南京师范大学2005年博士研究生入学考试英语试题
05年10月考博英语A卷
05年10⽉考博英语A卷中国科学院博⼠研究⽣⼊学考试英语试卷2005年10⽉------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------THE CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCESENGLISH ENTRANCE EXAMINATION FORDOCTORAL CANDIDATESOctober 2005PAPER ONEPART I VOCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each)Directions: Choose the word or expression below each sentence that best completes the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single baracross the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.1. Marine biologists are calling for Cardigan Bay to be redeveloped as a marine nature _______ to protect the dolphins.A. reservationB. rescueC. reserveD. refugee2. Police have planned a reconstruction of the crime tomorrow in the hope that thiswill ________ the memory of the passers-by.A. keepB. easeC. jogD. enhance3. Diamonds have little ________ value and their price depends almost entirely on their scarcity.A. intricateB. intactC. intriguingD. intrinsic4. At the moment she is ________ the netball match between the Japanese team andthe Cuban team over at the playing field.A. arbitratingB. interveningC. refereeingD. deciding5. Any time ________, any period of waiting is because you haven't come and received the message.A. errorB. cutC. lackD. lag6. James Joyce was __________ as the greatest writer of the 20th century.A. salutedB. estimatedC. scaledD. measured7. As a moralist, Virginia Woolf works by indirection, subtly undermining officially accepted mores, mocking, suggesting, and calling values into question ______ asserting, advocating or bearing witness.A. rather thanB. other thanC. together withD. as well as8. Scientists hope the collision will produce a large crater in the comet’s surface in order to reveal the core and give some _________ to the origin of the solar system.A. sourcesB. interpretationsC. cluesD. observations9. The Japanese Prime Minister’s _________ is a seat on the UN Security Council, for which he will be lobbying at the summit.A. precedenceB. promiseC. priorityD. procedure10. This cycle of growth, reached its peak in 1986, when the annual rate of growthwas ________ 12 percent.A. in case ofB. in view ofC. in face ofD. in excess of11. How well a person __________ depends just as much on whether they’re self-confident as it does on particular skills and expertise.A. jumps outB. turns outC. covers upD. turns up12. The skin of the forest keeper _________ exposure to the harsh northwest weather.A.is tanned fromB.is colored fromC. is tainted byD. is encoded by13. The Court of Auditors of the EU is an _________ body and acts independently from all other institutions.A. indifferentB. imperativeC. impartialD. incoherent14. Since it is too late to change my mind, I am _________ to carrying out the plan.A. committedB. obligedC. engagedD. resolved15. The possibilities of an autumn election cannot be _________.A. struck outB. left outC. ruled outD. counted out16. Hotels and restaurants are an ____ part of the city; without them the city’s tourist industry cannot exist.A. insignificantB. integralC. interiorD. inevitable17. I reject any religious doctrine that does not _______ to reason and is in conflict with morality.A. applyB. appealC. attractD. attend18. There are three bodies of writing that come to _________ this question and wewill consider each in turn.A. bear onB. sort outC. figure outD. put on19. Success does not ________ in never making mistakes but in never making thesame one a second time.A. compriseB. conveyC. consistD. conform20. Thousands perished, but the Japanese wished to ________ the extent of the cruelacts committed by their soldiers.A. live up toB. mark downC. size upD. play downPART II CLOZE TEST (15 minutes, 15 points)Directions:For each blank in the following passage, choose the best answer from the four choices given below. Mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet. Healthy guilt is a warning signal that either something dangerous is about to happen or something has already happened that needs ___21___. A feeling of distress is good when it keeps us from ___22___ our own values. It serves a useful function. Here is a(n) ___23___: If a fire broke out in someone's home ___24___ faulty wiring, he would not be content with ___25___ putting out the fire. ___26___, he would have the house rewired. When we feel guilty about something, we have to make the necessary changes in our character to prevent a ___27___.Unhealthy guilt is a distressful feeling which occurs without reason or persists even after appropriate steps have been taken to deal with a situation. A person with___28___ self-esteem may react to feelings of guilt in one of two ways: ___29___ that he has done wrong in order to protect his fragile ego; or experience the feeling as a ___30___ that he is just an unworthy person. An example involves the case of Mr. L. He has a ___31___ with Mr. Y and exchanges angry words. Later that day, Mr. Y gets sick. Mr. L may feel that he was the ___32___of Mr. Y's misfortune. Mr. L feels unwarranted guilt for the misfortune and thinks that his angry feelings caused the misfortune. This is irrational thinking and is ___33___ of pathological guilt.When people do research on a particular challenge and make a decision, the decision may ___34___ unfavorable consequences. Feeling distress and pain is normal. However, feeling guilty over the idea that you caused the consequences is unhealthy. As long as a decision is made with proper advice and with good intent, then the person remains morally right ___35___ having made the decision. There is no reason for guilt.21. A. connection B. correction C. recovery D. repetition22. A. underestimating B. displaying C. violating D. deteriorating23. A. hypothesis B. definition C. experiment D. analogy24. A. due to B. but for C. with D. under25. A. devotedly B. primarily C. timely D. merely26. A. Therefore B. Rather C. Anyway D. Consequently27. A. distress B. renewal C. conflict D. recurrence28. A. low B. exalted C. sincere D. much29. A. Imply B. Admit C. Deny D. Argue30. A. prescription B. communication C. confirmation D. perception31. A. contact B. disagreement C. relationship D. concern32. A. cause B. origin C. cure D. witness33. A. record B. proof C. evidence D. description34. A. attach to B. turn to C. lead to D. take to35. A. at B. in C. as D. forPART III READING COMPREHENSIONSection A (60 minutes, 30 points)Directions: Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by fourchoices marked A, B, C, and D. Read each passage carefully, and then selectthe choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Markthe letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on yourMachine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage OneJeans were invented a little over a century ago and are currently the world's most popular, versatile garment, crossing boundaries of class, age and nationality. From their origins as pure workwear, th ey have spread through every level of the fashion spectrum, and are embraced internationally for their unmatched comfort and appeal.In the mid '40s, the Second World War came to an end, and denim blue jeans, previously worn almost exclusively as workwear, gained a new status in the U.S. and Europe. Rugged but relaxed, they stood for freedom and a bright future. Sported byboth men and women, by returning GI’s and sharp teenagers, they seem ed as clean and stron g as the people who chose to wear them. In Europe, surplus Levi's were left behind by American armed forces and were available in limited supplies. It was the European population's first introduction to the denim apparel. Workwear manufacturers tried to copy the U.S. originals, but those in the know insisted on the real thing.In the 50s, Europe was exposed to a daring new style in music and movies and consequently jeans took on an aura of sex and rebellion. Rock'n'roll coming from America blazed a trail of defiance, and jeans became a symbol of the break with convention and rigid social mores. When Elvis Presley sang in "Jailhouse Rock," his denim prison uniform carried a potent, virile image. Girls swooned and guys were quick to copy the King. In movies like "The Wild One" and "Rebel Without a Cause," cult figures Marlon Brando and James Dean portrayed tough anti-heroes in jeans and T-shirts. Adults spurned the look; teenagers, even those who only wanted to look like rebels, embraced it.By the beginning of the '60s, slim jeans had become a leisurewear staple, as teens began to have real fun, forgetting the almost desperate energy of the previous decade, while cocooned(包围在) in wealth and security. But the seeds of change had been sown, and by the mid '60s jeans had acquired yet another social connotation---as the uniform of the budding socialand sexual revolution. Jeans were the great equalizer, the perfect all-purpose garment for the classless society sought by the Hippy generation. In the fight for civil rights, at anti-war demonstrations on the streets of Paris, at sit-ins and love-ins everywhere, the battle cry was heard above a sea of blue.36.Jeans were first designed for _______.A.soldiersB.WorkmenC. TeenagersD. cowboys37.In the mid 40s, jeans gained popularity because ________.A. they made the wearer look clean and toughB. they were comfortable and looked friendlyC. they were the outward symbol of the mainstream societyD. they stood for freedom and a strong character38.What does the ―real thing‖ refer to in the second paragraph?A.authentic Levi’sB.workwearC. casual wearD. jeans of European style39.The popularity of Elvis Presley’s way of dressing illustrates that _________.A.teenagers wanted to look sexyB.people desired to look strong and manlyC.jeans went well with rock’n’rollD.D.Americans were more rebellious than Europeans40. The last sentence suggests that jeans were ________./doc/61c5a61755270722192ef7c4.html ed for military purposesB.the symbol of the ideal of social equalityC.worn by all kinds of peopleD. the outfit of social improvementPassage TwoThe ethnic group known as Ashkenazim is blessed with more than its fair share of talented minds, but is also prone to a number of serious genetic diseases.Researchers now suggest that intelligence is closely linked to several illnesses in Ashkenazi Jews, and that the diseases are the result of natural selection.The Ashkenazim are descended from Jewish communities in Germany, Austria, Poland, and Eastern Europe that date back to the 10th century. Today they make up approximately 80 percent of the world's Jewish population.Ashkenazim have the highest average IQ of any ethnic group, scoring 12 to 15 points above the European average. They are also strongly represented in fields and occupations requiring high cognitive ability. For instance, Jews of European ancestry account for 27 percent of U.S. Nobel science prize winners.But the group is also associated with several neurological disorders, including Tay-Sachs, Gaucher's, and Niemann-Pick. Tay-Sachs is a fatal hereditary disease of the central nervous system. Sufferers lack an enzyme needed to break down fatty substances in the brain and nerve cells. Gauchers and Niemann-Pick are similar, often fatal diseases.Because Jews were discriminated against in medieval Europe, they were often driven into professions such as moneylending and banking which were looked down upon or forbidden for Christians.Historians suggest that Jews with lucrative jobs often had four, six, or sometimes even eight or nine children. Poorer families, meanwhile, tended to be smaller, possibly because they lived in overcrowded areas in which children were more prone to disease. As a result, the researchers say, over hundreds of years the Jewish population of Europe became more intelligent than their gentile countrymen.But increased intelligence may have come at a cost, with genetic diseases such as Tay-Sachs being side effects of genes that facilitate intelligence. Researchers argue that it's highly unlikely that mutated genes responsible for these illnesses could have reached such high levels in Ashkenazim if they were not connected to cognitive performance.While the link is difficult to prove, there is some evidence that Gaucher disease does increase a person’s IQ. Around one in three people of working age who were patients of the Gaucher Clinic at the Shaare Zedek Medical Centre in Jerusalem had professions requiring an average