Water of crystallization of amino acids and their salts

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年产2000吨色氨酸的工厂设计

年产2000吨色氨酸的工厂设计发酵工程课程设计报告书题目年产2000吨色氨酸的工厂设计分工安排: 生物工程102班第一组专业: 生物工程指导教师:金大勇完成日期:2013.06.20分组安排:第一组 1009082046-47(摘要、前言、工艺论证)第二组1009082050-55(物料衡算、热量衡算、水平衡计算)第三组 1009082040-45(设备选型及计算)第四组1009082048-49(CAD绘图)第五组1009082056-59(整理总结)摘要色氨酸是人和动物生命活动中八种必需氨基酸之一,对人和动物的生长发育、新陈代谢起着重要作用。

色氨酸的生产方法有多种,其中以微生物直接发酵法最具发展前途。

随着色氨酸的需求量日益增加,决定设计一个年产2000吨色氨酸的工厂。

本设计以大肠杆菌为生产菌株,利用微生物直接发酵法制备色氨酸,采用深层发酵的方式,采用过滤、三效浓缩、冷却结晶、离心烘干的方法,最终获得99%的色氨酸。

本设计对工艺流程进行了物料衡算,并对主要生产设备进行了选型。

关键词:色氨酸,发酵法,工艺,设备选型ABSTRACTTryptophan is one of eight kinds of essential amino acids in human and animal life activity, It is useful for growth of people and animal. There are many methods to product tryptophan, and among them the microbial fermentation is the most promising.With the increasing demand of tryptophan , we decided to design an annual output of 2000 tons of tryptophan factory. We design the product with Escherichia coli strains, using microbial fermentation , the method of deep fermentation, filtration, three-efficient concentration, cooling crystallization, centrifugal and drying, and eventually get 99% degrees of purity of tryptophan. The design perform the material balance based on the technological processes, and select the main production equipment.Key words: tryptophan, fermentation, process, selection of equipment,目录摘要 (Ⅰ)ABSTRACT (Ⅱ)前言 (1)1 工艺论证 (2)1.1 无菌空气系统 (2)1.2 淀粉的液化和糖 (3)1.3 发酵工艺 (4)1.4 提取工艺 (5)1.5 总工艺流程图 (6)2 物料衡算.72.1 生产过程的总物料衡算............................................................7 2.2 制糖工序物料衡算 (8)2.3 连续灭菌和发酵工艺物料衡算.92.4 提取工序物料衡算 (11)3 热量衡算 (13)3.1 液化工序热量衡算 (13)3.2 糖化工序热量衡算 (14)3.3 连续灭菌和发酵工序热量衡算 (15)3.4 浓缩结晶过程热量衡算 (17)3.5 干燥过程热量衡算 (18)3.6 生产过程耗用蒸汽汇总表 (19)4 水平衡 (20)4.1 糖化工序用水量 (20)4.2 连续灭菌用水量 (20)4.3 发酵工序用水量 (20)4.4 提取工序用水量 (20)4.5 用水量汇总表 (21)5 设备计算与选型 (22)5.1 糖化罐215.2 发酵罐 (22)5.3 种子罐 (27)5.4 无菌空气制备 (30)5.5三效浓缩罐 (31)5.6 结晶罐……………………………………………………………………336. 参考文献 (30)前言L-色氨酸是含有吲哚基的中性芳香族氨基酸,为白色或略带黄色叶片状结晶或粉末,在水中溶解度1014 g(25℃),溶于稀酸或稀碱,在碱液中较稳定,强酸中分解。

IGCSE化学单词汇总

The Vocabulary of Chemistry for IGCSE10ElementsHydrogen氢Helium氦Lithium锂Beryllium铍Boron硼Carbon碳Nitrogen氮Oxygen氧Fluorine氟Neon氖Sodium钠Magnesium镁Aluminium铝Silicon硅Phosphorus磷Sulfur硫Chlorine氯Argon氩Potassium钾Calcium钙Scandium钪Titanium钛Vanadium钒Chromium铬Manganese锰Iron铁Cobalt钴Nickel镍Copper铜Zinc锌Gallium镓Germanium锗Arsenic砷Selenium硒Bromine溴Krypton氪Rubidium铷Strontium锶Zirconium锆Palladium钯Silver银Cadmium镉Tin锡Stibium锑Iodine碘Xenon氙Cesium铯Barium钡Tungsten钨Osmium锇Iridium铱Platinum铂Gold金Mercury汞Lead铅Radon氡Radium镭Uranium铀OthersEndorse支持代言Conjugate共轭的Equilibria平衡Monobasic一元的Dibasic二元的Tribasic三元的Dissociate分离电离游离Propanone丙酮11Motion运动Particle微粒Matter&substance物质Atom原子Molecule分子Ion离子Property属性Proximity接近（程度）Condense冷凝（液化）Freeze凝固Salicylic水杨酸Interval间隔区间Plot绘图表Probe探测器Logger电子自动记录器Dichromate重铬酸盐12diffusion扩散kinetic particle theory分子运动论collide碰撞ammonia氨（水）ammonium铵hydrochloric acid盐酸concentrated浓的chloride氯化物layer层dioxide二氧化物relative molecular mass相对原子质量methane甲烷13equivalent相等的pipette移液管balance天平proceed进行precision精确度decimeter分米cylinder圆筒measuring cylinder量筒burette滴定管flask烧瓶titration滴定(法) syringe注射器delivery tube导管scale division刻度meniscus弯液面14chromatography色谱法filter过滤demonstrate证明pigment颜料solubility溶解性（度）solvent溶剂soluble可溶的ethanol乙醇methanol甲醇propanone丙酮interpret解释翻译botanist植物学家dropper滴管thereby从而purify提纯compound化合物amino acid氨基酸ninhydrin茚三酮alanine丙氨酸lysine赖氨酸serine丝氨酸valine缬氨酸TOEFL vocabSear灼烧Ignite使烧着Neutralize中和Polymerization聚合Functional起作用的Synthetic合成的(综合的) Intermediary媒介物Catalyst催化剂Scorch使退色Bleach漂白Tint上色Hydronic液体循环加热Alchemy炼金术Hackneyed陈腐的Caustic腐蚀性的Decomposition分解Silica硅土Limestone石灰石Petroleum石油15assess评估distill蒸馏tablet药片distinct不同的reactant反应物decant滗析centrifugation离心分离16funnel漏斗residue滤渣filtrate滤液crystallization结晶solute溶质volatile易挥发的immiscible不互溶的hexane己烷17condenser冷凝器conical圆锥的miscible可混溶的21subatomic亚原子的nucleus原子核proton质子nucleons核子neutron中子electron电子whiz飞速转动22isotope核素同位素americium镅tumor肿瘤thyroid甲状腺gland无分泌功能的现状组织sterilize消毒technetium锝23valence化合价valence electron价电子noble惰性的noble gas惰性气体configuration结构排布24monoxide一氧化物dioxide二氧化物trioxide三氧化物tetroxide四氧化物pentoxide五氧化物hexoxide六氧化物heptoxide七氧化物rutherfordium胪25density密度malleability延展性可煅性ductility延展性可塑性brittle易碎的graphite石墨lustrous有光泽的sonorous能发出响亮声音的basic碱性的alloy合金31octet八隅体32covalent bond共价键overlap重叠部分33methanol甲醇methanal甲醛ethane乙烷ethane乙烯ethyne乙炔34ionic lattice晶格volatility挥发性electrostatic静电的sublimation升华intermolecular分子间的molten熔融的35formula分子式macromolecule高分子大分子rigid刚硬的、死板的allotrope同素异形体hexagon六边形flake剥落lubricant润滑剂delocalised离域去域voltage电压quartz石英36detergent洗涤剂grain晶态petri dish培养皿41formulae pl.分子式transition elements过渡元素peroxide过氧化物ozonide臭氧化物hydroxide氢氧化物nitrate硝化硝酸根carbonate碳酸根42empirical formula成分式实验式经验式hydrogencarbonate ion碳酸氢根离子43diatomic双原子的44aqueous水的（aq）spectator旁观者precipitate沉淀51proportion比例52Avogadro阿佛加德罗Avogadro constant阿佛加德罗常数mole摩尔molar mass摩尔质量stoichiometry化学计量（学）53reagent试剂excess过量ethanoic acid乙酸54percentage by mass质量分数molar gas volume气体摩尔体积55yield产量malachite孔雀石56ore矿石crucible坩埚spectrometer分光仪57conc=concentrated浓缩的61anode阳极正极cathode阴极负极electrode电极inert惰性的toxic有毒的corrosive腐蚀性的electrolyte电解液电解质62brine盐水dynamo发电机discharge放电回到单质状态margarine人造奶油diaphragm隔膜porous能渗透的membrane薄膜63dilute稀释的halogen卤素halide卤化物cation阳离子anion阴离子oxidation氧化reduction还原64refine提炼sludge沉淀物anode slime阳极泥65electroplate电镀66bauxite铝土矿crust硬皮壳alumina氧化铝cryolite冰晶石amp安培siphon虹吸管67insulator绝缘体pylon高压线铁塔biodegradable能进行生物降解的thermosetting热固的mould浇铸模具71exothermic放热的endothermic吸热的photosynthesis光合作用joule焦耳72calorimeter热量计alight点亮着的bombard轰炸thorium钍73reverse相反muddle混淆redox氧化还原反应(剂) 74relevant有关的diesel内燃机传动的porous能渗透的81bung塞子interval间隔plot用曲线表示sketch画草图82gradient斜率independent variable自变量interpret解释83lump块combustible易燃的sawmill锯木厂hazard危险(源) pellet颗粒状物gauze网纱8485thiosulfate硫代硫酸盐86alkane烷(属)烃photosynthesis光合作用chlorofluorocarbon含氯氟烃ultraviolet紫外的depletion枯竭starch淀粉cellulose纤维素chlorophyll叶绿素pondweed水池草intensity(光照)强度gelatin白明胶redox氧化还原transparent透明的91reversible可逆的hydrated水合的anhydrous无水的anhydride酸酐脱水物water of crystallization结晶水dynamic动态的sealed密封的92restore恢复93booster推进器chlorate(未知价)氯酸盐agent剂numeral数字dichromate重铬酸盐94polyol多羟基化合物kit工具包101citric柠檬酸的nettle荨(qián)麻102litmus石蕊lichen地衣trough槽splint薄木条tartaric酒石酸的methylbenzene甲苯103lime(生熟)石灰slaked lime熟石灰unslaked lime消石灰antacid抗酸性base能与酸反应的物质alkali碱(可溶的base) volatile不稳定的fungus真菌104nuclei(pl.)nucleus ionized电离105amphoteric两性的111deposit存储112methyl orange甲基橙phenolphthalein酚酞initial最初的titer/titre滴定度(量) uncontaminated未被污染的113distilled用蒸馏法提得的114bung塞子squeaky短促的尖叫声(爆鸣音) 115cation阳离子algae水藻slime黏质物portion一部分116anion阴离子halide卤族的qualitative定性的effervescence冒泡foil箔金属薄片121metalloid准金属trend趋势Mendeleev门捷列夫successive连续的122upset打乱tweezers镊子violet紫色123diatomic双原子的astatine砹displacement置换124weld焊接filament细丝polonium钋125turbine涡轮机withstand承受Haber process哈伯制氨法sterilize灭菌131alloy合金solder焊锡disrupt破坏brass黄铜bronze青铜cutlery刀具nitinol镍和钛的非磁性合金brace支架sprinkler喷洒器132133thermit铝热剂shield挡开134charcoal木炭kiln窑135thermal有热造成的nitrite亚硝酸盐141blende闪锌矿haematite赤铁矿coke焦炭tray盘blast鼓风slag炉渣relevant有关的combustion燃烧142143brittle易碎的tip倾斜scrap零屑lance喷枪mould模子144mild可煅的chisel凿子galvanize镀锌151coolant冷却剂turbine涡轮机cholera霍乱typhoid伤寒grid网格sedimentation沉淀(作用) gravel砾石osmosis渗透(作用) 152colony群体respiration呼吸combustion燃烧weld焊接153soot煤烟油烟particulate颗粒微粒的(的) deposition储存沉积exhaust废气154smog烟雾light catalyzed smog光化学污染nitrous(亚)氮的nitrous oxide笑气nitric(五价)氮的irritation刺激物compartment分隔间honeycomb蜜蜂巢(状) rhodium铑155paddy稻田termite白蚁depletion耗尽infrared红外线156organism有机体uptake摄入领会157grease给…加润滑油bolt螺栓161component成分phosphate磷酸盐162plant工厂chamber室scrub洗气vessel容器via通过经由compromise折中的163galena方铅矿vulcanize使硫化pulp纸浆straw天然纤维sulfite亚硫酸盐164oleum发烟硫酸165mortar粘合物砂浆研钵tripod三脚架kiln窑gypsum石膏slurry浆flue烟道desulfurization脱硫171homologous同系的char把…烧成炭carboxylic acid羧酸propanol丙醇meth yl甲基eth yl乙基prop yl丙基but yl丁基pent yl(am yl)戊基hex yl己基hept yl庚基oct yl辛基non yl壬基dec yl癸基hendec yl十一基dodec yl十二基tridec yl十三基myrist yl十四基pentadec yl十五基hexadec yl十六基-ane烷-ene烯-yne炔-ol(anol)醇酚-al醛-er醚-one酮-oic acid羧酸172sap汁液isomerism同分异构现象isomer同分异构体BHC六六六hexachlorocyclohexane六氯苯cyclohexane环己烷insecticide杀虫剂alkyl烷基173crude未加工的refinery提炼厂kerosene煤油火油modify改造sugar beet甜菜fermentation发酵174undergo经历naphtha石脑油lubricating oil润滑油paraffin石蜡(英=煤油kerosene) 181saturated饱和的substitution取代反应182granule小颗粒valve阀活门regenerator回热器183addition reaction加成反应margarine人造奶油184miscible可混溶的ester脂reflux回流acetobacter醋杆菌185carboxylic羧酸-oate羧酸盐aroma香气linkage键191polymer聚合物macromolecule高分子monomer单体polymerization聚合作用biodegradable能进行生物降解的antifreeze防冻剂polythene polyethylene聚乙烯crate装货箱polyvinyl聚乙烯基的gutter檐槽排水沟terylene涤纶cyanide氰化物dioxin二噁英192deduce推断empirical来自经验的Teflon特氟隆tetra-四tetrafluoroethene四氟乙烯193polyamide聚酰胺polyester聚酯condensation聚合作用eliminated消去amine胺diol二醇diamine二胺amide酰胺201constituent组成hydrolysis水解glycine甘氨酸cysteine半胱氨酸unwind解开peptide肽202glycerol甘油丙三醇203monosaccharide单糖saccharide糖类糖化物glycosidic糖苷的cellulose纤维素phenylenediamine苯二胺aspartic天冬氨酸glutamic谷氨酸leucine亮/白氨酸204denatured使变性yeast酵母effervescence冒泡泡腾suspend悬浮anaerobic厌氧的aerobic需氧的batch一组gasohol汽油醇C1goggle护目镜dense稠密C2grid坐标方格anomalous反常的C3C4Spirit精酒精。

