On Spatial Meaning in The Furnished Room
福师1203考试批次《现代语言学》复习题及参考答案
福师1203考试批次《现代语言学》复习题及参考答案一本课程复习题所提供的答案仅供学员在复习过程中参考之用，有问题请到课程论坛提问本复习题页码标注所用教材为：教材名称单价作者版本出版社现代语言学教程孙丽红如学员使用其他版本教材，请参考相关知识点1.Sometimes bound morphemes can be used by themselves.2.There is a three-word sentence stage in first language acquisition.3. A simple sentence consists of a single clause which contains asubject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence. 4. A locutionary act is the act of conveying literal meaning by meansof syntax, lexicon, and phonology.nguage is entirely arbitrary.6.The naming theory of meaning was proposed by the ancient Greekscholar Plato.pounding is the addition of affixes to stems to form new words.8.All utterances take the form of sentences.9.Suffixes modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change itspart of speech.10.The most basic element of meaning is traditionally called morpheme.II. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement.(1.5*10=15)1.The pharynx refers to the space of cavity between the larynx and theend of ____.A. tongueB. hard palateC. soft palateD. vocal cords2.Morphemes that represent “tense”, “number”, “gender”,“case” and so forth are called ____ morphemes.A. inflectionalB. boundC. freeD. derivational3. The fact that ability to speak a language is transmitted fromgeneration to generation by a process of learning, and not genetically is usually referred to as ____.A. performanceB. language acquisitionC. cultural transmissionD. competence4. The sound [s] and [z] are the results of air escaping under fricationbetween tongue and ____ before passing through the teeth.A. hard palateB. uvulaC. alveolar ridgeD. soft palate5.____ deals with language application to other fields, particularlyeducation.A. Linguistic geographyB. Applied linguisticsC. SociolinguisticsD. Comparative linguistics6. Vowels that are produced between the positions for a front and backvowel are called ____ vowels.A. openB. closeC. frontD. central7、______ is defined as a conscious process of accumulatingknowledge of a second language usually obtained in schoolsettings.A. CompetenceB. PerformanceC. LearningD. Acquisition8、______ act theory is an important theory in the pragmaticstudy of language.A. SpeakingB. SpeechC. SoundD. Spoken9. A ______ analysis of an utterance will reveal what thespeaker intends to do with it.A. semanticB. syntacticC. pragmaticD. grammatical10.The most basic element of meaning is traditionally callen______A. morphemeB. syntacticC. pragmaticD. grammaticalIII. Dissect the following words into morphemes. (2*5=10)1. though _______________ _______考核知识点：morpheme，参见P19-222. speeches _________________ _____ 考核知识点：morpheme，参见P19-223. geography ___________ ___________ 考核知识点：morpheme，参见P19-224、morpheme___________ ___________ 考核知识点：morpheme，参见P19-225、syntactic___________ ___________ 考核知识点：morpheme，参见P19-22IV. Define the following terms. (5*6=30)1. the telegraphic stage考核知识点：language acquisition，参见P482. language考核知识点：language ，参见P33. discreteness考核知识点：discreteness参见P94. vowel考核知识点：vowel，参见P145. internal structure考核知识点：internal structure，参见P22V. Answer the following questions. (15*2=30)1. Why do we say language is arbitrary?考核知识点：arbitrary，参见P5参考答案要点：Arbitrariness in narrow sense refers to the lack of physical，logical or natural connection(i．e．the inexplicability of the relationship)between individual linguistic symbols and the meanings they symbolize．We know people use linguistic symbols which are originally meaningless to refer to something meaningful．There is no physical，’logical or natural connection between the symbolic signs used in language and the meaning they stand for．It is inexplicable．Wecan’t explain why the English people use‘'water'’to refer to the stuff in this bottle．Similarly,we can’t explain why the Chinese people use“水”to refer to the stuff．So language is arbitrary in nature．2. What’s the difference between langue and parole?考核知识点：langue and parole，参见P3-10参考答案要点：Language is full ofvarieties：no two speakers speak in an identical manner；no two speakers have an identical learning experience．Language consists in its varieties，that is to say,language is realized through its varieties(cp．the relation．between fruit and apple，between phoneme and allophones and phones and between langue and parole．福师1203考试批次《现代语言学》复习题及参考答案二本课程复习题所提供的答案仅供学员在复习过程中参考之用，有问题请到课程论坛提问本复习题页码标注所用教材为：教材名称单价作者版本出版社现代语言学教程孙丽红如学员使用其他版本教材，请参考相关知识点I. Decide whether each statement is true (T) or false (F). (15 points, 1.5 points for each)1、Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language..2、Language is not only linearly-structured.3、Linguistic performance is essentially a social phenomenon and also a context-dependent behavior.4、General linguistics studies the basic concepts, theories,5、descriptions, models and methods applicable are not in any linguistic study.6、Some languages are not superior to other languages.7、Compounding is the addition of affixes to stems to form new words.8、 Not all utterances take the form of sentences.9、Morphemes modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.10、The most basic element of meaning is traditionally called morphe.参考答案：1-5 F T F T F 6-10 T F T T FII. Choose the ONE choice that best completes each statement. (20 points, 2 points for each)1.Whcih of the following best states the behaviorist view of child languageacquisition?_______.A. Language acquisition is a process of habit formationB. Language acquisition is the species-specific property of human beingsC. Children are born with an innate ability to acquire languageD. Humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use参考答案B2.The pair of words "lend"and "borrow"are ___.A.gradable oppositesB.relational oppositesC.co-hyponymsD.synonyms参考答案B3. The discovery of Indo-European language family began with the work of theBritish scholar .A.Jacob GrimmB.Rasmus RaskC.Franz BoppD.Sir William Jones参考答案D4. A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as __.A.unusualB.something to be fearedC.abnormalD.natural参考答案D5. __produce fast and fluent speech with good intonation and pronunciation but thecontent of their speech ranges from mildly inappropriate to complete nonsense,often as unintelligible.A.Broca"s aphasicB.The linguistic deprivationC.The damage on the angular gyrusD.Wernicke"s aphasic参考答案D6.Some Southern learners of English in China tend to say "night" as "light".Thisshows: .A.They cannot pronounce/n/B. Interlangue interference because there is notthe sound /n/in their mothertongueC.The teachers do not have a good teaching methodD.They do not like to pronounce nasal sounds参考答案B7.. A word with several meanings is called __word.A.a polysemousB.a synonymousC.an abnormalD.a multiple参考答案A8.. The function of the sentence "A nice day, isn"t it?"is __.rmativeB.phaticC.directiveD.performative参考答案B9. The most recognizable differences between American English and BritishEnglish are in __ and vocabulary.ageB.grammarC.pronunciationD.structure参考答案C10. __deals with the way in which a language varies through geographical space.A.Linguistic geographyB.LexicologyC.LexicographyD.Sociolinguistics参考答案AIII. Define each of the following terms. (30 points, 6 points for each)1. phonetics考核知识点：phonetics，参见P122. phoneme考核知识点：phoneme，参见P163. stress考核知识点：stress，参见P174.reference考核知识点：reference，参见P355. idiolect考核知识点：idiolect，参见P41Answer the following questions. (35 points)1. How, in your opinion, does pragmatics differ from semantics?考核知识点：pragmatics and semantics，参见P28-35参考答案要点：Pragmatics is the study of the meaning which is not included in semantics and whose interpretation is dependent on its social contexts．Semantics is the science of meaning．Semantics is concemed t11 encoding and decoding of meaning，(finding out how people encode their meaning and how people try to interpret their meaning)，identifying and classifying meanings，lexical meaning，sentential meaning，and utterance2. What’s the difference between sense and reference?考核知识点：sense and reference，参见P35参考答案要点：There are two different meanings of meaning：sense(the meaning that relates linguistic forms with what is in the non．1inguistic world)and reference(the meaning that lies in the relation or contrasts among linguistic forms themselves，i．e．how the meanings are divided by the different linguistic forms／how different linguistic forms may be used to express meanings)．3. Explain language production with some examples.考核知识点：language production，参见P51参考答案要点：Language production is more difficult to study than language comprehension for the following reasons：the way thoughts are turned into speech(We don’t know how thoughts are turned intospeech．)；indirect approach through analyzing errors in speech production(We can only use this indirect approach to infer from these errors how we produce speech．)Following Carroll’s model of speech production,there are four stages：construction of thought to be expressed(You must have something in your mind to be expressed)，formation ofthought into linguistic forms(When you have some thought,you should turn it into linguistic forms)，construction of a motor command for the utterance(You need to prepare the command for the speech organs to speak)，execution ofthat motor command(You’re actually saying what you want to say)．福师1203考试批次《现代语言学》复习题及参考答案三本课程复习题所提供的答案仅供学员在复习过程中参考之用，有问题请到课程论坛提问本复习题页码标注所用教材为：教材名称单价作者版本出版社现代语言学教程孙丽红如学员使用其他版本教材，请参考相关知识点I. Decide whether each statement is true (T) or false (F). (15 points, 1.5 points for each)11.Sometimes bound morphemes can be used by themselves.12.There is a three-word sentence stage in first language acquisition.13.A simple sentence consists of a single clause which contains asubject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence. 14.A locutionary act is the act of conveying literal meaning by meansof syntax, lexicon, and phonology.nguage is entirely arbitrary.16.Articulatory phonetics that studies speech sounds from a physicalpoint of view, focusing on their physical properties in transmission.17.In speech sound production, lower part of the oral cavity arerelatively stable and function as a foil to the upper part in its articulatory movements.18.Consonants are sounds made by a closure or narrowing somewhere inthe vocal tract.19.Stress may play different functions in different languages.20.Affixation changes the grammatical class of the word.参考答案1-5 F T F T F 6-10 F F T T FII. Choose the ONE choice that best completes each statement. (20 points, 2 points for each)3.The pharynx refers to the space of cavity between the larynx and theend of ______.A. tongueB. hard palateC. soft palateD. vocal cords4.Morphemes that represent “tense”, “number”, “gender”,“case” and so forth are called ______ morphemes.A. inflectionalB. boundC. freeD. derivational3. The fact that ability to speak a language is transmitted fromgeneration to generation by a process of learning, and not genetically is usually referred to as ______.A. performanceB. language acquisitionC. cultural transmissionD. competence4. The sound [s] and [z] are the results of air escaping under fricationbetween tongue and ______ before passing through the teeth.A. hard palateB. uvulaC. alveolar ridgeD. soft palate6.