IQ of more than 120. This group included scientists, academics, physicians, and accountants.Modern-day Ashkenazim are now far more likely to marry outside their ethnic group. A researcher says that he would expecta tendency for both higher IQs and associated genetic disorders to become less marked over time.41. According to the first paragraph, Ashkenazim are _______.A.more intelligent than other JewsB.more likely to be sick than other JewsC.endowed with natural ability because of genetic diseasesD.more likely to be born with genetic diseases42. According to the article, Ashkenazim are related to the Jewish people in ______.A.the whole Europe and Eastern AsiaB. B. Eastern Europe and a few other European countriesC.Eastern Europe and a few Asian countriesD.Eastern Europe and Germany43. Tay-Sachs, Gaucher’s and Niemann-Pick are _______.A.diseases caused by absence of an enzymeB.life-threatening genetic diseasesC.diseases that make people more intelligentD.the same disease with different terms44.The ―lucrative job‖ may most probably be a job which is _______.A.ProfitableB.unsteadyC.challengingD.permanent45.The underlined sentence in paragraph 7 roughly means that the researchersbelieve that _______.A. mutated genes have a negative influence on Ashkenazim’s intelligenceB. mutated genes have played a role in Ashkenazim’s intelligenceC. the Ashkenazim’s high intelligence is caused by the mutated genesD. the Ashkenazim’s illnesses have greatly handicapped their performance46.From the passage, it can be anticipated that in the future ________.A.Ashkenazim would be less intelligent but healthierB.there would be more outstanding Ashkenazim intellectualsC.Ashkenazim would be more intelligent and less healthyD.the cause of genetic diseases would be explored more deeplyPassage ThreeSometimes it's just hard to choose. You're in a restaurant and the waiter has his pen at the ready. As you hesitate, he gradually begins to take a close interest in the ceiling, his fingernails, then in your dining partner. Each dish on the menu becomes a blur as you roll your eyes up and down it in a growing panic. Finally, you desperately opt for something that turns out to be what you hate.It seems that we need devices to protect us from our hopelessness at deciding between 57 barely differentiated varieties of stuff - be they TV channels, gourmet coffee, downloadable ring tones, or perhaps, ultimately even interchangeable lovers. This thought is opposed to our government's philosophy, which suggests that greater choice over railways, electricity suppliers and education will make us happy. In my experience, they do anything but.Perhaps the happiest people are those who do not have much choice and aren’t confronted by the misery of endless choice. True, that misery may not be obvious to people who don't have a variety of luxuries. If you live in Madagascar, say, where average life expectancy is below 40 and they don't have digital TV or Starbucks, you might not be impressed by the anxiety and perpetual stress our decision-making paralysis causes.Choice wasn't supposed to make people miserable. It was supposed to be the hallmark of self-determination that we so cherish in capitalist western society. But it obviously isn't: ever more choice increases the feeling of missed opportunities, and this leads to self-blame when choices fail to meet expectations. What is to be done? A new book by an American social scientist, Barry Schwartz, called The Paradox of Choice, suggests that reducing choices can limit anxiety.Schwartz offers a self-help guide to good decision making that helps us to limit our choices to a manageable number, and ultimately derive greater satisfaction from the choices we make. This is a capitalist response to a capitalist problem.But once you realize that your Schwartzian filters are depriving you ofsomething you might have found enjoyable, you will experience the same anxiety as before, worrying that you made the wrong decision in drawing up your choice-limiting filters. Arguably, we will always be doomed to buyers' remorse and the misery it entails. The problem of choice is perhaps more difficult than Schwartz allows.47.The waiter mentioned in Paragraph 1 would agree that given a variety of choice_______.A. it is common for his customer to hesitate in ordering a mealB. it is impolite for his customer to order with hesitationC. it is difficult for his customer to expect quality foodD. it is possible to get to know his customer’s partner48.It is implied that it is the government’s inten tion to _______.A.improve the quality of TV programsB.try to offer greater choice over public service systemsC.make people realize that some lovers are interchangeableD.encourage the downloading of a variety of ring tones49.We can infer that the author’s attitude toward s choice is that _______.A.the more choice we have, the more freedom we can enjoyB.endless choice has only made us more miserableC.it is easy for people to make a wrong decision with few choicesD. before we make decisions, we want as many choices as possible50.The author mentioned ―Starbucks‖ in Paragraph 3 as an illustration of _______.A.happinessB.low life expectancyC. perpetual stressD. luxury51.From Barry Schwartz’s book, The Paradox of Choice, we can getrecommendation tips on _______.A. how to handle the situation of capitalist exploitationB.how to deal with your expense budgetC. how to avoid the feeling of missed opportunitiesD.how to save money by making a right choice52.We may conclude that it is NOT one of the author’s purposes to _______.AAA. stress the problem of choiceB.discuss decision-making paralysisC. make an analysis of buyers’ remorseD. promote the new book The Paradox of ChoicePassage FourMany things make people think artists are weird –the odd hours, the nonconformity, the clove cigarettes. However, the weirdest may be this: artists’ only jobs are to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel lousy. This wasn’t always so. The earliest forms of art, like painting and m usic, are those best suited for expressing joy. But somewhere in the 19th century, more artists began seeing happiness as insipid, phony or, worst of all, boring. In the 20th century, classical music became more atonal, visual art more unsettling.Sure, there have been exceptions, but it would not be a stretch to say that for the past century or so, serious art has been at war with happiness. In 1824, Beethoven completed his ―Ode to Joy‖. In 1962, novelist Anthoy Burgess used it in A Clockwork Orange as the favorite music of his ultra-violent antihero.You could argue that art became more skeptical of happiness because modern times have seen such misery. But the reason may actually be just the opposite: there is too much damn happiness in the world today.In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in peril and that they would someday be meat for worms. Today the messages that the average Westerner is bombarded with are not religious but commercial, and relentlessly happy. Since these messages have an agenda –to pry our wallets from our pockets –they make the very idea of happiness seem bogus(假的). ―Celebrate!‖commanded the ads for the arthritis drug Celebrex, before we found out it could increase the risk of heart attack.What we forget – what our economy depends on us forgetting – is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain. Thethings that bring the greatest joy carry the greatest potential for loss and disappointment. Today, surrounded by promises of easy happiness, we need someone to tell us that it is ok not to be happy, that sadness makes happiness deeper. As the wine-connoisseur movie Sideways tells us, it is the kiss of decay and mortality that makes grape juice into Pinot Noir. We need art to tell us, as religion once did, that you will die, that everything ends, and that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it. It’s a message even more bitter tha n a clove cigarette, yet, somehow, is a breath of fresh air.53.What is most strange about artists?A. They wear special clothes.B. They rarely work in the daytime.C. They mainly depict distressing things.D. They are liable to take illegal drugs.54.What does the author mean by ―a stretch‖?A.a terrible thingB.an exaggerationC.a continuous period of timeD.an exception55.The example that ―Ode to Joy‖ was used in Burgess’s novel is meant to illustratethat _______.A.musicians and novelists share similar artistic tasteB.violent people have a strong desire to be happyC.serious art is often contradictory with happinessD.music is enjoyed by good and bad people alike56.The word ―Celebrex‖ in the advertisement ________.A.misleads people into buying dangerous drugsB.reminds people of a cheerful feelingC.boasts of the effectiveness of a drug/doc/61c5a61755270722192ef7c4.html es from a religious term57.How could the economy depend on our forgetting things?A.The economy would not be boosted if everybody were satisfied.B.There are many new products designed for the forgetful.C.People will spend more money if we believe in easy happiness.D.We pay heavily for forgetting things easily.58.What does the author imply with the movie Sideways?A.Happiness can be found through pains and efforts.B.Happiness comes when everything dies.C.Happiness makes sadness deeper.D.Happiness is not a good thing.Passage FiveAs students return to school this fall, parents will again worry about new illnesses as kids come into contact with flu germs. There are other risks they should worry about—illnesses caused by the common bugs and rodents found in school buildings. Perhaps the even more dangerous pests however are those individuals who prevent school administrators from swiftly addressing these problems.Anti-chemical activists have pushed, and nearly 20 states and local governments have passed, laws to eliminate or drastically reduce the use of pesticides in schools. Yet pesticides are used to control roaches, mice, rats, mosquitoes, and other pests. The public health implications of allowing these things to get out of control should be obvious: increased allergies and illnesses related to insect and rodent bites.Some states have passed a seemingly more reasonable policy that demands that school administrators provide notification 48 to 72 hours before using pesticides. But such laws allow problems to escalate during waiting periods when an urgent response is warranted. Notification paperwork burdens also consume limited financial resources. Journalist Steve Milloy reported that the notification law of Maryland costs the state’s schools $32,000 annually.Parents should fear these laws and the pests they harbor more than the pesticides. Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) pesticide standards are so exceedingly cautious that the risks are tiny when the product is used according to label directions. An analysis done by the University of Texas found that the EPA’s risk estimates overstate pesticide exposure damage at a level hundreds of thousands of times greater than the risk of actual exposure.Meanwhile, many of the pests in schools pose serious risks. Allergies and asthma are a particular concern. According to one study published in Environmental Health Perspectives: ―Allergens associated with dust mites and cockroaches are probably important in both onset and worsening of asthma symptoms for children who are chronically exposed to these agents.