化学常用英文缩写词

化学常用英文缩写词14 化学常用缩写词（Abbreviation）Aa = active；activity 活性；活度a = atto- 渺；阿（托）；微微微［10-18）A = absorbance 吸光度A = ampere 安培（电）AA = aminoacid analyzer 氨基酸分析器AA = atomic absorption 原子吸收（法）AAD = atomic absorption detector 原子吸收检测器AAS = atomic absorption spectrometry 原子吸收光谱法A．A．S．= alkyl aryl sulphonate 磺酸烷基芳基酯ABCD = automatic basellne drift correction 自动基线漂移校正abnml = abnormal 反常的；异常的abr．= abridged；abridg（e）ment 节略的；摘要ahs．= absolute 绝对的ahs．= absorption 吸收ahs．E = absolute error 绝对误差ABS = acrylonitrile-butadlene-styrene ABS树脂；丙烯睛-丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物ABS = alkylbenzene sulfonate 烷基苯磺酸盐abs．visc = absolute viscosity 绝对粘度ac．= acid 酸ac．= active；activity 活性；活度ac．a．；AC．A．= acetic acid 乙酸a．c．；A．C．= alternating current 交流（电）A．Ch．S．= American Chemical Society 美国化学学会ACI = allowable concentration Index 容许浓度指数acid．= acidification；acidified；acidify 酸化；酸化丁的ACS；A．C．S．= American Chemical Society 美国化学学会act．= active ；activity 活性；活度act．std = actual standard 现行标准activ．= activated 活性的AD = automatic detection 自动检测ADC = ascending-descending chromatographv 升降色谱（法）addl；addnl = additional 附加的addn-（l）= addition（al）加入；加合；加成；附加的ADI = acceptable daily intake 日容许摄入量adj．= adjustment 校准；调节ADP = adenosine diphosphate 腺苷二磷酸ADP = ammonium dihydrogen phosphate 磷酸二氢铵ADP = automatic data processing 自动数据处理AE cellulose = aminoethyl cellulose 氨乙基纤维素AER = anion exchange resin 阴离子交换树脂AES = atomic emission spectrometry 原子发射光谱法AES-LEED = Auger electronic spectroscopy-low energy electron diffraction method 俄歇电子能谱低能电子衍射法AFC = automatic frequency control 自动频率控制AFD = alkali flame detector 碱火焰检测器AFID = alkali flame ionization detector 碱火焰电离检测器AFS = atomic fluorescence spectrometry 原子荧光光谱法AFT = automatic fine tuning 自动微调AGC = adsorption gas chromatography 吸附气相色谱（法）A．1．C．= American Institute of Chemists 美国化学师学会A．1．Ch．E．= American Institute of Chemical Engineers 美国化学工程师学会AID = argon ionization detector 氩电离检测器alc．= alcohol；alcoholic 醇；酒精；酒精的ALC = analyticl liquld chromatograph 分析（用）液相色谱仪ALC ；ale = ethyl alcohol 乙醇；酒精ald = aldehyde 乙醛alk = alkali；alkaline 碱；碱性alk = alkyl 烷基alky = alkalinity 碱性AMFID = alkali metal flame ionization detector 碱金属火焰电离检测器ammon．= ammoniacal 氨的amor．= amorphous 无定形amp；amps = ampere（s）安培Amp．= amplifier 放大器AMP = adenosione monophosphate；adenylic acid 腺苷一磷酸；腺苷酸AMS = accelerator mass-spectrometry 加速器质谱法Am．Std．= American Standards 美国标准AMU = atomic mass unit 原子质量单位anal．= Analogy；analogous 同属；类似；类似的anal．= analysis；analytical 分析；分析的Anal．Chem．= analytical chemistry 分析化学anh；anhyd = anhydride 酐anh；anhyd = anhydrous 无水的ANOV A = analysis of variance 方差分析AP = air pressure 空气压力；气压AP = all-purpose 通用的A．P．= American Patent 美国专利APDC = Ammonium pyrrolidine dlthiocarbamate 吡咯烷二硫代氨基甲酸铵app．= apparatus 装置；设备；仪器APR = Annual Progress Report 年度进展报告[特种文献〕Aq．= Water；aqueous 水；含水的AQL = acceptable quality level 合格标准；正品标准aq．reg．= aqua regia 王水aq．sol．= aqueous solution 水溶液ar．= aromatic 芳族的；芳香的ar．；Ar．= aryl（radical）芳基AR = analrtical reagent 分析试剂AR = analytical reagent grade 分析试剂纯；分析纯AR = annual report 年度报告；年报ARC = automatic range control 自动量程控制AS = auger spectroscopy 俄歇（电子）能谱法ASA = American Standards Association 美国标准协会A．S．C = automatic sensitivity control 自动灵敏度控制asmt．= assortment 品种；品级；分级Assn．Assoc(n) = Association 协会；学会ASTM = American Socity for Testing and Materials 美国材料试验学会at．= atomic 原子的at．= atomospheric 大气的A．T．= ambient temperature 环境温度atm．= atmosphere （pressure）；atmospheric 大气（压）；大气的at．no．；At．No．= atomic number 原子序数ATPR = Annual Technical Progress Report 年度技术进展报告A．T．U．= absorptiometric turbidity unit 吸收比色浊度单位at．wt．= atomic weight 原子量A．U．= absorbance unit 吸光度单位Aufs．= absorbance unit full scale 满刻度吸光度单位A V = acid value 酸值；酸价ave．；avg．= average 平均BBaP = benzo[α]pyrene 苯并［α］芘bcgd；bkgd．= background 本底BDDA = N-benzyldidodecylamine N-苄基双十二烷基胺BDHA = N-benzyldihexylamine N-苄基二己基胺BDHP = butyldihexylphosphinate 二己基次磷酸丁酯BDMDC = bismuth dimethylthiocarbamate 二甲基硫代氨基甲酸铋BDNA = benzyldnonylamine 苄基二壬基胺BDOA = benzyldioctylamine 苄基二壬基胺BDOPO = benzyldioctylphosphine oxide N-苄基二辛基氧膦BEHA = benzylethylhexylamine N-苄基-2-乙基已基胺Belg．Pat．= Belgium Patent 比利时专利Bep = benzo[e]pyrene 苯并[e]芘BESA = British Engineering Standards Association 英国工程标准协会Bipy = 2,2’-bipyridyl 2,2’-联吡啶BL；bl．= base line 基线BMA = polybutylmethacrylate 聚甲基丙烯酸丁酯BOD = biochemical oxygen demand 生化需氧量BOP = butyl octyl phthalate 邻苯-甲酸丁基辛酯bp；b．p．；B．P．= boiling point 沸点BPC = bonded-phase chromatography （化学）键合（固定）相色谱法BPC = British pharmacopoeia codex 英国副药典B．Ph = British Pharmacopoeia 英国药典Bq = becquerel 贝克勒尔[放射性活度单位，等于1s-11Bq=27．027pCi]br．= brand 商标：牌号B．R．；b．r．= boiling range 沸程Brit．Pat．= British Patent 英国专利Br-PADAP = 2-（5-bromo-2-pyridylazo）-5-diethylaminophenol 2-（5-溴-2-吡啶偶氮）5-二乙氨基苯酚B．S．= British Standards 英国标准bu．alc．= butyl alcohol 丁醇bu．；BU = butyl 丁基bus．= bushel 蒲式耳[英制谷物容量单位，英=36.368L，美=35.238L]b．v．= by volume（％）按体积（％）b．w．= by weight（％）按重量（％）Bz = benzyl 苄基CCA = cellulose acetate 乙酸纤维素CA = Chemical Abstract 化学文摘cal．= calorie ；gram-calorie 卡calc．= Calculate(d) 计算（的）cal．val．= Calorific value 发热量；发热值CAMD = computer aided moleculardesign 计算机辅助分子设计Can．Pat．= Canadian Patent 加拿大专利cap．= capacity 容量；能力cap．= capillary 毛细管；毛细的cat．= catalyst ；catalytic；catalyzed 催化剂；催化的cat．= catalog（ue）目录；条目；总目CBPC = chemical honded phase chromatography 化学键合（固定）相色谱（法）CC = continuous current 直流（电）CCIX = continuous countercurrent ionexchange 连续逆流离子交换CCM = column chromatographic methd 柱色谱法CCS = Chinese Chemical Society 中国化学会CD = circular dichroism 圆二色性CD = coulometric detector 库仑检测器CDA = N-cyclohexyldodecylamine N-环己基十二烷基胺CDC = column development chromatography 柱展开色谱（法）CDTA = cyclohexane-diamine-tetraacetic acid 环己烷二胺四乙酸CEHA= N-cyclohexyl-2-ethylhexy-lamine N-环己基-2-乙基己基胺CER = cation exchange resin 阳离子交换树脂CETTA = N-（β-carboxyethyl）diethylene triaminetetraacetic acid N（β-羧乙基）二亚乙基三胺四乙酸c．/f．= carried forwad 转入下页cf．= confer 比较；参看CF = concentration factor 浓集因数CFM = polychlorotrifluoroethylene 聚氯三氟乙烯cfs = cubic feet per second 英尺3/秒CG = chromatographic grade ①色谱级（的）②；色谱用（的）［如某些离子交换树脂商名后附CG字样，为色谱专用的］CGC = capillary gas chromatography 毛细管气相色谱（法）CGS = centimetre-gram-second 厘米．克．秒（单位）制CHA = cyclohexylamine acetate 乙酸环己胺oh．E．= chemical engineering 化学工程Chem．= chemisty；chemical 化学；化学的C．H．U．= caloric heat unit 卡热单位Ci = curie 居里[放射性强度单位]CI = chemical ionization 化学电离CI = clearing index 净化指数CI = concentration Index 浓度指数CI = contamination index 污染指数CID = catalytic ionization detector 催化电离检测器CID = cheml-ionization detector 化学电离检测器cit．= citation 引证；引证文cit．= cited 引用的；引证的Cit = citrate 柠檬酸盐Clin = clinical（ly）临床的CMC = carboxymethyl cellulose 羧甲基纤维素CMC = critical micelle concentration 临界胶束浓度CMDMS = chloromethyl -dimethylsilane 氯甲基二甲基硅烷CMR = carbon magnetic resonance 碳核磁共振13 CMR = carbon-13 magnetic resonance 碳-13（核）磁共振CN = cellulose nitrate 硝酸纤维素CNAA = continuous neutron activation analysis 连续中子活化分析CoA = coenzyme A 辅酶ACOA = N-cyclohexyloctylamine N-环已基辛基胺COC = chemical oxygen consumption 化学耗氧量COD = chemical oxygen demand 化学需氧量col．= column 柱coll．= colloidal 胶体的Coll．Ch．= colloid chemistry 胶体化学Co．Ltd．= company limited 有限公司comb．= combine 混合；结合；化合comp．= composition 组成；成分comp = compound ①胶料；②化合物conc．= conentrate；concentrated；concentration 浓缩；浓缩丁的；浓缩作用；浓度concn．= concentration = 浓度；浓缩cond．= co ndition 条件；情况cond．= conductivity 传导性；传导率cont．= content 含量cont．（s）= contain（s）含有；包含conv．（n）= conversion 转化；转变；换算co-op = co-operation 合作；协作cor．= corrected 校正的Corp．= corporation 公司；社团法人c．p．；CP = chemically pure 化学纯CPAA = charged particle activation analysis 带电粒子活化分析CPC = cetyl pyridinium chloride 氯化十六烷基吡啶CPE = chlorinated polyethylene 氯化聚乙烯cpm，c/m = counts per minute 每分钟计数CPU = central processing unit 中央处理机CPVC = chlorinated polyvinyl chloride 氯化聚氯乙烯cr．= crystalline 结晶的c．r．；C．R．= cathode ray 阴极射线crit．= Critical 临界的CRT = cathode-ray tube 阴极射线管Cry．= crystalline 结晶的crystn．= crystallization 结晶CT = computerized tomography 计算机化断层显像CTAB = cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide 溴化十六烷基三甲基铵CTAC = cetyltrimethyl ammonium chloride 氯化十六烷基三甲基铵C TC；C．T．C．= carbon tetrachloride 四氯化碳CTR = controlled thermonuclear reactor 受控热核反应堆；聚变堆C．T．U．= centigrade thermal unit 百分度热单位cur．= current 流；流行的；现在的C．V．= calorific value 卡值CVD = chemical vapor deposition 化学蒸气淀积；化学汽相淀积CyDTA = cyclohexane diaminetetraacetic acid 环己二胺四乙酸Dd；D = density 密度d- = dextro- 右旋的d；D = diameter 直径da = deca- 十[101]DAM ；DADPM = diamino-diphenyl-methane 二氨基二苯甲烷DAMD = dimethylaminomethyl dimethyl dithiocarbamate 二甲基二硫代氨基甲酸二甲胺甲酯Dan．Pat．= Danish Patent 丹麦专利DAP = di-alkyl phthalate 邻苯二甲酸二烷基酯DAPT = diamlnopropane-tetraacetic acid 丙二胺四乙酸dat．= Datum [单]数据；资料DBA = dibenzylamine 二苄基胺DBA = dibutylamine 二丁胺DBAE = dibutylamino-ethanol 丁基氨基乙醇DBAO = dibutylammonium oleate 油酸二丁基铵DBBP = dibutyl butylphosphonate 丁基磷酸二丁酯DBC = dibutylcarbitol 二丁基卡必醇DBC = dibutylcellosolve 二丁基溶纤剂DBDA = N,N-dibenzyldodecylamine 二苄基十二烷基胺dB/db = decibel 分贝［声强度单位］DBHA = dibenzylhexylamine 二苄基己基胺dbl．= double 双的；双重的DBMP = dibutylmethylphosphate 磷酸二丁基一甲基酯DBMP = dibutylmethylphosphonate 甲基磷酸二丁酯DBOA = dibenzyloctylamine 二苄基辛胺DBP = dibutylphosphate 磷酸二丁酯DBP = dibutyl phthalate 邻苯二甲酸二丁酯DBPP = dibutyl phenyl phosphonate 苯基磷酸二丁酯DBS = dodecyl benzene sulfonate 十二烷基苯磺酸盐d．c．= dispersing coefficient 分散系数d．c．；D．C．= direct current 直流（电）DC = diffusion constant 扩散常数DCB = 3,3’-dichlorobenzidine 3,3’-二氯联苯胺DCS = data collection srstem 数据收集系统DCTA = 1,2-diaminocyclohexane tetraacetic acid 环已二胺四乙酸DDB = dodecyl benzene 十二烷基苯DDC；DDCN = diethylammonium diethyldithiocarbamate 二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸二乙铵DDD = dimethylammonium dimehyldithiocarbamate 二甲基二硫代氨基甲酸二甲铵DDDC = diethylammonium diethyldithiocarbamate 二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸二乙基铵DDP = di-decyl phthalate 邻苯二甲酸二癸酯DDPA = dodecyl phosphoric acid 十二烷基磷酸；磷酸单十二烷基酯DDT = dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane 滴滴涕；双对氯苯基三氯乙烷DDTC = diethyldithiocarbamate 二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸盐DDVP = O,O-dimethyl-2,2-dichlorovinyl-phosphate 敌敌畏。

专业英语课文翻译

School of chemical engineering and pharmaceuticaltest tubes 试管test tube holder试管夹test tube brush 试管刷test tube rack试管架beaker烧杯stirring搅拌棒thermometer温度计boiling flask长颈烧瓶Florence flask平底烧瓶flask,round bottom,two-neck boiling flask,three-neck conical flask锥形瓶wide-mouth bottle广口瓶graduated cylinder量筒gas measuring tube气体检测管volumetric flask容量瓶transfer pipette移液管Geiser burette(stopcock)酸式滴定管funnel漏斗Mohr burette(with pinchcock)碱式滴定管watch glass表面皿evaporating dish蒸发皿ground joint磨口连接Petri dish有盖培养皿desiccators干燥皿long-stem funnel长颈漏斗filter funnel过滤漏斗Büchner funnel瓷漏斗separatory funnel分液漏斗Hirsh funnel赫尔什漏斗filter flask 吸滤瓶Thiele melting point tube蒂勒熔点管plastic squeez e bottle塑料洗瓶 medicine dropper药用滴管rubber pipette bulb 吸球microspatula微型压舌板pipet吸量管mortar and pestle研体及研钵filter paper滤纸Bunsen burner煤气灯burette stand滴定管架support ring支撑环ring stand环架distilling head蒸馏头side-arm distillation flask侧臂蒸馏烧瓶air condenser空气冷凝器centrifuge tube离心管fractionating column精(分)馏管Graham condenser蛇形冷凝器crucible坩埚crucible tongs坩埚钳beaker tong烧杯钳economy extension clamp经济扩展夹extension clamp牵引夹utility clamp铁试管夹hose clamp软管夹 burette clamp pinchcock;pinch clamp弹簧夹 screw clamp 螺丝钳ring clamp 环形夹goggles护目镜stopcock活塞wire gauze铁丝网analytical balance分析天平分析化学absolute error绝对误差accuracy准确度assay化验analyte(被)分析物calibration校准constituent成分coefficient of variation变异系数confidence level置信水平detection limit检出限determination测定estimation 估算equivalent point等当点gross error总误差impurity杂质indicator指示剂interference干扰internal standard内标level of significance显着性水平 limit of quantitation定量限masking掩蔽matrix基体precision精确度primary standard原始标准物purity纯度qualitative analysis定性分析 quantitative analysis定量分析random error偶然误差reagent试剂relative error相对误差robustness耐用性sample样品relative standard deviation相对标准偏差 selectivity选择性sensitivity灵敏度specificity专属性titration滴定significant figure有效数字solubility product溶度积standard addition标准加入法standard deviation标准偏差standardization标定法stoichiometric point化学计量点systematic error系统误差有机化学acid anhydride 酸酐acyl halide 酰卤alcohol 醇aldehyde 醛aliphatic 脂肪族的alkene 烯烃alkyne炔allyl烯丙基amide氨基化合物amino acid 氨基酸aromatic compound 芳香烃化合物amine胺butyl 丁基aromatic ring芳环,苯环 branched-chain支链chain链carbonyl羰基carboxyl羧基chelate螯合chiral center手性中心conformers构象copolymer共聚物derivative 衍生物dextrorotatary右旋性的diazotization重氮化作用dichloromethane二氯甲烷ester酯ethyl乙基fatty acid脂肪酸functional group 官能团general formula 通式glycerol 甘油，丙三醇heptyl 庚基heterocyclie 杂环的hexyl 己基homolog 同系物hydrocarbon 烃,碳氢化合物hydrophilic 亲水的hydrophobic 疏水的hydroxide 烃基ketone 酮levorotatory左旋性的methyl 甲基molecular formula分子式monomer单体octyl辛基open chain开链optical activity旋光性（度）organic 有机的organic chemistry 有机化学organic compounds有机化合物pentyl戊基phenol苯酚phenyl苯基polymer 聚合物，聚合体propyl丙基ring-shaped环状结构 zwitterion兼性离子saturated compound饱和化合物side chain侧链straight chain 直链tautomer互变（异构）体structural formula结构式triglyceride甘油三酸脂unsaturated compound不饱和化合物物理化学activation energy活化能adiabat绝热线amplitude振幅collision theory碰撞理论empirical temperature假定温度enthalpy焓enthalpy of combustion燃烧焓enthalpy of fusion熔化热enthalpy of hydration水合热enthalpy of reaction反应热enthalpy o f sublimation升华热enthalpy of vaporization汽化热entropy熵first law热力学第一定律first order reaction一级反应free energy自由能Hess’s law盖斯定律Gibbs free energy offormation吉布斯生成能heat capacity热容internal energy内能isobar等压线isochore等容线isotherm等温线kinetic energy动能latent heat潜能Planck’s constant普朗克常数potential energy势能quantum量子quantum mechanics量子力学rate law速率定律specific heat比热spontaneous自发的standard enthalpy change标准焓变standard entropy of reaction标准反应熵standard molar entropy标准摩尔熵standard pressure标压state function状态函数thermal energy热能thermochemical equation热化学方程式thermodynamic equilibrium热力学平衡uncertainty principle测不准定理zero order reaction零级反应 zero point energy零点能课文词汇实验安全及记录：eye wash眼药水first-aid kit急救箱gas line输气管safety shower紧急冲淋房water faucet水龙头flow chart流程图loose leaf活页单元操作分类：heat transfer传热Liquid-liquid extraction液液萃取liquid-solid leaching过滤vapor pressure蒸气压membrane separation薄膜分离空气污染：carbon dioxide 二氧化碳carbon monoxide一氧化碳particulate matter颗粒物质photochemical smog光化烟雾primary pollutants一次污染物secondary pollutants二次污染物 stratospheric ozone depletion平流层臭氧消耗sulfur dioxide二氧化硫volcanic eruption火山爆发食品化学：amino acid氨基酸,胺amino group氨基empirical formula实验式,经验式fatty acid脂肪酸peptide bonds肽键polyphenol oxidase 多酚氧化酶salivary amylase唾液淀粉酶 steroid hormone甾类激素table sugar蔗糖triacylglycerol三酰甘油,甘油三酯食品添加剂：acesulfame-K乙酰磺胺酸钾,一种甜味剂adrenal gland肾上腺ionizing radiation致电离辐射food additives食品添加剂monosodium glutamate味精,谷氨酸一钠（味精的化学成分）natural flavors天然食用香料,天然食用调料nutrasweet天冬甜素potassium bromide 溴化钾propyl gallate没食子酸丙酯sodium chloride氯化钠sodium nitraten硝酸钠sodium nitrite亚硝酸钠trans fats反式脂肪genetic food转基因食品food poisoning 食物中毒hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP)危害分析关键控制点技术maternal and child health care妇幼保健护理national patriotic health campaign committee(NPHCC) 全国爱国卫生运动委员会rural health农村卫生管理the state food and drug administration (SFDA)国家食品药品监督管理局光谱：Astronomical Spectroscopy天文光谱学Laser Spectroscopy激光光谱学 Mass Spectrometry质谱Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy原子吸收光谱Attenuated T otal Reflectance Spectroscopy衰减全反射光谱Electron Paramagnetic Spectroscopy电子顺磁谱Electron Spectroscopy电子光谱Infrared Spectroscopy红外光谱Fourier Transform Spectrosopy傅里叶变换光谱Gamma-ray Spectroscopy伽玛射线光谱Multiplex or Frequency-Modulated Spectroscopy复用或频率调制光谱X-ray SpectroscopyX射线光谱色谱：Gas Chromatography气相色谱High Performance Liquid Chromatography高效液相色谱Thin-Layer Chromatography薄层色谱magnesium silicate gel硅酸镁凝胶retention time保留时间mobile phase流动相stationary phase固定相反应类型：agitated tank搅拌槽catalytic reactor催化反应器batch stirred tank reactor间歇搅拌反应釜continuous stirred tank 连续搅拌釜exothermic reactions放热反应pilot plant试验工厂fluidized bed Reactor流动床反应釜multiphase chemical reactions 多相化学反应packed bed reactor填充床反应器redox reaction氧化还原反应reductant-oxidant氧化还原剂acid base reaction酸碱反应additionreaction加成反应chemical equation化学方程式valence electron价电子combination reaction化合反应hybrid orbital 杂化轨道decomposition reaction分解反应substitution reaction取代(置换)反应Lesson5 Classification of Unit Operations单元操作Fluid flow流体流动它涉及的原理是确定任一流体从一个点到另一个点的流动和输送。

外贸化工产品资料英文介绍(中文注解)

