.马洛和威廉.莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。

5. Wyatt introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England.怀亚特将彼特拉克的十四行诗引进英国。

英美文学常识课程考核重点(精)

英美文学常识课程考核重点(精)

1.The Romans led by Julius Caesar launched their first invasion on Britain in ___?A 200 B.CB 55 A.DC 55 B.CD 410 A.D2.The capital of Northern Ireland is ___?A BlefastB BirminghanC EdinburghD Cardiff3.The statement “You can not step twice into the same river”was said by___?A AristotleB HeracletusC SocratesD Pythagoras4.The greatest names in European philosophy are Socrates, ___, and Aristotle, who are active in Athens in the 5th and 4th century B.C.A PythagorasB HeracleitusC HerodotusD Plato5.Between 1337 and 1453 the ___ took place in Britain.A Wars of RosesB Black DeathC Hundred Years’WarD Peasants Uprising6.William, Duke of Normandy, fought King Harold of England at the Battle of Hastings in___.A 1066B 1086C 1381D 10357. The first Civil War in Britain lasted from ___ to ___.A 1600 --- 1604B 1640 --- 1644C 1642 --- 1646D 1646 --- 16508. ___ believed that the highest good in life was pleasure, freedom from pain and emotional upheaval.A CynicsB StoicsC ScepticsD Epieureans9.James Watt created a ___ in 1769?A Spinning MuleB Steam EngineC Power LoomD Spinning Jenny10.Most of the land belonging to the Saxons was confiscated by William and given to ___.A The DanesB the IrishC The Norman baronsD The Scots答案:1. 选C。

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1.现实主义、批判现实主义(代表人物、作品,以及每部作品讲了什么故事)P276—比如《匹克威克外传》主要讲什么?P281 《双城记》主要讲什么?P298 《大卫科波菲尔》主要讲什么?P2922.其中自传体形式的作品有哪些?3.傲慢与偏见的第一个名字:first impression(Pride and prejudice现)4.三姐妹指的是?5.19世纪有名小说名利场副标题:“A Novel Without a Hero”作者:William Makepeace Thackeray P3036.18th浪漫主义作家、代表作P211 反对什么,反抗什么思想?7.Pop代表作有哪些?P134 剪发记?8.玄学诗派有哪些人物组成?Leading Feature? P1169.乌托邦is written in form of ?P3310.Universal Wicks大学才子是谁?P5011.中世纪文学流行的是? 主题特征骑马精神P8?12.最著名作家:乔叟P1913.对于三次征服的概念(1)罗马征服P1 (2)英国人征服P2(3)诺曼征服P514.人民大宪章什么时候出现?时间:1837年1.John MiltonHe was born in London in 1608. He is a master of the blank verse, and a great stylist. And he is famous for his grand style.But his style is never exactly natural. He devoted almost twenty years of his best life to the fight for political, religious and personal liberty as a writer. His famous works are Paradise lost, Paradise Regained, and Samson Agonistes.2.RomanceRomance was the most prevailing kind of literature of the upper class in feudal England in the Medieval Ages. It is a long composition in verse or in prose which describes the life and chivalric adventures of a noble hero. The central character of romances is the knight, a man of noble birth skilled in the use of weapon. The theme of loyalty to king and lord was repeatedly emphasized in romances.3.the EnlightenmentIt is the philosophical and artistic movement growing out of the Renaissance and continuing until the nineteenth century. It was an optimistic belief that humanity could improve itself by applying logic and reasons to all things. Typically, these enlightenment writers would use satire to ridicule what they felt illogical errors in government, socialcustom, and religious belief.4.NeoclassicismThe neoclassical movement began in the mid-18th century and brought about a revival of interest in the old classical work. The neoclassicists held that forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be in judged in terms of its service to humanity.ke poetsAlso called Lake School, it is a name applied to a group of poets in the 19th century, including Wordsworth, Coleridge, and Southey. They had lived in the Lake District in the northwest of England and shared a community of literary and social outlook in their works.6.MetaphysicalAbout the beginning of the 17th century appeared a school of poets called “Metaphysical”, including Donne, Herbert, Marvell, Vaughan, and Crashaw. The work of the metaphysical poets are characterized their wit, imaginative picturing, compressions, often cryptic expression and by generally speaking, by mysticism in content and fantasticality in form.7.Heroic coupletsA heroic couplet is a traditional form for English poetry, commonly used for epic and narrative poetry; it refers to poems constructed from a sequence of rhyming pairs of iambic pentameter lines. The rhyme is always masculine. The use of the heroic couplet was first pioneered by Chaucer in The legend of Good Women and The Canterbury Tales.8.BalladsBallad was the most important department of English folk literature. A ballad is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed. They are anonymous narrative poems bearing the characteristics of folklore and designed for singing or oral recitation in various English and Scottish dialects. Ballad is mainly the literature of the common people and one is able to understand the outlook of the English common people in feudal society through the ballads. The subjects of ballad are various in kind, as the struggle of young lovers against their feudal—minded families, the conflict between love and wealth, the cruelty of jealousy, the criticism of the civil war, and the matters of class struggle. Usually a ballad deals with a single episode and the beginning is often abrupt, without any introduction to the characters and background information.回答问题1.撒旦为什么选择伊甸园作为复仇之地2.写一个关于傲慢与偏见的小结(作者、人物角色、情节、后果)和主题评价Pride and Prejudice is a novel by Jane Austen, first published in 1813.翻译题1.P103①Throw open all doors; let there be light ; let every man think and bring his thoughts to the light;dread not any diversities of opinion.②Truth is compared in Scripture to a streaming fountain; if her waters flow not in a perpetual progression, they sicken into a muddy pool of conformity.③Where there is much desire to learn, there of necessity will be much arguing, much writing, many opinions; for opinion in good men is but knowledge in the marking.2.P193It was marked by a strong protest against the bondage of Classicism, by a recognition of the claims of passion and emotion, and by a renewedinterest in medieval literature.。

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