‖Cockroach allergies are particularly problematic. Children who suffered from this type of allergy missed more days of school and lost more sleep than children suffering from other allergies.Prudent use of chemicals—not reduced pesticide use—can be a big part of the solution. A study in the Journal of Allergies and Clinical Immunology showed that use of chemical baits and regular cleaning can reduce indoor cockroach allergens to levels below that which causes allergies.If people are truly concerned about public health in schools, it’s time to start looking at priorities. Rather than liberate the pests, they should liberate the schools from silly government regulations and dangerous vermin.59. The author implies that parents should be most concerned about __________.A.flu germsB.pestsC.school administratorsD.anti-chemical activists60. The author would most probably agree that the laws restricting the use of pesticides in schools _________.A.are necessaryB.are harmfulC.are quite effectiveD.reflect health concerns61. The third paragraph shows that in schools ________.A. sometimes pesticides should be used immediatelyB. the cost of using pesticides is very highC.the laws about using pesticides are not properly observedD. using pesticides is a daily routine62. Regarding pesticides, the author thinks that _________.A. their danger has been exaggeratedB. their effects have been proved by EPAC. they are not effective for killing some pestsD.they may cause some illnesses in children63. Allergens associated with cockroaches may ________.A. kill some insectsB. trigger genetic problemsC. cause asthma symptomsD. create environmental pollution64. As a result of cockroach allergies, children may have difficulty with _______.A.hearingB.digesting/doc/61c5a61755270722192ef7c4.html municatingD.sleeping65. What is the main idea of the passage?A. New chemicals should be developed to control pests.B. Pesticides should be used frequently to control pests.C.Some policies have ruined the efforts to control pests.D. Schools have ignored the need to control pests.Section B ( 20 minutes, 10 points)Direction: In each of the following passages, five sentences have been removed from the original text. They are listed from A to F and put below the passage. Choosethe most suitable sentence from the list to fill in each of the blanks (numbered66 to 75). For each passage, there is one sentence that does not fit in any ofthe blanks. Mark your answers on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage OneTHE LONDON terrorist attacks on July 7 and July 21 changed British Prime Minister Tony Blair. He had long been reluctant to make the fight against Islamo-fascist terror a domestic issue. Last week he outlined security measures to deal with radical clerics who incite violence.Of particular interest is a measure that reads in part: "It is now necessary, in order to acquire British citizenship, that people attend a citizenship ceremony [and] swear allegiance to the country." That's not much different from U.S. law. ___66___ This requirement would violate Section 203 of the U.S. V oting Rights Act, which requires that bilingual election materials and assistance be made available when a foreign language reaches critical mass in the general population. For example, California recall ballots in Los Angeles County were printed in English, Spanish, Chinese, Vietnamese, Japanese, Korean and Tagalog. ___67___U.S. law, in effect, tells new citizens that they can be fully engaged in U.S. democracy without understanding the language of its election campaigns. ___68___ Naturalized citizens must demonstrate a fundamental understanding of U.S. history and civics. Isn't it reasonable to expect them also to be able to communicate, at a basic level, in the language of U.S. politics?___69___ Requiring citizens to understand basic English isn't bias. But supporting a system that encourages American citizens to accept a life without meaningful participation in politics and civic life —that's bias.To end the separatism and disengagement that flourishes in part because significant portions of his country cannot speak English, Blair wants to make basic knowledge of English a requirement for British citizenship. There can be no true national。
南京师范大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析
南京师范大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析Directions:In the following article,some sentences have been removed.For Questions1-5,choose the most suitable one from the list A―G to fit into each of the numbered blank.There are two extra choices,which do not fit in any of the gaps.Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi.Here I want to try to give you an answer to the question:What personal qualities are desirable in a teacher?Probably no two people would draw up exactly the same lists.But I think the following would be generally accepted.First,1)But it does rule out such types as the over-excitable, melancholy,frigid,sarcastic,cynical,frustrated,and overbearing: I would say too,that it excludes all of dull or purely negative personality.Secondly,2）Closely related with this is the capacity to be tolerant-not,indeed,of what is wrong,but of the frailty and immaturity of human nature which induce people,and again especially children,to make mistakes.Thirdly,3）This does not mean being a saint.It means that he will be aware of his intellectual strengths,and limitations,and will have thought about and decided upon the moral principles by which his life shall be guided.There is no contradiction in my going on to saythat a teacher should be a bit of an actor.That is part of the technique of teaching,which demands that every now and then a teacher should be able to put on an act to enliven a lesson,correct a fault, or award praise.Children,especially young children,live in a world that is rather larger than life.On the other hand,4）He must be pretty resilient,teaching makes great demands on nervous energy.And he should be able to take in his stride the innumerable petty irritations any adult dealing with children has to endure.Finally,5）There are three principle objects of study:the subject,or subjects,which the teacher is teaching;the methods by which they can best be taught to the particular pupils in the classes he is teaching;and-by far the most important-the children,young people,or adults to whom they are to be taught.The cardinal principle of British education is education of the whole person,and that it is best acquired through full and active cooperation between two persons,the teacher and the learner.[A]it is not merely desirable but essential for a teacher to have a genuine capacity for sympathy-in the literal meaning of that word;a capacity to tune in to the minds and feelings of other people.[B]a teacher must be capable of infinite patronee.This,I may say,is largely a matter of self-discipline and self-training, because none of us were born like that.[C]the teacher's personality should be pleasantly live andattractive.This does not rule out people who are physically plain, or even ugly,because many such have great personal charm.[D]A teacher must remain mentally alert,He must be quick to adapt himself to any situation,however improbable(they happen!)and able to improvise,if necessary at less than a moment’s notice[E]A teacher should be humorous sometimes like a best friend sitting down across from you in your living room having a chat about what's going on in your life.[F]I think a teacher should have the kind of mind,which always wants to go on learning.Teaching is a job at which one will never be perfect;there is always something more to learn about it.[G]I hold it essential for a teacher to be both intellectually and morally honest.答案及解析1）C。
南京师范大学考博英语真题语法专项突破训练及解析
南京师范大学考博英语真题语法专项突破训练及解析南京师范大学考博英语真题语法专项突破训练及解析1.Taking more vitamin than the body needs does not make it function better,_________over-fulfilling the oil lamp makes it lighten better.A.no more thanB.any more thanC.not more thanD.much more than2.Do you have any idea what Jim does all Sunday?Hespends_________as much time idling about as he does.Xu yao quan guo ge da yuan xiao kao bo ying yu zhen ti shi juan qing jia qq：qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi,huo er ba jiu ling ling liu si san wu yi.ye ke yi bo da quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba xiang shou kao bo fu dao ti yan.A.his studyB.studyingC.to studyD.on his study3.The student I am teaching this year is much more intelligent than_________I taught last year.A.thatB.oneC.the oneD.those4.Just as the builder is skilled in the handling of his bricks, _________the experienced writer in the handling of his words.A.and so isB.as isC.the same isD.so is5.The new hotel has erected a beautiful building with recreation area and conference facilities on the top floor_________the finest view of the city can be obtained.A.in whichB.over whichC.whereD.there试题答案及解析：6..Bnot…any more than…“与……同样不……”。
南京师范大学考博英语真题词汇精彩记忆方法
南京师范大学考博英语真题词汇精彩记忆方法01.The tall man installed a small wallet on the wall.高个男子把一小钱包安放到墙上。
02.Except dishonest ones,anyone who is honest can get honey, everyone thinks so.除了不诚实的人外，任何诚实的人都能得到蜂蜜，人人都这么想。
03.The exhausted man and the trustful guy thrust a knife into the rusty crust.精疲力竭的男子和深信不疑的家伙将一把刀子刺向生锈的外壳。
04.I finally find that the financial findings are binding.我终于发现财经调查结果具有约束力。
05.At the windy window,the widow finds a blind snake winding.在当风的窗口，寡妇发现有条瞎眼蛇在游动。
06.I refuse to accuse Fuse of diffusing confusion.我拒绝控告导火索散播混乱。
需要各大院校历年考博英语真题及其解析请加扣扣七七二六七八五三七或二八九零零六四三五一，也可以拨打全国免费咨询电话四零零六六八六九七八享受考博辅导体验。
07.He had an amusing excuse for executing the executive.对于处决决策人，他有一个可笑的理由。
08.At the dawn on the lawn the yawning drowned man began to frown.拂晓时在草坪上，打呵欠的溺水者开始皱眉头。
09.Mr.Brown owns the brown towels in the downtown tower.布朗先生拥有闹市区塔里的棕色毛巾。
2005年03月考博英语试题及答案
中国科学院博士研究生入学考试英语试卷2005年3月考生须知：一、本试卷由试卷一(PAPER ONE)和试卷二(PAPER TWO)两部分组成。
试卷一为客观题，答卷使用标准化机读答题纸；试卷二为主观题，答卷使用普通答题纸。
二、请考生一律用HB或2B铅笔填涂标准化机读答题纸，画线不得过细或过短。
修改时请用橡皮擦拭干净。
若因填涂不符合要求而导致计算机无法识别，责任由考生自负。
请保持机读答题纸清洁、无折皱。
三、全部考试时间总计180分钟，满分为100分。
时间及分值分布如下：试卷一：Ⅰ听力20分钟20分Ⅱ词汇15分钟10分Ⅲ完形填空15分钟15分Ⅳ阅读60分钟30分小计110分钟75分试卷二：Ⅴ英译汉30分钟10分Ⅵ写作40分钟15分小计70分钟25分CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCESENGLISH ENTRANCE EXAMINATIONFORDOCTORAL CANDIDATESMarch 2005PAPER ONEPART Ⅰ LISTENING COMPREHENSION (20 minutes, 20 points)Directions:In this section, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The question will be spoken only once. Choose the best answer from the four choices given by marking the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.1. A. He needs more fresh air. B. He is willing to go out.C. He is too sick to go out.D. He opened the window.2. A. Their friemts. B. Daily activities.C. Past experiences.D. Historical events.3. A. To buy a ticket. B. To pay a fee.C. To pay back a debt.D. To buy a gift.4. A. Give information. B. State preferences.C. Ask permission.D. Attract attention.5. A. In a gymnasium. B. In an art exhibition.C. In a shop.D. In a hotel.6. A. 19 dollars each. B. 38 dollars each.C. 30 dollars altogether.D. 36 dollars altogether.7. A. Jack is a gentleman. B. Jack does everything right.C. Jack is a desirable husband.D. Jack behaves immaturely sometimes.8. A. It was remarkable to both the man and the woman.B. It was not suitable for the woman.C. The man hated this kind of movie.D. The woman complained about its quality.9. A. See how much the jacket is.B. See if the jacket there is blue.C. See if there is a cell phone in the jacket.D. See if there was anything turned in this morning.10. A. The man has caught a cold. B. The woman was caught in a rainstorm.C. The weather forecast was inaccurate.D. It rained very heavily.Directions:In this section, you will hear three short talks. At the end of each talk, there will be a few questions. Both the talk and the questions will be read to you only once. After each question, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must choose the best answer fromthe four choices given by marking the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Questions 11-13 are based on Talk 1.11. A. Language comes from physical labor.B. Language learning is a long-term endeavor.C. Language reflects history.D. Language study is very important.12. A. Constructing a wheel. B. Making a choice.C. Coming back.D. Turning around.13. A. The overthrow of a class. B. The overthrow of a tyrant.C. The overthrow of a belief.D. The overthrow of an act.Questions 14-17 are based on Talk 2.14. A. It‟s a wonderful idea.B. It‟s not a smart thing to do.C. It‟s too difficult to put into practice.D. It‟s interesting to the decision maker.15. A. Telling people about your degrees.B. Promising that you will make good achievements.C. Introducing your job responsibilities.D. Talking about the needs of the potential employer.16. A. The results which your potential boss wants to gain with your assistance.B. The results of making more money on an international market.C. The results that the employer has seen in the past.D. The results that your potential boss does not want to see.17. A. Proving that you are capable of doing the job.B. Seeking the position that is not too high or too low for you.C. Insisting that experience is more important than knowledge.D. Claiming that you are better than any other applicant.Questions 18-20 are based on Talk 3.18. A. They exercise dogs twice a day.B. They learn how to be responsible