Main productsCAS 7440-36-0Antimony ingotsApplication: As the alloy hardener, it is used in metallurgy（冶金）, accumulator（蓄电池）, and war industry, chemical compounds（化合物）such as rubber（橡胶）industry, accumulator grid（蓄电池栅）, alloy （合金）, antimony bronze（锑青铜）and so on. It is also the raw material of antimony oxide.CAS 7440-31-5Tin ingot（锡锭）Tin ingot is widely used as a coating（涂层/料）material inHigh-precision（高精密的）electronic products, and other requirements of precision welding （焊接）products, welding products, general electronics, food industry packaging, automotive and electrical（汽车和电器）industry, and high temperature resistant（抗/耐）products. Features（property性质/特点）:1. High purity（纯度）(Sn99.99 Sn99.95 Sn99.90), excellent weld ability, good infiltration（浸润/渗透）.2. Clean, beautiful. After welding, insulation（绝缘）, high resistance（高电阻/热阻/抗）, low ionic contamination（低离子污染）, PCB board weldingresidual （残留） minimal （非常少）. 3. Good oxidation resistance （高抗氧化性）, low tin slag （低锡渣） and cost savings.4. Solder （焊料） joint is bright, full and uniform.（焊接点光亮，焊接完整充分）5. Economical and can produce the lowest consumption of the solidCAS 1303-96-4 Borax （硼砂）BoraxPhysical and chemical propertiesColorless translucent （半透明） crystals or white crystalline powder （粉末）. Odorless, taste salty. （无臭，味咸）Soluble in water, glycerol （甘油）, slightly （略） soluble in alcohol. Weakly alkaline solution （弱碱溶液）. Borax in the air can slowly weathering （缓慢风化）. Melting （融化）into a colorless glassy material. （熔成无色玻璃状物质）UseMainly used in glass and enamel（搪瓷）industries. In the glass, can enhance（增强）UV transmission（紫外透谢）rate and improve the transparency（透明度）and heat resistance of glass. Products in the enamel, the enamel can not easily fall off and to make it shine（发光，光亮）.CAS 1323-39-3propylene glycol（丙二醇）Propylene Glycol is a colourless, viscous（粘稠）, colorless liquid（液体）. It is miscible（混溶）with water alcohol, and many solvents（溶剂）. This versatile（多用途的）PO (propylene oxide（环氧丙烷）) derivative（衍生）has wide range of applications including industrial solvents, paint（油漆）and coating（涂料）solvents, polyester（聚酯）and alkyd（醇酸）resins（树酯）, antifreeze（防冻液）coolants（冷却剂）, heat transfer fluids （热传导液）, deicing（除冰）fluids, plasticizers（增塑剂）, detergents （洗涤剂）and surfactants（表面活性剂）, and bactericide（杀菌剂）. USP grade（美国药典级）is used in foods, pharmaceutical（药品）, and personal care products（个人护理品）. Propylene glycol monostearate（单硬脂酸酯）can be used as a lipophiic emulsifier（乳化剂）and emulsion stabilizer（稳定剂）in food.Other productsCAS 13463-67-7Titanium dioxideProperties: It has excellent optical property（光学性质）and pigment property（颜料性能）, high purity（高纯度）, good whiteness（白度好）, strong hiding power（庶盖力强）, Tinter reducing power （色母低功耗）and easy to disperse（分散）, is General Purpose Titanium Dioxide（常用的钛白粉）, Can be widely used in coatings, printing ink（油墨）, rubber, glass, leather（皮革）, cosmetics（化妆品）, soaps（肥皂）, plastic（塑料）and paper making etc.Iron oxideIron Oxide Red Y101/120/130/190Iron Oxide Yellow Y311/313Iron oxide blue F100Iron oxide Brown 610Iron oxide Black 772Iron oxide greenApplication:1. Coating, paint, scagliola（人造大理石）, tinting of the wall, floor（墙壁和地板的着色）2. Pigment of watercolour（水彩颜料）and grease-paint油酯漆3. Tinting of the leather-colorant皮革着色剂CAS 57-11-4Stearic acid（硬脂酸）Stearic acidProduct Feature: This product is non-toxic, mainly used as auxiliary raw materials and daily chemical products, raw materials,It used in cosmetics industry, Textile Industry ,Rubber, Plastics Industry, Pharmaceutical, , food industry ,Printing and dyeing（印染）industry. CAS 8006-32-4Lithopone（立德粉/锌钡白）Lithopone is a white pigment composed of a mixture of barium sulfate （硫化钡）(28 - 30%) and zinc sulfide （硫酸锌）(68 - 70%) with trace amounts （微量的）of zinc oxide. It is produced by precipitation（沉淀）through filtering（过滤）, heating （加热）and quenching（淬火）works. Lithopone Appearance外观: White power. 白色粉末Lithopone Stability稳定性: Stable under ordinary conditions.一般情况下稳定Lithopone Application: As Iustrial material for paint, printing ink, rubber and plastic.CAS 144-62-7Oxalic acid（草酸/HOOC-COOH乙二酸）Oxalic acidProperties: Oxalic acid forms fine colourless crystals, readily soluble in water, with light nitrogen oxides-like odour.Application:Purifying（提纯剂）agent in pharmaceutical industry, special in antibiotic（抗生素）medication（药物）, such as Oxytetracycline（土霉素）, Chloramphenicol（氯霉素）, etc;Precipitating（沉淀剂）agent in Rare-earth mineral （稀土矿物）processing（加工/处理）;Bleaching（漂白剂）agent in the textile activities, wood pulp bleaching 纸浆的漂白;Rust-remover （除锈剂）for Metal treatment;Grinding（研磨）agent, such as Marble（大理石）polishing（抛光）; Waste water treatment, removing calcium（钙）from waterCAS 64-18-6Formic acid(甲酸HCOOH)Application:1. Pharmaceutical industry（医药工业）: Caffeine（咖啡因）, Analgin安乃近, Aminopyrine（铵基比林）, Vitamin B1, etc.2. Pesticide industry（农药工业）: Triazolone（三唑西酮）, Disinfest（杀虫剂）, etc.3. Chemical industry: Methane amide（甲烷酰胺）, DMF（二甲基甲酰胺）, Age resister（抗老化剂）, etc.4. Leather industry（皮革行业）: Tanning（制革）, etc.5. Textile industry: Natural Rubber（天然橡胶）.6. Rubber industry: Coagulation（混凝）, etc.7. Steel industry（钢铁工业）: Acid cleaning（酸洗）of steel production, etc.8. Paper industry: Pulp manufacturing（纸浆制造）, etc.9. Food industry: Disinfectant（消毒剂）, etc.10. Poultry industry（家禽业）: Silage（青贮）, etc.CAS 1317-36-8Litharge（黄丹/一氧化铅/PbO）HS Code: 28241000Molecular Formula（分子式）: PbOCharacter（性状/性质）: Yellow heavy powderMaterialize （物化）character: Indissoluble in water and alcohol. Application: It mainly used in industries such as lead yellow pigment（铅黄颜料）, lead salt（铅盐）, ceramics（陶瓷）, glass and rubber etc. Application:It mainly used in industries such as lead yellow pigment, lead salt,CAS :1314-41-6Red lead(红铅/红丹)It mainly used in industries such as antirust（防锈）paint, optical glass （光学玻璃）, ceramics and store battery（蓄电池）etc.It is leading manufacturer of Industrial Chemicals, Additives（添加剂）, Stabilizers（添加剂）and catalysts（催化剂）used by Rubber, Glass, Polyester（聚酯）, PVC（聚氯乙烯）.It is red anti-rust（防锈）pigment with excellent anticorrosion（防腐性）performance（性能）, high dispersibility（分解性）, high temperature resistance（耐高温）and high hiding powder（高藏粉末）, insoluble in water（不溶于水）.Used in flux（助熔剂）to reduce the melting point（熔点）, surface tensionCAS 1314-13-2Zinc OxideCAS 1302-74-5aluminium oxide(氧化铝)Properties: White powder, does not dissolve in water, can dissolve and turn into the aluminium salt（铝盐）in the sour（酸）alkali（碱）dissolves 在酸碱中溶解成铝盐。

氨基酸的结晶

Crystallization of Amino Acids on Self-AssembledMonolayers of Rigid Thiols on GoldAlfred Y.Lee,†,‡Abraham Ulman,†,§and Allan S.Myerson*,‡Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering,Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago,Illinois60616,and Department of Chemical Engineering,Chemistry and Material Science,and the NSF MRSEC for Polymers at Engineered Interfaces,Polytechnic University,Brooklyn,New York11201Received March6,2002.In Final Form:May3,2002Self-assembled monolayers(SAMs)of rigid biphenyl thiols are employed as heterogeneous nucleants for the crystallization of L-alanine and DL-valine.Powder X-ray diffraction and interfacial angle measurements reveal that the L-alanine crystallographic planes corresponding to nucleation are{200}, {020},and{011}on SAMs of4′-hydroxy-(4-mercaptobiphenyl),4′-methyl-(4-mercaptobiphenyl),and4-(4-mercaptophenyl)pyridine on gold(111)surfaces,respectively.In the case of DL-valine,monolayer surfaces that act as hydrogen bond acceptors(e.g.,4′-hydroxy-(4-mercaptobiphenyl)and4-(4-mercaptophenyl)-pyridine)induce the racemic crystal to nucleate from the{020}plane whereas the nucleating plane for the4′-methyl-(4-mercaptobiphenyl)surface is the fast-growing{100}face.The observation of crystal nucleation and orientation can be attributed to the strong interfacial interactions,in particular,hydrogen bonding,between the surface functionalities of the monolayer film and the individual molecules of the crystallizing phase.Molecular modeling studies are also undertaken to examine the molecular recognition process across the interface between the surfactant monolayer and the crystallographic planes.Similar to binding studies of solvents and impurities on crystal habit surfaces,binding energies between SAMs and particular amino acid crystal faces are calculated and the results are in good agreement with the observed nucleation planes of the amino acids.In addition to L-alanine and DL-valine,the interaction of SAMs and mixed SAMs of rigid thiols on the morphology of R-glycine is examined(Kang,J.F.;Zaccaro, J.;Ulman,A.;Myerson,ngmuir2000,16,3791),and similarly the calculations are in good agreement. These results suggest that binding energy calculations can be a valid method to screen self-assembled monolayers as potential templates for nucleation and growth of organic and inorganic crystals.I.IntroductionCrystallization from solution is a two-step process: nucleation,the birth of a crystal,and crystal growth,the growth of the crystal to larger sizes.2In this process, prenucleation aggregates(or clusters)are formed by individual molecules,which become stable nuclei,upon reaching a critical size,and further grow into macroscopic crystals.Homogeneous nucleation is very rare and re-quires high supersaturation to surmount the activation barrier,∆G crit.However,for a fixed supersaturation the activation barrier can be lowered by decreasing the surface energy of the aggregate,for instance,by introducing a foreign surface or substance.3This foreign surface(or substance)includes“tailor-made”additives,4impurities,5 organic single crystals,6Langmuir monolayers7floating at the air-water interface,and self-assembled monolayers (SAMs)immersed in solution.1Tailor-made additives or auxiliaries are designer impurities that have one part which resembles the crystallizing species and another part that is chemically or structurally different from the solute molecule.4,8These additives disrupt the bonding sequence in the crystals,thereby lowering the growth rate of the affected faces as evident in the case of L-alanine where hydrophobic amino acids such as L-leucine and L-valine inhibited the development of specific crystal faces,while in the presence of hydrophilic amino acids the crystal morphology did not change.9In addition to being habit modifiers,these molecular additives can also control polymorphism,where the impurities inhibit the growth of one polymorph and,in turn,promote the growth of the other polymorph.10Nucleation promoters such as organic single crystals and self-assembled monolayers have also been used to control polymorph selectivity,based on geometric match-ing between the molecular clusters and the ledges of the crystal substrates11and interfacial hydrogen bonding between the monolayer film and solute clusters,12respec-*To whom correspondence should be addressed.Phone:312 5677010.Fax:3125677018.E-mail:myerson@.†Polytechnic University.‡Illinois Institute of Technology.§NSF MRSEC for Polymers at Engineered Interfaces.(1)Kang,J.F.;Zaccaro,J.;Ulman,A.;Myerson,ngmuir2000, 16,3791.(2)(a)Myerson,A.S.Handbook of Industrial Crystallization,2nd ed.;Butterworth-Heinemann:Boston,2002.(b)Myerson,A.S.Mo-lecular Modeling Applications in Crystallization;Cambridge Uni-versity Press:New York,1999.(c)Mullin,J.W.Crystallization,4th ed.;Butterworth-Heinemann:Boston,2001.(3)Turnbull,D.J.Chem.Phys.1949,18,198.(b)Fletcher,N.H.J. Chem.Phys.1963,38,237.(4)Weissbuch,I.;Lahav,M.;Leiserowitz,L.In Molecular Modeling Applications in Crystallization;Myerson, A.S.,Ed.;Cambridge University Press:New York,1999;p166.(5)Meenan,P.A.;Anderson,S.R.;Klug,D.L.In Handbook of Industrial Crystallization,2nd ed.;Myerson,A.S.,Ed.;Butterworth Heinemann:Boston,2002;p67.(6)Carter,P.W.;Ward,M.D.J.Am.Chem.Soc.1993,115,11521.(7)(a)Rapaport,H.;Kuzmenko,I.;Berfeld,M.;Kjaer,K.;Als-Nielsen, J.;Popovitz-Biro,R.;Weissbuch,I.;Lahav,M.;Leiserowitz,L.J.Phys. Chem.B2000,104,1399.(b)Frostman,L.M.;Ward,ngmuir 1997,13,330.(8)(a)Berkovitch-Yellin,Z.;Ariel,S.;Leiserowitz,L.J.Am.Chem. Soc.1985,105,765.(b)Addadi,L.;Weinstein,S.;Gate,E.;Weissbuch,I.;Lahav,M.J.Am.Chem.Soc.1982,104,4610.(9)Li,L.;Lechuga-Ballesteros,D.;Szkudlarek,B.A.;Rodriguez-Hornedo,N.J.Colloid Interface Sci.1994,168,8.(10)(a)Weissbuch,I.;Lahav,M.;Leiserowitz,L.Adv.Mater.1994, 6,952.(b)Davey,R.J.;Blagden,N.;Potts,G.D.;Docherty,R.J.Am. Chem.Soc.1997,119,1767.5886Langmuir2002,18,5886-589810.1021/la025704w CCC:$22.00©2002American Chemical SocietyPublished on Web06/22/2002tively.Similar to Langmuir monolayers,self-assembled monolayers can be used as an interface across which stereochemical matching13and hydrogen bonding14in-teraction can transfer order and symmetry from the monolayer surface to a growing crystal.However,SAMs and mixed SAMs15lack the mobility of molecules at an air-water interface and hence the possibility to adjust lateral positions to match a face of a nucleating crystal. This is clearly evident in the case of the SAMs of rigid biphenyl thiols,where even conformational adjustment is not possible.Recently,SAMs of4-mercaptobiphenyl have been shown to be more superior to those of al-kanethiolates and are stable model surfaces.16Further-more,the ability to engineer surface functionalities at the molecular level makes SAMs of rigid thiols very attractiveas templates for heterogeneous nucleation. Organosilane monolayer films have been used to promote nucleation and growth of calcium oxalate mono-hydrate crystals17and have been employed in“biomimetic”synthesis as observed in the oriented growth of CaCO318 and iron hydroxide crystals.19Functionalized SAMs of alkanethiols have also been shown to control the oriented growth of CaCO3.20This was also evident in the hetero-geneous nucleation and growth of malonic acid crystals21 on alkanethiolate SAMs on gold where the monolayer composition strongly influenced the orientation of the malonic acid crystals.Additionally,functionalized alkane-thiolate SAMs have enhanced the growth of protein crystals.22More recently,SAMs and mixed SAMs of rigid thiols served as templates.1It was observed that glycine nucleated in the R-form independent of the hydroxyl and pyridine surface concentration and the morphology of the glycine crystal was very sensitive to the OH and pyridine site densities.Self-assembled monolayers on solid surfaces offer many advantages for enhanced crystal nucleation.In this work, SAMs of rigid thiols on gold are employed to investigate the effects of interfacial molecular recognition on nucle-ation and growth of L-alanine and DL-valine crystals.In addition,molecular modeling techniques are employed to examine the affinity between monolayer surfaces and particular amino acid crystal faces and to gain a better understanding of the molecular recognition events oc-curring.The modeling techniques employed are similar to studies of solvent and additive interactions on crystal habit23but have never been applied to organic monolayer films as templates for nucleation.II.Experimental SectionMaterials.Anhydrous ethanol was obtained from Pharmco (Brookfield,CT).L-Alanine(CH3CH(NH2)CO2H),and DL-valine ((CH3)2CHCH(NH2)CO2H)were purchased from Aldrich and used without further purification.Distilled water purified with a Milli-Q water system(Millipore)was used.Details of the synthesis of the4′-substituted4-mercaptobiphenyl(see Figure1)are described elsewhere.24Gold Substrate and Monolayer Preparation.Glass slides were cleaned in ethanol in an ultrasonic bath at40°C for10min. The slides were next treated in a plasma chamber at an argon pressure of0.1Torr for30min.Afterward,they were mounted in the vacuum evaporator(Key High Vacuum)on a substrate holder,approximately15cm above the gold cluster.The slides were baked overnight in a vacuum(10-7Torr)at300°C.Gold (purity>99.99%)was evaporated at a rate of3-5Å/s until the film thickness reached1000Å;the evaporation rate and film thickness were monitored with a quartz crystal microbalance (TM100model from Maxtek Inc.).The gold substrates were annealed in a vacuum at300°C for18h.After cooling to room temperature,the chamber was filled with high-purity nitrogen and the gold slides were either placed into the adsorbing solution right after the ellipsometric measurement was performed or stored in a vacuum desiccator for later use.25Atomic force microscopy(AFM)studies24revealed terraces of Au(111)with typical crystalline sizes of0.5-1µm2.Monolayers were formed by overnight(∼18h)immersion of clean substrates in10µm ethanol solutions of the thiols.The substrates were removed from the solution,rinsed with copious amounts of absolute ethanol to remove unbound thiols,and blown dry with a jet of nitrogen. Contact angle measurements,IR spectroscopy,and ellipsometry showed that after1h,90%or more of the SAMs are formed.26 Thus,to ensure equilibrium SAMs,the gold substrates were left overnight in the dipping solution.Crystal Growth.Nucleation and growth experiments were carried out in Quartex jars(1oz.)at25°C.Supersaturated solutions(25%)of L-alanine and DL-valine were obtained by dissolving 4.58g and 1.95g in22.0g of Millipore water, respectively.The solutions were heated to65°C for90min in an ultrasonic bath to obtain complete dissolution.The solutions were cooled to room temperature for90min before the SAMs were carefully introduced and aligned vertically to the wall. Macrocrystals of L-alanine and DL-valine nucleated at the surfaces(11)(a)Bonafede,S.J.;Ward,M.D.J.Am.Chem.Soc.1995,117, 7853.(b)Mitchell,C.A.;Yu,L.;Ward,M.D.J.Am.Chem.Soc.2001, 123,10830.(12)Carter,P.W.;Ward,M.D.J.Am.Chem.Soc.1994,116,769.(13)(a)Landau,E.M.;Levanon,M.;Leiserowitz,L.;Lahav,M.;Sagiv, J.Nature1985,318,353.(b)Weissbuch,I.;Berfeld,M.;Bouwman,W.; Kjaer,K.;Als,J.;Lahav,M.;Leiserowitz,L.J.Am.Chem.Soc.1997, 119,933.(14)Weissbuch,I.;Popvitz,R.;Lahav,M.;Leiserowitz,L.Acta Crystallogr.1995,B51,115.(15)For a review on SAMs of thiols on gold see:(a)Ulman,A.An Introduction to Ultrathin Organic Films:From Langmuir-Blodgett to Self-Assembly;Academic Press:Boston,1991.(b)Ulman,A.Chem. Rev.1996,96,1533.(16)(a)Kang,J.F.;Ulman,A.;Liao,S.;Jordan,R.J.Am.Chem.Soc. 1998,120,9662.(b)Kang,J.F.;Jordan,R.;Ulman,ngmuir1998,14,3983.(17)Campbell,A.A.;Fryxell,G.E.;Graff,G.L.;Rieke,P.C.; Tarasevich,B.J.Scanning Microsc.1993,7(1),423.(18)Archibald,D.D.;Qadri,S.B.;Gaber,ngmuir1996,12, 538.(19)Tarasevich,B.J.;Rieke,P.C.;Liu,J.Chem.Mater.1996,8,292.(20)Aizenberg,J.;Black,A.J.;Whitesides,G.M.J.Am.Chem.Soc. 1999,121,4500.(21)Frostman,L.M.;Bader,M.M.;Ward,ngmuir1994, 10,576.(22)Ji,D.;Arnold,C.M.;Graupe,M.;Beadle,E.;Dunn,R.V.;Phan, M.N.;Villazana,R.J.;Benson,R.;Colorado,R.,Jr.;Lee,T.R.;Friedman, J.M.J.Cryst.Growth2000,218,390.(23)(a)Docherty,R.;Meenan,P.In Molecular Modeling Applications in Crystallization;Myerson,A.S.,Ed.;Cambridge University Press: New York,1999;p106.(b)Myerson,A.S.;Jang,S.M.J.Cryst.Growth 1995,156,459.(c)Walker,E.M.;Roberts,K.J.;Maginn,ngmuir 1998,14,5620.(d)Evans,J.;Lee,A.Y.;Myerson,A.S.In Crystallization and Solidification Properties of Lipids;Widlak,N.,Hartel,R.W.,Narine, S.,Eds.;AOCS Press:Champaign,IL,2001;p17.(24)Kang,J.F.;Ulman,A.;Liao,S.;Jordan,R.;Yang,G.;Liu,G. Langmuir2001,17,95.(25)(a)Jordan,R.;Ulman,A.J.Am.Chem.Soc.1998,120,243.(b) Jordan,R.;Ulman,A.;Kang,J.F.;Rafailovich,M.;Sokolov,J.J.Am. Chem.Soc.1999,121,1016.(26)Ulman,A.Acc.Chem.Res.2001,34,855.Figure1.Rigid4′-substituted4-mercaptobiphenyls.Crystallization of Amino Acids on Thiol SAMs Langmuir,Vol.18,No.15,20025887and near the edge of the substrates.Only crystals having visible SAM area around them were considered,and the rest were discarded.The chosen crystals attached to the substrates were removed from the solution and stored in a vacuum desiccator for later analysis.Due to the strong adhesion of the crystal face to the SAM surface,gold marks were often observed on the crystal face that nucleated on the SAM surface.Characterization.A Rudolph Research AutoEL ellipsometer was used to measure the thickness of the monolayer surface.The He -Ne laser (632.8nm)light fell at 70°on the sample and reflected into the analyzer.Data were taken over five to seven spots on each sample.The measured thickness of the SAMs of biphenyl thiols ranged from 12to 14Å,assuming a refractive index of 1.462for all films.Powder X-ray diffraction patterns of crystalline L -alanine and DL -valine were obtained with a Rigaku Miniflex diffractometer with Cu K R radiation (λ)1.5418Å).All samples were manually ground into fine powder and packed in glass slides for analysis.Data were collected from 5°to 50°with a step size of 0.1°.Crystal habits of L -alanine and DL -valine were indexed by measuring the interfacial angles using a two-circle optical goniometer.All possible measured interfacial angles were compared with the theoretical values derived from the unit cell parameters of L -alanine and DL -valine crystals.27,28III.Modeling SectionIII.1.General.All of the binding energy calculations,including molecular mechanics and dynamics simulations,are carried out with the program Cerius 2.The overall methodology and procedures are summarized in Figure 2.The crystal structures of each amino acid are obtained from the Cambridge Crystallographic Database (ref codes GLYCIN17,LALNIN12,and VALIDL for R -glycine,L -alanine,and DL -valine,respectively).To accurately predict the crystal morphology,molecular mechanics simulations using a suitable potential function (or force field)are performed.In this work,molecular simulations are carried out using the DREIDING 2.21force field.29The van der Waals forces are approximated with the Lennard-Jones 12-6expression,and hydrogen bonding energy is modeled using a Lennard-Jones-like 12-10expression.The Ewald summation technique is employed for the summation of long-range van der Waals and electrostatic interactions under the periodic boundary conditions,and the charge distribution within the molecule is calculated using the Gasteiger method.30ttice Energy Calculation.The lattice energy E lat,also known as the cohesive or crystal binding energy,is calculated by summing all the atom -atom interactions between a central molecule and all the surrounding molecules in the crystal.If the central molecule and the n surrounding molecules each have n ′atoms,thenwhere V kij is the interaction between atom i in the central molecule and atom j in the k th surrounding parison to the “experimental”lattice energy,V exp ,allows us to assess the accuracy of the intermolecular interactions between the molecules by the defined po-tential function.where the term 2RT represents a compensation factor for the difference between the vibrational contribution to the crystal enthalpy and gas-phase enthalpy 31and ∆H sub is the experimental sublimation energy.III.3.Morphological Predictions.The morphology of each amino acid crystal is predicted using the attach-ment energy (AE)32calculation and the Bravais -Friedel -Donnay -Harker (BFDH)law.33The habit or shape of the crystal depends on the growth rate of the faces present.Faces that are slow growing have the greatest morpho-logical importance,and conversely,faces that are fast growing have the least morphological importance and are the smallest faces on the grown crystal.The simplest morphological simulation is the BFDH law which assumes that the linear growth rate of a given crystal face is inversely proportional to the corresponding interplanar distance after taking into account the extinction conditions of the crystal space group.The attachment energy of a crystal face is the difference between the crystal energy and the slice energy.Hartman and Bennema 32found that the relative growth rate of a face is directly proportional to the attachment energy and as a result,the more negative the attachment energy (or more energy released)for a particular face,the less prominent that face is on the crystal.Conversely,faces with the lowest attachment energies are the slowest growing faces and thus have the greatest morphological importance .III.4.Molecular Modeling of SAMs of 4-Mercapto-biphenyls on a Au(111)Surface.Molecular dynamics (MD)simulations are useful techniques in gaining insights on the structural and dynamical properties of self-assembled monolayers.In contrast to molecular mechan-ics,molecular dynamics computes the forces and moves the atom in response to forces,while molecular mechanics computes the forces on the atoms and changes their position to minimize the interaction energy.Recently,MD simulations have been used to investigate the packing order and orientation of rigid 4-mercaptobiphenyl thiol monolayers on gold surfaces.Results show that hydrogen-terminated biphenylmercaptan packs in the herringbone conformation 34and suggest average tilt angles of 8°.(27)Simpson,H.J.;Marsh,R.E.Acta Crystallogr .1966,20,550.(28)Mallikarjunan,M.;Rao,S.T.Acta Crystallogr .1969,B25,296.(29)Mayo,S.L.;Olafson,B.D.;Goddard,W.A.,III J.Phys.Chem .1990,94,8897.(30)Gasteiger,J.;Marsili,M.Tetrahedron 1980,36,3219.(31)Williams,D.E.J.Phys.Chem .1966,45,3370.(32)(a)Hartman,P.;Bennema,P.J.Cryst.Growth 1980,49,145.(33)(a)Bravais,A.Etudes Crystallographiques ;Gauthier-Villars:Paris,1866.(b)Friedel,M.G.Bulletin de la Societe Francaise de Mineralogie 1907,30,326.(c)Donnay,J.D.;Harker,D.Am.Mineral.1937,22,446.Figure 2.Overall scheme showing the computational meth-odology adopted when calculating the binding energy betweenthe crystallographic plane and the monolayer surface.Elat)∑k )1n ∑i )1n ′∑j )1n ′V kij (1)V exp )-∆H sub -2RT(2)5888Langmuir,Vol.18,No.15,2002Lee et al.Based on this work,molecular mechanics simulations are performed for hydroxy-and methyl-terminated 4-mer-captobiphenyl along with 4-(4-mercaptophenyl)pyridine for binding studies with different crystallographic planes.In the periodic model,each unit cell contains four biphenyl molecules and the geometric parameters are a )10.02Å,b )42.25Å,c )10.11Åand R )138.3°, )119.9°,γ)95.7°.The length in the y -direction is set to ∼42Åto ensure two-dimensional periodicity.Also,the gold atoms are arranged in a hexagonal lattice along the XY plane with a nearest neighbor atom of 2.88Å,and the biphenyl occupied a ( 3× 3)R30°Au(111)lattice.To simulate different 4′-substituted 4-mercaptobiphenyls,minimiza-tion was carried out by fixing the biphenyl moiety and varying the substituents at the 4′-position.As a result,the simulated models yielded uniform ordered SAMs of 4′-substituted 4-mercaptobiphenyls and 4-(4-mercapto-phenyl)pyridine with identical packing structure and dynamics to those of a hydrogen-terminated monolayer of biphenylmercaptan (Figure 3).However,this is not true experimentally since adsorption of different 4′-substituted 4-mercaptobiphenyls on gold surfaces results in different monolayer structures and thus one of the main assump-tions made in this work.III.5.Binding of Crystal Habit Faces to SAMs of 4-Mercaptobiphenyls on a Au(111)Surface.Based on BFDH and attachment energy morphology prediction,crystal habit faces with the highest morphological im-portance are chosen for binding studies.The crystal surfaces of interest are cleaved and extended to a 3×3unit cell and partially fixed,allowing flexibility in the tail atoms of the amino acid molecules and a more accurate representation of the effects of SAMs of rigid thiols on the crystallographic plane in the calculation of binding energies.The crystal surface is then docked onto a 3×1×3partially fixed nonperiodic monolayer surface,and the conjugate gradient energy minimization technique is performed.Next,the crystal surface is moved to another site on the monolayer surface and the minimization calculations are again performed.This process was repeated 15-20times to obtain the global minimum.For each monolayer surface,numerous calculations are carried out with different crystallographic planes of each amino acid.The binding energy (φBE )of each crystallographic surface with the monolayer surface iswhere φIE is the minimum interaction energy of the monolayer and crystal surfaces,φM is the minimum energy of the monolayer surface in the absence of the crystal face but in the same conformation as it adopts on the surface,and φS is the minimum energy of the crystal surface with no monolayer surface present and in the same molecular conformation in which it docks on the surface.Negative values of binding energies indicate preferential binding of the crystallographic surfaces with SAMs of 4-mercaptobiphenyl.In cases where the binding energy is positive,there is a less likely chance that the particular crystal face will interact and nucleate on the monolayer surface.Thus,using this approach it is possible to screen self-assembled monolayers as possible templates for nucleation and growth of crystals.IV.Results and DiscussionIV.1.Crystallization of Amino Acids on SAMs on Gold.L -Alanine crystallizes from water in the ortho-rhombic space group P 21212(a )6.025Å,b )12.324Å,and c )5.783Å),27and the morphology of the crystals is bipyramidal,dominated by the {020},{120},{110},and {011}growth forms,35as shown in Figure 4.The crystal grown in aqueous solution is indexed by comparing the interfacial angles measured by optical goniometry and theoretical values based on the unit cell of L -alanine.Powder X-ray diffraction patterns (Figure 5)and inter-facial angle measurements reveal that L -alanine crystals nucleating on SAM surfaces crystallize in the ortho-rhombic space group with similar unit cell dimensions.However,functionalized SAMs induce the formation of L -alanine crystals in different crystallographic directions.L -Alanine crystals display the normal bipyramidal habit but are randomly oriented with the different surfaces.In methyl-terminated SAMs,L -alanine selectively nucle-ated on the {020}plane on the surface (Figure 6),whereas in 100%OH SAM surfaces,L -alanine nucleated on an unobserved {200}side face.The crystal exhibits a similar morphology as observed in aqueous solution with an appearance of a {200}face adjacent to the {110}planes (Figure 6).In both cases,the area of each crystal face is substantially larger than those of the other faces on the crystal.The SAM surfaces almost act as an additive or impurity molecule specifically interacting with the crystal face and consequently reducing the relative growth rate and modifying the habit.Crystallization of L -alanine on 4-(4-mercaptophenyl)pyridine surfaces resulted in the {011}face as the plane corresponding to nucleation (Figure 6).The preferential interaction of the monolayer with the {011}face can be attributed to hydrogen bonding at the crystal -monolayer interface.Unlike the other two sur-faces where they can serve as both hydrogen bond donors and acceptors (4′-hydroxy-4-mercaptobiphenyl)or solely as H-bond donors (4′-methyl-4-mercaptobiphenyl),the pyridine electron pair at the surface only serve as hydrogen bond acceptors.The binding of the pyridine surface and the {011}plane can be explained by the amino and methyl groups protruding out perpendicular to the plane (Figure 7)and forming N -H ‚‚‚N and C -H ‚‚‚N hydrogen bonds with the SAM surface,respectively.In contrast,the 100%(34)Ulman,A.;Kang,J.F.;Shnidman,Y.;Liao,S.;Jordan,R.;Choi,G.Y.;Zaccaro,J.;Myerson,A.S.;Rafailovich,M.;Sokolov,J.;Flesicher,C.Rev.Mol.Biotech .2000,74,175.(35)Lehmann,M.S.;Koetzle,T.F.;Hamilton,W.C.J.Am.Chem.Soc .1972.101,2657.Figure 3.Snapshots of (a)4′-methyl-4-mercaptobiphenyl,(b)4′-hydroxy-4-mercaptobiphenyl,(c)4-(4-mercaptophenyl)pyri-dine,and (d)mixed SAMs of 4′-methyl-4-mercaptobiphenyl and 4′-hydroxy-4-mercaptobiphenyl (top view).φBE )φIE -(φM +φS )(3)Crystallization of Amino Acids on Thiol SAMs Langmuir,Vol.18,No.15,20025889CH 3and 100%OH SAM surfaces do not interact as strongly with the hydrogen bond donating plane.In a similar manner,the appearance of an unobserved {200}face of L -alanine grown in aqueous solution on [Au]-S -C 6H 4-C 6H 4-OH can be attributed to hydrogen bonds forming between the two surfaces.The {200}surface contains alternating methyl (CH 3)and carboxylic groups (COO -)that form N -H ‚‚‚O and O ‚‚‚H -O with the hydroxide group of the monolayer film (Figure 7),ideal for binding with surfaces that can serve as both hydrogen bond donors and acceptors.As a result,the preferential interaction leads to the stabilization and appearance of the {200}face.The oriented nucleation of L -alanine crystals on func-tionalized SAMs arises due to the different molecular structures of each crystal face.Similar to the adsorption of additive onto a crystal face,the interaction (or binding)with the monolayer surface depends on the functional group that each crystal face possesses.As a result of preferential interactions with specific crystal faces,in-terfacial molecular recognition directs nucleation and subsequently influences the crystal growth.In addition to L -alanine,SAMs of rigid thiols are employed to investigate the possibility of inhibiting the racemic crystal and inducing the formation of one of its enantiomers.The powder X-ray diffraction pattern (Figure 8)reveals that DL -valine nucleates in the monoclinic form independent of the hydroxyl,methyl,or pyridine surface concentration and that there was no trace of conglomer-ates.DL -Valine crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P 21/c with a unit cell of dimensions a )5.21Å,b )22.10Å,c )5.41Å,and )109.2°.28Although the structural literature reports three separate space group assignments,Leiserowitz and co-workers 36have shown that two of the three space groups (P 21and P 1)are highly improbable for racemic crystals.Interfacial angle measurements and powder X-ray diffraction undertaken in this work agreed much better with the theoretical values and simulated pattern based on the unit cell of the monoclinic space group(36)Wolf,S.G.;Berkovitch-Yellin,Z.;Lahav,M.;Leiserowitz,L.Mol.Cryst.Liq.Cryst .1990,186,3.Figure 4.Crystallographic image (a)and morphology (b)of L -alanine crystal grown from aqueoussolution.Figure 5.X-ray diffractograms of L -alanine nucleated on functionalized SAMs,compared with L -alanine crystallized from aqueous solution (bottom).Indices of the crystallographic planes corresponding to the diffraction intensities of major peaks are indicated at the top.5890Langmuir,Vol.18,No.15,2002Lee et al.。

