课文总结 中英 刘西茜

总结

二十世纪的科学，极大地改变了人类的物质生活与精神生活，改变了人类的生活方式与生产方式。它一方面推动社会全面进步，解决人类的种种困难，提高人类的生活质量；另一方面它也为人类社会带来了各种各样的问题。其中科学对伦理的影响十分令人关注。在二十世纪出现了许多与伦理有关的新兴学科，比如生命伦理学，生态伦理学，科技伦理学无不与现代科学有关。科学是实证的知识系统，它追求的目的是“真”，它发现的是客观已经存在的规律，它解决的是人与自然之间的关系。伦理是规范性的，它追求的是“善”，它阐明的是人与人应该怎样相处，它解决的是人与人之间的关系。判断伦理的标准是人们的习惯，风俗等。科学之所以频频向传统伦理提出挑战，是因为科学总是在创新，而创新总会引起人类生活与交往手段的改变，这些改变肯定会影响人们的风俗和习惯。

当世界上第一例试管婴儿诞生时，体外受精同样遭到非议。在试管里将精子卵细胞结合，再移植到子宫里去，人类的尊严到哪里去了？但是现在世界上已有成千上万个试管婴儿诞生。从当时伦理观来说是不赞同的，可现在随着科学的发展，正确的观念日益深入人心，而这也已经成了解决不能受精的夫妻能有孩子的最好办法。

从以上的一些例子我们可以看出，科学的发展对伦理道德的影响有两方面的，一方面科学的发展在生活中获得无上的权威，这种权威就会动摇传统的伦理规范；另一方面，科学的发展又可以扩大伦理范围，提出新问题，提出新的价值观，从而修正已有的伦理观，建立起新的伦理标准。

同样，伦理对科学的发展也起着促进和限制的作用。一定时代的伦理道德，并不转化为相关时代的科学内容本身，而是通过对科学的道德评价，而影响人们(包括科学家) 对科学事实的认定和解释，进而影响科学的发展。伦理由于与科学在本质上有着重大的差，因此它在很多时候会限制科学的发展。如哥白尼的日心说，本来是个十分朴素的科学事实，但是，无论是基督教会还是哥白尼本人，都意识到了其中强烈的道德冲突意味，以致《天体运行论》延迟了三十六年才公开出版。

探讨科学与伦理道德的相互促进，相互渗透与相互制约，使我们可以以新的视角来关注科学时代的科学成就及其伦理价，以实现真善的统一，真的探求与善的规范的一致性，才能使人们的行为趋于美的境界。正如爱因斯坦所认为的那样，科学与伦理具有共同的价值含义，因为在他看来，一切道德，科学与宗教和艺术"都是同一株树的各个分枝。所有这些都是为着使人类的生活趋于高尚，把它从单纯的生理上的生存境界提高，并且把个人导向自由。

Twentieth-century science, has greatly changed people's material life and spiritual life, and changed the human way of life and production. It is on the one hand to promote social progress and solve the difficulties of mankind, to improve the quality of human life; on the other hand it has also brought a variety of problems for human society. Where the impact of science on ethics is of great concern. In the twentieth century there have been many new disciplines and ethics-related, such as bioethics, ecological ethics, science and technology and modern science and ethics are all related. Science is empirical knowledge system that pursuit of the objective is "true", it found that the objective of the law already exists, it addresses the relationship between man and nature. Ethics is normative, it is the pursuit of "good", it stated that people should be how to get along, it addresses the relationship between

people. Criteria for judging ethical people's habits, customs and so on. Sciences have been frequently challenged the traditional ethics, because science always in innovations that will always cause changes in human life and the means of communication, and these changes will certainly affect people's customs and habits.

When the world's first test-tube baby was born, in vitro fertilization is also beencriticized. The sperm egg cell in a test tube, and then transplanted into the uterus to go, human dignity gone? But now there are tens of thousands of test-tube baby was bornin the world. From then ethics is not agree, but now with the development of science,correct concept is growing in popularity, and this has become resolved not fertilizedcouples to have children the best way.

From the above examples we can see the impact on the development of science and ethics has two aspects, one scientific development to get the supreme authority in life, this authority will be shaken traditional ethics; another , the development of science and ethics can expand the scope of proposed new issues, propose new values, thereby correcting the existing ethics and establish new ethical standards.

Similarly, the ethics of scientific development also plays a role in promoting and restrictions. Ethics certain age, does not translate into scientific content related to age itself, but through the science of moral evaluation, and influence people (including scientists) scientific findings of fact and interpretation, thereby affecting thedevelopment of science. Due to the nature of ethics and science has a major difference on, so it will limit the development of science in many cases. Copernicus's heliocentric as that would have been a very simple scientific facts, however, whether the ChristianChurch or Copernicus himself, are aware of the strong moral conflict which means that "celestial bodies" delayed thirty six years published.

Explore the science and ethics of mutual promotion and mutual penetration and mutual restraint, so that we can with a new perspective to focus on the scientific achievements of science and ethics times the price, in order to achieve the unity of truth and goodness, really seek consistent with good specifications resistance, in order to make people's behavior tends to the realm of beauty. As Einstein argued, science and ethicshave a common value meaning, because in his view, all morality, science and religion and the arts "are the same in all branches a tree. All of these are of the make human life tend noble, raise it from the realm of mere physical survival, and freedom of the individual-oriented.