for dogs.C. They encourage dogs to go for long walks.D. They like dogs too much to care about other things.19. A. Working for the police.B. Relaxing with other dogs.C. Protecting businesses.D. Guiding the blind.20. A. Dogs ride in public transport.B. Dogs bite their owners when in a rage.C. Vehicles run over stray dogs.D. People always keep dogs on leads.PART ⅡVOCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each)Directions: Choose the word or expression below each sentence that best completes the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.21. Giorgio, now fifteen, and Lucia, also in her teens, were reaching the of their adolescence.A. crisisB. criterionC. causalityD. credibility22. At first Jackie prayed, frozen in fear, but gradually his terror curiosity.A. put up withB. lived up toC. did away withD. gave way to23. The International Olympic Committee rejects the accusations that Beijing‟s budget-cutting move might its preparation for the games.A. degradeB. deliberateC. deployD. defend24. You are not allowed to take a second job your employer gives you permission.A. so long asB. otherwiseC. unlessD. whereas25. They continued to about and enjoy themselves until they became tired.A. strokeB. strollC. stammerD. string26. The survey asked 750 school children about the values and beliefs they from television.A. pick upB. take upC. put upD. make up27. I am grateful for your invitation, and I‟d like to accept your offer with pleasure.A. delightedB. innocentC. graciousD. prestigious28. I must you farewell right now, but on some future occasion, I hope to see you again.A. relayB. bidC. sendD. deliver29. Perhaps my dishes will not be as delicious as those which you are accustomed to eating, but I beg you to grant my and have dinner with me.A. resentmentB. requirementC. requestD. reservation30. That singular ach ievement was not just about Korea‟s arrival as a football force but as a self-confident mature nation to be seriously.A. copedB. shownC. establishedD. taken31. Europe as a unit did little by itself; it either sent for US help, or each European government acted on its own.A. incidentalB. apparentC. cohesiveD. descendent32. On 9 December, James Joyce experienced one of those coincidences which affected him at the time and which later became material for his books.A. inadequatelyB. systematicallyC. profoundlyD. simultaneously33. Embarrassed, I nodded, trying to think of some way to my error.A. make do withB. make up forC. go in forD. go along with34. Furthermore, if I were to leave him, he would , for he cannot endure to be separated from me for more than one hour.A. prevailB. presideC. perishD. persecute35. With high hopes, the company sent samples of the substance to scientists, but theycouldn‟t any practical uses for it.A. come up withB. do justice toC. get even withD. look up to36. He signed a new contract with the Dublin firm, Maunsel & Company, on more favorable than those Grant Richards had given him.A. itemsB. termsC. articlesD. specifications37. Most scientists agree this outpouring contributes to global warming, which could eventually lead to coastal flooding, weather, and widespread crop loss.A. intensiveB. extremeC. unpleasedD. unique38. There was a quick turnover of staff in the department as the manager treated his employees with contempt.A. utterB. soleC. intimateD. corresponding39. The source, who spoke on condition of anonymity, to discuss the implication of that conclusion.A. recededB. impliedC. compliedD. declined40. Childhood can be a time of great insecurity and loneliness, during which the need to be accepted by peers great significance.A. takes onB. works outC. brings aboutD. gives inPART ⅢCLOZE TEST (is minutes, 15 points)Directions: There are 15 blanks in the following passage. Read the passage through. Then, go back and choose the most suitable of the words or phrases marked A, B, C, and D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter of the word or phrase you have chosen with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Can exercise be a bad thing? Sudden death during or soon after strenuous exertion on the squash court or on the army training grounds, is not unheard of. 41 trained marathon runners are not immune to fatal heart attacks. But no one knows just 42 common these sudden deaths linked to exercise are. The registration and investigation of such 43 is very patchy; only a national survey could determine the true 44 of sudden deaths in sports. But the climate ofmedical opinion is shifting in 45 of exercise, for the person recovering from a heart attack as 46 as the average lazy individual. Training can help the victim of a heart attack by lowering the 47 of oxygen the heart needs at any given level of work 48 the patient can do more before reaching the point where chest pains indicate a heart starved of oxygen. The question is, should middle-aged people, 49 particular, be screened for signs of heart disease before 50 vigorous exercise?Most cases of sudden death in sport are caused by lethal arrhythmias in the beating of the heart, often in people 51 undiagnosed coronary heart disease. In North America 52 over 35 is advised to have a physical check-up and even an exercise electrocardiogram. The British, on the whole, think all this testing is unnecessary. Not many people die from exercise, 53 , and ECGs(心电图)are notoriously inaccurate. However, two medical cardiologists at the Victoria Infirmary in Glasgow, advocate screening by exercise ECG for people over 40, or younger people 54 at risk of developing coronary heart disease. Individuals showing a particular abnormality in their ECGs 55 , they say, a 10 to 20 times greater risk of subsequently developing signs of coronary heart disease, or of sudden death.41. A. Then B. Though C. Since D. Even42. A. why B. how C. if D. what43. A. runners B. exercises C. patients D. cases44. A. initiation B. evidence C. incidence D. indication45. A. favor B. positive C. inclination D. bias46. A. good B. well C. much D. far47. A. weight B. amount C. degree D. quality48. A. however B. because C. but D. so49. A. at B. to C. for D. in50. A. taking up B. trying on C. getting over D. doing with51. A. beyond B. by C. with D. of52. A. anyone B. none C. some D. nobody53. A. of course B. at all C. after all D. by far54. A. readily B. suddenly C. already D. ready55. A. having B. had C. having been D. havePART ⅣREADING COMPREHENSION (60 minutes, 30 points)Directions: You will read five passages in this part of the test. Below each passage there are some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Read the passage carefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage 1I myself first saw Samarkand from a rise across a wilderness of crumbling ruins and great graveyards which lie between it and the airport. Suddenly we caught a glimpse of painted towers and the great blue domes of mosques and tombs shouldering the full weight of the sky among bright green trees and gardens. Beyond the gardens and the glittering domes still were those watchful mountains and their evocative snow. I found myself thinking of the thrill I had on catching my first sight of Damascus after crossing the desert from Syria. The light, the orchards and many of the trees were the same but deeper still was the sense of coming into contact with one of the most astonishing cultures in history, the world of the one and only Allah and his prophet Muhammad. It was a world that completely overawed me.Yet the memory of Samarkand which stays with me most clearly is quite a humble one. Coming back to the city from the country on my last evening we passed some unusual elm trees and I stopped to have a look at them. They were, my guide told me, perhaps a thousand years old, older certainly than Genghis Khan. A flock of fat-tailed sheep (the same kind of sheep that my own ancestors saw a Hottentot keeping when they landed at the Cape of Good Hope 321 years ago), tended by some Tadshik children, moved slowly home in the distance. Then from the city came quite clearly the call to prayer from mosque and minaret. I had not expected any calls at all and it made no difference that some of the calls came over loud-speakers. Then beyond the trees an old manappeared on a donkey, dismounted, spread a prayer mat on the ground, and kneeling towards Mecca, he began to pray.From Samarkand I journeyed on to Bokhara which was once the holiest city in Central Asia. At one time it possessed over a hundred religious colleges and close to four hundred mosques. It drew adventurers of all races towards it as it did Marco Polo. Not many of them reached their destination. These days at what used to be one of the richest market places in the world, one buys ice-cream instead of slaves; watches and mass-produced trinkets and fizzy drinks instead of gold, silks and turquoise jewellery. Few of the four hundred mosques remain and most have vanished without even leavinga trace.56. Samarkand lies .A. in a desertB. high in the mountainsC. in front of DamascusD. between the mountains and the airport57. The author said that he was overawed by .A. the beauty of the sceneB. the sight of DamascusC. the age of the placeD. the world of Allah and Muhammad58. The author refers to his clearest memory of Samarkand as “humble” because .A. it was an ordinary scene that he rememberedB. it was his last night in the city and his last memoryC. the elm trees were older than Genghis KhanD. the trees looked impressive in the evening light59. The author says that the sheep he saw were similar to .A. the ones his ancestors had keptB. the ones that lived in his own countryC. those his ancestors had seen at the Cape of Good HopeD. those his ancestors had taken to the Cape of Good Hope60. The author was surprised to hear the calls to prayer because .A. he was far away from the city, yet he could hear them clearlyB. he did not think there would be any callsC. the calls came from the mosquesD. the calls were no different over loud-speakers61. The market has changed in character because now .A. it does sell jewelleryB. the holy men do not sell thereC. it sells goods for tourists and items of little valueD. the traders have disappeared because it is too dangerous to sell therePassage 2The component of the healthy personality that is the first to develop is the sense of trust. As with other personality components, the sense of trust is not something that develops independent of other manifestations of growth. It is not that infants learn how to use their bodies for purposeful movement, learn to recognize people and objects around them, and also develop a sense of trust. Rather, the concept “sense of trust” is a shortcut expression intended to convey the characteristic flavor of all the child‟s satisfying experiences at this early age.Studies of mentally ill individuals and observations of infants who have been grossly deprived of affection suggest that trust is an early-formed and important element in the healthy personality. Psychiatrists find again and again that the most serious illnesses occur in patients who have been sorely neglected or abused or otherwise deprived of love in infancy.Observations of infants brought up in emotionally unfavorable institutions or moved to hospitals with inadequate facilities for psychological care support these findings. A recent report says that “Infants under 5 months of age who have been in an institution for some time present a well-defined picture. The outstanding features are listlessness, relative immobility, quietness, poor sleep, an appearance of unhappiness, etc.”Another investigation of children separated from their mothers at 6 to 12 months and not provided with an adequate substitute comes to much the same conclusion.Most significant for our present point, these reactions are most likely to occur in children who, up to the time of separation at 6 to 9 months of age, had a happy relation with their mothers, while those whose relations were unhappy are relatively unaffected.It is at about this age that the struggle between trusting and mistrusting the world comes to a climax, for it is then that children first perceive clearly that they and their environment are things apart. That at this point formerly happy infants should react so badly to separation suggests, indeed, that they had a faith that now has been shattered. In most primitive societies and in some sections of our own