无眼界告诉你二水氯化钙的用途无眼界

无眼界告诉你二水氯化钙的用途工业级氯化钙使用：1．此商品具有遇水发热且凝点低的特色，一般用作路途、高速公路、停车场、码头的融雪和除冰。

2．此商品具有吸水性强的功用，因为呈中性，可用于大多数常见气体的枯燥，如用于氮气、氧气、氢气、氯化氢、二氧化硫等气体的枯燥，但值得注意的是，因为会与氨气构成络合物CaCl2·8NH3，所以不能枯燥氨气。

3．是港口的消雾和路面的集尘、织物防火的最好资料。

4．出产醇、酯、醚和丙烯酸树脂时用作脱水剂。

5．氯化钙水溶液是冷冻机用和制冰用的首要制冷介质。

6．加速混凝土的硬化和添加修建砂浆的耐寒才能，是优秀的修建防冻剂。

7．用作铝镁冶金的保护剂、精粹剂。

8.在煅烧水泥中加氯化钙添加剂，可使水泥熟料的煅烧温度降低40度摆布，提高窑的出产才能。

9．是出产色淀颜料的沉淀剂。

用于废纸加工脱墨。

10．是出产钙盐的质料。

11．氯化钙溶液用作海藻酸钠职业、豆制品职业的絮凝剂。

食物级氯化钙的使用食物级氯化钙首要用于食物加工的稳定剂、稠化剂、吸潮剂、口感改进剂等。

如用于人工鱼翅、饴糖、花样雪糕及果脯等食物的制作;兔肉、牛肉等食物嫩化处理; 桑椹果、橙果粒饮料出产,与蔗糖酯等结合用于香蕉等食物保鲜。

别的,还用于小麦面粉复合蛋白的改进和食物中的钙强化剂。

在医药方面,氯化钙首要用于药物组成,如L-天门氨酸钙的出产需求氯化钙为质料;与溴化钠等合作用于寻麻疹病症的治疗;打针治疗内痔等。

国内氯化钙出产现状国内工业氯化钙出产职业首要会集在东部沿海区域和江、浙、粤一带。

东部沿海区域使用海盐为质料,选用氨碱法出产纯碱,制碱废液综合使用回收氯化钙商品,这是国内氯化钙商品的首要出产质料。

以纯碱废液为质料出产氯化钙技术有以下两种:(1)直接蒸腾技术。

一般情况下,纯碱废液密度为1.12g/cm3 ～1.13g/cm3 ,其中CaCl2含量为76.8g/L摆布, NaCl含量为42.9g/L,同时还富含少量氢氧化钙、石膏、铵盐和悬浮物杂质。

硫代硫酸钠将硝基还原为氨基

Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 3, p.69 (1955); Vol. 29, p.8 (1949).5-AMINO-2,3-DIHYDRO-1,4-PHTHALAZINEDIONE[1,4-Phthalazinedione, 5-amino-2,3-dihydro-]Submitted by Carl T. Redemann and C. Ernst Redemann.Checked by Cliff S. Hamilton and C. W. Winter.1. ProcedureIn a 1-l. conical flask are placed 52 g. (about 0.15 mole) of the equimolecular mixture of 5-nitro-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione(p. 656) and sodium sulfate(Note 1), 200 ml. of water, and 75 ml. of 15 N ammonium hydroxide solution (sp. gr. 0.90). The flask is stoppered and shaken until all, or very nearly all, of the solid has dissolved, and 84 g. (0.4 mole) of sodium hydrosulfite dihydrate(Note 2) is added in three portions. The solution becomes hot, the temperature sometimes reaching the boiling point, and the dark orange-red color begins to fade. After the spontaneous reaction has subsided the solution is boiled gently for a few minutes and filtered to remove insoluble impurities. The filtrate is heated on a steam bath or over a small flame for 30 minutes. During this time the 5-amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione begins to separate as a light-yellow flocculent precipitate or as a crust adhering to the walls of the flask. The hot solution is made distinctly acid to litmus paper with glacial acetic acid and allowed to stand overnight. The yellow precipitate is separated by filtration, washed well with cold water, and dried in a hot-air oven at 110° or below. The dry material weighs 25–27 g. and melts with decomposition at 301–305° (Note 3).This material is sufficiently pure for most purposes. The chief impurities are small amounts of inorganic salts and a trace of the unreduced nitro compound. If a purer product is desired the crude material (5 g. per 100 ml.) is dissolved in hot 3 N hydrochloric acid, decolorizing carbon is added, the solution is filtered promptly (Note 4), and the filtrate is made just faintly acid to Congo red paper with concentrated ammonium hydroxide. After the mixture has cooled to room temperature the pale yellow flocculent precipitate is separated by filtration, washed well with cold water, and dried in the oven at 100° or below. The recovery in the crystallization is 70–75% (Note 5), and the product melts at 329–332° (Note 4).2. Notes1. No advantage is gained by using the purified nitro compound.2. The success of this reduction depends upon the quality of the sodium hydrosulfite. The reagent should be taken from a fresh bottle; material which has stood in the laboratory for a long time probably has undergone oxidation.3. The submitters used a Kullmann copper block for the melting-point determinations. The melting point of the pure material has been reported in the literature at various values between 319° and 333°.4. The 5-amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione should not be exposed to hot hydrochloric acid longer than necessary, since some hydrolysis appears to take place.5. The percentage yield cannot be calculated with precision, since the exact quantity of nitro compound in the mixture taken for the reduction is unknown. The quantity of sodium hydrosulfite dihydrate employed is sufficient for the reduction of only 0.133 mole of nitro compound; the weight of the purified amino compound corresponds to about 80%of the theoretical yield calculated on theassumption that the hydrosulfite is the limiting reagent.3. Discussion5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione, also called luminol and 3-aminophthalhydrazide, has been prepared from 5-nitro-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione by reduction with ammonium sulfide1 or stannous chloride2 and by catalytic hydrogenation over palladium on charcoal in alkaline solution3 and by the reaction of 3-aminophthalimide2 with hydrazine hydrate.This preparation is referenced from:z Org. Syn. Coll. Vol. 3, 656References and Notes1.Huntress, Stanley, and Parker, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 56, 241 (1934).2.Drew and Pearman, J. Chem. Soc., 1937, 30.3.Wegler, J. prakt. Chem., 148, 135 (1937).AppendixChemical Abstracts Nomenclature (Collective Index Number);(Registry Number)luminolhydrochloric acid (7647-01-0)acetic acid (64-19-7)sodium sulfate (7757-82-6)sodium hydrosulfite (7775-14-6)stannous chloridedecolorizing carbon (7782-42-5)palladium (7440-05-3)ammonium hydroxide (1336-21-6)hydrazine hydrate (7803-57-8)ammonium sulfide5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione,1,4-Phthalazinedione, 5-amino-2,3-dihydro-,3-aminophthalhydrazide(521-31-3)5-Nitro-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione (3682-15-3)sodium hydrosulfite dihydrate3-aminophthalimide (2518-24-3)Copyright © 1921-2005, Organic Syntheses, Inc. All Rights Reserved。