______ deals with language application to other fields, particularlyeducation.A. Linguistic geographyB. Applied linguisticsC. SociolinguisticsD. Comparative linguistics6. Language has that distinguish it from other semiotic systemsused by humans and animals.A. functionB. design featuresC. importanceD. performance7. the main source of energy for speaking, initiating the airflowfor speech, hence pulmonic airstream mechanism.A. MouthB. HeartC. NoseD. Lung8. The phones that can be grouped together as variants of one phonemehave to be similarA. phoneticallyB. phonologicallyC. soundD. seem9. morpheme is a morpheme that contributes to the lexical meaningof the word.A. FunctionalB. LexicalC. GrammaticalD. Performative10. According to , language determines the framework of speaker’sperception and thought.A. Sapir-Whorf HypothesisB. Positivist theoryC. Use theoryD. Speech Acts theory参考答案1-5 C A D A B 6-10 B D AB AIII. Define each of the following terms. (30 points, 6 points for each)1. pragmatics考核知识点：pragmatics，参见P352. semantics考核知识点：semantics，参见P283. phonology考核知识点：phonology，参见P154. linguistics考核知识点：linguistics，参见P105. syntax考核知识点：syntax，参见P22Answer the following questions. (35 points)1. What is psycholinguistics?考核知识点：psycholinguistics，参见P48参考答案要点：Psycholinguistics is the study of the relation between language and mind，especially language acquisition and learning，and language comprehension and production．2. What’s the difference between free morpheme and bound morpheme?考核知识点：free morpheme and bound morpheme，参见P20参考答案要点：Morpheme may also be classified according to their role in word formation．Inflectional morpheme is a bound morpheme that shows the inflectional changes of the wordand that expresses a certain grammatical meaning．Most of inflectional morphemes in English arerealized through their allomorphs，e．g．{past tense}-->一ed,一d，…An inflectional morpheme doesnot change the grammatical class ofthe word，e．g．{change)change is a verb，and{change)+{pasttense)is still a verb．Derivational morpheme is a morpheme that is added to a word to form a new word．Derivational morpheme may be a bound morpheme such as affixes，but it may also be a freemorpheme such as those used to form a compound．There are six key terms used in derivational3. Explain pidgin and creole with some examples.考核知识点：pidgin and creole，参见P43参考答案要点：Pidgin refers to a kind of lingua franca which is also known as“marginal language”．It has areduced grammatical structure，lexicon and stylistic range and has no native speakers．Theformation of a pidgin usually involves two or more speech communities and requires considerable motivation on the part of the speaker．Pidgin usually flourishes in areas of economic development and of substantial trading among different speech communities．Pidgin English used in trading among the English and the Chinese in Shanghai in the old days．Pidgin English used in Asia in trading includes elements from Malay,Chinese and Portuguese．Creole refers to the pidgin which has developed from a mixture oflanguages and expanded in its vocabulary,grammar and stylistic range，which has acquired its own native speakers and assumed an equal orsimilar status ofanyhumannatural language．11。
金融学英文翻译
金融衍生工具和流通量的上升流通的社会结构性成因激增的短期投机资本,通过这种承受风险的衍生物的流通而变得具体和富有生气,似乎从正在进行的全球经济的基本社会结构的变革中反映，放大和升华(Eatwell and Taylor 2002)。
上述现象更是使重要性日益增强的流动性与金融机构及工具的发展特别是在流动性资本方面的关系得到了不断的发展(Pryke and Allen 2000)。
这似乎是现代资本主义的内在动力强迫他们趋向于追逐更高的，更具全球范围意义的生产标准，那似乎是在产生那样一种能够连接自身成为社会结构价值的，逐渐上升的复杂标准。
虽然在当时并没有发现,从二十世纪七十年代开始欧美工业生产的潜力已经耗尽了(Brenner 1998)，需要一定的空间来补救和修复(Harvey 2000; James 2001)。
许多行业需要探索新的途径来对更边缘的地区进行一体化（特别是南亚地区），以此来支撑受过度的产品生产和过多的资本积累强制驱动的，从而引发的关键性矛盾。
正如斯皮罗所说(1999)，欧美资本主义所产生和吸收的资本量（尤其是欧佩克成员国），在大部分现有的工业部门，已经超过了它能有利润的进行资本再投资的需求量。
因此哈维(1982)所评论说“如果平衡被重新恢复，需要一个过程，即通过运行生产系统消除过剩的资本，那么资本过度积累的趋势将被自动抵消。
”宗主国响应的一个关键性方面是欧美公司全球性的重组，开始把大量工业原材料的生产和原件的制造外包给那些较先进的发展中国家的较发达地区。
通常是南亚，特别是中国是这次重组的主要受惠者(Singh 2002)。
那些先进地区边缘的内陆地区也包括整个国家，比如巴基斯坦，也成为了原材料和手工劳动产品（例如：纺织品）的外包中心。
尽管还有一些国家，特别是虽然不是只在沙哈拉以南的非洲地区，他们参加这个过程仅仅给人以边缘的和偶然的感觉。
正如邦德（2001）的分析师认为，像莫桑比克和乍得这样的国家，似乎被全球经济所孤立除了那些最受剥削的方面。
有关住的英语作文
When it comes to writing an essay in English about living,there are various aspects you can explore.Here are some ideas and a sample essay to guide you:Title:The Essence of Living:A Personal ReflectionIntroduction:Living is a complex experience that encompasses more than just the physical act of existence.It involves the way we interact with our environment,the relationships we form,and the personal growth we undergo.This essay will delve into the multifaceted nature of living,drawing from personal experiences and philosophical reflections. Body:1.The Physical Aspect of Living:Discuss the importance of a safe and comfortable living space.Mention the role of basic necessities like food,water,and shelter in ensuring a good quality of life.2.The Social Aspect of Living:Explore the significance of community and how it contributes to our wellbeing. Reflect on the impact of friendships and family on ones life.3.The Emotional Aspect of Living:Discuss the range of emotions we experience and how they shape our lives. Consider the importance of emotional intelligence and selfawareness in navigating lifes challenges.4.The Intellectual Aspect of Living:Reflect on the pursuit of knowledge and how it enriches our lives.Discuss the role of education and continuous learning in personal development.5.The Spiritual Aspect of Living:Consider the role of spirituality or a sense of purpose in ones life.Discuss how finding meaning can contribute to a fulfilling life.Conclusion:Living is a tapestry woven with threads of physical,social,emotional,intellectual,and spiritual experiences.Each thread contributes to the richness of our existence,and it is through the interplay of these elements that we truly come to understand what it means to live.Sample Essay:Living is an art that requires us to be both the artist and the canvas.It is a journey that is as much about the destination as it is about the path we take to get there.My personal reflections on living have led me to understand that it is a multifaceted experience that cannot be fully appreciated without considering all its dimensions.The physical aspect of living is foundational.It is about having a safe and comfortable place to call home,where one can rest and rejuvenate.Basic necessities such as food, water,and shelter are not just commodities but the bedrock of a good quality of life.They are the silent guardians that ensure we can focus on the more complex aspects of living.Social living is the tapestry that weaves us into the larger human experience.It is through our relationships with others that we find a sense of belonging and community. Friendships and family provide us with a support system that is invaluable in times of need and a source of joy in times of celebration.The social aspect of living is what gives us a sense of place in the world.Emotions are the heartbeat of living.They are the driving force behind our actions and decisions.From the joy of love to the pain of loss,our emotions shape our experiences and influence our perspectives.Emotional intelligence and selfawareness are crucial in managing these emotions,allowing us to navigate the ebbs and flows of life with grace and resilience.The intellectual pursuit is the compass that guides us through the complexities of living. It is through education and continuous learning that we expand our horizons and deepen our understanding of the world.Knowledge is not just a tool for personal development but a means to engage more meaningfully with the world around us.Finally,the spiritual aspect of living is the light that illuminates our path.It is the sense of purpose and meaning that gives depth to our existence.Whether it is through religion, philosophy,or a personal belief system,spirituality is what connects us to something greater than ourselves,providing a sense of direction and fulfillment.In conclusion,living is a rich and complex experience that is as much about the physical and social aspects as it is about the emotional,intellectual,and spiritual dimensions.It is through the interplay of these elements that we truly come to understand what it means to live.As we navigate the journey of life,it is important to embrace all aspects of living, for it is in this embrace that we find the essence of existence.。
英美文学背诵精华篇
Of Studies 论学习
John Milton 約翰.彌爾頓
Paradise Lost
失樂園
Satan, after being defeated in his rebel against God, tempts Adam and Eve to eat the apБайду номын сангаасles from the Forbidden Tree, and causes the Fall of Man
Name/CN Name
Writer's Features
Writings / CN Writings English Literature
Writing's Features
The Renaissance Period 1. age: 1500-1660 2. background: stimulated by the rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek classic; England's Golden Age, especially in literature; the Church of England broke away from the Catholic Church 3. features: (1)New poetical forms introduced, e.g. blank verse and sonnet; (2) the English drama based itself on the models of Roman and Greek classics and the precedents from Italy and Spain (3)the universal tend of humanism in emphasizing man's dignity and his worldly happiness Edmund Spenser 1. The poet's poet; The Faerie Queen An allegory; "a historical poem" to present the 埃德蒙.斯賓賽 2. Perfect melody; a rare sense of beauty; a splendid 仙后 example of a perfect gentleman; a hero imagination; a lofty moral purity and seriousness; a (The Shepheades Calender 牧 represent one of the 12 virtues; fierce warres dedicated idealism 人日记;Epithalamion 新婚喜 and faithful loves 歌) Christopher 1. perfected blank verse and turned it into the principal Dr Fauctus 1. symbolic of a humanist in the Renaissance; Marlowe medium of English drama 浮士德博士 based on the German legend of a magician 克里斯扥夫.馬洛 2. created a series of images of the Renaissance hero for The Passionate Shepherd to aspiring for knowledge and finally meeting （Blank verse English drama His Love 多情的牧羊人致情 his tragic end as a result of selling his soul to University wit） 人 the Devil William The greatest playwright and the most popular sonnet Sonnets 1. 154 poems; English form Shakespeare writer; a creation of characters; skillful plot construction; 十四行詩 2. The traditional theme of the play is to 威廉.莎士比亞 irony; a good use of a language; skilled in various poetic The Merchant of Venice praise the friendship between Antonio and forms; of three quatrains and a couplet(三节四行诗加一 威尼斯商人 Bassanio, to idealize Portia as a heroine of 节偶句); national unity under a mighty and just sovereign Hamlet great beauty, wit and loyalty, and to expose is a necessity—“The King’s government must be carried 哈姆雷特 the insatiable greed and brutality of the Jew. on” (在一个强大英明的君主统治下的国家， 统一是非常 (Venus and Adonis 维纳斯和 Many people today tend to regard the play as 必要的) 安东尼斯; The Rape of a satire of the Christians' hypocrisy and their Lucrece 鲁克丽斯受辱 false standards of friendship and love, their (Each hero has his weekness of nature: Hamlet, the 记;romantic tragicomedies 浪 cunning ways of pursuing worldliness and melancholic scholar-prince, faces the dilemma between 漫悲喜剧;Romeo and Juliet; their unreasoning prejudice against Jews action and mind; Othello’s inner weakness is made use of Shakespeare's greatest (Shylock). by the outside evil force; the old king Lear who is tragedies are : Hamlet, 3. A man of contemplation rather than action; unwilling to totally give up his power makes himself suffer Othello, King Lear, and has the qualities of a “blood-and-thunder”
梵高的卧室英语介绍