society, the attention accorded infants is more in line with natural processes. Throughout infancy the baby is surrounded by people who are ready to feed it, fondle it, and otherwise comfort it at a moment‟s notice. Moreover, these ministrations are given spontaneously and wholeheartedly, and without that element of nervous concern that may characterize the efforts of young mothers made self-conscious and insecure by our scientific age.We must not exaggerate, however. Most infants in our society too find smiles and comfort. As their own bodies come to be more dependable, there is added to the pleasures of increasing sensory response and motor control the pleasure of the mothers‟ encouragement. Then, too, psychologists tell us that mothers create a sense of trust in their children not by the particular techniques they employ but by the sensitiveness with which they respond to the children‟s needs and by their overall attitude.62. The sense of trust in an infant is under development when .A. the infant experiences some satisfactionB. adults‟ trust is adequateC. the infant learns how to moveD. the infant is surrounded by people he can recognize63. The author raises evidence of mental illness and other disorders in children .A. to introduce a discussion of the effect of institutions on childrenB. to show the effect on children of an unhappy relation with their mothers during infancyC. to warn parents of the dangers of neglecting and abusing their childrenD. to support the point that trust is an early formed and important element of a healthy personality64. Babies might mistrust the world if .A. they did not receive food when they were hungryB. they mastered their body movements too quicklyC. someone came too close to themD. they saw an object disappear65. The climax in the development of a sense of trust occurs .A. before maternal affection is providedB. when a child perceives that he or she is separate from the environmentC. when a child successfully controls his or her muscular coordinationD. as a result of maternal separation66. A possible reason that a child having an unhappy relation with his/her mother will not be affected by maternal separation at 6 to 9 months is that .A. the struggle between trusting and mistrusting has reached a climaxB. the child sees himself/herself as being separate from the environmentC. the child‟s sense of trust is destroyedD. no sense of trust has ever developed67. According to this passage, the most important factor in developing a sense of trust is .A. the type of techniques used by the motherB. the sensitivity of the childC. maternal loveD. the combined effect of natural feeling and cultural attitudes68. How can mothers create a sense of trust in a child?A. By showing confidence and experience in front of the child.B. By applying techniques taught by psychologists.C. By showing the child that the mother is understanding of his/her wants.D. By offering smiles and comforts.Passage 3I saw a television advertisement recently for a new product called an air sanitizer. A woman stood in her kitchen, spraying the empty space in front of her as though using Mace against an imaginary assailant. She appeared very determined. Where others aresatisfied with antibacterial-laced sponges, dish soaps, hand sanitizers and telephone wipes, here was a woman who sought to sterilize the air itself.As a casual student of microbiology, I find it hard to escape the absurdity here. This woman is, like any human being, home to hundreds of trillions of bacteria. Bacteria make up a solid third, by weight, of the contents of her intestines. If you were to sneak into her bathroom while she was showering—and based on my general impression of this woman from the advertisement, I don‟t recommend this—and secret away a teaspoon of the water at her feet, you would find some 820 billion bacteria. Bacteria are unavoidably, inevitably—and, usually, utterly benignly—a part of our world.The fantasy of a germ-free home is not only absurd, but it is also largely pointless. Unless you share your home with someone very old, very young (under 6 months) or very ill, the few hundred bacteria on a countertop, doorknob or spoon pose no threat. The bacteria that cause food poisoning, the only significant rational bacterial worry in the average home, need to multiply into the thousands or millions before they can overwhelm your immune system and cause symptoms.The only way common food poisoning bacteria can manage this is to spend four or five hours reproducing at room temperature in something moist that you then eat. If you are worried about food poisoning, the best defense is the refrigerator. If you don‟t make a habit of eating perishable food that has been left out too long, don‟t worry about bacteria.Viruses are slightly different. You need only pick up a few virus particles to infect yourself with a cold or flu, and virus particles can survive on surfaces for days. So disinfecting the surfaces in the home should, in theory, reduce the chances of picking up a bug.In practice, the issue is less clear. A study by Dr. Elaine Larson at the Columbia School of Nursing called into question the usefulness of antibacterial products for the home. In New York, 224 households, each with at least one preschooler, were randomly assigned to two groups. One group used antibacterial cleaning, laundry and hand-washing products. The other used ordinary products. For 48 weeks, the groups were monitored for seven symptoms of colds, flu and food poisoning—and found to be essentially thesame. A ccording to Dr. Gerba‟s research, an active adult touches an average of 300 surfaces every 30 minutes. You cannot win at this. You will become obsessive-compulsive. Just wash your hands with soap and water a few times a day, and leave it at that.69. What is the main idea of this passage？A. We don‟t need to worry too much about bacteria everywhere in our life.B. Antibacterial products for the home are found to be effective.C. The TV advertisement the writer mentioned is a total failure.D. The existent bacteria pose a threat only to the very young and very old.70. We can infer from Paragraph 3 that .A. healthy people should live separately from unhealthy members of the familyB. a germ-free home is not only possible, but significantC. unless you live with the vulnerable, it is pointless to sterilize the airD. our immune systems are too weak to fight against the food poisoning bacteria71. In the first sentence of Paragraph 4, “... manage this” means “to manage the process of .A. killing the bacteria in your bodyB. multiplying to a significantly large numberC. raising the room temperatureD. sterilizing the perishable food72. According to the author, if you want to keep healthy, you had better .A. make the room dryB. keep the food in the refrigeratorC. wash your hands as much as possibleD. clean the surfaces with anti-bacterial products73. From Paragraph 5 the author emphasizes .A. the danger of virusesB. the common existence of virus particlesC. the short life span of virusesD. the difficulty in killing viruses74. The word “bug” used in Paragraph 5 means .A. a bacteriumB. a coldC. a fluD. a virus75. According to the author, one will become obsessive-compulsive .A. if he washes his hands every time he touches a surfaceB. if he only washes his hands with soap and waterC. if he could not win over the bacteria in his homeD. if he does not fight against the bacteria at homePassage 4Until recently the halls of North High in Minneapolis were lined with vending machines where students could buy soda pop and other sugary drinks, as they can in most other high schools in the nation. But with rates of childhood obesity sky-rocketing, the Minneapolis school district worried about pushing pop. The district needed a way to keep its lucrative vending contract with Coca-Cola while steering kids toward more healthful beverages.Bryan Bass, North‟s assistant principal, took the challenge. He stocked 12 of North‟s 16 vending machines only with water, priced at 75 cents a bottle. Three machines dispensed juice and sports drinks for $1. Only one sold soft drinks, at $1.25 per can. “We located the water machines strategically outside our buildings, so when you come out of a classroom what you see is a water machine,” says Bass. “We also decided to allow water in classrooms but not juice or pop.” The result? Profits from the vending machines nearly tripled, from $ 4,500 to $11,000 in two years. They‟re now in their third year, and says Bass:“Water has become …cool.‟”North‟s suc cess demonstrates what many obesity experts and parents believe: Kids will learn to make healthful food and drink choices if they have access to them and are motivated to do so. “Price is a powerful motivator,” says Simone French of the University of Minnesota, an expert on school-based obesity prevention. She‟s impressed with North‟s efforts, but she says the problem is implementing these strategiesthroughout society. “Obesity is the biggest health issue facing kids,and we‟ve got to do more.”How to do mo re was outlined last week in the Institute of Medicine‟s 460-page action plan, mandated by Congress, on “Preventing Childhood Obesity.” Chaired by Emory University‟s Jeffrey Koplan, the plan is the first comprehensive look at childhood obesity and what government, industry, schools, communities, families, and medical professionals can do to reduce its impact. “I think this is similar in importance to the first Surgeon General‟s Report on Smoking and Health in 1964,” Koplan says. That landmark document led to the health warning on cigarette packages and a ban on cigarette advertising on TV.76. In most American high schools, selling soft drinks is .A. encouragedB. allowedC. unlawfulD. unprofitable77. Water has become “cool” in the Minneapol is school district partly because .A. water is provided freeB. most kids can afford nothing but waterC. water machines are put in noticeable positionsD. children have realized the harm of sugary drinks78. We can infer that in terms of healthful drinks for kids, Simone French and some other experts are .A. confident about children‟s choicesB. pessimistic about the futureC. puzzled about which approach to takeD. worried about how to motivate children79. By mentioning the 1964 report on smoking, Jeffrey Koplan implied that .A. more children tend to smoke today than yesterdayB. both obesity and smoking require the attention of schools and society.C. the present plan on obesity would function similarly as a landmark.D. obesity and smoking are both health problems.80. The primary purpose of this passage is to .。
大学外国语学院英语系教授博士生导师外国语言学与应用语
陈新仁教授南京大学外国语学院英语系教授、博士生导师，外国语言学与应用语言学学科带头人,南京大学外国语言学研究所所长,中国语言战略研究中心兼职研究员。
担任第一主编、《外国语文研究》主编、副主编，(泰国)、: Ａ(波兰）以及（《语言与符号学研究》）、《语用学研究》、《中国应用语言学》、《语言政策与语言教育》、《第二语言学习研究》等刊物编委.主要研究兴趣包括语用学、外语教育、二语语用习得、模糊语言学、语言政策与语言规划等。
独著、合著、译著15部,发表学术论文120余篇，主编教材、教辅20余部,作为主持人获得国家社科基金项目2项，主持、参加完成省部级项目多项，负责建成省级优秀课程一门。
主要学术兼职包括中国语用学研究会常务副会长、中国英汉语比较研究会英语教学研究分会副会长、中国话语研究会副会长、中国外语博士论坛理事会副理事长、中国认知语言学研究会常务理事、中国语言与符号学研究会常务理事、中国语言教育研究会常务理事、江苏省外国语言学会副会长兼秘书长、江苏省翻译工作者协会常务理事、中国英汉语比较研究会理事等，先后获得南京大学“优秀中青年学科带头人”、江苏省“‘青蓝工程’优秀中青年骨干教师”等称号，先后入选江苏省“333高层次人才培养工程”、教育部“新世纪优秀人才支持计划".英国、华中科技大学、天津大学等11所高校兼职教授。
2０03.7—20０4.6在美国伊利诺斯大学大学（)语言学系访学.2013.9—12在英国伦敦大学学院（）访学。
ﻬ熊学亮教授1991年6月获复旦大学文学博士学位，１995年5月晋升教授职称,19９7年12月获博士研究生导师资格,２00８年定级为二级教授.现任复旦大学外国语言研究所所长、外国语言学研究中心主任。
曾先后在荷兰、英国、美国、加拿大、法国、德国、日本、新加坡、香港、纳米比亚、澳大利亚等地研修、讲学和参加国际会议。
自１９83年以来在国内外学术杂志上发表论文2００多篇，出版著作17种。
南京大学英语2003年博士研究生入学考试试题