SAT化学考试常用的词汇

SAT化学考试常用的词汇SAT化学考试常用的词汇汇总Matter 物质Definition of Water(物质的定义)States of Matter(物质的状态)Composition of Matter (物质的构成)Chemical and Physical Properties(化学性质和物理性质)Chemical and Physical Changes (化学变化和物理变化)Conservation of Mass (质量守恒)Energy 能量Definition of Energy(能量的定义)Forms of Energy(能量的形式)Types of Reactions(Exothermic Versus Endothermic) 反应类型(放热对吸热)Conservation of Energy (能量守恒)Conservation of Mass and Energy(质能守恒)Scientific Method(科学方法)Measurements and Calculations(测量和计算)Metric System(指标系统)Temperature Measurements(温度测量)Heat Measurements(热量测量)Scientific Notation (科学记数法)Factor-Label Method of Conversion(Dimensional Analysis)转换方法(量纲分析)Precision, Accuracy, and Uncertainty(精密度，准确度，不确定度)Significant Figures(有效数字)Calculations with Significant Figures (有效数字的计算)Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table of the Elements 原子结构&元素周期表Electric Nature of Atoms 原子的电本质History (历史)Basic Electric Charges(基本电荷)Bohr Model of the Atom(原子的波尔模型)Components of Atomic Structure(原子结构构成)Calculating Average Atomic Mass(计算平均原子量)Oxidation Number and Valence(氧化数和化合价)Metallic,Nonmetallic,and Noble Gas Structures(易失电子.易得电子.惰性气体结构)Reactivity(反应)Atomic Spectra 原子光谱Spectroscopy(光谱学)Mass Spectroscopy (质谱学)The Wave-Mechanical Model 波动力学模型Quantum Numbers(量子数)Hund’s Rule of Maximum Multiplicity 最大多重性洪特法则Sublevels and Electron Configuration 原子内电子排布Order of Filing and Notation(电子填充次序和命名)Electron Dot Notation(Lewis Dot Structures)(Lewis 点结构) Noble Gas Notation(稀有气体元素)Transition Elements and Variable Oxidation Numbers(过渡元素和可变的氧化数)Period Table of the Elements元素周期表History(历史)Periodic Law(周期律)The Table(周期表)Properties Related to the Periodic Table(元素周期表的性质) Radii of Atoms(原子半径)Atomic Radii in Periods(同周期的原子半径)Atomic Radii in Groups(同族的'原子半径)Ionic Radius Compared to Atomic Radius(相对原子半径的离子半径)Electro negativity(电负性)Electron Affinity(电子亲和能)Ionization Energy(电离能)Bonding 化学键Types of Bonds 化学键类型Ionic Bonds(离子键)Covalent Bonds(共价键)Metallic Bonds(金属键)Intermolecular Forces of Attraction 分子间的吸引力Dipole-Dipole Attraction (极性分子间的吸引力)London Forces(伦敦力)Hydrogen Bonds(氢键)Double and Triple Bonds(双键和三键)Resonance Structures(共振结构)Molecular Geometry—VSEPR—and Hybridization分子几何学—价层电子对互斥理论和杂化轨道理论VSEPR—Electrostatic Repulsion(VSEPR—价层电子对互斥理论) VSEPR and Unshared Electron (VSEPR和非共享电子对)VSEPR and Molecular Geometry(VSEPR和分子几何学)Hybridization(杂化轨道理论)Sigma and Pi Bonds (Sigma键和Pi键)Properties of Ionic Substances(离子化合物的性质)Properties of Molecular Crystals and Liquids (分子晶体与液晶的性质)Chemical Formulas 化学分子式Writing Formulas (写分子式)General Observations About Oxidation States and FormulaWriting(氧化状态和分子式写作的一般性结论)More About Oxidation Numbers (关于氧化数)Naming Compounds (化合物命名)Chemical Formulas (化学分子式)Laws of Definite Composition and Multiple Proportions (定比定律和倍比定律)Writing and Balancing Simple Equations (写作和平衡简单方程式)Showing Phases in Chemical Equations (化学平衡式)Writing Ionic Equations (书写离子方程式)Gases and the Gas Laws 气体和气体定律Introduction—Gases in the Environment(入门—环境中的气体) Some Representative Gases(一些有代表性的气体)Oxygen(氧气)Hydrogen(氢气)General Characteristics of Gases(气体的基本特征)Measuring the Pressure of a Gas(测量气压)Kinetic Molecular Theory(气体动力论)Some Particular Properties of Gases(气体的特殊性质)Gas Laws and Related Problems(气体定律和相关的难题)Graham’s Law(格锐目定律)Charles’s Law(查理定律)Boyle’s Law(波义耳定律)Combined Gas Law(混合气体定律)Pressure Versus Temperature(气压和温度)Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures (道尔顿分压定律)Corrections of Pressure(压力校正)Ideal Gas Law(理想气体定律)Ideal Gas Deviations(理想气体偏差)Chemical Calculations(Stoichiometry)and the Mole Concept 化学计算&摩尔内容Solving Problems in Chemistry(解答化学难题)The Mole Concept(摩尔内容)Molar Mass and Moles(摩尔质量和摩尔)Mole Relationships(摩尔关系)Gas Volumes and Molar Mass(气体体积和摩尔质量)Density and molar Mass(密度和摩尔质量)Mass-Volume Relationships(摩尔与体积的关系)Mass-Mass Problems(质量—质量难题)Problems with an Excess of One Reactant(涉及某一反应物多余的难题)Liquids, Solids, and Phase Changes 液体，固体和状态变化Liquids(液体)Importance of Intermolecular Interaction(分子间相互作用的重要性)Kinetics of Liquids(液体动力学)Viscosity(粘性)Surface Tension(表面张力)Capillary Action(毛细作用)Phase Equilibrium(平衡状态)Boiling Point(沸点)Critical Temperature and Pressure(临界温度和临界压力)Solids(固体)Phase Diagrams(状态图表)Water(水)History of Water(水的历史)Purification of Water(水净化)Composition of Water(水的构成)Properties and Uses of Water(水的性质和使用)Water’s Reactions with Anhydrides(水和碱性氧化物的反应) Polarity and Hydrogen Bonding(极性和氢键)Solubility(可溶性)General Rules of Solubility(可溶性的基本原则)Factors That Affect Rate of Solubility(影响溶解率的因素)Summary of Types of Solutes and Relationships of Type to Solubility(溶液类型和类型之间关系的总结)Water Solutions(水处理)Continuum of Water Mixtures(水混合溶剂)Expressions of Concentration(浓度的表达)Dilution(稀释)Colligative Properties of Solutions(溶液的依数性)Crystallization(结晶化)Chemical Reactions and Thermochemistry 化学反应和热化学Types of Reactions(反应类型)Predicting Reactions(预知化学反应)Combination(Known Also as Synthesis(化合反应)Decomposition(Known Also as Analysis(分解反应)Single Replacement(置换反应)Double Replacement(复分解反应)Hydrolysis Reactions(水解反应)Entropy(熵)Thermochemistry(热化学)Changes in Enthalpy(焓变化)Additivity of Reaction Heats and Hess’s Law(反应热加成性定律—赫士定律)Bond Dissociation Energy(键裂解能)Enthalpy from Bond Energies(键能中的键焓)Rates of Chemical Reactions 化学反应速率Measurements of Reaction Rates(反应速率的测量)Factors Affecting Reaction Rates(影响反应速率的因素)Collision Theory of Reaction Rates(化学反应速率的碰撞理论) Activation Energy(激活能)Reaction Rate Law(化学反应速率定律)Reaction Mechanism and Rates of Reaction(化学反应机制和化学反应速率)Chemical Equilibrium化学平衡Reversible Reactions and Equilibrium(可逆反应和平衡)Le Chatelier’s Principle(化学平衡移动原理—勒复特列原理)Effects of Changing Conditions(条件变化的影响)Effect of Changing the Concentrations(浓度改变的影响)Effect of Temperature on Equilibrium(平衡中温度改变的影响) Effect of Pressure on Equilibrium(平衡中压力改变的影响)Equilibrium in Heterogeneous Systems(异构系统中的平衡)Equilibrium Constant for Systems Involving Solids(涉及固体的系统平衡常数)Acid Ionization Constants(酸电离常数)Ionization Constant of Water(水电离常数)Solubility Products(溶解度产物)Common Ion Effect(同离子效应)Driving Forces of Reactions(反应推动力)Relation of Minimum Energy(Enthalpy) to Maximum Disorder(Entropy)(焓—熵关系)Change in Free Energy of a System-the Gibbs Equation(系统中自由能的变化—吉布斯公式)Acids, Bases, and Salts 酸，碱，盐Definitions and Properties(定义和性质)Acids(酸)Bases(碱)Broader Acid-Base Theories(酸—碱理论)Conjugate Acids and Bases(共轭酸碱)Strengh of Conjugate Acids and Bases(共轭酸碱强度)Acid Concentration Expressed as pH(pH表示为酸浓度)Indicators(指示剂)Titration—Volumetric Analysis(滴定—容量分析法)Buffer Solutions(缓冲溶液)Salts(盐)Amphoteric Substances(两性物质)Acid Rain—An Environmental Concern(酸雨—共同关心的环境问题)Oxidation-Reduction and Electrochemistry 氧化—还原反应和电化学Ionization(电离)Oxidation-Reduction and Electrochemistry(氧化---还原反应和电化学)Voltaic Cells(伏打电池)Electrode Potentials(电极电位)Electrolytic Cells(电解池)Applications of Electrochemical Cells(Commercial Voltaic Cells)(电化电池的应用)Quantitative Aspects of Electrolysis(电解现象)Relationship Between Quantity of Electricity and Amount of Products(电量和数量的关系)Balancing Redox Equations Using Oxidation Numbers(用氧化数配平氧化还原方程式)The Ion-Electron Method(离子—电子法)Some Representative Groups and Families 一些有代表性的元素族Sulfur Family(S族)Sulfuric Acid(硫酸)Other Important Compounds of Sulfur(S元素的其他重要化合物)Halogen Family(卤素)Some important Halides and Their Uses(一些重要的卤化物及其应用)Nitrogen Family(氮族) Nitric Acid(硝酸)Other Important Compounds of Nitrogen(N元素的其他重要化合物)Other Members of the Nitrogen Family(N族的其他区成员)Metals(金属)Properties of Metals(金属性质)Some Important Reduction Methods(一些重要的还原方法)Alloys(铝)Metalloids(非金属)Carbon and Organic Chemistry 碳和有机化学Carbon(碳) Forms of Carbon(碳的构成)Carbon Dioxide(二氧化碳)Organic Chemistry(有机化学)Hydrocarbons(碳氢化合物)Alkane Series(Saturated)(烷烃)Alkene Series(Unsaturated) AlkyneSeries(Unsaturated)(炔属烃)Aromatics(芳烃)Isomers(异构体)Changing Hydrocarbons(碳氢化合物的改变)Hydrocarbon Derivatives(碳氢化合物的衍生物)Alcohols—Methanol an Ethanol(酒精—甲醇和乙醇)Other Alcohols(其他酒精)Aldehydes(乙醛)Organic Acids orCarboxylic Acids(有机酸和羧酸)Ketones(酮)Ethers(醚)Amines and Amino Acids(胺和氨基酸)Esters(酯)Carbohydrates(碳水化合物)Monosaccharides and Disaccharides(单糖和二糖)Polysaccharides(多糖) Polymers(聚合体)Nucleonics 原子核物理学Radioactivity(放射热)The Nature of Radioactive Emissions(放射的本质)Methods of Detection of Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Rays(α，β和γ射线)Decay Series, Transmutations, and Half-life(衰变，嬗变和半衰期)Radioactive Dating(放射年代测定法）Nuclear Energy(核能) Conditions for Fission(核裂变条件)Methods of Obtaining Fissionable Material(得到裂变材料的方法Fusion(核聚变) Radiation Exposure(辐射暴露)The Laboratory 实验Technology in the Laboratory(实验室里的技术)Some Basic Setups(一些基本步骤)Summary of Qualitative Tests(定性测试总结) Ⅰ. Identificati on of Some Common Gases(常见气体认证) Ⅱ. Identification of Some Negative Ions(负离子认证) Ⅲ . Identification of Some Positive Ions(正离子认证) Ⅳ .Qualitative Tests of Some Metals(金属的定性测试)。

科技英语单词

科技英语单词P16Surface water 地表水Total solid 总固体Groundwater 地下水Scale-forming 结垢Finished waters 处理后的水Per-capita usage 人均用量Color 色度Turbidity 浊度Taste 味道Odor 臭味Nitrate 硝态氮Harmful metal ions 有害金属离子Organic chemicals 有机化学物质Pesticide 农药Chlorinated solvent 氯代溶剂U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 美国环保局Hardness 硬度P17disposal 处置Drainage or sewer system 排水或污水系统Purification or treatment facilities 净化或处理设施effectiveness of treatment processes 处理工艺的有效性Biochemical 生化的Physicochemical 物理化学的Organic and nitrogen loading 有机和氮负荷Ammonia 氨气Dissolved oxygen 溶解氧Pollutional load 污染负荷Stream purification capacity 河流净化容量Effluent quality or effluent standard 出水质量或出水标准Nitrogen fertilizer 氮肥Organic chemicals 有机化学物质Municipal wastewater treatment plant (MWTP) 市政污水处理厂P18Inorganic chemistry 无机化学Colloidal chemistry 胶体化学Radiochemistry 放射化学Contamination 污染Cleanup 清理Analytical chemistry 分析化学Sampling 采样Separation 分离Quantification 量化Leachate 渗滤液Aquifer 水体P19Urban population 城市人口Population density 人口密度combustion 燃烧Incinerator 焚烧炉Particulate matter 颗粒物质Visible 可见的Atmospheric inversion 大气逆温Respiratory tract 呼吸道Photochemical 光化学的Unsaturated hydrocarbon 不饱和烃Automobile exhaust gases 汽车尾气Ozone 臭氧Formaldehyde 甲醛Radioactive materials 放射性物质Nuclear power plant 核电厂Solar energy 太阳能Biomass 生物质Ultraviolet radiation 紫外辐射Carbon dioxide 二氧化碳Methane甲烷Chlorofluorocarbons 氟利昂Greenhouse gases 温室气体P23organic chemistry 有机化学synthesis 合成liquid 水体中by-product 副产物impurities 杂质organic load 有机负荷formaldehyde 甲醛methanol 甲醇vital-force theory 生命力理论ammonium cyanate 氰化胺urea 尿素P24Elements (元素)hydrocarbon 烷烃nitrogen 氮phosphorous 磷sulfur 硫halogen 卤素P25Properties (性质)combustible 可燃的melting point 熔点boiling point 沸点soluble 可溶的formula 分子式isomerism 同分异构molecular 分子的ionic 离子的molecular weight 分子量Bacteria 细菌Sources (来源)fibers 纤维cellulose 纤维素starch 淀粉alkaloids 生物碱fermentation 发酵acetone 丙酮glycerol 甘油antibiotics 抗生素acid 酸microorganism 微生物P27Isomerism (同分异构现象)isomer 同分异构体hydroxy acid 羟基酸structural formula 结构分子式aliphatic 脂肪族aromatic 芳香族heterocyclic 杂环的Hydrocarbon (烃)Saturated hydrocarbons 饱和烃Unsaturated hydrocarbons 不饱和烃Paraffin series 链烷烃系列petroleum 石油gasoline 汽油Diesel fuel 柴油Methane 甲烷Marsh gas 沼气Natural gas 天然气Gas engines 燃气发动机Firedamp 瓦斯Greenhouse gas 温室气体Stratosphere 同温（平流）层P28methane 甲烷ethane 乙烷propane 丙烷butane 丁烷normal 正N-butane 正丁烷Prefix iso- 前缀isobutane 异丁烷Straight chain 直链Branched-chain 支链Room temperature 室温Homologous series 同族系列General formula 通用分子式P30nomenclature 系统命名法IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry)国际纯粹化学和应用化学联合会strong base 强碱strong acid 强酸oxidizing agent 氧化剂concentrated sulfuric acid 浓缩的硫酸Oxidation 氧化substitution 取代pyrolysis 高温裂解cracking 裂化high-molecular-weight 高分子量petroleum industry 石油工业chemical synthesis 化学合成terminal carbon atoms 末端碳原子omega oxidation 末端氧化intermediate steps 中间步骤P32Unsaturated hydrocarbons ethylene series 烯类double bond 双键alkenes 链烯ethylene 乙烯propylene 丙烯butylene 丁烯pyrolysis of petroleum 石油高温裂解diolefins 二烯烃polyenes 多烯acetylene series 炔类triple bond 三键P34synthetic rubber 合成橡胶oxidation 氧化反应aqueous solution 水溶液potassium permanganate 高锰酸钾reduction 还原反应glycol 乙二醇catalysis 催化剂addition 加成反应halogen acid 卤酸hypochlorous acid 高氯酸polymerization 聚合反应polymer 聚合物resin 树脂fiber 纤维rubber 橡胶detergent 洗涤剂bacterial oxidation 细菌氧化P35Alcohols (醇类)alcohol 醇类aerobic condition 好氧条件degradation 降解hydroxy alkyl 氢氧烷基ionize 离子化neutral 中性的classification 分类primary alcohol 伯醇secondary alcohol 仲醇tertiary alcohol 叔醇P36 isopropyl alcohol 异丙醇methyl alcohol 甲醇ethyl alcohol 乙醇n-butyl alcohol 正丁醇carbon monoxide 一氧化碳enzyme 酶glucose 葡萄糖industrial alcohol 工业酒精distillation 蒸馏hydration 水合反应cornstarch 玉米淀粉waxy solid 蜡状固体hexadecanol 十六醇alkyl group 烷基团hydroxyl group 羟基团2-methyl-1-propanol 2-甲基-1-丙醇polyhydroxy alcohol 多羟基醇p ethylene glycol 乙烯二醇aldehydes 醛ketones 酮carbonyl group 羰基P41Ozonide 臭氧化物steam power plant 蒸汽发电机internal combustion engines 内燃机embalming 防腐biological specimens 生物标本dilution 稀释toxicity thresholds 毒性阈值nontoxic 无毒的activated sludge 活性污泥P42-P44acetaldehyde 乙醛condensation 缩合aldehyde resin paint 醛类树脂颜料dimethyl ketone 双甲基酮methyl ethyl ketone 甲乙酮2-butanol 2-丁醇solvent 溶剂monocarboxylic acid 单羧基酸polycarboxylic acid 多羧基酸hydroxyl group 羟基P48Ester 酯hydrolysis 水解reversible reaction 逆反应general formula 通用分子式butyl acetate 乙酸丁酯perfumes 香水flavoring extracts 调味料odor 气味immiscible 难溶的separation 分离purification 纯化antibiotics 抗生素hydrolyze 水解P49ether 醚strong dehydrating agents 强脱水剂fragments 断裂flammable 可燃的diethyl ether 乙醚anesthetic 麻醉剂flotation 上浮decantation 沉淀alkyl halide 卤化烃halogenated aliphatic compounds 卤代脂肪化合物industrial wastewater 工业废水municipal wastewater 市政污水maximum contaminant levels（MCLS）最大污染水平volatile 挥发性pollutants 污染物P50vinyl chloride 氯乙烯phosphorous 磷bromide 溴化物potassium cyanide 氰化钾nitrile 腈carbon chain 碳链methyl chloride 一氯甲烷ethyl chloride 一氯乙烷refrigerant 制冷剂P51lead 铅polyvinyl chloride 聚氯乙烯contaminated groundwater 受污染的地下水sanitary 卫生的carcinogen 致癌的air pollutant 空气污染ethylene dibromide（EDB） 1，2-二溴乙烷pesticide 杀虫剂ingredient 成分dichloromethane 二氯甲烷chlorination 氯化反应P52chloroform 氯仿nonflammable 不可燃的microgram 微克disinfection 消毒natural water 天然水phosgene（COCl2）光气halogenated ethanes 卤乙烷industrial solvent 工业溶剂halogenated ethenes 卤乙烯degreaser 除油器P53-P56dibromochloropropane （DBCP）chloroflurocarbon 氟氯烃Trade name 商品名Freon 氟利昂fluorine 氟ultraviolet radiation 紫外光辐射greenhouse gas 温室气体ozone destruction 臭氧层破坏greenhouse effect 温室效应P57-P61Aromatic compoundscyclic group 环基aromatic compound 芳香族化合物aliphatic compound 脂肪族化合物benzene ring 苯环parent compound 母体化合物kekule formula 凯库勒分子式polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs）多环芳烃P62combustion product 燃烧产物chimney sweeps 烟道清扫creosote 防腐油chlorinated aromatic compound 含氯芳香烃化合物polychlorinated biphenyls 多氯联苯chlorinated benzene 氯苯P63hydrophobic 疏水性dichlorobenzene 二氯苯congener 同类vapor pressure 蒸气压capacitor 电容器plasticizer 增塑性biodegrade 生物降解anaerobic microorganisms 厌氧微生物P64phenols 酚monohydric phenol 一羟基酚carbolic acid 碳酸ionize 电离germicide 杀菌剂hemicellulose 半纤维Heterocyclic compounds 杂环化合物Dye 染料P71Sugar 糖Carbohydrate 碳水化合物monosaccharide 单糖Disaccharide 双糖polysaccharide 多糖hexose 乙糖glucose 葡萄糖xylose 木糖Galactose 半乳糖Lactic acid 乳酸P75Condensation product 浓缩产品Starch 淀粉Cellulose 纤维Hemicellulose 半纤维amylase 直链淀粉amylopectin 支链淀粉iodine 碘indicator 指示剂mammals 哺乳动物structural fiber 结构纤维sulfite 亚硫酸盐sulfate 硫酸盐pulping 纸浆subunit 亚单位digestive tract 消化系统ruminant 反刍动物P77-P84suspension 悬浮液preliminary treatment 预处理sedimentation 沉积作用anaerobic digestion 厌氧消化filtration 过滤centrifugation 离心incineration 焚烧pentose 戊糖lignin 木质素resin 树脂pitch 柏油脂pulping process 造纸工艺derivation 衍生物yeast 酵母菌P85-P86protein 蛋白质insulin 胰岛素amino 氨基ribonuclease 核糖核酸hemoglobin 血红蛋白nitrogen 氮oxygen 氧iron 铁hydrolytic enzyme 水解酶P87-P96detergent 洗涤剂ingredient 成分surface-active agent 表面活性剂surfactant 表面活性物质polar 极性sodium 钠potassium 钾rodent 利齿动物insect 昆虫categorize 分类herbicide 除草剂algicide 除藻剂fungicide 除菌剂chemical properties 化学特性toxic properties 毒性trace organics 微量有机物concentration 浓度impurity 杂质epidemiological 流行病学statistical study 统计学P97organ 器官kidney 肾liver 肝extraction 萃取gas chromatography（GC）气相色谱liquid chromatography（LC）液相色谱hexane 正乙烷immune 免疫的exudate 渗出物decomposition 分解polymeric 聚合phenolic 苯酚的humic substance 腐殖质excneta 排泄物aquatic plant 水生植物potential hazard 潜在危险P100Solubility 溶解性Hydrophobicity 疏水性Polarity 极性Volatility 挥发性Density 密度Sorption 吸附Transformation 转换Partitioning 分配Photochemical 光化学的P125Standard method 标准方法Parts per million (ppm) Parts per billion (ppb)Parts per trillion (ppt) International system of units (SI) Milligrams per liter (mg/L) Micrograms per liter (μg/L) nanograms per liter (ng/L)P133general operation 一般操作keystone 关键field investigation 野外调查specialized course 专业课程P134sample 采样instantaneously 瞬间的frequency of sample 采样频率grab sample 随机采样Composited sample 组合样品at regular intervals 一定间隔detention time 停留时间P135influent 进水effluent 出水apparatus 装置reagent 化学试剂solubility 溶解度coefficient of expansion 膨胀系数specification 规格precipitation 沉淀purity 纯度ignition 灼烧purification 纯化P136weight analysis 重量分析membrane 膜bound water 结合水filter paper 滤纸glass fiber filter 玻璃纤维滤纸porosity 孔隙barium sulfate 硫酸钡ferric hydroxide 氢氧化铁vessel 容器drainage 排水drying 烘干free water 自由水crystallization 结晶P137volatilization 挥发decomposition 分解desiccation 干燥evaporation dish 蒸发皿crucible 坩埚moisture 湿度relative humidity 相对湿度desiccator 干燥器anhydrous calcium chloride 无水氯化钙analytical balance 分析天平P139fixed solid 固定固体volatile solid 挥发固体time consuming 消耗时间的constant weight 恒重gross weight 毛重net weight 净重porcelain 陶瓷platinum ware 铂制器皿pretreatment 预处理P140semisolid sample 半固体样品volumetric analysis 容积分析standard solution 标准溶液glassware 玻璃器皿suitable strength 适当强度stoichiometric end point 化学当量终点calibrate 校正buret 滴定管cylinder 量筒calibrated glassware 标正玻璃器皿Indicator 指示剂P141-P157pipet 移液管chromic acid 铬酸normal solution 当量溶液primary standard 一级标准secondary standard 二级标准acid titration 酸滴定base titration 碱滴定oxidation reduction methods 氧化还原方法calculation 计算colorimetry 比色法spectrophotometer 分光光度计monochromatic light 单色光wavelength 波长linear coordinate paper 直角坐标纸nitrite 亚硝酸根calibration 校正turbidimetry 浊度剂法nephelometry 悬浮法precision 精度Accuracy 精确度P160Regulatory 法规acid rain 酸雨ozone layer 臭氧层World Health Organization 世界卫生组织Pollution awareness 污染意识spill 泄漏emission 散发sulfur dioxide 二氧化硫genetic code 基因代码reaction sequence 反应顺序analogous 相似的P171-P172global climate 全球气候visibility 可见度release 释放methyl isocyanate 甲基异氰酸盐leakage 渗漏hydrogen sulfide 硫化氢industrial accident 工业事故dosage 用量chronic effect 慢性作用acute effect 急性作用episodes 事件dose-response curve 用量-响应曲线P173synergism 协同作用hypothetical 假定的homogeneous 同种的pharmacology 药理学origin 起点hygiene 卫生学，保健法threshold limit values（TLVs）起点界限值P174-P177elimination 消除selenium 硒nutrient 营养物contracting 缩小epidemiological 传染学的aerosol 气溶胶ozone group 臭氧组control group 控制组mortality 致命inanimate object 无生命物质ozone concentration 臭氧浓度Infection 感染P178-P184autopsy 尸体解剖inbred 同系繁殖的human volunteer 人类志愿者asthmatics 气喘病患者parameter 参数community health 大众健康unambiguous 明显的proxy 代表meteorological situation 气象条件circulatory 循环mortality 致死morbidity 致病demographic 人口统计P184-P193regulation 法规curve 曲线radon 氡mitigate 缓解acidic deposition 酸沉积transparent 透明的light photon 光电子plume opacity 烟气上升haze 薄雾extrapolation 归纳。