梵高的《卧室》英语介绍Vincent Van Gogh's "Bedroom": A Masterpiece of Intimate ReflectionVincent Van Gogh's "Bedroom" is a masterpiece that invites the viewer into the intimate sanctuary of the artist's life. Painted in Arles, France, between 1888 and 1889, the painting is an exquisite rendering of Van Gogh's own bedroom, capturing the essence of his personal space in exquisite detail.The painting is remarkable for its use of color, composition, and brushwork, which combine to create a sense of warmth and coziness that is both inviting and enveloping. The colors are rich and earthy, with a predominance of yellows, oranges, and greens that evoke the sun-drenched landscape of the south of France. The brushwork is thick and expressive, with bold, sweeping strokes that create a sense of movement and vitality.The composition of the painting is carefully balanced, with the bed placed at the center of the canvas, anchoring the scene and drawing the viewer's eye. The bed is covered with a bright red quilt, which provides a focal point for the painting and adds a pop of color to the otherwise muted palette. The walls are adorned with prints and paintings, hinting at the artist's love of art and his desire to surround himself with beauty.Van Gogh created five versions of "Bedroom," each slightly different from the others in terms of color, composition, and mood. The first version, housed in the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam, is the most famous and widely reproduced. It depicts a spare, simply furnished room with a small bed, a chair, and a table. The colors are muted and subdued, creating a sense of calm and serenity.The second version, in the Musée d'Orsay in Paris, is brighter and more vibrant, with bolder colors and more pronounced brushwork. The bed is covered with a brighter red quilt, and the walls are adorned with more prints and paintings, giving the room a more lived-in feel. This version captures the essence of Van Gogh's desire to create a cozy, welcoming space that reflected his own personality and sensibilities.The third version, in the Art Institute of Chicago, is even more colorful and expressive, with swirling brushstrokes and a vibrant palette that seems to leap off the canvas. The bed is positioned differently in this version, giving the room a different spatial dynamic, and the prints on the walls are more varied and eclectic, hinting at Van Gogh's wide-ranging artistic interests.Despite their differences, all five versions of "Bedroom" share a common theme: the importance of home as a refuge from the world. Van Gogh was deeply interested in the idea of home as a place of safety and comfort, a space where one could escape the cares of the outside world and find solace in the familiar. This theme is reflected in the spare, simply furnished rooms depicted in the paintings, as well as in the choice of colors and brushwork, which create a sense of warmth and coziness.In Conclusion, Van Gogh's "Bedroom" is not just a painting of a room; it is a deeply personal reflection of the artist himself. Through his depiction of his own bedroom, Van Gogh reveals his innermost thoughts and feelings, offering the viewer a glimpse into his private world. The painting is a testament to the power of art to capture the essence of human experience, and to convey it in a way that is both universal and deeply personal. It is a masterpiece that invites us into the intimate sanctuary of the artist's life, and challenges us to see the world through his eyes.。
爱的对象与渴望_柏拉图_会饮篇_爱欲理论解析_吴华眉
第9卷第3期2007年8月Vol .9No .3Au g .200773 Journal of Sh andon g University of Scie nce and Tech nolo gy Social Sciences爱的对象与渴望———柏拉图《会饮篇》爱欲理论解析吴华眉,杨立蛟(山东科技大学文法学院,山东青岛266510)摘 要:柏拉图在《会饮篇》中描述了阿里斯托芬之爱与苏格拉底之爱。
阿里斯托芬认为爱的本质在于追求完整和整合,在于自爱;苏格拉底认为爱的对象是美善。
阿里斯托芬之爱侧重于人的身体;苏格拉底之爱侧重于人的灵魂。
而笔者认为人类之爱是在身体与灵魂的张力下生存,这种张力体现于“渴望”之中。
爱的存在一方面渴望并由此维系着个体的身体和灵魂;同时又以这种渴望为内容,自由地敞开而又勇往直前。
关键词:爱欲;爱的对象;身体;灵魂;渴望中图分类号:B502 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1008-7699(2007)03-0073-05The Object and Desire of Love———Thinking about Plato 's Sym po siumWU H ua -mei ,YANG Li -jiao(Co llege o f H umanities an d Law ,S handong Un iver sity o f Science an d Technolog y ,Qing dao ,Sh andong 266510,China )A bstract :Bo th A risto phanic lov e and Socra tic lo ve are analyzed by P lato in his w or ks .Putting an empha sis on thephy sical lo ve ,A ristophanes view s the nature of love as self -love .A ttaching more impo rtance to spiritual lov e ,Soc -rates sees the object of lo ve as g oodness and beauty .Based on the above analy sis ,the present paper arg ue s that lov elies in the tensile fo rce embodied in the “de sire ”o f man 's bo dy and soul .Key words :Eros ;the o bjec t o f lo ve ;body and so ul ;desire收稿日期:2007-04-23作者简介:吴华眉(1980-),女,山东微山人,山东科技大学文法学院,哲学硕士.① 也有人认为应是七篇,阿尔喀比亚德对苏格拉底的赞美也应列为一篇。
希腊古瓮颂 英文赏析
On the Beauty of Ode on a Grecian UrnAs a famous poem of John Keats’main works, Ode on a Grecian Urn is a remarkable classic to people from generation to generation. One of the reasons why it is renowned is thanks to the excellent poet, John Keats, who is extremely gifted but died young. Besides Ode on a Grecian Urn, in his short but precious poetry life, there emerges several other popular works, to illustrate, To a Nightingale, To Psyche, The Eve of St. Agnes and so on. Full of various beauties, Ode on a Grecian Urn is very worthy appreciating on its theme, images and rhetorical forms.Through depicting an exquisite Grecian Urn made a thousand years ago, the poet expresses his strong admiration to the artist’s innovative skill which shocks him greatly. “Thou still unravish’d bride of quietness, thou foster-child of silence and slow time” refers to the urn, which as a work of art, has been wedded to the quietness and brought up by silence and slow time, and therefore, suffers no change. It also shows that the poet has absorbed himself into the timeless beautiful scenery on the antique Grecian urn. Actually, the theme is embodied in the contrast between the permanence of art and the transience of the human life. Art is immortal.Next, a variety of images in the poem all become the aids to set off the theme. Keats arranges them flexibly and properly, which is quite impressive. Pipe in the second stanza, along with the youth, the trees attract the poet’s endless fantasy about a lovely spot. And in the third, green altar, mysterious priest and the heifer lowing at the skies altogether structure a lifelike picture. Then in the last stanza, having listing the marble men and maidens overwrought with forest branches and the trodden weed, he attributes his unforgettable sensation to all the readers. We can’t forget both the talent of the artistry of the poet and the artist to mould their images.In addition, almost all of the vivid expressions in the poem are contributed by wonderful use of rhetorical forms. Personification, allusion, metaphor, metonymy and hyperbole can find their way into the poem. The whole work is written in a thrilling tone as first person with the help of personification. “Ye know on the earth, and all ye need to know”is full of philosophy and emotion. Allusion expressions include “Sylvan”“dales of Arcady”, even and his own quotation “Beauty is truth, truth beauty.” The first two lines in the first stanza is a wonderful use of metaphor which compares the urn to bride, beautiful and silent. Hyperbole is also very obvious. “As doth eternity” and other description to the still imagery on it all highlight the poet’s adoration to the urn.All in all, Ode on a Grecian Urn, written by the positive romanticist John Keats, is absolutely a representative in the second part of English Romanticism. Fruitful of its theme, imagery, and rhetorical forms, the poem successfully expresses the praise to the creativity of artists in that time, and the poet’s admiration. It’s the masterpiece of time and eternity.。
关于空间入侵的英语作文
Spatial Invasion: A Challenge for Humanity In the age of rapid technological advancements, the concept of spatial invasion has become a subject of increasing interest and concern. As human beings expand their reach beyond Earth's boundaries, the potential for conflict and interaction with extraterrestrial life forms becomes a real possibility. This paper aims to explore the concept of spatial invasion, its potential impact on humanity, and the ethical and moral dilemmas it poses.Spatial invasion can be defined as the unauthorized entry and occupation of extraterrestrial space by one civilization, leading to potential conflicts and displacement of native life forms. As human beings make strides in space exploration, we are increasingly likely to encounter other life forms in the vast universe. However, the question remains: how should we behave when we encounter beings that are not of Earthly origin?One of the primary concerns surrounding spatial invasion is the potential for conflict. Imagine encountering a civilization that is technologically superior to ours. What would be our response? Would weattempt to establish diplomatic relations or would we view them as a threat and respond with aggression? Similarly, if we were the superior civilization, how would we handle the encounter? Would we respect the native life forms or would we colonize and exploit their resources?Another crucial aspect of spatial invasion is the ethical and moral implications. Should we interfere with the natural evolution of extraterrestrial life forms? What if our actions lead to the destruction of entire civilizations? Would we be justified in claiming that we were merely exercising our right to explore and colonize? Or would we be held accountable for our actions?Moreover, spatial invasion raises questions about the limits of human exploration. Should we have the right to explore and colonize any planet or celestial body that we encounter? Or should we respect the rights of native life forms and refrain from interfering with their ecosystems? Where do we draw the line between exploration and invasion? In conclusion, spatial invasion is a complex and multifaceted concept that raises numerous ethical, moral, and practical challenges for humanity. As we embark on thejourney of space exploration, it is crucial that we approach it with caution and respect. We must ensure that our actions do not cause harm to native life forms and that we maintain a sense of humility and curiosity. Spatial invasion is not just a scientific or technological challenge; it is a test of our morality and ethics as a species.**空间入侵：人类面临的挑战**在科技飞速发展的时代，空间入侵的概念越来越引起人们的兴趣和关注。
空间顺序英语作文大学