南京大学——英语2003年博士研究生入学考试试题31. When the eye of the hurricane paused over there was a lull in the storm.[ A ] fresh out, burst [ B ] calm interval [ C ]rise in the wind [ D ] freshening,32, The officer indicted the suspect for sabotage.[ A ] allowed [ B ] ordered [ C ] beseeched [ D ] charged33. It was the very position that they scrambled for.[ A ] aspired [ B ] fought [ C ] searched [ D ] longed34. He promised that he would write legibly.[ A ] in accordance with law [ B ] easily to be read[ C ] not in accordance with law [ D ] difficult to be read35. The rock was poised on the edge of the cliff.[ A ] balanced [ B ] dangling [ C ] enhanced [ D ] perpendicular36. He reciprocated by wishing her a pleasant journey.[ A ] cut off [ B ] got back [ C ]] gave in return [ D ] put back37. No remnants of the settlement of Roanoke were found by the next group of colonists.[ A] traces [ B ] survivors [ C ] buildings [ D ] implements38. When the bell rang, the chemistry student jerked her hand.[A] abruptly pulled [ B ] clapped [ C ] gently moved [ D] rubbed39. He is dubious about the success of the plan.[A] ambiguous [ B ] articulate [ C ] indifferent [ D ] doubtful40. In the 197O's, many governments' efforts to curb inflation were unsuccessful.[ A ]resist [ B ] induce [ C ] sustain [ D ] control41. The movie critic said that Airplane, the parody of disaster movies, was hilarious.[ A ] suspensible [ B ] noisily merry [ C ] realistic [ D ] very tragic 42. In spite of medical advances, that disease is usually fatal.[ A ] curable [ B ] painful [ C ] deadly [ D ] disabling43. The sculptor, Lorenzo Ghiberti, blended medieval grace with Renaissance realism.[A] produced [ B ] combined [ C ] invented [ D] discovered44. Pilfering by company employees costs many businesses thousands of dollars each year.[ A ] absent-mindedness [ B ] stealing [ C ] tardiness [ D ] ignorance 45. His special character impeded his ability to speak in front of large groups of people.[ A ] hindered [ B ] halted [ C ] accelerated [ D ] fosteredSection BDirections: Questions 46 -- 60 are incomplete sentences. Beneath each sentence you will see four words or phrases, marked A, B, C and D.Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Then blacken your answer in the corresponding space on your answer sheet.46. The school could no__ building apartments for the staff members. [ A ] run out [ B ] run out of [C] run to ID] run into47. We had to wait some time before the menu was brought to us and our orders___[ A ] taken [ B ] given [ C ] done [ D ] made48. Anthropology can be an subject.[ A ] abstemious [ B ] abstruse [ C ] ambidextrous [ D ] ambience 49. The Chairman of our dramatic society was in the middle of phoning me when we wereIAI cut in {B] cut off ICI cut down ID] cut out50, Accidents and exhaustion may force more than half the cyclists to drop out ~fore reaching theIAI dead line [ B ] end line [C] finish line ID] finishing line51, The well-meaning lady always her opinions into matters of no concern to her.[ A ] obtruded [ B ] intruded [ C J extruded [ D ] protruded52. If you keep getting wrong numbers, your phone could beIAI deceptive [ B ] defective ICI deficient ID] ineffective53. Researchers claim it's all the high-rises in this area that make the on television sets so poor.[ A] station [ B ] reception [ C ] programmed [ D] quality54. The light of day can be seen at about four o'clock.[ A ] incipient [ B ] incisive [ C ] incestuous [ D] incite55. After spending so many days lost in the desert, he was suffering from severe[A] hyper hydration [ B ] hypo hydration [ C ] sub hydration [ D ] dehydration56. Henry Adams Joseph Williams as the Ambassador to Russia.[ A ] supervised [ B ] superseded [ C ] superconductor [ D ] supercharged 57. The highest mountain in New Zealand, Mount Cook, is now 10 feet shorter because some of the__ at its top slid down in 1991.[ A ] land [ B ] soil [C] earth [ D ] dirt58. When Ken studied at Stanford University, he lived the University. [ A ] out of [ B ] apart from IC] distant from [ D ] a long way from 59. On that bitterly cold winter night ,few people walked along the now narrow street.[ A ] deserted [ B ] lonely [ C ] isolated [ D ] neglected60. The Sears Company recently made because of financial troubles. [ A ] cuts [B] demands ICI omissions ID] ordersPart IH STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION (10%)Directions: In questions 61 -- 70, each sentence has four underlined words or phrases. The four underlined parts of the sentence are markedA, B, C and D. Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct. Then blacken your answer in the corresponding space on your answer sheet.61. People lived at the mid-level and mountain slopes experienced the greatest catastrophe when the incessant rain caused a sudden land-slide over the area.62. The course leader requests that all theses are handed in before 5 0 p. m. next Friday.63. The group of spectators was dispersed by the police who was at the scene of the accident within minutes.64. Why don't you try your hand at printing, now that you have retired job.65. Only by this means you can do what is expected of you.66. The committee have decided at its annual meeting that new regulation regarding this phenomenon be imposed as soon as possible.67. No bank keeps enough cash paying all its depositors in full at one time.'68. In his responses to the advertisement, Ed replied that he was looking for a full-time position not part-time one.69. While still a young boy Bizet knew how to play the piano well and as he grew elder, he wrote operas, the most famous of which is Carmen. 70. The house has been vacant for a year when the new tenant arrived bringing with him several pets.Part IV CLOZE TEST (10 % )Directions: For each blank for questions 71 -- 80 in the following passage, choose the best answer from the choices given following the passage. Then blacken your answer in the corresponding space on your answer sheet.Several regions in the world are subject 71 storms which are so severethat they 72 damage on a tremendous scale. The regions where this 73 are all located on the edges of great oceans. The general term for such severe storms is "cyclone." The term "hurricane" is 74 for storms that occurin the North Atlantic Ocean.Cyclones and hurricanes differ in one curious way- in a cyclone, the wind circulates 75 a clock-wise direction; in a hurricane, the wind direction is counter-clockwise. 76 cyclones mid hurricanes have one ominous similarity. From the point of view of the damage they cause on land and at sea, they areidentical.Australia 77 a number of cyclones every year along its northern coast, which faces Indonesia. The cyclones occur mainly in December and January, the summer months in the southern hemisphere. Usually the Australian cyclones don't cause great damage because Australia's northern territory has vast, empty regions that are virtually unpopulated. There are few coastal cities. When a cyclone does move 78 from the sea, it usually blows itself out without striking any inhabited area or causing extensive damage. However, in 1971 the small city of Townville was 79 devastated by a cyclone. There was public outcry about it. People demanded an adequate warning system. Ever since then, the Meteorological Bureau has regularly issued alarms 80 every serious cyclone.71. IA] to [ B] for [C] of ID] on72. IAI suffer [BI devastate ICI cause ID] make73. [ A] is happened [ B ] happens [ C ] is happening [ D ] will happen74. IAI called [BI named [C] reserved ID] defined75. [A] at [B] under [C] for ID] in76. [ A] But [ B] Therefore [ C] Besides [ D] And77. [ A ] culminates [ B ] undergoes [ C ] undertakes [ D ] experiences78. [ A ] into the land [ B ] inlands [ C ] inland [ D ] through land79. [ A ] slightly [ B ] hardly [ C ] scarcely [ D ] completely80.[A] in spit of [ B] regardless of [C] in front of [DJ in advance of Part V READING COMPREHENSION (20%)Directions: In this section you will read five passages. Each one is followed by several questions about it. For questions 81 -- 100,you are to choose the one best answer A,B,C or D to each question. Then blacken your answer in the corresponding space on your answer sheet. Passage OneIf you are buying a property in France, whether for a permanent or a holiday home, it is important to open a French bank account. Although it is possible to exist on traveler’s cheques, Eurocheques and cred it cards issued by British banks, the fees for these services can be expensive.The simplest way to pay regular bills, such as electricity, gas or telephone, particularly when you are not in residence, is by direct debit (a sum withdrawn from an account) from your French account.To open a current account, you will need to show your passport and birth certificate and to provide your address in the United Kingdom. You will be issued with a cheque book within weeks of opening the account. In France it is illegal to be overdrawn. All accounts must be operated in credit. However, there are no bank charges.Note that cheques take longer to clear in France than in Britain, and can only be stopped if stolen or lost.The easiest way to transfer money from a British bank account to a French one is by bank transfer: simply provide your British bank with the name, address and number of your French bank account. The procedure takes about a week and costs between 7 and 40 for each transaction, depending on your British bank.Alternatively, you can transfer money via a French bank in London. You can also send a sterling cheque (allow at least 12 days for the cheque to be cleared) ,Eurocheques or traveler’s cheques.Finally, it is a good idea to make a friend of your French bank manager. His help can prove invaluable.81. If you buy a property in France, you can save money by[ A] having a French bank account[ B ] transferring money from Britain[ C ] cashing traveler’s cheques or Eurocheques[ D ] using credit cards issued by British banks82. One advantage French banks have over British banks is that[ A ] you may take out more money than is in the account.[ B ] the interest rates on bank accounts are higher[ C ] cheques are dealt with more rapidly[ D ] you do not have to pay for services83. The swiftest way to send money from England to France is[ A ] to forward an English cheque to your French bank[ B ] to go to a French bank in London[C ] to use a cashier's cheque.[ D ] to arrange a bank transfer.84. The best title for this passage is[ A ] How to Open a French Bank Account[ B ] The Difference between Banking in Britain and France[ C ] The Way to Transfer Money from Britain to France[ D] A Guide to Banking in FrancePassage TwoDoes a drink a day keep heart attacks away? Over the past 20 years, numerous studies have found that moderate alcohol consumption say,one or two beers, glasses of wine or cocktails daily helps to prevent coronary heart disease. Last week a report in the New England Journal of Medicine added strong new evidence in support of that theory. More important, the work provided the first solid indication of how alcohol works to protect the heart.In the study, researchers from Boston's Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School compared the drinking habits of 340 men and women who had suffered recent heart attacks with those of healthy people of the same age and sex. The scientists found that people who sip one to three drinks a day are about haft as likely to suffer heart attacks as nondrinkers are. The apparent source of the protection: those who drank 'alcohol had higher blood levels of high-density lipoproteins, the so-called good cholesterol ,which is known to repel heart disease.As evidence has mounted, some doctors have begun recommending a daily drink for patients of heart diseases. But most physicians are not ready to recommend a regular happy hour for everyone. The risks of teetotal ling are nothing compared with the dangers of too much alcohol, including high blood pressure, strokes and liver troubles not to mention violent behavior and traffic accidents. Moreover, some studies suggest that even moderate drinking may increase the incidence of breast and colon cancer, Until there is evidence that the benefits of a daily dose of alcohol outweigh the risks, most people won't be able to take a doctor's prescription to the neighborhood bar or liquor store.85. The medical article quoted in the passage demonstrates[ A ] the way in which alcohol can help the heart[ B ] how a couple of cocktails daily can stop heart problems[ C ] why alcoholic drinks are dangerous to one's health[ D] that reports on the advantages of alcohol were misfounded86. Experiments showed that nondrinkers had[ A ] larger amounts of good cholesterol[ B ] smaller amounts of good cholesterol[ C ] higher blood pressure[ D ] lower blood pressure87. According to the passage, moderate drinking[ A ] is recommended by most doctors for heart patients[ B ] should be allowed on prescription[ C ] is still not medically advisable[ D] is not related to liver problems88. The main theme of this passage is[ A ] the change in recent drinking habits[ B ] the connection between cancer and alcohol[ C ] whether moderate drinkers outlive nondrinkers[ D] whether alcohol may be good for your healthPassage ThreeIn its 16 years, the London Marathon has acquired a pedigree of excellence. That excellence