硫代硫酸钠将硝基还原为氨基

氨基酸的提取与精制

分离工程期末论文氨基酸的提取与精制Extraction and Separation ofAmino Acid学院：化学工程学院专业班级：化学工程与工艺化工081学生姓名：於马骥学号：050811139指导教师：戴卫东（副教授）2011年6月期末论文中文摘要氨基酸的提取与精制摘要：综合介绍了氨基酸提取过程中常用的分离技术以及近期的发展动态.如沉淀法、离子交换法、膜分离法和萃取法.并提出了氨基酸提纯精制的关键环节-结晶过程中应该注意的问题.氨基酸是生物有机体的重要组成部分,是组成蛋白质的基本单元,具有极其重要的生理功能。

提取和精制是氨基酸工业生产中的一个重要环节,在其投资费用中占有很大比例关键词：氨基酸; 沉淀法; 离子交换法; 膜分离; 反应萃取; 反向微胶团期末论文外文摘要××××Title××××Extraction and Separation of Amino AcidAbstract:The separation techniques of amino acids extraction,such as precipitating method,ion-exchange,membraneseparation,liquid-liquid extraction are reviewed.And crystallization,which is the critical step in purification of amino acids,are introduced systematically to be put emphasis on. Amino acids are an important part of the biological organisms, is the basic unit of the component proteins, have very important physiological function. Amino acid extraction and refined is one of the important links in industrial production, in its investment very large proportion in chargeKeywords:amino acid;precipitation;ion-exchange;membrane separation;reactive extraction;reverse micelleation;1 引言或绪论R氨基酸是生物有机体的重要组成部分，是组成蛋白质的基本单元，具有极其重要的生理功能。

酰胺的合成.

经典化学合成反应标准操作酰胺及酰亚胺的合成目录1. 前言 (2)2. 羧酸与胺的缩合酰化反应 (2)2.1活性酯法 (2)2.1.1应用氯甲酸乙酯或异丁酯活性酯法合成酰胺示例 (4)2.1.2应用氯甲酸乙酯或异丁酯活性酯法合成伯酰胺示例 (4)2.1.3应用羰基二咪唑合成Weinreb酰胺示例 (5)2.1.4应用的磺酰氯合成酰胺示例 (5)2.1.5应用Boc酸酐合成伯酰胺示例 (6)2.2碳二亚胺类缩合剂法 (6)2.2.1应用DCC缩合法合成酰胺示例 (8)2.2.2应用DIC缩合法合成酰胺示例 (9)2.2.3应用EDC缩合法合成酰胺示例一（二氯甲烷为溶剂） (9)2.2.4应用EDC缩合法合成酰胺示例二（DMF为溶剂） (10)2.3 鎓盐类的缩合剂法 (10)2.3.1应用HATU/TBTU为缩合剂合成酰胺示例 (12)2.3.2应用BOP为缩合剂合成酰胺示例 (13)2.3.3应用PyBOP为缩合剂合成酰胺示例一（常规） (13)2.3.4应用PyBOP为缩合剂合成酰胺示例二（用于合成伯酰胺） (14)2.4 有机磷类缩合剂 (14)2.4.1应用DPP-Cl为缩合剂合成酰胺示例 (15)2.4.2应用DPPA为缩合剂合成酰胺示例 (15)2.4.3应用BOP-Cl为缩合剂合成酰胺示例 (16)2.5.1应用三苯基磷-多卤代甲烷合成酰胺示例 (17)2.5.2应用三苯基磷-六氯丙酮合成酰胺示例 (17)2.5.3应用三苯基磷-NBS合成酰胺示例 (18)3. 氨或胺与酰卤的酰化反应 (18)3.1酰卤的制备示例 (19)3.5.1应用二氯亚砜合成酰氯示例 (19)3.5.2用草酰氯合成酰氯示例 (20)3.5.3用三氯均三嗪合成酰氯示例 (20)3.5.4用三氟均三嗪合成酰氟示例 (21)3.1应用酰卤的合成酰胺 (21)3.5.1应用酰氯合成酰胺示例（有机碱） (21)3.5.2应用酰氯合成酰胺示例（无机碱） (21)3.5.3应用酰氟合成酰胺示例 (23)4. 氨或胺与酸酐的酰化反应 (23)4.2酸酐合成酰胺示例 (24)5. 其他缩合方法 (24)1. 前言酰胺化是有机合成中最基本，也是最重要的合成方法之一。

ACT化学词汇

SA T化学词汇Acid 酸Acidify 使酸化，使成碱性Adulterant 掺杂物Aerate 使充满气体Aerosol 气溶胶Afire 燃烧着的Agglomerate 大团，大块；使成团Alcohol 酒精Alight 落下；点着的，发亮的Alkali 碱，强碱Alkaloid 生物碱Alloy 合金Aluminum 铝Ammonia 氨Analysis 分解Anemometer 风速计Anhydrous 无水的Anode 阳极，正极Aroma 芳香Atom 原子Attenuate 稀释Base 碱Bauxite 铝氧石Beaker 烧杯flaskBody 物体Boiling 沸腾Bond 原子的聚合Brine 盐水Burning 燃烧Butane 丁烷Carbohydrate 糖类Catalyst 催化剂Cathode 阴极Clarification 澄清Cleanliness 洁净Colloid 胶体Combination 合成作用Combustion 燃烧Commingle 混合Compound 化合物Concentration 浓度Conduit 导管Contact 接触Cooling 冷却Corrosion 腐蚀Crystal 晶体Crystallization 结晶Denominator 标准；分母Density 密度Depot 储存Desiccate 烘干Dipper 药勺Distillation 蒸馏Electrode 电极Electrolysis 电解Electrolyte 电解质Enzyme 酶Equipment 装置Erratic 不规律的，不稳定的Evaporation 蒸发Explosion 爆炸Extraction 萃取Fermentation 发酵Fetid 有恶臭的Filter 滤管Flame 火焰Flask 烧瓶Forceps 镊子Funnel 漏斗Fusion 熔融Galvanize 电镀，镀锌Gasoline 汽油Gel 凝胶体Glucose 葡萄糖Graduate 量杯，量筒Gypsum 石膏Homogeneity 同种，同质Hydrate 水合物Hydrocarbon 碳氢化合物Hydrogen 氢Hydroxide 氢氧化物Ignition 灼烧Imbibe 吸取Impurity 杂质Incandescent 遇热发光的，热情的Incinerate 把….烧成灰；烧掉，火化IndicatorInflammable 易燃的Innocuous 无害的，无毒的Inspection 检验Ion 离子Iron 铁Isotope 同位素Leaven 使发酵Liquefy 使溶解，使液化Litmus 石蕊Luminescent 发冷光的Metal 金属Methane 甲烷Minuscule 极小的Mixture 混合物Molecule 分子Muddle 混合Nitrogen 氮Noisome 有害的，有毒的，令人讨厌的Odorous 有气味的Organic 有机的Oxide 氧化物Oxidizer 氧化剂Oxygen 氧Phosphate 磷酸盐Pigment 色素，颜料Pipette 吸液管Plastic 塑胶Polymer 聚合物Precipitation 沉淀Pressure 压强Product 生成物Protein 蛋白质Pungent （气味有刺激性的Purity 纯度Radical 基Reagent 试剂Residual 残留Retort 曲颈甑Reversible 可逆的Rust 生锈Saccharine 糖的，似糖的Saline 盐的，含盐的Salt 盐Scintillate 发出火花Sealant 密封剂Sediment 沉淀物Series 系列Shrubbery 灌木丛Skirt 边缘Smelt 冶炼Soda 苏打Solid 固体Solute 溶质Solution 溶解Still 蒸馏釜Sulfur 硫Test tube 试管Virulent 有剧毒的，致命的V olatile 挥发性的Washout 冲刷其他化学常用术语：Acetate 醋酸盐Acid rain 酸雨Ac id-base neutralization 酸碱中和滴定Acidic oxide 酸性氧化物Actinium 锕Addition reaction 加成反应Air discharge 排气Aldehyde 醛Alkali metal 碱金属Alkalinity 碱性AlkalinizationAlkyl derivativeAlkylation reactionAluminum hydroxideAmericiumAmino acidAmmonia waterAmmonium bicarbonateAmmonium saltAmmonium sulfateAmount of substanceAmphoteric oxideAmylumAnhydrideAnionAntimonyAqua regiaArgonArsenicAstatineAtomic massAtomic NumberAtomic radiusAtomic weightA vogadro’s constantBalance weight, counter weight Bar ironBariumBasic oxideBerkeliumBerylliumBismuthBivalentBleaching powerBoiling pointBoronBromineBrownian motionBunsen burnerBuret, butetteCadmiumCalc iumCaliforniumCalorescenseCarbonCatalysisCatalytic oxidationCatalytic reactionCatch pan。