Spatial Organization in a University Campus As you enter the vibrant university campus, the first thing that captures your attention is the grand entrance, adorned with elegant architectural details. This is the heart of the campus, a hub of activity and a gateway to the world of academic exploration.To the left of the entrance, you'll find the administration building, a stately structure that oversees the daily operations of the university. It stands tall, almost like a beacon of order and organization, its windows reflecting the bustle of activity within.Straight ahead, the library looms large, a repository of knowledge and a sanctuary of silence. Its wide steps invite students to pause, gather their thoughts, and prepare for the intellectual journey ahead. Inside, the shelves are stacked with books, journals, and research materials, all等待eager minds to explore.To the right of the entrance, the quadrangle opens up, a verdant oasis in the heart of the city. Here, students gather to relax, chat, or simply enjoy the serenity of thegreen space. The quadrangle is also a popular spot for outdoor classes and events, where the sounds of laughter and conversation mingle with the rustle of leaves and the gentle breeze.The academic buildings, each with their unique identity and purpose, are scattered around the quadrangle. The science building, with its modern facade and state-of-the-art laboratories, is a testament to the university's commitment to research and innovation. The humanities building, on the other hand, exudes a sense of history and tradition, its hallways lined with portraits of famous alumni and quotes from literary masters.The sports complex, located at the edge of the campus, is a hive of activity. Here, students can work out, play sports, or simply enjoy the fresh air and open space. The gymnasium, swimming pool, and outdoor fields are all well-maintained and equipped with the latest facilities, ensuring that students have access to a comprehensive sports program.The residence halls, scattered throughout the campus, are cozy havens for students. Each building has its ownunique character, with names like "Ivy Tower" and "Oak Grove" reflecting the university's connection to nature and academic excellence. Inside, the rooms are comfortable and well-furnished, providing a welcoming home away from home for students from diverse backgrounds.The campus also boasts a variety of dining options, catering to different tastes and dietary requirements. The cafeteria, with its diverse menu and cozy atmosphere, is a popular spot for students to grab a quick meal between classes. The on-campus restaurant, with its delectable cuisine and cozy seating areas, is a favorite for casual dining and social gatherings.In conclusion, the spatial organization of a university campus is not just about the physical layout of buildings and spaces. It's about creating an environment that fosters learning, exploration, and personal growth. The careful placement of each building and space, from the grand entrance to the cozy residence halls, is designed to enhance the academic experience and make the campus a vibrant and inspiring place to be.**大学校园的空间布局**当你走进充满活力的大学校园时，首先映入眼帘的是宏伟的大门，装饰着优雅的建筑细节。
疱庁解牛寓意理解作文
疱庁解牛寓意理解作文英文回答：The interpretation of the parable "Solving the Pimpleon the Cow's Head" is about facing and solving problems directly. In this parable, a man is troubled by a pimple on a cow's head, and he tries to solve it by covering it witha hat. However, the pimple continues to bother him until he finally decides to face it head-on and pop it. This story teaches us the importance of addressing issues instead of avoiding or covering them up. It's like the saying "youcan't sweep your problems under the rug forever, eventually you have to deal with them."中文回答：这个寓意“疱庁解牛”的寓意是关于直面和解决问题。
在这个寓言中，一个人被牛头上的疱庁所困扰，他试图用帽子遮盖来解决它。
然而，疱庁继续困扰着他，直到他最终决定直面它并把它挤破。
这个故事教导我们重要性，即要解决问题，而不是避免或掩盖它们。
就像俗语说的“你不能永远把问题搁置一边，最终你必须处理它们一样”。
培根体英语作文
培根体英语作文Francis Bacon, a philosopher, statesman, and essayist of the Elizabethan and Jacobean eras, is often credited with having a significant impact on the development of the English language. His essays, particularly the "Essays or Counsels, Civil and Moral," have been lauded for their wit, wisdom, and clarity, which have left an indelible mark on English prose.Bacon's writing style was characterized by its conciseness, precision, and lack of ornamentation, which was a departure from the more flowery and complex prose of his time. He advocated for a plain style of writing that would make the ideas accessible to a broader audience. This approach was revolutionary and has influenced generations of writers who followed.One of the most notable aspects of Bacon's essays is his use of aphorisms, which are concise statements expressing a complex truth. Phrases such as "Knowledge is power" and "Read not to contradict and confute, nor to believe and take for granted, nor to find talk and discourse, but to weigh and consider," have become deeply ingrained in the English lexicon and continue to resonate with readers today.Moreover, Bacon's essays covered a wide range of topics, from ethics to politics, from love to gardening, which demonstrated the versatility of the English language and its ability to express complex human experiences. His workencouraged a more secular and humanist approach to writing, which was a significant shift from the religious and theological focus of much earlier literature.Bacon's influence extends beyond his own essays to his rolein promoting the use of the English language in scientific discourse. He was a proponent of empirical research and believed that scientific findings should be communicated in a clear and understandable manner. This emphasis on clarity and precision in scientific writing has shaped the way scientific literature is presented to this day.In conclusion, Francis Bacon's contributions to the English language have been profound and lasting. His essays have not only provided a model of clear and effective writing but have also shaped the way we communicate complex ideas in a manner that is both accessible and engaging. His legacy is a testament to the power of language to convey knowledge and to inspire thought, a principle that remains as relevant today as it was in his time.。
安乐死的英语作文
安乐死的英语作文安乐死的英语作文一：安乐死（532字）Euthanasia is one of society's most widely and hotly debated moral issues. It has pained and exhausted the courts for entirely toolong, questioning the ethics and morality of the issue. It is a never-ending loop that by no means considers our right, or the victim's right, to freedom.I believe that euthanasia is only debated and kept on the political agenda to keep the courts busy, thereby ensuring the security of political pocket books.The vast majority of the population is in favor of euthanasia. However, their elected candidates don't represent their views. Thuseliminating their power of democracy and right to freedom.安乐死的英语作文二：安乐死（1030字）Mercy killing is one of the most controversial issues in the world of medicine. As thepicture given above depicts, a late-stage cancer patient is terminally-ill, asking the doctors for mercy killing. But the doctors look deeply embarrassed, feeling helpless because they are at a loss what to do about it.The picture really sets me thinking. It implies that people differ in their attitudes towards the mercy killing. Some people think thatphysician-assisted suicide can relieve dying patients of unbearable pain and suffering. They maintain that as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, he has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. Others are strongly opposed tophysician-assisted suicide. They contend that a doctor has no right to give a patient sufficient medication to control his pain if that may hasten death. They conclude that it is illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives.As far as I’mconcerned, doctors have a duty to help dying patients to alleviate their pain and suffering. I also agree that doctors deserve to be punished if they prolong the needless suffering of their terminally-ill patients. In short, I am in favor of mercy killing.安乐死的英语作文三：安乐死（815字）The fast advance of medicine and life–extending technologies enable life to be prolonged 。
文学词典
AllegoryA story illustrating an idea or a moral principle in which objects take on symbolic meanings.In Dante Alighieri's "Divine Comedy," Dante, symbolizing mankind, is taken by Virgil the poet on a journey through Hell, Purgatory and Paradise in order to teach him the nature ofsin and its punishments, and the way to salvation.AlliterationUsed for poetic effect, a repitition of the initial sounds of several words in a group. Thefollowing line from Robert Frost's poem "Acquainted with the Night provides us with anexample of alliteration,": I have stood still and stopped the sound of feet." The repitition of the s sound creates a sense of quiet, reinforcing the meaning of the line.AllusionA reference in one literary work to a character or theme found in another literary work. T. S.Eliot, in "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" alludes (refers) to the biblical figure Johnthe Baptist in the line Though I have seen my head (grown slightly bald) brought in upon a platter, . . . In the New Testament, John the Baptist's head was presented to King Herod on a platter.AmbiguityA statement which can contain two or more meanings. For example, when the oracle atDelphi told Croesus that if he waged war on Cyrus he would destroy a great empire, Croesus thought the oracle meant his enemy's empire. In fact, the empire Croesus destroyed by going to war was his own.AnalogueA comparison between two similar things. In literature, a work which resembles anotherwork either fully or in part. If a work resembles another because it is derived from the other, the original work is called the source, not an analogue of the later work.AnapestIn a line of poetry, two unstressed syllables followed by one stressed syllable forming thepattern for the line or perhaps for the entire poem. The following example is by RobertFrost:See Meter for more information.AnecdoteA very short tale told by a character in a literary work. In Chaucer's "Canterbury Tales,""The Miller's Tale" and "The Carpenter's Tale" are examples.AntagonistA person or force which opposes the protagonist in a literary work. In Stephen VincentBenet's "The Devil and Daniel Webster," Mr. Scratch is Daniel Webster's antagonst at thetrial of Jabez Stone. The cold, in Jack London's "To Build a Fire" is the antagonist whichdefeats the man on the trail.See Protagonist for more information.AphorismA brief statement which expresses an observation on life, usually intended as a wiseobservation. Benjamin Franklin's "Poor Richard's Almanac" contains numerous examples, one of which is Drive thy business; let it not drive thee. which means that one should notallow the demands of business to take control of one's moral or worldly commitments. ApostropheA figure of speech wherein the speaker speaks directly to something nonhuman. In theselines from John Donne's poem "The Sun Rising" the poet scolds the sun for interrupting his nighttime activities:Busy old fool, unruly sun,Why dost thou thus,Through windows, and through curtains call on us?AsideA device in which a character in a drama makes a short speech which is heard by theaudience but not by other characters in the play. In William Shakespeare's "Hamlet," theChamberlain, Polonius, confronts Hamlet. In a dialogue concerning Polonius' daughter,Ophelia, Polonius speaks this aside:How say you by that? Still harping on my daughter.Yet he knew me not at first; 'a said I was a fishmonger.'A is far gone. And truly in my youth I suffered much extremity for love,very near this. I'll speak to him again.-AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds in a literary work, especially in a poem. Edgar Allen Poe's"The Bells" conains numerous examples. Consider these from stanza 2:Hear the mellow wedding bells-andFrom the molten-golden notes,The repetition of the short e and long o sounds denotes a heavier, more serious bell than the bell encountered in the first stanza where the assonance included the i sound in examplessuch as tinkle, sprinkle, and twinkle.AutobiographyThe story of a person's life written by himself or herself. William Colin Powell's "MyAmerican Journey" is an example. Ernest Hemingway's Nick Adams stories, of which "Big Two-Hearted River" is a sample, are considered autobiographical.5※<标题二>BalladA story in poetic form, often about tragic love and usually sung. Ballads were passed downfrom generation to generation by singers. Two old Scottish ballads are "Sir Patrick Spens"and "Bonnie Barbara Allan." Coleridges, "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner" is a 19thcentury English ballad.BiographyThe story of a person's life written by someone other than the subject of the work. Katherine Drinker Bowen's "Yankee from Olympus" which details the life and work of the great jurist Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. is an example. A biographical work is supposed to be rigorously factual. However, since the biographer may by biased for or against the subject of thebiography, critics, and sometimes the subject of the biography himself or herself, may come forward to challenge the trustworthiness of the material.Blank VerseA poem written in unrhymed iambic pentameter. Consider the following from "The BallPoem" by John Berryman:What is the boy now, who has lost his ball,What, what is he to do? I saw it goMerrily bouncing, down the street, and thenMerrily over-there it is in the water!See Iamb and Foot and Meter for more information.5※<标题三>Cacaphony/EuphonyCacaphony is an unpleasant combination of sounds. Euphony, the opposite, is a pleasantcombination of sounds. These sound effects can be used intentionally to create an effect, or they may appear unintentionally. The cacaphony in Matthew Arnold's lines "And thou, who didst the stars and sunbeams know,/Self-school'd, self-scann'd, self-honor'd,self-secure,/Didst tread on earth unguess'd at," is probably unintentional.CaesuraA pause within a line of poetry which may or may not affect the metrical count (see #62.meter). In scansion, a caesura is usually indicated by the following symbol (//). Here's anexample by Alexander Pope:Know then thyself,//presume not God to scan;The proper study of Mankind//is ManCantoA subdivision of an epic poem. Each of the three books of Dante Alighieri's "DivineComedy" is divided into cantos. For example, in each of the cantos of "The Inferno," Dante meets the souls of people who were once alive and who have been condemned topunishment for sin.Carpe DiemA Latin phrase which translated means "Sieze (Catch) the day," meaning "Make the most oftoday." The phrase originated as the title of a poem by the Roman Horace (65B.C.E.-8B.C.E.) and caught on as a theme with such English poets as Robert Herrick andAndrew Marvell. Consider these lines from Herrick's "To the Virgins, to Make Much ofTime":Gather ye rose-buds while ye may,Old Time is still a-flying:And this same flower that smiles today,To-morrow will be dying.CatastropheThe scene in a tragedy which includes the death or moral destruction of the protagonist. In the catastrophe at the end of Sophocles' "Oedipus the King," Oedipus, discovering the tragic truth about his origin and his deeds, plucks out his eyes and is condemned to spend the rest of his days a wandering beggar. The catastrophe in Shakespearean tragedy occurs in Act 5 of each drama, and always includes the death of the protagonist. Consider the fates ofHamlet, Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth, King Lear, and Othello.CharacterA person, or any thing presented as a person, e. g., a spirit, object, animal, or natural force,in a literary work. In a cartoon scene, firemen may be putting out a fire which a coyote hasdeliberately started, while a hydrant observes the scene fearfully. The firemen, the coyoteand the hydrant would all be considered characters in the story. If a billowy figure complete with eyes, nose, and mouth representing the wind thwarts the efforts of the firemen, thewind, too, qualifies as a character. Animals who figure importantly in movies of live drama are considered characters. Mr. Ed, Lassie, and Tarzan's monkey Cheetah are examples. CharacterizationThe method a writer uses to reveal the personality of a character in a literary work: Methods may include (1) by what the character says about himself or herself; (2) by what othersreveal about the character; and (3) by the character's own actions.ClassicismA movement or tendency in art, music, and literature to retain the characteristics found inwork originating in classical Greece and Rome. It differs from Romanticism in that whileRomanticism dwells on the emotional impact of a work, classicism concerns itself with form and discipline.ClimaxThe decisive moment in a drama, the climax is the turning point of the play to which therising action leads. This is the crucial part of the drama, the part which determines theoutcome of the conflict. In Shakespeare's "Julius Caesar" the climax occurs at the end ofMarc Antony's speech to the Roman public. In the climax to the film "Star Wars," theempire's death star is ready to destroy the rebel base. Luke Skywalker and rebel pilots attack the base, and after the deaths of some rebel pilots, Skywalker successfully fires his missile into the death star's vulnerable spot and destroys the death star, saving the rebel forces.See Plot for more information.ComedyA literary work which is amusing and ends happily. Modern comedies tend to be funny,while Shakespearean comedies simply end well. Shakespearean comedy also contains items such as misunderstandings and mistaken identity to heighten the comic effect. Comediesmay contain lovers, those who interfere with lovers, and entertaining scoundrels. In modern Situation Comedies, characters are thrown into absurd situations and are forced to deal with those situations, all the while reciting clever lines for the amusement of a live or television or movie audience.ConceitA far-fetched simile or metaphor, a literary conceit occurs when the speaker compares twohighly dissimilar things. In the following example from Act V of Shakespeare's "RichardII," the imprisoned King Richard compares his cell to the world in the following line:I have been studying how I may comparethis prison where I live unto the world:ConclusionAlso called the Resolution" the conclusion is the point in a drama to which the entire playhas been leading. It is the logical outcome of everything that has come before it. Theconclusion stems from the nature of the characters. Therefore, the decision of Dr.Stockmann to remain in the town at the conclusion of "An Enemy of the People" isconsistent with his conviction that he is right and has been right all along....I'll be hanged if we are going away! We are going to stay where we are, Katherine . . .This is the field of battle ...this is where the fight will be. This is where I shall triumph!See Plot for more information.Concrete PoetryA poem that visually resembles something found in the physical world. A poem about awormy apple written so that the words form the shape of an apple, as in the following, is an example.ConflictIn the plot of a drama, conflict occurs when the protagonist is opposed by some person orforce in the play. In Henry Ibsen's drama "An Enemy of the People" Dr. ThomasStockmann's life is complicated by his finding that the public baths, a major source ofincome for the community, are polluted. In trying to close the baths, the doctor comes into conflict with those who profit from them, significantly, his own brother, the mayor of thetown.Another example occurs in the film "Star Wars." Having learned that Princess Lea is being held prisoner by the evil Darth Vader, Luke Skywalker sets out to rescue her. In doing so, he becomes involved in the conflict between the empire and the rebels which Lea spoke of inher holograph message in the drama's exposition. Since Luke is the protgonist of "StarWars," the conflict in the drama crystallizes to that between Luke and Darth Vader.See Antagonist, Exposition, and Plot for more information.Connotation and DenotationThe denotation of a word is its dictionary definition. The word wall, therefore, denotes anupright structure which encloses something or serves as a boundary. The connotation of aword is its emotional content. In this sense, the word wall can also mean an attitude oractions which prevent becoming emotionally close to a person. In Robert Frosts "Mending Wall," two neighbors walk a property line each on his own side of a wall of loose stones. As they walk, they pick up and replace stones that have fallen. Frost thinks it's unnecessary to replace the stones since thay have no cows to damage each other's property. The neighboronly says "Good fences make good neighbors." The wall, in this case, is both a boundary(denotation) and a barrier that prevents Frost and his neighbor from getting to know eachother, a force prohibiting involvement (connotation).ConsonanceThe repetition of consonant sounds with differing vowel sounds in words near each other ina line or lines of poetry. Consider the following example from Theodore Roethke's "NightJourney:"We rush into a rainThat rattles double glass.The repetition of the r sound in rush, rain, and rattles, occurring so close to each other inthese two lines, would be considered consonance. Since a poem is generally much shorterthan a short story or novel, the poet must be economical in his/her use of words and devices.Nothing can be wasted; nothing in a well-crafted poem is there by accident. Therefore, since devices such as consonance and alliteration, rhyme and meter have been used by the poet for effect, the reader must stop and consider what effect the inclusion of these devices has onthe poem.CoupletA stanza of two lines, usually rhyming. The following by Andrew Marvell is an example ofa rhymed couplet:Had we but world enough and time,This coyness, lady, were no crime.See Stanza for more information.5※<标题四>DactylIn poetry, a metrical pattern consisting of one stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables as in the following example from "The Charge of the Light Brigade" by AlfredLord Tennyson:Note that the metrical pattern in the fourth foot consists of one stressed and one unstressed syllable, rather than the one stressed and two unstressed syllables necessary to qualify thefoot as dactyllic. A metrical pattern need not be consistent throughout a line or poem for the work to be labeled as composed in an identifiable meter. However, if enough of the work is written in an identifiable metrical pattern for the reader to get a sense of a dominant pattern, then the reader is justified in labeling the pattern.See Meter for more information.DenouementPronounced Dee-noo-ma, the denouement is that part of a drama which follows the climax and leads to the resolution.Return to MenuDialogueIn drama, a conversation between characters. One interesting type of dialogue,stichomythia, occurs when the dialogue takes the form of a verbal duel between characters, as in the following between Hamlet and his mother, Gertrude. (William Shakespeare's"Hamlet" - Act 3, scene 4)QUEEN: Hamlet, thou hast thy father much offended.HAMLET: Mother, you have my father much offended.QUEEN: Come, Come, you answer with an idle tongue.HAMLET: Go, Go, You question with a wicked tongue.DictionAn author's choice of words. Since words have specific meanings, and since one's choice of words can affect feelings, a writer's choice of words can have great impact in a literarywork. The writer, therefore, must choose his words carefully. Discussing his novel "AFarewell to Arms" during an interview, Ernest Hemingway stated that he had to rewrite the ending thirty-nine times. When asked what the most difficult thing about finishing the novel was, Hemingway answered, "Getting the words right."Didactic LiteratureLiterature disigned explicitly to instruct as in these lines from Jacque Prevert's "To Paint the Portrait of a Bird."Paint first a cagewith an open doorpaint thensomething prettysomething simplesomething handsomesomething usefulfor the birdDramatic MonologueIn literature, the occurrence of a single speaker saying something to a silent audience.Robert Browning's "My Last Duchess" is an example wherein the duke, speaking to anon-responding representative of the family