is not just the awesome energy of the best runners and the smoothness of the organization, but also the quality of determination shown by all the competitors, male and female, able-bodied and disabled. When more than 26,000 gather at Greenwich tomorrow morning, only a few will be in the running to win the big prize money. The success of this event is that most of the athletes would be prepared to pay serious money just for the privilege of running the 26 miles 385 yards to The Mall past the most famous urban scenery in the world.The London Marathon has become one of Britain's leading sports events. Since 1981 ,something like 45 million has been raised in individual sponsorship for charities. Tomorrow hundreds and thousands of people will line the route to cheer and to gasp in sympathetic participation. Millions will watch on television. Although they will be excited by the struggle for first place, they will also identify with the ordinary person trying to fulfils his or her physical potential. Many spectators will wonder whether next year they could complete the historic distance. That is how athletic dreams are born.If the London Marathon and the growth in interest in physical fitness have transformed the lives of many adults, it is also important that children should have the opportunity to fulfils their ability in individual competitive sports.Team games should be an essential ingredient of physical education in the national curriculum. However, coexisting with the playing of team games there should be an equal emphasis on the importance of individual competitive sports at all levels in schools.The Government must be careful that in insisting on the value of team games in schools, it does not ignore the value of individual activities, which are practiced throughout the world and form the basis of the Olympic Games. Many of the runners in the London Marathon tomorrow have found courage, fulfillment and fitness through training for the event. These are qualities that schoolchildren can, and should, acquire througha variety of demanding individual activities in physical education.89. In order to enter the Marathon, participants must[ A ] pay an entrance fee[ B ] assemble in one specific area[ C ] be able to run 26 miles,385 yards[ D ] compete for the right to take part90, The main attraction of the Marathon for non-participants is[ A ] the amount of money raised for charity[ B ] the chance to take part the following year[ C ] witnessing the contestants' determination[ D ] a concern with the race's history91. According to the passage, which of the following is true[ A] Individual sports are as important as team games.[ B ] Individual sports are more important than team games.[ C ] Individual sports are less important than team games.[ D ] It is hard to say which is less or more important.92. According to the writer, the Government's policy on physical education[ A ] should not promote team games at all[ B ] upholds the principles of the Olympic Games[ C ] is active in producing successful Marathon participants[ D ] should encourage those qualities pursued by Marathon participants Passage FourOn the track, the form embodies power, each curve and line is molded for speed,For the man at the wheel is the fastest athlete in the world today: Linford Christie, European, Commonwealth and World champion, who has just taken delivery of his new car, the latest version of the Toyota Supra.It is a conspicuously fast car. The result perfectly matches Christie's own character, and shares his inability to compromise when it comes to delivering performance.The Supra, priced a few pence short of 39, 000, is rumored to be capable of 180 mph, but the speed is artificially limited to 155 mph. From a standing start, it can reach 60 mph in under five seconds.The Supra might raise Christie's profile with the police, but if he is pulled over nowadays it is usually by an officer seeking a chat and an autograph rather than anything more official. After an incident in 1988 when he was stopped, he prosecuted the police and won ~ 30, 000 compensation for wrongful arrest.Safety is high on the list of Supra extras, with driver and passenger airbags: antilock braking; electronic traction control to avoid wheel spin; side-impact door beams; and a steering column that collapses to protect the driver in an accident. Then there is the six speed gearbox; cruise control; air-conditioning alarm and immobilizer.Christie ,the British athletics team captain since i990, will enjoy the comfort of the Supra during a hectic few weeks this June and July when he visits Sheffield, Wales, Gateshead, Wrexham, Edinburgh, Crystal Palace, and then Gateshead again, as his season builds towards the Commonwealth Games in August and the World Cup in September. 93. The Supra is a suitable car for Linford Christie because[ A ] it is an expensive model [ B ] it has high standardsICI it helps promote sports ID] it is very safe94. On the subject of speed, the car can travel[ A ] at a maximum of 180 mph [ B ] at the same speed as the previousmodel[ C ] at a maximum of 155 mph [ D ] faster than the previous model 95. Nowadays if Christie is stopped by the police it is[ A ] because he drives very fast [ B ] because he is not a thoughtful driverICI often for informal reasons ID] due to what happened in 198896. According to the writer the Supra's most outstanding feature is its [ A ] six-speed gearbox [ B ] alarm system[ C ] air conditioning [ D] safety featuresPassage FiveCart Van Ands, managing editor of the New York Times, believed in "hard" news, thoroughly and accurately presented. A tireless worker, he often stayed at the office all night. He was there at 1:20 a. m. on April 15,19i2 ,when a distress signal came in from Newfoundland that the pride of Britain's passenger fleet, the Titanic ,was in trouble. The new ship, believed unsinkable, had hit an iceberg and was in somekind, of danger. But was it really serious or just a narrow escape? Had the passengers needed to abandon ship? Van Ands could not tell from the short and confusing message. Although he was generally considered a conservative and cautious man, Van Ands gambled on the unthinkable that the Titanic was sinking.He threw his staff into action; the story was approached from all angles. Some reporters put together lists of famous persons on board; others turned out features about the ship and other important passenger liners; still others did stories on similar sea disasters. In other words, Van Ands and the Times went all the way with the story; they played it big. At other newspapers, editors were more cautious, inserting such words as "rumored" here and there. Van Anda's three-column headline reflected the sureness that has marked the Times throughout its history:NEW LINER HITS ICEBERG;SINKING BY THE BOW AT MIDNIGHT;WOMEN PUT OFF IN LIFEBOATS;LAST WIRELESS 12:27 A. M.Officials of the White Star Line, which owned the Titanic, had been releasing optimistic statements all during the day of April 15 ,and did not confirm Van Anda's story until the evening of April 16. Van Anda's final edition, which went to press about three hours after the Times had received the first brief wireless report, stated flatly that the Titanic had sunk. This was perhaps a great risk on Van Anda's part and his "deductive journalism" may have shocked many, but it remains as one of the great against-a-deadline news coverage feats in all journalism.97. "He was there at 1:20 A. M. on April 15,1912,when a distress signal came in from Newfoundland that the pride of Britain's passenger fleet,the Titanic, was in trouble. "Which of the following statements is true? [ A ] Newfoundland was the pride of Britain's passenger fleet.[ B ] The Titanic was part of Britain's passenger fleet.[ C ] Britain's passenger fleet was in trouble.[D] Newfoundland was in distress.98. "Although he was generally considered a conservative and cautious man, Van Ands gambled on the unthinkable that the Titanic was sinking. "This means that[ A ] Van Anda was thought to be careless[ B ] Van Anda didn't think the Titanic was sinking[ C ] Van Anda took a chance[ D ] Van Anda gambled on the Titanic(更多资料欢迎登录医博园论坛)99. "Van Anda's three-column headline reflected the sureness that has marked the Times throughout its history. "This means that[ A ] the Times has been serf-assured[ B J the Times is thorough[ C ] the history of the Times is reflected in its headlines[ D ] the Times has a distinguished record100. "Officials of the White Star Line, which owned the Titanic ,had been releasing optimistic statements all during the day of April 15 ,and did not confirm Van Anda's story until the evening of April 16." This means that [ A ] the owners of the Titanic did not at first send out accurate reports [ B ] the owners of the Titanic quickly admitted it was sinking[ C ] the owners of the Titanic did not confirm Van Anda's story[ D ] the owners of the Titanic did not think the Titanic would sinkPart VI TRANSLATION (30 %)Section ADirections: Put the following passage into Chinese.Modern science has opened up the path for the progress of production techniques and determined the direction of their development. Many new instruments of production and technological processes first see the light of day in the scientific laboratories. A series of newborn industries have been founded on the basis of newly-emerged disciplines of science and technology. Of course there are, and there will be, manytheoretical research topics with no practical application in plain sight for the time being. However a host of historical facts have proved that once a major breakthrough is scored in theoretical research, it means tremendous progress for production and technology sooner or later. Contemporary natural sciences are being applied to production on an unprecedented scale and at a higher speed than ever before. This has given all fields of material production an entirely new look. In particular, the development of electronic computers and automation technology is raising the degree of automation in production. With the same amount ofmanpower and in the same number of work-hours, people can turn out scores or hundreds of times more products than before. How is it that the social productive forces have made such tremendous advances and how is it that labor productivity has increased by such a big margin7 Mainly through the power of science ,the power of technology.Therefore ,we maintain that the development of modern science and technology has linked science and production even closer together. As part of the productive forces, science and technology are coming to p1ay an even greater role than ever before.。
南京师范大学考研真题清单
南京师范大学考研真题清单611汉语综合2017When you are old and grey and full of sleep, And nodding by the fire, take down this book, And slowly read, and dream of the soft look Your eyes had once, and of their shadows deep; How many loved your moments of glad grace, And loved your beauty with love false or true, But one man loved the pilgrim soul in you,And loved the sorrows of your changing face;And bending down beside the glowing bars, Murmur, a little sadly, how love fledAnd paced upon the mountains overhead And hid his face amid a crowd of stars.The furthest distance in the worldIs not between life and deathBut when I stand in front of youYet you don't know thatI love you.The furthest distance in the worldIs not when I stand in front of youYet you can't see my loveBut when undoubtedly knowing the love from both Yet cannot be together.The furthest distance in the worldIs not being apart while being in loveBut when I plainly cannot resist the yearningYet pretending you have never been in my heart. The furthest distance in the worldIs not struggling against the tidesBut using one's indifferent heartTo dig an uncrossable riverFor the one who loves you.倚窗远眺，目光目光尽处必有一座山，那影影绰绰的黛绿色的影，是春天的颜色。
北京大学2005年博士研究生入学考试英语试题及答案解析 (09年印版)
ZX 8 1 5 / : 8+ 3 1 + + : 1 + 2 PX 8 1 5 / : 83 + + : 1 + B2 % * = 6 : / 6 9 1 1 9 -: + ; 1 + .1 + 4 :] 00 5) V + 3 C0 2 ZX< 5 . 8+ 7 7
LX< 6 4 4 9 5 , -< + . /+ 7 7 PX< 6 4 4 = -< + . /+ 7 7 % % J & 1 9 3 8 1 8 5 E .< 5 8 3 8 9 . : 6 / 1 + 1 9 5 3 : 6 1 + . 6 3 09 5 4 4 1 +2 6 , 1 9 4 ; 1 3 . & 2 B MX Z 6 / 9 + < /5 . + 3 / : 1 9 ; 5 0 3 8 28 B
!"#$%& ' ( ) *
( ) &
%Z + 7 1 9 -\ / / 8 4 , 5 / 6 5* 5 R 1 1 / 5 0 6 /Y . 5 / E 4 6 / 1 . 6 :9 5 . : 1 +0 5 E 1 9 D C c B ZXG 9 6 4 -< 5 8+ < / . 5 / :: 6 1 + .