化工英语

一、专业单词absorptiometric analysis 吸光分析acetic acid 醋酸acetic acid glacial 冰醋酸acetic aldehyde 乙醛acetic anhydride 醋酐acetone 丙酮acetylene 乙炔acetylsalicylic acid 乙酰水杨酸acid of lemon 柠檬酸acridine 吖啶adamantane 金刚烷addition polymer 加聚物addition reaction 加成反应barite 重晶石barium 钡benzene hexachloride 六六六bromoform 溴仿burnt lime 生石灰butyraldehyde 丁醛calcium chloride 氯化钙calcium chloride tube 氯化钙管calcium chromate 铬酸钙calcium cyanamide 氰氨化钙calcium cyanide 氰化钙calcium fluoride 氟化钙calcium hydride 氢化钙calcium hydrosulfide 氢硫化钙dimerization 二聚酌dimethyl ether 二甲醚dimethyl phthalate 酞酸二甲酯dimethyl sebacate 癸二酸二甲酯dimethyl sulfate 硫酸二甲酯dimethyl sulfoxide 二甲亚砜dimethyl terephthalate 对酞酸二甲酯dimethylacetal 二甲基缩醛dimethylacetamide 二甲基乙酰胺dimethylamine 二甲胺dimethylaniline 二甲基苯胺dimethylarsine 二甲胂dimethylbenzene 二甲苯electron configuration 电子构型electron density 电子密度electron diffraction 电子衍射electron donor 电子供体electron emission 电子发射electron exchange 电子交换electron exchange resin 电子交换尸electron gas 电子气electron lattice interaction 电子点阵相互酌electron microscope 电子显微镜electron orbit 电子轨道free convection 自然对流free electron model 自由电子模型free energy 自由能free energy at constant pressure 定压自由能free energy of activation 活化自由能free expansion 自由膨胀free heat convection 自然对粱热free moisture 游离水分free path 自由程free radical 自由基free radical initiation 游离基开始反应free radical reaction 游离基反应gelometry 凝胶强度测定法gelose 琼脂gelsemine 钩吻碱甲gelseminic acid 钩吻酸gene 基因gene cloning 基因无性繁殖general chemistry 普通化学general formula 通式general theory of relativity 广义相对论generalized momentum 广义动量generating function 母函数generator gas 发生炉煤气geneva nomenclature 日内瓦命名法genom 基因组hydraulic modulus 水硬系数hydraulic press 水压机hydraulic radius 水力半径hydraulic separation 水力离析hydraulic test 水力试验hydraulicity 水凝性hydrazine 肼hydrazine sulfate 硫酸肼hydrazinium 肼hydrazo compound 肼基化合物hydrazobenzene 肼撑苯hydrazoic acid 叠氮酸hydrazone 腙isoamyl acetate 醋酸异戊酯isoamyl alcohol 异戊醇isoamyl benzoate 苯甲酸异戊酯isoamyl bromide 异戊基溴isoamyl butyrate 丁异戊酯isoamyl chloride 异戊基氯isoamyl ether 异戊醚isoamyl nitrite 亚硝酸异戊酯isoamyl propionate 丙酸异戊酸jet fuel 喷气发动机燃料jet pump 喷射泵jewel 宝石jig sieve 振动筛joule 焦耳joule effect 焦耳效应joule thomson effect 焦耳汤姆森效应joule's law 焦耳定律juglone 胡桃酮julian tube 凯撒管junker's calorimeter 容克量热计jute 黄麻karyoplasm 核质kata thermometer 卡他温度计kauri butanol value 贝壳杉脂丁醇值kauri gum 栲里松脂kauri resin 栲里松脂keene's cement 金纳水泥keesom relationship 基朔关系kelp 海草灰kelvin's temperature 开氏温度keratin 角蛋白keratin plastics 角质塑料kermes 胭脂虫粉kermesite 红锑矿kerogen 油母质lime sulfur mixture 石硫合剂lime water 石灰水limestone 石灰石liming 用石灰处理limit dextrin 有限糊精limit of error 误差极限limit of identification 证实限度limit of inflammability 可燃限度limiting concentration 极限浓度limiting current 极限电流limiting current density 极限电淋度limiting value 极限值limonene 二戊烯mannitol 甘露糖醇mannitol hexanitrate 六硝酸甘露醇mannonic acid 甘露糖酸mannose 甘露糖manocryometer 融解压力计manometer 压力计manostat 恒压器manufacture 制造manufacture of common salt 食盐制造法manufactured gas 人造煤气manufacturing cost 造价manufacturing in series 成批生产manufacturing method 制造法manufacturing process 制造法nodal plane 节平面nodal point 节点nomenclature 命名法nominal horsepower 标称马力nomogram 列线图解nomograph 列线图解nomography 列线图解法non adiabatic 非绝热的non adiabatic rectification 非绝热精馏non diffusible ion 固定离子non inflammable 耐火的non newtonian flow 非牛顿怜non return valve 逆止阀octyne 辛炔ocular 目镜ocular dichroscope 接眼二色镜ocular examination 目视检查法ocular micrometer 目镜测微计odd even nucleus 奇偶核odor 气味odorant 着嗅剂odorimeter 气味计odorimetry 气味测定法odoriphore 生臭团oenometer 酒度计permselectivity 选择渗透性permutation 置换permutite 人造沸石perovskite 钙钛矿peroxidase 过氧物酶peroxide 过氧化peroxide effect 过氧化物效应peroxide index 过氧化值peroxide number 过氧化值peroxo acid 过氧基酸peroxy acid 过酸peroxydisulfuric acid 过硫酸perpetual motion 永久运动perphenazine 佩吩嗪quantity of heat 热量quantity of state 状态量quantity production 大量生产quantization 量子化quantometer 光量计quantum 量子quantum chemistry 量子化学quantum condition 量子条件quantum efficiency 量子效率quantum hypothesis 量子假说quantum jump 量子跃迁quantum leakage 量子漏泄quantum liquid 量子液体quantum mechanics 量子力学quantum number 量子数rubber insulation 橡胶绝缘rubber isomer 橡胶异构体rubber latex 胶乳rubber like elasticity 似橡胶弹性rubber lining 橡皮衬里rubber resin 橡胶尸rubber solvent 橡胶溶剂rubber sponge 海绵橡胶rubber stopper 橡皮塞rubber substitute 油膏rubber thread 橡胶线rubber tube 橡皮管rubbing 磨损safety engineering 安全工程safety explosive 安全炸药safety factor 安全率safety film 安全软片safety fuel 安全燃料safety glass 安全玻璃safety lamp 安全灯safety match 安全火柴safety technique 安全工程safety valve 安全阀safflower oil 红花油saffron 擦粉safranal 藏花醛safranine 藏红safrole 黄樟素theory of valence 原子价理论thermal absorption 热吸收thermal activation 热活化thermal analysis 热分析thermal black 热炭黑thermal conductivity 导热系数thermal cracking 热分解thermal decomposition 热分解thermal diffusion 热扩散thermal diffusivity 热扩散系数thermal dissociation 热力离解thermal efficiency 热效率thermal equilibrium 热平衡thermal equivalent 热当量unsaturated hydrocarbon 不饱烃unsaturated solution 不饱和溶液unsaturation 不饱和unshared electron pair 未共享电子对unstable compound 不稳定化合物unstable equilibrium 不稳定平衡unsteady state 非稳定态untreated oil 未处理油料unusual valency 异常原子价unvulcanized rubber 未硫化橡胶vacuum evaporation 真空蒸发vacuum evaporation coating 真空镀膜vacuum evaporator 真空蒸发器vacuum filter 真空过滤器vacuum filtration 真空过滤vacuum flask 真空瓶vacuum forming 真空成型vacuum gage 真空计vacuum plating 真空镀膜water meter 水量计water of crystallization 结晶水water of hydration 水合水water paint 水性漆water permeability 渗水性water pipe 水管water purification 水的净化water purifier 净水器water purifying plant 净水设备water repellent 防水剂water resistance 抗水性water seal 水封xanthopterin 黄蝶呤xanthotoxin 黄原毒xanthurenic acid 黄尿酸xanthydrol 口山吨氢醇xenocryst 捕获晶xenon 氙xenon lamp 氙灯xerogel 干凝胶xylan 木聚糖xylene 二甲苯xylenol 二甲苯酚xylenol blue 二甲酚蓝xylenol orange 二甲酚橙xylenol resin 二甲苯酚尸yttrium bromide 溴化钇yttrium carbonate 碳酸钇yttrium chloride 氯化钇yttrium fluoride 氟化钇yttrium hydroxide 氢氧化钇yttrium iodide 碘化钇yttrium nitrate 硝酸钇yttrium oxide 氧化钇yttrium phosphate 磷酸钇yttrium sulfate 硫酸钇yttrium sulfide 硫化钇zeotrope 非共沸混合物zero adjustment 零点蝶zero group 零族zero method 零位法zero order reaction 零级反应zero point energy 零点能zero position 零位zero potential 零电势zerogel 零凝胶zeta potential 界面动电势ziegler catalyst 齐格勒催化剂zinc 锌二、专业文献(1) Nano-materials in the production of chemicalNano-materials in the structure, photoelectric and chemical nature of the attractive features, from physicists, materials scientists and chemists great interest. The early 1980s the concept of a nano-materials, the world of great concern to such material. It is the unique physical and chemical properties, so that people may be aware of it to the development of physics, chemistry, materials, biology, medicine and other disciplines bring new opportunities for research. Nano-materials application prospects are bright. In recent years, in the field of chemical production has also been a certain amount of applications, and demonstrated its unique charm.1. In the application of catalystsIn many chemical catalyst in the field of play a decisive role, it can be controlled response time and improve the efficiency of reaction and reaction speed. Most of the traditional catalyst not only by low efficiency, and its preparation is to use their experience, not only caused the tremendous waste of raw materials production, to improve economic efficiency, but also caused pollution to the environment. Nanoparticles surface active sites, as the catalyst for it to provide the necessary conditions. Nanoparticles in a catalyst, can greatly improve the efficiency of reaction, the reaction speed control, and even the original can not be the reaction can be carried out. Nanoparticles catalyst for the reaction than the normal speed of the catalyst 10 to 15 times.Nanoparticles Application more as a catalyst for the semiconductor photocatalyst, especially in the areas of organic matter. Dispersed in the solution of each of a semiconductor particles, similar to a short-circuit as a micro-battery, with energy than the bandgap semiconductor-rays scattered in the semiconductor, semiconductor nanoparticles absorbed light from electronic - hole right. In the electric field, electronics and hole separation, were moved to the surface of particles different locations, and similar components in the solution by oxidation and reduction reactions.Photocatalytic reaction to the reaction of many types, such as alcohol and hydrocarbon oxidation, and oxidation-reduction of inorganic ions, organic catalytic hydrogenation and dehydrogenation of amino acid synthesis, nitrogen fixation reaction, water purification treatment, water-gas shift, and so on, some of which are difficult to heterogeneous catalysis realize. Heterogeneous Photocatalysis semiconductor catalystcan effectively degrade organic pollutants in water. Nano TiO2, for example, both high photocatalytic activity, but also Acid and Basic Resistance, light stable, non-toxic and inexpensive easy to get, was the catalyst light-load the best choice. The article has reported that the silica gel used for the substrate, the system had a higher catalytic activity TiO/SiO2-Supported Catalysts. Ni Cu or Zn compound of a nano-particles, some of organic compounds on the hydrogenation reaction is an excellent catalyst, can be a substitute for expensive platinum catalyst or button. Nano-platinum and ethylene oxide catalysts enable the reaction temperature from room temperature to 600 ℃. Nanoparticles used as catalyst improve the efficiency of reaction, the reaction path optimization, the reaction rate increased research in the fields of science and the future can not be ignored by an important research topic is likely to Catalysis in Industrial Application bring about revolutionary changes.2. In the application of paintNano-materials because of its special nature and structure of the surface with general access to the material excellent performance demonstrated strong vitality. Surface coating technology is the focus of attention of the world today. Nano-materials for the surface coating provided a good opportunity to make the function of the material has great potential. With traditional coating technology, add nanomaterials, nano-composite coating will be to achieve a leap in functionality means that the traditional function of coating modified. Coating their use can be divided into functional coatings and coating. That the structure is coated substrate coating raise some of nature and modification; functional coating to the substrate is not available in performance, access to traditional coating did not function. A superhard coatings, wear-resistant coatings, anti-oxidation, heat-resistant, fire-retardant coating, corrosion-resistant, decorative coatings, and other functional coatings are absorbing light, reflected light, light choice of the optical absorption coatings, conductive, insulation, electrical characteristics of semiconductor coating, oxygen-min, humidity, and gas-sensing properties of the coating, such as sensitive. In the paint by adding nano-materials can further enhance its defense capabilities and achieving anti-ultraviolet radiation, atmospheric against resistance and anti-degradation, discoloration, in the application of sanitary products can play a role in cleaning sterilization. Signs in the use of Nano-coating, can use its optical properties, to store solar energy, energy conservation purposes. In building materials such as glass, paint adding suitable nano-materials, and they can reduce the transmission of light and heat transfer effects, a thermal insulation, fire-retardant, and other effects.Japan's Matsushita has developed a good electrostatic shielding the nanocomposite coating, the application of iron oxide nanoparticles have, titanium dioxide and zinc oxide, etc.. Such a semiconductor properties of nano-oxide particles at room temperature than conventional oxides have high electrical conductivity properties, which can play a role in electrostatic shielding, and oxide nanoparticles of different colors, such can also compound control electrostatic shielding paint color, carbon black overcome electrostatic shielding paint only the monotony of a single color. Nano-materials not only with the size and color change also has the effect of discoloration angle. In the automobile industry in the decorative spraying will be added Nano TiO2 in the automotive, metal flashlight Topcoat sedan, the coating can produce rich and mysterious colors, so that an old traditional automotive topcoat Huanxinya. Nano-SiO2 is a resistance to ultraviolet radiation materials. In the paint by adding nano-SiO2 can paint anti-aging properties, finish and strength increased manifold. Nano coating have a good prospect, coating technology will bring a new technological revolution, it will promote the research and development of composite materials and applications.3. Other in the use of chemicalFine Chemicals is a huge industry, the number of many products, a wide range of uses, and affect every aspect of human life. Nanomaterials superiority will certainly bring the Gospel to the chemical, and display of its unique plot. In the rubber, plastics, paints and other chemical fields, nano-materials can play an important role. If included in the rubber nano-SiO2 can be enhanced rubber anti-UV radiation and infrared reflectivity. Nano-Al2O3 and SiO2, by adding to the general rubber, rubber can improve the wear resistance and dielectric properties, but also flexibility is better than for white carbon black rubber filler. Plastic add some nano-materials, can improve the strength and toughness of plastic, and compact and waterproof and has correspondingly increased. Nano-SiO2 has been abroad, as additives into sealants and adhesives, sealing and adhesion to have greatly improved. In addition, nano-materials in the fiber modification, plexiglass manufacturers also have good applications. After adding in the plexiglass surface modification with SiO2, plexiglass resistance to ultraviolet radiation can achieve the purpose of anti-aging; A12O3 to join, not only do not affect the transparency of the glass, but it will also enhance the high-temperature impact toughness of the glass. Certain size anatase TiO2 have excellent UV shielding performance, but also delicate texture, non-toxic odorless, add in cosmetics, cosmetics performance can be improved. Ultrafine TiO2 can be extended to the application of coatings, plastics, man-made fibres industries. Recently developed for food packaging TiO2 and luxury cars pearlescent finish withthe Titanium Dioxide. Nano TiO2 to strong sunlight absorption in the UV, generate strong photochemical activity can be consumed by the industrial degradation of organic pollutants in the wastewater, with the exception of high-net, no secondary pollution, the advantages of broad applicability, Environmental water treatment has good prospects. In the field of environmental science, in addition to use of nanomaterials as a catalyst to deal with emissions from industrial production processes in the waste, there will be unique nano-membrane function. This membrane can detect chemical and biological agents from the pollution caused, and is able to filter these agents, thereby eliminating pollution.4. In the application of Chinese medicine21st century health sciences, will be expected to speed access to the development, the people's growing demand for high drug. Control drug release, reduce side effects and improve efficacy, the development of targeted drug therapy, has been mentioned research agenda. Nanoparticles drugs in the human body will make the transmission more convenient. With several layers of nano-particles coated smart drugs enter the body, may take the initiative to search and attack cancer cells or repairing damage; use of a new type of nano-technology diagnostic apparatus, a small amount of blood can be detected only through which the protein and DNA diagnosis of various diseases, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology has produced a nano-magnetic material to the target as a drug carrier directional drugs, called "directional missile." This technology is in the magnetic nanoparticles coated surface protein carrying drugs, injected into the blood vessels of the human body through magnetic navigation transported to lesions, and then the release of drugs. Nanoparticles small size, can flow freely in the bloodstream, it can be used to examine and treat the physical location of lesions. Nanoparticles on the clinical and radiological treatment is the application of a great deal of research work. According to "People's Daily" reported that China will be used in nano-technology medical field success. Nanjing Xike groups use nano-silver technology to the development and production of medical dressings - long-term broad-spectrum antimicrobial cotton. Antibacterial cotton production this principle through nano-technology will be made of silver nano-size in the small ultra-fine particles, and then make it attached to the cotton fabric. Silver is the prevention of ulcers and accelerate wound healing role, through nano-technology deal with the silver surface increases rapidly, changes in the structure of the surface, disinfection raise about 200 times the common clinical surgical infection have better inhibition of bacteria .And satisfied that the tablets as particulate delivery systems, the basicnature of the material is non-toxic, stable, and there are good biological and drug and not a chemical reaction. Nano system is mainly used for toxicity, short biological half-life, susceptible to biological degradation of the drug administration.Nano-biology used to study the nano-scale biological processes, in accordance with principles of molecular biology applications engineering. Rail in the ultrafine particles of metal surface covered a thickness of 5 to 20 nm polymer, can be fixed in particular a large number of proteins and thus control biochemical reactions. This biochemical technology, enzyme engineering in the great usefulness. Nano-technology and the integration of biology, molecular biology research devices using nano-sensors, can be obtained within the cell biological information to understand the body state and deepen people's physiological and pathological explanation.5. ConclusionNano-science is a keeper of basic science and applied science in integrated set of emerging science, including nano-electronics, nano-materials science, biology and nanotechnology. The 21st century will be the era of nano-technology is, to that end, the State Science Commission, the Chinese Academy of Sciences will be nano-technology as "the 21st century's most important and most leading edge of science." Nano-materials applications relate to various areas in mechanical, electronic, optical, magnetic, chemical and biological fields have broad application prospects. The birth of nano-science and technology, human society will have a far-reaching impact, and is likely to fundamentally solve the many problems facing humanity, particularly energy, human health and environmental protection, and other major issues. Beginning of the 21st century is the main task of all kinds of novel nano-materials basis of the physical and chemical characteristics, design of new materials and devices. Through nano-materials science and technology on the traditional products modified to increase its high-tech content and the development of a new type of nano-structured products, there have been encouraging signs, with the formation of 21 new economic growth points basis. Nano materials will become a field of materials science show the grade star in the new materials, energy, information and other fields, play a pivotal role. With its preparation and modification technology and the continuing development of nano-materials in the chemical and pharmaceutical production, and other areas will be increasingly wider range of applications.纳米材料在化工生产中的应用纳米材料在结构、光电和化学性质等方面的诱人特征，引起物理学家、材料学家和化学家的浓厚兴趣。

阻锈剂对海洋环境下混凝土中钢筋腐蚀影响的电化学研究

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锂辉石浸出液提锂除杂规律研究

Vol.53 No.4Apr.,2021第53卷第4期2021年4月无机盐工业INORGANIC CHEMICALS INDUSTRYDoi:10.11962/1006-4990.2020-0315「开放科学(资源服务)标志识码(OSID)锂辉石浸出液提锂除杂规律研究谭博,刘香环，刘旭东,易美桂（四川大学化学工程学院，四川成都610065）摘要:碳酸锂是一种基础锂盐，不仅广泛应用于传统化工行业,也是生产锂电池的重要原料，近年来锂电产业蓬勃发展，极大推动了原料碳酸锂的提取与制备研究。

为了提取锂辉石中的锂来制备碳酸锂，利用沉淀溶解-平衡理论分析锂浸岀液的除杂规律。

对锂辉石进行转型焙烧、酸化焙烧、浸取，锂辉石中98%左右的锂可进入液相，得到锂浸岀液，然后根据溶解平衡理论确定3步除杂净化条件：1冤中和pH 至6.5除大部分AF +和 Fe 3+；2）加入氧化剂将Fe 2+氧化成Fe 3+,调pH 至8.0除Fe 3+；3冤调pH 至10.0,加入理论量碳酸钠（以液相Ca 2+计），最终Al 3+、Fe 3+、Mg 2+等浓度低于10^ mol/L,Ca 2+质量分数约为2xl0-5。

关键词：碳酸锂；锂辉石；除杂中图分类号:TQ131.11 文献标识码:A 文章编号：1006-4990（2021 ）04-0056-05Study on law of lithium extraction and impurity removal from spodumene leaching solutionTan Bo , Liu Xianghuan , Liu Xudong , Yi Meigui(School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065, China)Abstract : As a basic lithium salt , lithium carbonate is not only widely used in the traditional chemical industry , but also an important raw material for the production of lithium batteries.In recent years , the booming development of lithium battery in dustry has greatly promoted the research on extraction and preparation of raw material of lithium carbonate.In order to extractlithium from spodumene to prepare lithium carbonate , the precipitation dissolution equilibrium theory was used to analyze the impurity removal law of lithium leaching solution.In this study , spodumene from a domestic place was used as raw material toexplore the process rules of preparing lithium carbonate.The surface of spodumene was smooth and dense , so it was difficult toreact with most acid and alkali (soluble in hydrofluoric acid ).Therefore , through the early exploration of reaction temperature and reaction time , 琢-spodumene could be completely transformed into 0-spodumene under 1 050 益 with calcination time of30 minutes.After calcination transformation , the raw material of 0-spodumene could be mixed with sulfuric acid to calcine toconvert lithium into soluble lithium.As a result , about 98% of lithium in spodumene could enter the liquid phase and get thefinal lithium leaching solution.In order to prepare high-purity lithium carbonate , the process of purification and impurity re moval was explored to obtain more accurate pH range of each ion precipitation.The pH range of Al 3+, Fe 2+, Fe 3+, Mg 2+, Ca 2+ precipitation was discussed by using the principle of dissolution equilibrium through HSC thermodynamics software and con sulting relevant data.Then the three-step decontamination purification condition was determined according to the dissolution equilibrium theory ： 1)neutralizing the pH to 6.5 to remove Al 3+ and Fe 3+；2)adding oxidant to oxidize Fe 2+ to Fe 3+ and adjustingthe pH to 8.0 to remove Fe 3+； 3 )adjusting the pH to 10.0 by adding the theoretical amount of carbonic acid sodium (calculatedby Ca 2+ in the liquid phase ),final concentration of Al 3+, Fe 3+, Mg 2+, etc.was lower than 10-6 mol/L , and mass content of Ca 2+ was about 2x10-5.Key words : lithium carbonate ； spodumene ； impurity随着全球能源危机和环境污染问题日益突出, 节能、环保等有关行业的发展被高度重视,发展新能源已在全球范围内达成共识。