of a prospective new duchess, reveals not only the reasons for his disapproval of the behavior of his former duchess, but aspects of his own personality as well.5※<标题五>ElegyA lyric poem lamenting death. These lines from Joachim Du Bellay's "Elegy on His Cat" arean example:I have not lost my rings, my purse,My gold, my gems-my loss is worse,One that the stoutest heart must move.My pet, my joy, my little love,My tiny kitten, my Belaud,I lost, alas, three days ago.EpicIn literature generally, a major work dealing with an important theme. "Gone with theWind," a film set in the antebellum (pre-Civil War) and Civil War South, is considered anepic motion picture. In poetry, a long work dealing with the actions of gods and heroes. John Milton's "Paradise Lost" is a book length epic poem consisting of twelve subdivisions called books. Homer's "The Iliad" and "The Odyssey" are epic poems, the former concerning the Greek invasion of Troy; the latter dealing with the Greek victory over the Trojans and theten-year journey of Odysseus to reach his island home.EpigraphA brief quotation which appears at the beginning of a literary work. The following is theepigraph from T. S. Eliot's "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock. Quoted from DanteAllighieri's epic poem "The Inferno," the speaker, Guido di Montefeltrano, believing Dante to be another soul condemned to Hell, replies thus to a question:If I believed my answer were being givento someone who could ever return to the world,this flame (his voice is represented by a moving flame) would shake no more.But since no one has ever returned>alive from this depth, if what I hear is true,I will answer you without fear of infamy.The epigraph here reveals one of the themes of the poem, Prufrocks urgent desire not to be revealed.EpithetIn literature, a word of phrase preceding or following a name which serves to describe thecharacter. Consider the following from Book 1 of Homer's "The Iliad:"Zeus-loved Achilles, you bid me explainThe wrath of far-smiting Apollo.EuphemismA mild word of phrase which substitutes for another which would be undesirable because itis too direct, unpleasant, or offensive. The word "joint" is a euphemism for the word prison."W. C." is a euphemism for bathroom.ExpositionIn drama, the presentation of essential information regarding what has occurred prior to the beginning of the play. In the exposition to William Shakespeare's "Romeo and Juliet," two servants of the house of Capulet discuss the feud between their master and the house ofMontague, thereby letting the audience know that such a feud exists and that it will play an important role in influencing the plot.In the exposition to the film "Star Wars," Luke Skywalker sees a 3D holograph projection of the Princess Lea warning that she is a prisoner of Darth Vader and begging for help.See Plot for more information.5※<标题六>FableA brief tale designed to illustrate a moral lesson. Often the characters are animals as in thefables of Aesop.Falling ActionThe falling action is the series of events which take place after the climax. In Shakespeare's "Julius Caesar," Cinna, the poet, is mistaken for Cinna, the conspirator, and killed; Antony and Octavius argue, Brutus and Cassius argue, the battle at Philippi is agreed upon, and the ghost of Caeser appears to Brutus. In Ibsen's, "An Enemy of the People," Dr. ThomasStockmann has been declared an enemy of the people and he and his family and supporters are harrassed by the townspeople. The Stockmanns decide to leave the town. However,events occur which change Dr. Stockmann's mind about leaving. The falling action of adrama leads to the conclusionSee Plot for more information.FarceA type of comedy based on a humorous situation such as a bank robber who mistakenlywanders into a police station to hide. It is the situation here which provides the humor, notthe cleverness of plot or lines, nor the absurdities of the character, as in situational comedy.Eugene Ionesco's "Les Chaises" (The Chairs), a one-act drama in which two old people,isolated on an island prepare for visitors, is an example. The visitors are invisible, but thestage fills with chairs to accommodate them. In the end, a deaf-mute narrator "addresses" the couple.Figurative LanguageIn literature, a way of saying one thing and meaning something else. Take, for example, this line by Robert Burns, My luv is a red, red rose. Clearly Mr. Burns does not really mean that he has fallen in love with a red, aromatic, many-petalled, long, thorny-stemmed plant. Hemeans that his love is as sweet and as delicate as a rose. While, figurative language providesa writer with the opportunity to write imaginatively, it also tests the imagination of thereader, forcing the reader to go below the surface of a literary work into deep, hiddenmeanings.Figure of SpeechAn example of figurative language that states something that is not literally true in order to create an effect. Similes, metaphors and personification are figures of speech which arebased on comparisons. Metonymy, synecdoche, synesthesia, apostrophe, oxymoron, andhyperbole are other figures of speech.FlashbackA reference to an event which took place prior to the beginning of a story or play. In ErnestHemingway's "The Snows of Kilamanjaro," the protagonist, Harry Street, has been injured on a hunt in Africa. Dying, his mind becomes preoccupied with incidents in his past. In aflashback Street remembers one of his wartime comrades dying painfully on barbed wire ona battlefield in Spain.FoilA character in a play who sets off the main character or other characters by comparison. InShakespeare's "Hamlet" Hamlet and Laertes are young men who behave very differently.While Hamlet delays in carrying out his mission to avenge the death of his father, Laertes is quick and bold in his challenge of the king over the death of his father. Much can be learned about each by comparing and contrasting the actions of the two.FootThe basic unit of measurement in a line of poetry. In scansion, a foot represents one instance of a metrical pattern and is shown either between or to the right or left of vertical lines, as in the following:The meter in a poem is classified according both to its pattern and the number of feet to the line. Below is a list of classifications:monometer = one foot to a lineDimeter = two feet to a lineTrimeter = three feet to a lineTetrameter = four feet to a linePentameter = five feet to a lineSince the line above is written in iambic meter, four feet to the line, the line would bereferred to as iambic tetrameter.See Meter for more information.ForeshadowingIn drama, a method used to build suspense by providing hints of what is to come. InShakespeare's "Romeo and Juliet," Romeo's expression of fear in Act 1, scene 4foreshadows the catastrophe to come:I fear too early; for my mind misgivesSome consequence yet hanging in the starsShall bitterly begin his fearful dateWith this night's revels and expire the termOf a despised life closed in my breastBy some vile forfeit of untimely death.But He that hath the steerage of my course,Direct my sail! On, lusty gentlemen.Free VerseUnrhymed Poetry with lines of varying lengths, and containing no specific metrical pattern.The poetry of Walt Whitman provides us with many examples. Consider the following lines from "Song of Myself."I celebrate myself and sing myself,And what I assume you shall assume,For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you.I loaf and invite my soul,I lean and loaf at my ease observing a spear of summer grass.5※<标题七>GenreA literary type or form. Drama is a genre of literature. Within drama, genre include tragedy,comedy and other forms.5※<标题八>HaikuA Japanese poetic form which originated in the sixteenth century. A haiku in its Japaneselanguage form consists of three lines: five syllables in the first and third lines, and sevensyllables in the second line. A haiku translated may not contain the same syllabication.Designed to capture a moment in time, the haiku creates images. Consider the following by the seventeenth-century poet, Basho. Note the bringing together of the images of the clouds and the moon.Clouds come from time to time-and bring to men a chance to restfrom looking at the moon.HyperboleA figure of speech in which an overstatement or exaggeration occurs as in the followinglines from Act 2, scene 2 of Shakespeare's "Macbeth." In this scene, Macbeth has murdered King Duncan. Horrified at the blood on his hands, he asks:Will all great Neptune's ocean wash this bloodClean from my hand? No. This my hand will ratherThe multitudinous seas incarnadine,Making the green one red.Literally, it does not require an ocean to wash blood from one's hand. Nor can the blood on one's hand turn the green ocean red. The hyperbole works to illustrate the guilt Macbethfeels at the brutal murder of his king and kinsman.See Understatement to study the opposite of hyperbole.5※<标题九>IambA metrical pattern of one unstressed syllable followed by one stressed syllable.See Meter for more information.ImageryA word or group of words in a literary work which appeal to one or more of the senses:sight, taste, touch, hearing, and smell. The use of images serves to intensify the impact ofthe work. The following example of imagery in T. S. Eliot's "The Love Song of J. AlfredPrufrock,"When the evening is spread out against the skyLike a patient etherized upon a table.uses images of pain and sickness to describe the evening, which as an image itself represents society and the psychology of Prufrock, himself.InferenceA judgement based on reasoning rather than on direct or explicit statement. A conclusionbased on facts or circumstances. For example, advised not to travel alone in temperaturesexceeding fifty degrees below zero, the man in Jack London's "To Build a Fire" sets outanyway. One may infer arrogance from such an action.IronyIrony takes many forms. In irony of situation, the result of an action is the reverse of what the actor expected. Macbeth murders his king hoping that in becoming king he will achieve great happiness. Actually, Macbeth never knows another moment of peace, and finally isbeheaded for his murderous act. In dramatic irony, the audience knows something that the characters in the drama do not. For example, the identity of the murderer in a crime thriller may be known to the audience long before the mystery is solved. In verbal irony, thecontrast is between the literal meaning of what is said and what is meant. A cha racter mayrefer to a plan as brilliant, while actually meaning that (s)he thinks the plan is foolish.Sarcasm is a form of verbal irony.Local ColorA detailed setting forth of the characteristics of a particular locality, enabling the reader to"see" the setting.Lyric PoemA short poem wherein the poet expresses an emotion or illuminates some life principle.Emily Dickinson's "I Heard a Fly Buzz-When I Died" is a lyric poem wherein the speaker, on a deathbed expecting death to appear in all its grandeur, encounters a common housefly instead.5※<标题十>MetaphorA figure of speech wherein a comparison is made between two unlike quantities without theuse of the words "like" or "as." Jonathan Edwards, in his sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God," has this to say about the moral condition of his parishoners:There are the black clouds of God's wrath now hanging directly over your heads, full of the。
英语词汇学UnitChangesinmeaning
Narrowing of Meaning: Specialization
It is a process by which a word of wide meaning acquires a narrow or specialized sense.
Diplomacy (original) the art of dealing with international relations (present) ???
art of or skill in dealing with people
Figurative use of words-Metaphor
Examples of elevation
nice ➢ ignorant → foolish → delightful, pleasant fond ➢ foolish → affectionate awesome ➢ terrible → terrific marshal ➢ a keeper of horses → a high ranking army officer constable ➢ a keeper of horses → a policeman
Psychological reason
The associated transfer of meaning and euphemistic use of words, etc. are often due to psychological factors.
People change word meaning owing to various psychological motives:
TheCriticismonRealisminTHEADVENTURESOFHUCKLEBERRYF
The Criticism on Realismin THE ADVENTURES OF HUCKLEBERRY FINN发布时间：2021-07-05T16:00:58.757Z 来源：《中国教师》2021年3月7期作者：王春芳[导读] As one of America’s first and foremost realists and humorists, Mark Twain continues his style in王春芳上海政法学院语言文化学院上海 201701IntroductionAs one of America’s first and foremost realists and humorists, Mark Twain continues his style in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. In the fiction, the criticism on the America’s society of that time sometimes mixed with irony exists in the life of the adventures. Although the fiction has been banned for several times, it still becomes one of Mark Twain’s classical works. The following are some examples about the criticism of the realism in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.1. The judge and the widowAt the beginning of the story, Huck, as the protagonist, luckily began his new life. “Tome and me found the money that the robbers hid in the cave, and it made us rich. We got an awful sight of money when it was piled up. Well, judge Thatcher he took it and put it out at interest, and it fetched us a dollar a day apiece all the year round – more than a body could tell what to do with. The widow Douglas she took me for he son, and allowed she would civilize me.”(Twain, 2003: 01) Everything seemed to become better. Huck got the huge amount of interest every day because of the enthusiastic judge Thatcher and would live in a decent life due to a kind widow Douglas. A poor boy was saved by the decent society and will start a new life. All of these seemed to be due to the goodness of the people. Actually, these were all because of that amount of money. Under the cover of hypocrisy, they just had a special purpose to do it. The pure and decent men who were always promoting the love and sacrifice did something good just for one’s own purposes. That came into being a big irony. Twain had used the most usual language to disclose the hypocrisy in those decent people. 2. Tom SawyerIn this fiction, Tom Sawyer was described as “a boy that was respectable and well brought; and had a character to lose; and he was bright and not leather headed; and knowing and not ignorant.”(Twain, 2003: 315) Absolutely, Mark Twain had built him as a decent, bright and well-educated boy. Contrasted to Huck, a poor, naughty and low-educated boy, he was considered to have a head and attempted to make a great plan to save Jim. Although Jim could be saved in an easy way, Tom thought “there’s one thing—there’s more honor in getting him out through a lot of difficulties and dangers, where there warn’t one of them furnished to you by the people who it was their duty to furnish them, and you had to contrive them all out of your own head.” (Twain, 2003: 322) It appeared to be a ridiculous idea. What’s the most important? “What’s the good of a plan that ain’t no more trouble than that? It’s as mild as goods-milk. Why, Huck, it wouldn’t make no more talk than breaking into a soap factory.” (Twain, 2003, 313) The answer is not the consequence but what people think. People do something just for what people will comment on. That’s so irony. Actually that’s why Huck was eager to escape from the decent society.3. The CrowdIn a town of the state of Arkansaw, the crowd swarmed up in front of Sherburn’s palings and wanted to lynch him because he killed a drunk. When Sherburn stepped out and run his eye slow along the crowd; and wherever it struck the people tried a little to outgaze him; they dropped their eyes and looked sneaky. Then, Sherburn told why people behaved like that. “You didn’t want to come. The average man don’t like trouble and danger. You don’t like trouble and danger. But if only half a man shouts ‘Lynch him! Lynch him!’ you’re afraid to back down – afraid you’ll be found out to be what you are – cowards.”(Twain, 2003:198) That’s sounds unbelievable. A crowd of people dropped their eyes in front of a single man who was considered as a murder. In fact, that’s reasonable because the crowd didn’t really know whether the man was guilty or not or why they should come together. They come just in case of being considered as cowards. What a stupid reason！But it actually exists. Twain used the description of expression and took advantage of Sherburn to present his critics on the ignorance of people.Also in this town, the king and the duke advertised for their tragedy and sold the tickets. The crowd swarmed into the theatre in the night. When they found that they were cheated, a man said, “We are sold – mighty badly sold. But we don’t want to be the laughing stock of this whole town, I reckon, and never hear the last of this thing as long as we live. No. What we want is to go out of here quiet, and talk this show up, and sell the rest of the town! Then we’ll all be in the same boat.”(Twain, 2003:205) “You bet it is! – the judge is right!” everybody sings out. The crowd compromised to keep this secret and sell the rest of the town in order to guard their honor. And this selfish idea was raised by a judge, such a decent man. The great contrast does help to reflect the irony. That’s what the high-class man does. That’s what the decent society is. That’s the morality which they advocated.4. The symbol of realismAt the beginning of Huckleberry Finn, the river is a symbol of freedom and change. Huck and Jim flow with the water and never remain in one place long enough to be pinned down by a particular set of rules. Compared to the “civilized” towns along the banks of the Mississippi, the raft on the river represents a peaceful, alternative space where Huck and Jim, free of hassles and disapproving stares, can enjoy one another’s company and revel in the small pleasures of life, like smoking a pipe and watching the stars. As the novel continues, however, the real world beyond the Mississippi’s banks quickly intrudes on the calm, protected space of the river. Huck and Jim come across wrecks and threatening snags, and bounty hunters, thieves, and con artists accost them.Although the river still provides refuge when things go wrong ashore, Huck and Jim’s relation to the river seems to change and become less friendly. After they miss the mouth of the Ohio River, the Mississippi ceases to carry them toward freedom. Instead, the current sweeps them toward the Deep South, which represents the ultimate threat to Jim and a dead end for Huck. Just as the Mississippi would inevitably carry Huck and Jim to New Orleans (where Miss Watson had wanted to send Jim anyway), escape from the evils inherent in humanity is never truly possible. 