(6s)-5-甲基四氢叶酸钙-(6s)-5-甲基四氢叶酸钙

CALCIUM L-5-METHYLTETRAHYDROFOLATENew specifications prepared at the 65th JECFA (2005) and published in FNP 52 Add 13 (2005). At the 65th JECFA (2005) the Committee had no safety concerns for the use of the substance in dry crystalline or microencapsulated form as an alternative to folic acid used in dietary supplements, foods for special dietary uses and other foods. SYNONYMSL-5-Methyltetrahydrofolic acid, calcium salt L-Methyltetrahydrofolate, calcium salt L-Methylfolate, calcium L-5-MTHF-Ca DEFINITIONCalcium L-5-methyltetrahydrofolate (L-5-MTHF-Ca) is a synthetic derivative of folic acid, the predominant, naturally occurring form of folate. It is synthesized by reduction of folic acid to tetrahydrofolic acid followed by methylation and diastereoselective crystallization (in water) of L-5-MTHF as its calcium salt. The product contains variable amounts of water of crystallization. Chemical nameN-{4-[[((6S)-2-amino-3,4,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-5-methyl-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)methyl]amino]benzoyl}-L-glutamic acid, calcium salt C.A.S. number151533-22-1 Chemical formulaC 20H 23CaN 7O 6 (anhydrous form) Structural formula(anhydrous form) Formula weight497.5 (anhydrous form) Assay95.0 – 102.0% (anhydrous basis) DESCRIPTIONWhite to light yellowish, almost odourless, crystalline powder FUNCTIONAL USESNutrient supplement CHARACTERISTICSIDENTIFICATIONSolubility (Vol. 4)Sparingly soluble in water and very slightly soluble or insoluble in most organic solvents; soluble in alkaline solutions Infrared absorptionThe infrared absorption spectrum of a potassium bromide dispersion of theH H 2-CH 2+sample corresponds to that of a L-5-MTHF-Ca standard (see Appendix). Calcium Dilute 30 g of acetic acid (glacial) to 100 ml with water. Dissolve 5.3 g ofK4Fe(CN)6 in 100 ml of water. To 5 ml of the acetic acid solution, add 20 mg ofthe sample and then 0.5 ml of the potassium ferrocyanide solution. Mix andadd 50 mg of ammonium chloride. A white crystalline precipitate is formed. Liquid chromatography Retention time matches that of a reference standard (see under TESTS) PURITYWater (Vol. 4) Not more than 17.0% (Karl Fischer method)(Note: Allow sufficient time (15 min) for release of bound water.)Calcium 7.0 - 8.5% (anhydrous basis)Accurately weigh 500 mg of sample and transfer to a 500-ml conical flask. Add150 ml of water to dissolve the sample and 20 ml of a pH 10 buffer(NH3/NH4Cl). Using eriochrome black T as indicator, titrate (continuousstirring) with standardized 0.1 M EDTA until the colour changes from violet toblue/green. Each 1.0 ml of 0.1 M EDTA corresponds to 4.008 mg of calcium.Calculate the calcium content on the anhydrous basis.Other folates and related substances Not more than 2.5%See description under TESTSD-5-Methylfolate Not more than 1.0%See description under TESTSTotal viable aerobic count(Vol. 4)Not more than 1000 CFU/gLead (Vol. 4) Not more than 2 mg/kgDetermine using an atomic absorption technique appropriate to the specifiedlevel. The selection of sample size and method of sample preparation may bebased on the principles of the methods described in Volume 4, "Instrumentalmethods".TESTSPURITY TESTSOther folates and related substances Using a L-5-MTHF-Ca reference standard, Quantitate other folates and related substances by HPLC. The suitability of the applied HPLC system is checked daily by a "system suitability test" (see below).Reference standard solution: Accurately weigh 50 mg of L-5-MTHF-Ca (L-5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid, calcium salt (Merck Eprova AG, CH-8200 Schaffhausen, Switzerland) into a 100-ml volumetric flask. Dissolve in a small quantity of water and dilute to volume.Sample solution: Prepare as for the reference standard using 50 mg of the sample.Mobile phase solutionsA:Dissolve 7.80 g of NaH2PO4 · 2H2O (0.05 mol) in 1000 ml of water and adjust the pH to 6.5 with 32% NaOH. Filter and degas the solution.B: Dissolve 5.07 g of NaH2PO4 · 2H2O (0.03 mol) in 650 ml of water and 350 ml of methanol (chromatography grade) and adjust the pH to 8.0 with 32%NaOH. Filter and degas the solution.Chromatography ConditionsColumn: Hypersil-ODS, 5 µm; 250 x 4 mm (Thermo Hypersil Keystone or equivalent)Flow rate: 1.1 ml/minGradient:Time (min) % Mobile phaseA% Mobile phaseBRemark0 100 0 Start0 - 14 100 – 45 0 – 55 Lineargradient14 – 17 45 – 0 100 Lineargradient17 – 22 0 100 Hold22 – 31 100 0 ReconditioningTemperature: Room temperatureInjection volume: 10 µlDetection: UV (280 nm)Run time: 22 minRetention times given below are approximate:Folates and related substances Retentiontime (min)4-Aminobenzoylglutamic acid (ABGA) 3.14α-Hydroxy-5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid(HOMeTHFA)4.3D-Pyrazino-s-triazine derivative (D-Mefox) 6.1L-Pyrazino-s-triazine derivative (L-Mefox) 6.3 Tetrahydrofolic acid (THFA) 8.57,8-Dihydrofolic acid (DHFA) 11.2Folic acid (FA) 11.45,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolic acid (CH2THFA) 11.75-Methyltetrahydrofolic acid (5-MTHF) 13.65-Methyltetrahydropteroic acid (MeTHPA) 15.1N2-Methylamino-5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid(DiMeTHFA)17.6Sample analysis: Inject the reference standard solution and the sample solutions immediately after preparation, using the conditions described above. (Note: After analysis, flush the column with methanol/water 85:15 and store it under the same conditions.)Calculate the content of each folate (other than 5-MTHF) and related substance, X i (%), listed in the above table according to the following formula:X i (%) = A i ×W S × S × (RF)i/A S × WwhereA i = the peak area for each folate (other than 5-MTHF) and related substance A S = the peak area for the L-5-MTHF-Ca StandardW S = the weight (mg) of L-5-MTHF-Ca StandardW = the weight (mg) of the sampleS = the percent of L-5-MTHF in the L-5-MTHF-Ca Standard, calculated asfree acid(RF)i = Response Factor for the i-th substance (absorbance at 280 nm in theapplied eluent system relative to that of L-5-MTHF)Other folates and related substances RFABGA 0.93HOMeTHFA 1.11L-Mefox and D-Mefox 1.11DHFA 0.98FA 0.86MeTHPA 0.68THFA 1.00CH2THFA 1.00DiMeTHFA 1.00If there are any unidentified impurities, apply a RF of 1.00.Calculate the total amount of "Other folates and related substances" bysumming the X i for all impurities.System suitability test procedureMixed folates solution: Weigh 25 mg each of ABGA, HOMeTHFA, L-Mefox,DHFA, FA and MeTHPA (all available from Merck Eprova AG) into a 100-mlvolumetric flask. Add a small quantity of water to dissolve the mixture; addsome sodium hydrogen carbonate and sodium carbonate to aid thedissolution, and fill to the mark with water.System suitability test solution (SST solution): Weigh accurately 50 mg of a L-5-MTHF-Ca sample containing DiMeTHFA into a 100-ml volumetric flask.(Available from Merck Eprova AG). Add 1 ml of the Mixed folates solution anda small quantity of water to dissolve, mix and dilute to volume with water.System suitability test: Inject 10 µl of the SST solution immediately. Theresolution between L-5-MTHF and MeTHPA must be at least 5.D-5-Methylfolate D-5-Methylfolate is quantitated by HPLC using a chromatographic system whichallows separation of the D- from the L-stereoisomer. The suitability of theapplied HPLC system is checked daily by a "system suitability test" (see below).Sample preparation: Accurately weigh 50 mg of the sample into a 100 mlvolumetric flask. Dissolve in water and dilute to volume with water.Mobile phase: Mix 970 ml of 0.03 M NaH2PO4 (obtained by dissolving 4.68 gof NaH2PO4 · 2H2O in water and diluting with water to 1000 ml) with 30 ml ofacetonitrile (chromatography grade) and adjust the pH to 6.8 with 32% NaOH.Filter and degas the solution.Chromatography ConditionsColumn: Chiral Protein HSA, 5 µm, 150 x 4 mm (ChromTech or equivalent)Flow rate: 1 ml/minTemperature: 40°Injection volume: 10 µlDetection: UV (280 nm)Run time: 22 minSolvent: WaterSample analysis: Inject the sample solution immediately after preparationusing the conditions described above. Determine the areas under peak for L-5-MTHF (retention time: ca. 11 min) and D-5-MTHF (retention time: ca. 15min).CalculationDetermine the ratio of the peak area for the D-isomer (A D) to the sum of thepeak areas for the D- and L-isomers (A T), and calculate the D-5-MTHF contentas follows:D-5-MTHF (%) = 100A D/A TSystem suitability test procedureSystem suitability test solution (SST solution): Weigh and transfer into a 200-ml volumetric flask the following: 1.0 mg of HOMeTHFA, 1.5 mg ABGA, 2.0mg each of L-Mefox and MeTHPA, 3.0 mg of FA, 4.0 mg of DHFA, 10 mg ofL,D-5-MTHF and D,D-5-MTHF (L-5-MTHF and D-5-MTHF carrying D-glutamicacid substitution), and 50 mg of racemic 5-MTHF-Ca (L-5-MTHF and D-5-MTHF carrying L-glutamic acid substitution) (all available from Merck EprovaAG). Add a small quantity of water to dissolve the mixture; add some sodiumhydrogen carbonate to aid the dissolution, and fill to the mark with water.Immediately inject into the HPLC system.The resolution between L-5-MTHF and D-5-MTHF must be at least 2. METHOD OF ASSAY Calculate the percentage of L-5-MTHF-Ca in the sample from the content of 5-MTHF-Ca (L- and D-diastereoisomers), determined in the test for "Other folatesand related substances", and the content of D-5-MTHF-Ca, determined in thetest for D-5-Methylfolate, and correcting for water content, as follows:L-5-MTHF-Ca (%) = 100 × A T × W S × S × (100 - D) × 1.083 / A S × W × (100 -%H2O)whereA T is taken from the calculation for the D-5-Methylfolate analysisD = the percentage of D-5-Methylfolate in the sampleA S, W, W S, and S are taken from the determination of Other folates andrelated substances%H2O = water content (%)1.083 is the ratio of the formula weight of 5-MTHF-Ca to that of 5-MTHF.AppendixInfrared spectra of Calcium L-5-Methyl-tetrahydrofolate。

蜜蜂好坏(英文)

Extracted from powder substance of stamen/pistil, it is rich in vitamins and minerals. Pollen has superior beauty treatment effect that regulates and balances the body from inside, leaving the skin with rosy complexion and full of vigour.CONTENTS:Contains abundance of vitamins, minerals, enzymes, coenzymes, proteins, acid amino, rutin, hormone components and bioflavonoidCONSUMPTION: Consume 2 times daily, 1-2 capsules each timeBefore mealsNOTE: For those who are allergic to pollen, please consult your doctor before taking this productPotential Health Benefits of Bee Pollen:Improves skin conditionSuitable for anemia careActivates energy level and staminaAids to maintain the tenacity of capillaryHelps to relieve prostate enlargement symptomFor centuries, honey, natureÃ¢â‚¬â…¢s original sweetener, has been appreciated for its delicious flavour, digestibility and healing properties. The benefits of honey as quoted by American Apitherapy Society and National Honey Board could be used as an antibacterial agent to treat cut wounds, Burns wounds, Gastroenteritis (diarrhea and vomiting), stomach ulcer, ingestion, skin ulcers, throat irritation, cold and flu. Dr. Yves Donadieu, 1983, and Kaul, 1967, has also quoted that as a nutrient, honey can be used as a sweetener, an energy booster, to resist fatigue, for digestive disorder, to strengthen bones, to promote blood circulation, to improve appetite, to help insomnia, to strengthen heart, liver and kidney and to maintain healthy skin and hair. Honey can be consumed in several ways. It is best to be taken straight from the bottle. You may also dissolved it in warm water as a beverage (water should not be more than 70Ã‚Â°C), or used as a spread on bread or biscuit, or as a topping for cakes and cooked food (do not bake with the cake or cook with the food), or as an alternative sweetener to sugar in your beverage like cereal, coffee and tea, etc. Honey should be stored in airtight food approved containers ideally between 18 to 24Ã‚Â°C. Honey stored below 10Ã‚Â°C may crystallize, a visible separation between water, glucose and fructose. If crystallization occurs, place the jar of honey in warm water at 60Ã‚Â°C to 70Ã‚Â°C and stir the honey moderately. Packing: 250g, 500g, 1kg, 1.5kg, 3kg, 5kg, 27kg, 300kgRoyal jelly is a special substance of the beehive. It is secrete from the 11-21 days nurse bees' pharyngeal glands after they eating large amounts of bee pollen as the raw ingredients. The royal jelly is fed directly to the "Queen To Be". Soon after starting this diet she is transformed into a larger, superior bee. The queen bee matures one and a half times faster than normal bees. She also grows 40% larger in size and weighs 60% more. During her life she will lay over 3 million eggs, which weigh more than 3500 times her body weight. She will live 5 to 6 years while the workers only live 7 to 8 weeks. All this is possible due to the miracle of royal jelly. The Composition of royal jelly contains the following: natural hormones, all of the B-complex vitamins and it is rich in pantothenic acid. It also contains nucleic acids, essential amino acids, essential fatty acids (especially Omega 3's), acetylcholine, lecithin, collagen and gamma globulin - a key component of the immune system. Among all of the super foods, royal jelly is the most intriguing, both nutritionally and effectively. Features:1) Tones and strengthens skin2) Relieves weak and tired eyes3) Combats the aging process4) Improves memory5) Aiding restful sleep6) Helps against impotence in men and infertility in women7) It is an antibacterial and may help to prevent leukemia8) Has a yeast-inhibiting function, preventing conditions such as thrush and athlete's foot9) Can help treat muscular dystrophy10) Improves resistance to allergies11) Controls cholesterol levels12) Boosts the body's resistance to the harmful side effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy13) Helps treat skin problems, including eczema, psoriasis and acne14) Combined with pantothenic acid, royal jelly provides relief from the symptoms of arthritisSpecifications:1) 10-HDA: 1.5 - 2.1%2) Moisture: <67.5%3) Protein: 11.0 - 14.5%Inner packing:1kg/plastic bag/bottleOuter packing:10kg/ctnCarton dimensions: 64 x 32 x 21cmN.W.: 10kgG.W.: 12.5kgRoyal jelly is a special substance of the beehive. It is secrete from the 11-21 days nurse bees' pharyngeal glands after they eating large amounts of bee pollen as the raw ingredients. The royal jelly is fed directly to the "Queen To Be". Soon after starting this diet she is transformed into a larger, superior bee. The queen bee matures one and a half times faster than normal bees. She also grows 40% larger in size and weighs 60% more. During her life she will lay over 3 million eggs, which weigh more than 3500 times her body weight. She will live 5 to 6 years while the workers only live 7 to 8 weeks. All this is possible due to the miracle of royal jelly. The Composition of royal jelly contains the following: natural hormones, all of the B-complex vitamins and it is rich in pantothenic acid. It also contains nucleic acids, essential amino acids, essential fatty acids (especially Omega 3's), acetylcholine, lecithin, collagen and gamma globulin - a key component of the immune system. Among all of the super foods, royal jelly is the most intriguing, both nutritionally and effectively. Features:1) Tones and strengthens skin2) Relieves weak and tired eyes3) Combats the aging process4) Improves memory5) Aiding restful sleep6) Helps against impotence in men and infertility in women7) It is an antibacterial and may help to prevent leukemia8) Has a yeast-inhibiting function, preventing conditions such as thrush and athlete's foot9) Can help treat muscular dystrophy10) Improves resistance to allergies11) Controls cholesterol levels12) Boosts the body's resistance to the harmful side effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy13) Helps treat skin problems, including eczema, psoriasis and acne14) Combined with pantothenic acid, royal jelly provides relief from the symptoms of arthritisSpecifications:1) 10-HDA: 1.5 - 2.1%2) Moisture: <67.5%3) Protein: 11.0 - 14.5%Inner packing:1kg/plastic bag/bottleOuter packing:10kg/ctnCarton dimensions: 64 x 32 x 21cmN.W.: 10kgG.W.: 12.5kgCarpenter bees can drill holes into wood structures and cause damage. Although carpenter bee damage is usually not extensive, it must still be stopped.Each spring and summer bees emerge from hiding to feed on flower nectar and cross pollinate plants. While most bee species are relatively harmless, carpenter bees can cause damage to a home.What are Carpenter Bees?Carpenter bees are often mistaken for bumblebees, which they closely resemble. In fact, carpenter bees are the same size as bumblebees and they also have a yellow coloring. The main difference is that the yellow stripe on bumblebees covers the entire lower section if their body. With carpenter bees, the yellow site is much smaller and the majority of their bodies is black.Carpenter Bee DamageCarpenter bees appear in the spring and bore perfectly round holes into exposed wood. They extend these holes to create tunnels that are approximately five inches long. Once inside the tunnel, they deposit their eggs and will nest until the eggs hatch.Ads by GoogleCargo & Marine Consulting Super cargo, cargo engineering Cargo survey, damage survey Hardbanding Hardbanding is the process of hardfacing drill pipe tool joints When the bees choose an old log or a tree in which to drill their holes, there is no problem. When a swarm of bees chooses a home or garage for their nesting site, there can be more extensive carpenter bee damage. Unlike termites, which will continually feed on the wood inside a home, carpenter bees only drill in far enough to lay their eggs and then stop drilling. Thus, carpenter bee damage is not expensive to repair.Signs of Carpenter Bee DamageThere are several signs of carpenter bees, the first being the abundance of bees around the home. This is sometimes disregarded by homeowners because spring brings a lot of bees out of hiding. It‘s a good idea to watch the bees though and see if they congregate around one section of the home. Examine these areas for evidence of carpenter bee damage.Look for sawdust around windowsills, doorways, wooden decks and roof overhangs which is a sign of carpenter bee damage. As the bees bore into the wood, they toss out the sawdust, which is called castings. Another visible indicator of carpenter bees is the presence of yellow stains on vertical surfaces such as windows and walls. These are the bee droppings that are deposited as the bees enter and exit the home.Read onHow to Get Rid of Garden PestsHow to Identify Signs of Termites and Termite ProblemsCarpenter Bees or Bumblebees?Finally, listen for a buzzing or crackling noise emanating from the walls of the structure. These sounds will be more evident at night once bees return from their day time feeding activities. They are also more evident at the beginning of the infestation as the bees create tunnels. Any chewing, buzzing or cracking noise is a sign of carpenter bee damage.。

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70. Water of crystallization of amino acids and their salts
By: Hayashi, Koichi; Nagashima, Nobuya; Hino, Tetsuo
Source: Nippon Nogei Kagaku Kaishi, Volume: 38, Issue: 2, Pages: 77-83, Journal, 1964, CODEN: NNKKAA, ISSN: 0002-1407, DOI: 10.1271/nogeikagaku1924.38.77
Company/Organization: Ajinomoto Co., Kawasaki, Japan
Accession Number: 1965:52009, CAN 62:52009, CAPLUS
Language: Unavailable
Abstract
DTA and thermogravimetry showed the following dehydration temps.: L-alginine dihydrate 50°, L-alginine L-aspartate monohydrate 88°, L-alginine L-glutamate trihydrate 82°, L-asparagine monohydrate 75°, DL-asparagine monohydrate 75°, K L-aspartate dihydrate 45° and 128°, Na L-aspartate monohydrate 135°, L-cysteine-HCl.-H2O 50°, L-Cysteine monohydrate 83°, DL-glutamic acid monohydrate 100° Na L-glutamate monohydrate 120°, Na DL-glutamate dihydrate 100° L-hystidine-HCl.H2O 144°, DL-hystidine-HCl.H2O 100° and 144°, L-isoleucine-HCl.H2O 80°, DL-alloisoleucine-HCl.H2O 50°, Cu L-isoleucine monohydrate 73°, L-lysine-HCl.H2O 50° and 115°, L-lysine L-glutamate dihydrate 85°,L-ornithine L-aspartate monohydrate 61°, L-proline monohydrate 50°, DL-proline monohydrate 63° and 135°, L-serine monohydrate 40° and 100°, L-valine-HCl.H2O 50°, and DL-valine-HCl.H2O 50°.
Indexing
Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins (Section 44)
Substances
3054-37-3
3056-26-6
3230-94-2
4320-30-3
5408-52-6
7675-83-4
13978-29-5
94729-45-0
Derived from data in the 7th Collective Formula Index (1962-1966)
71-00-1Histidine, L-
5794-13-8Asparagine, hydrate, L-
17476-67-4Valine, hydrochloride, hydrate, L-
17585-56-7Arginine, dihydrate
19285-83-7Glutamic acid, hydrate, DL
35638-73-4Proline, hydrate, L-
36221-97-3Aspartic acid, potassium salt, dihydrate, L-
39665-15-1Cysteine, hydrate
53844-03-4L-Serine, hydrate
53999-00-1Isoleucine, hydrochloride, hydrate
53999-01-2Alloisoleucine, hydrochloride, hydrate
69833-18-7Asparagine, hydrate, DL-
71431-08-8Glutamic acid, N-L-arginyl-, trihydrate, L-
94668-08-3Aspartic acid, N-L-ornithyl-, hydrate, L-
94729-48-3Glutamic acid, N-L-lysyl, dihydrate, L-
95272-41-6Aspartic acid, N-L-arginyl-, hydrate, L-
96998-61-7Cysteine, hydrochloride, hydrate
117685-20-8Lysine, hydrochloride, hydrate
123333-71-1Histidine, hydrochloride, hydrate, DL-170551-74-3Proline, hydrate, DL-
220063-46-7Aspartic acid, sodium salt, hydrate, L-566933-19-5Valine, hydrochloride, hydrate, DL-
757956-20-0D-Glutamic acid, sodium salt, dihydrate dehydration of
32342-59-9D-Glutamic acid, sodium salt
hydrates, dehydration of
Copyright © 2013 American Chemical Society (ACS). All Rights Reserved.。

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