5. ConclusionThe rise and development of American literary realism was the product of the changes in American politics and economic development. American industrialization was the first important factor the development of American realistic literature. As one of America’s first and foremost realists and humorists, Mark Twain usually wrote about his own personal experiences and things he knew about from firsthand experience.Huckleberry Finn is a veritable recreation of living models. All the characters have prototypes in real life. This fiction touches upon the human situation in a general, indeed universal way: humanitarianism ultimately triumphs. It has become a masterpiece, the one book from which, as Earnest Hemingway noted, “All modern American literature comes.”Bibliography1.Mark Twain, 2001. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, [M] 中国柯文出版社2.Robert, L.James, Cliff Notes on Twain’s Huckleberry Finn [M] America: Lincoln Nebraska3.Scott Donaldson, 2000 《剑桥文学指南》 [M] 上海外文教育出版社4.毛信德， 2004 《美国小说发展史》 [M] 浙江大学出版社5.诺布洛娃, 1958《马克·吐温评传》.[J],张由今译.北京:作家出版社.6.常耀信, 1990《美国文学史》[M].天津:南开大学出版社.7.熊玉鹏, 1993《健全的心灵战胜了畸形的良心--论〈哈克贝利·芬历险记〉》[J].华东师范大学学报:哲社版(沪).8.赵光育, 1985《大河的结晶疆土的凝聚--论〈哈克贝利·费恩历险记〉》[J].浙江师范学院学报:社科版.9.赵节之, 1998《马克·吐温对人性的幽默与反思》[J].九江师专学报:哲社.。
常用的表示作者态度的英语词汇
Formal(informal) 正式, 礼仪, 拘谨 (非正式, 不拘礼, 通俗)Matter of fact 实事求是, 以事实为依据Pedantic 迂腐, 卖弄学问, 学究式的, 空谈, 自夸学问, 书呆子气的Personal(impersonal) 人性的, 涉及隐私的, 私人的, 人称的, 亲自的, 身体的 (客观的, 和个人无关的, 没有人情味的, 非人的)Respectful 表示尊敬的, 有礼貌的, 谦恭的Disdainful 轻蔑的, 居傲的, 鄙视的Adulation(adulatory) 谄媚的, 过分称赞的Wonder 奇迹, 惊讶, 难以置信的Affection(affectionate) 深情的, 亲切的, 挚爱的Amusement(amusing) 有趣的, 使人发笑的, 消遣的, 愉快的Approval(disapproval) 赞成的, 满意的 (不以为然的, 不赞成的, 非难的)Reverence(irreverence) 虔诚的, 表示尊敬的, 充满崇敬心的 (不敬的, 不逊的, 无礼的) Disappointment 使人失望的, 令人沮丧的,Sarcasm(sarcastic) 讽刺的, 讥讽的Didactic 说教的, 教训的Persuasive(convincing) 令人信服的, 有力的, 使人心悦诚服的Diffident 无自信的, 谦虚谨慎的, 羞怯的Indifferent 漠不关心的, 不重要的, 冷淡的Kindly indulgence 温和地纵容, 任性的, 温和地宽容Condemnation(condemnable) 该受责备的, 可非难的, 该罚的Scientifically detached 学术上超然的, 学术上分离的, 科学态度冷淡的Apologetic 道歉的, 急于认错的, 辩护的Frustrated 挫折的, 挫败的, 无益的Contemptuous 轻蔑的, 鄙视的, 瞧不起人的Condescending 谦逊的, 故意屈尊的, 有优越感的Paternal 父亲的, 似父亲的, 家长式统治的Cynical 愤世嫉俗的, 讽刺的, 冷嘲的Pitying 怜悯的, 遗憾的, 同情的Bitter(bitterness) 痛苦的, 怀恨的 (悲痛, 怨恨)Factual 事实的, 实际的Humorous 富幽默感的, 滑稽的, 诙谐的Inventive 善于创造的, 发明的Self-righteous 自以为是的Insincere 不诚实的, 无诚意的, 伪善的Matter-of-fact 事实的, 实际的, 事务性的, 平淡的Share intellectual life 共享知识Gloat over difficulty 在困难时幸灾乐祸Slyly introduce the fact 狡猾地介绍事实Stick to established facts 坚持已确立的观点Impatient 不耐烦的, 着急的, 急切的Adverse criticism 反向批评, 逆向评论Violent distaste 极度的厌恶, 剧烈的嫌恶Pleasure 心情舒畅的, 愉悦的Anxious to please 焦虑地讨好, 渴望地取悦Seriously 严肃地, 认真地Up-to-date 最近的, 跟上时代的Paradoxical and witty 似非而是的诙谐, 矛盾的妙语, 诡论的机智Unforgiving 不可饶恕的, 不可原谅的Professionally scientific 专于科学的, 专业从事科学的Argumentative 好辩的, 引起争论的, 论证式的Critical 批评的, 吹毛求疵的, 非难的Jaded 疲倦不堪的, 厌倦的Admire 钦佩的, 羡慕的Expected 期待的, 盼望的Fascinating 迷人的, 吸引人的, 使人神魂颠倒的Easily understood 清晰易懂的, 明了的Incorrect 不正确的Curious 好奇的, 求知的, 古怪的Intuitive to one’s ap proach 对其方法有直觉的, 自发形成的方法Rational 理性的, 合理的Decisive 决定性的, 坚定的, 果断的Sweeping in the generalization 笼统地归纳Reflective 反射的, 反映的Self-contradictory 自相矛盾的Confused 混淆的, 混乱的, 无秩序的Non-conformist 不遵奉习俗的, 我行我素的Sanguine 乐观的, 满怀希望的Optimistic 乐观的, 乐观主义的Pessimistic 悲观的, 悲观主义的Sentimental 感伤的, 感情用事的Coldly factual 极端实际的, 不带任何感情色彩的Scientifically objective 客观科学的, 从科学角度不带任何偏见的Nostalgia 怀旧的, 乡愁的Entertain with the quaintness 古雅欣赏, 离奇有趣的事物描写Delight with reminiscence 怀旧风格, 快乐回忆Delineate the terror 描写恐怖情景, 制造恐怖气氛Show horror 展现恐怖氛围, 描写恐怖心理Stoic 禁欲主义的, 淡泊的Esthete 审美的, 唯美主义的,Erotic 性爱的, 性欲的, 色情的Epicure 美食的, 讲究饮食的Cast doubt on … 对….怀疑An inducement to do sth 引诱做某事Disclaim responsibility for sth 拒绝承认, 宣布不承担某项责任（1）褒义词：positive (肯定的, 积极的), optimistic (乐观的), useful (有用的, 有益的), admiring (赞赏的, 钦佩的), interesting (有趣的), instructive (有益的, 教育性的), enthusiastic (热心的, 热情的), supportive (支持的), support(支持), approval (赞成, 承认), approving (满意的), confident (自信的, 确信的), impressed (留下印象的), reverent (尊敬的), polite (有礼貌的, 文雅的)（2）贬义词：negative (否定的, 消极的), pessimistic (悲观的, 厌世的), subjective (主观的, 个人的), disappointed (失望的), frustrated (失败的, 落空的), critical (批评的), questioning (质疑的), doubtful (可疑的, 不确的), compromising (妥协的), dissatisfied (不满意的, 不高兴的), biased (有偏见的), satirical (讽刺的), tolerant (容忍的, 宽恕的), puzzling (迷惑的), suspicious (怀疑的), gloomy (令人沮丧的), scared (恐惧的), cynical (愤世嫉俗的), oppose (反对), opposition (反对), disgust (令人反感), disgusting (令人厌恶的), worried (闷闷不乐的), depressed (沮丧的), contemptuous (轻蔑的, 侮辱的), hostile (敌对的), opinionated (武断的)（3）中性词：objective (客观的), impartial (公平的, 不偏不倚的), indifferent (无关紧要的), impassive (冷漠的), detached (超然的，不偏不倚的), concerned (关心的), unconcerned (不关心的), uninterested (不感兴趣的), neutral (中性的), cautious (谨慎的, 小心的), humorous (滑稽的, 诙谐的), apathetic (缺乏兴趣的), disinterested (无私的), sensitive (敏感的), factual (事实的, 实际的), informative (提供资讯的), persuasive (说服的), personal (个人的,), formal (正式的), informal (非正式的), casual (偶然的), analytical (分析的)一赞同positiveadj.肯定的，实际的，积极的，，确实的favorableadj.赞成的，有利的，赞许的，良好的approvaln.赞成，承认，正式批准enthusiasmn.狂热，热心，积极性supportiveadj.支持的，支援的defensive为……而辩护二否定negativeadj.否定的，消极的，负的，阴性的disapproval不赞成objection异议opposition反对critical批评的criticism批评批判disgustvi.令人厌恶，令人反感vt.使作呕warningdetestationn.憎恶，厌恶的人，嫌恶indignation愤慨contemptn.轻视，轻蔑，耻辱，不尊敬compromisingn.妥协，折衷v.妥协，折衷worriedadj.闷闷不乐的，焦虑的三怀疑suspicionn.猜疑，怀疑suspiciousadj.可疑的，怀疑的doubtdoubtfuladj.可疑的，不确的，疑心的questionpuzzlingadj.使迷惑的，使莫明其妙的四客观objectiveadj.客观的neutraladj.中立的impartialadj.公平的，不偏不倚的disinterestedadj.无私的imprejudicedadj.没有偏见的unbiasedadj.没有偏见的unprejudicedadj.公平的，无偏见的，没有成见的detached不含个人偏见的五主观subjectiveadj.主观的，个人的indifferencen.不关心tolerancen.宽容，容忍，忍受pessimismn.悲观，悲观主义gloomyadj.黑暗的，阴沉的，令人沮丧的，阴郁的optimisticadj.乐观的sensitive有感觉的，敏感[锐]的，易受伤害的scaredadj.恐惧的reservedadj.保留的，包租的consentvi.同意，赞成，答应n.同意，赞成，允诺radicaladj.激进的moderateadj.中等的，适度的，适中的v.缓和mildadj.温和的，温柔的，淡味的，轻微的，适度的ironicadj.说反话的，讽刺的confusedadj.困惑的，烦恼的amazedadj.吃惊的，惊奇的worriedconcernedadj.关心的，有关的apprehensiveadj.担忧，担心mixed喜忧参半biased有偏见的indignantadj.愤怒的，愤慨的六积极objective客观的concerned关注的confidentadj.自信的，确信的interestedadj.感兴趣的，有成见的，有权益的optimisticadj.乐观的positive正面的impressiveadj.给人深刻印象的，感人的七中立/折中impartialadj.公平的，不偏不倚的neutral中立的impersonaladj.非个人的factualadj.事实的，实际的，根据事实的detached不含个人偏见的八不是解的选项（消极）negative消极的indifferent漠不关心的depressed消沉的subjective主观的pessimistic悲观的unconcerned不关心的contemptuousadj.轻蔑的，侮辱的hostileadj.敌对的，敌方的biased片面的。