ZX2 + ( S & A 9 5 4 4< . 3 8 1 1 9 5 1 1 9 -0 5 / 5 . N 2 MX ; + / 8 6 : . MX 1 + 7 6 F MX 8 / 1 B % ! & ? 9 -9 + 8 1 8 8 ZX ; + / 8 6 : . 8 ZX 7 6 F ZX9 5 :8 / 1 B 1 9 -0 5 6 : % " &O -9 5 8 4 6 1 1 4 1 . + 3 = 4 % $ & _ + 9 /< 6 8 9 8/ + <1 9 5 19 -
05年北师考博英语真题
English Entrance Examination for Non-English Major Doctoral CandidatesMarch 26,2005Ⅰ. Listening Comprehension (20 points)Section ADirections: There are five statements in this section. Each statement will be spoken only once. When you hear a statement, read the four choices given and choose the one which is closest in meaning to the statement you have heard by marking thecorresponding letter A, B, C and D on the ANSWER SHEET with a single linethrough the centre.1.A.？？？？？The researcher was careless in performing this experiment.B.？？？？？The researcher tried to think of problems before they happened.C.？？？？？Before performing the experiment, the researcher was very nervous.D.？？？？Before performing the experiment, the researcher was very tired.2.A.？？？？？The speaker used a soft, low voice.B.？？？？？The speaker didn’t seem to care much about what he was saying.C.？？？？？The speaker was focused and spoke with great passion.D.？？？？The speaker used long. Complicated sentences.3.A.？？？？？Language changes very slowly.B.？？？？？Language changes very quickly.C.？？？？？Language changes over fifty year periods.D.？？？？Language changes over ten year periods.4.A.？？？？？Southern France has never known severe winters.B.？？？？？In northern France, one can live in comfort all the year round.C.？？？？？In general, the French people enjoy a mild climate.D.？？？？People in southern France often experience severe winters.5.A.？？？？？Fiona is not afraid to give a presentation now.B.？？？？？Fiona’s fever is gone just before the presentation.C.？？？？？Fiona will hear about the final speech.D.？？？？Fiona will come over to the conference.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear ten short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After each question, there will be a pause.During the pause, you must read the four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D on your test paper, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWERR SHEET with a single line through the centre.6.A.？？？？？Korean food.B.？？？？？Chinese food.C.？？？？？Italian food.D.？？？？Indian food.7.A.？？？？？Both of them have overcome their fear of heights.B.？？？？？The woman is still afraid of high places. But the man is not.C.？？？？？They are both afraid of high places.D.？？？？Both of them like to stand on high places.8.A.？？？？？She can’t wear them any more.B.？？？？？She doesn’t like them any more.C.？？？？？She can’t wash them in machine any more.D.？？？？She doesn’t like casual dress any more.9.A.？？？？？March 3td.B.？？？？？March 12th.C.？？？？？March 29th.D.？？？？March 30th.10.A.？？？？？Being private versus being alone.B.？？？？？Being alone versus being with friends.C.？？？？？Being a guest versus being a host.D.？？？？Being lonely versus being alone.11.A.？？？？？She liked it.B.？？？？？She disliked it.C.？？？？？She had no idea about it.D.？？？？She hadn’t heard about it.12.A.？？？？？The insurance company is worried that they might have to pay a lot of money.B.？？？？？The insurance company sees a chance to give the man lots of physical tests.C.？？？？？The insurance company is the first to pay for a man’s genetic diseases.D.？？？？The insurance company does not know how many children the man will have.13.A.？？？？？A long and difficult trip through poor countries.B.？？？？？A chance to learn new language and make money.C.？？？？？An adventure in learning about a different culture.D.？？？？An adventure that combines a vacation with a rest.14.A.？？？？？He will not accept a late paper from her.B.？？？？？Her is interested only in her ideas.C.？？？？？He wants her to correct her paper.D.？？？？He will accept a late paper from her.15.A.？？？？？He will have his operation at 9 o’clock.B.？？？？？He is under operation now.C.？？？？？He already had his operation.D.？？？？He is all right now.Section CDirections: In this section, you will hear a talk about moving to a new campus. Look at statements 16 through 20 for this part on your test paper and decide if eachstatement is correct. While you are listening, if you think the statement is correctbased on the talk, mark letter A on your ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the centre. If you think it is not correct, mark letter B on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the centre.16. All agriculture science students will stay where they are.17. Some history teachers will move immediately to the new campus.18. Engineering staff has already made their move.19. Part of the Faculty of Law is in its new building.20. The former Law building may become an art gallery.Ⅱ. Reading Comprehension (25 points)Directions: There are five passages in this part. Each of the passages is followed by five questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Chose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.1A weather map is an important tool for geographers. A succession of three or four maps present a continuous picture of weather changes. Weather forecasters are able to determine the speed of air masses and fronts; to determine whether an individual pressure area is deepening or becoming shallow and whether a front is increasing or decreasing in intensity. They are also able to determine whether an air mass is retaining its original characteristics or taking on those of the surface over which it is moving. Thus, a most significant function of the map is to reveal a synoptic picture of conditions in the atmosphere at a given time.All students of geography should be able to interpret a weather map accurately. Weather maps contain？an enormous amount of information about weather conditions existing at the time of abservation over a large geographical area. They reveal in a few minutes what otherwise would take hours to describe. The United States Weather Bureau issues information about approaching storms, floods, droughts and all climatic conditions in general. Twice a month it issues a 30-day “outlook” which is a rough guide to weather conditions likely to occur over broad areas of the United States. These 30-day outlooks are based upon an analysis of the upper air level which often set the stage for the development of air masses fronts and storms.Considerable effort is being exerted today to achieve more accurate weather predictions. With the use of electronic instruments and earth satellites, enormous gains have taken place recently in identifying and tracking storms over regions which have but few meteorological stations. Extensive experiments are also in progress for？weather modification studies.21. One characteristic of weather maps NOT mentioned by the author in this passage is？？？？？.A. fronts？？？？？？？B. changes in temperature？？？C. frost？？？？？？D. wind speed22. The 30-day forecast is determined by examining ？？？？？？.A. daily weather maps？？？？？？？？？？B. upper air levelsC. satellite reports？？？？？？？？？？？？？？D. changing fronts23. The observation of weather conditions by satellites is advantageous becauseit？？？？？.A.？？？？？is modern and profitable for the companies involvedB.？？？？？uses electronic instruments to measure the weather on a daily basisC.？？？？？enables man to easily alter the weather to his advantage and profitD.？？？？gives the scientists information not obtained readily otherwise24. At the present time, experiments are being conducted in？？？？？.A. manipulating weather？？？？B. determining density of pressure groupsC. satellites？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？D. controlling storms25. A weather map is synoptic because it？？？？？？.A.？？？？？summarizes a great deal of informationB.？？？？？appears dailyC.？？？？？shows changing frontsD.？？？？can be interpreted accurately2With only a bout 1,000 pandas left in the world, China is desperately trying to clone the animal and save the endangered species. That’s a move similar to what a Texas A&M University researcher has been undertaking for the past five years in a project called “Noah’s Ark”.Dr. Duane Kraemer, a professor in Texas A&M’s College of Veterinary Medicine and a pioneer in embryo transfer work and related procedures, said hesalutes the Chinese effort and “I wish them all the best success possible. It’s aworthwhile project, certainly not an easy one, and it’s very much like what we’re attempting here at Texas A&M---to save animals from extinction.”Noah’s Ark is aimed at collecting eggs, embryos, semen and DNA of endangered animals and storing them in liquid nitrogen. If certain species should become extinct,Kraemer says there would be enough of the basic building blocks to reintroduce the species in the future.It is estimated that as many as 2,000 species of mammals, birds and reptiles will become extinct over the next 100 years. The panda. Native only to China, is in danger of becoming extinct in the next 25 years.This week, Chinese scientists said they grew an embryo by introducing cells froma dead female panda into the egg cells of a Japanese white while rabbit. They are nowtrying to implant the embryo into a host animal.The entire procedure could take from three to five years to complete.“The nuclear transfer of one species to another is not easy, and the lack of available panda eg gs could be a major problem,” Kraemer believes. “They willprobably h ave to do sevcral hundred transfers to result in one pregnancy. It takes a？long time and it’s difficult, but this could be groundbreaking science if it works. They are certainly not put ting any live pandas at risk, so it is worth the effort,” addsKraemer, who is one of the leaders of the Missyplicity Project at Texas A&M, the first-ever attempt at cloning a dog.“They are trying to do something that’s never been done, and this very simi lar to our work in Noah’s Ark. We’re both trying to save animals that face extinction. I certainly applaud their effort and there’s a lot we can learn from what they areattempting to do. It’s a rescarch that is very much needed.”26. The aim of “Noah’s Ark” project is to？？？？？？？？.A.？？？？？salute the Chinese efforts in saving pandasB.？？？？？implant embryo into a host animalC.？？？？？introduce cells from a dead female panda into the egg cells of a Japanese whiterabbitD.？？？？save endangered animals from extinction27. How long will the Chinese panda-cloning project take according to the passage?A. 3 to 5 years.？？？？B. 1 year.？？？？？？C. 25 years.？？？？？D. 2years.28. The word “groundbreaking” (Paragraph 7) can be interpretedas？？？？？？？？？.A. pioneering？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？B. essentially newC. epoch-making？？？？？？？？？？？？D. evolutionary29. What could be the major problem in cloning pandas according to ProfessorKraemer?A.？？？？？Lack of host animals.B.？？？？？Lack of available panda eggs.C.？？？？？Lack of funds.D.？？？？Lack of qualified researchers.30. The best title for the passage may be？？？？？？？？.A.？？？？？China’s Efforts to Clone PandasB.？？？？？China---the Native Place of Pandas ForeverC.？？？？？Exploring the Possibility to Clone PandasD.？？？？China’s First Cloned Panda3St. Paul has transformed soaring energy costs into a golden opportunity for economic development by putting the final touches on plans to: 1.？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？Build the nation’s first system that will heat all major downtownbuildings with waste heat now being dumped into the Mississippi River by electricutilities.2.？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？Create a &9-million “energy bank” to lend money to improve theenergy efficiency of homes at low 9-to-11-percent interest rates. 3.？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？Construct the nation’s first“energy park”. The area will includeonly those commercial, residential, and industrial facilities that are doing something energy-related. More than & 150-million worth of commitments has already beenlined up.These developments did not just happen. They resulted when Mayor George Latimer asked volunteers to chart a new future for a city that is twice as cold as New York.“We cannot any longer look to foreign nations, old companies or the federalgovernment to solve our energy crisis,” Latimer told his constituents. “We must look to ourselves to find the answers.”31. The reason why these developments did not happen before was(that)？？？？？？？.A.？？？？？the city imported enough foreign oil for its major downtown buildingsB.？？？？？the federal government didn’t approve the necessary money for theconstructionC.？？？？？not givenD.？？？？St. Paul is colder than New York32. St. Paul？？？？？ .A.？？？？？is located on the bank of the Mississippi RiverB.？？？？？has got a new mayor recentlyC.？？？？？is looking for the best approaches to solving its energy shortageD.？？？？is lending money for commercial, residential and industrial purposes33. The plans？？？？？.A.？？？？？were drawn by Mayor George LatimerB.？？？？？were only for St. Paul’s major downtown buildingsC.？？？？？were created by volunteers when they were asked to offer their ideasD.？？？？were turning a golden opportunity into economic development34. Which of the following facilities are/is NOT energy-related?A.？？？？？Shops or supermarkets.B.？？？？？A computer center or a factory.C.？？？？？Private homes.D.？？？？Advertisement boards.35. Judging from what Mayor Latimer said, we are sure that？？？？？？.A.？？？？？these developments will some day become trueB.？？？？？foreign nations and oil companies are not reliableC.？？？？？the future of St. Paul is quite uncertainD.？？？？high energy costs will soon be eliminated4Ideas about “spoiling” children have always involved consideration of just what is a spoiled child. Haw does spoiling occur, and what are the consequences of spoiling;they h ave always included concepts of a child’s nature and concepts of the ideal child and the ideal adult.The many mothers of the 1820s who belonged to the early “maternal associations” struggled to uphold the ideals about child raising that had been prevalent in the 18th century. They had always been told that the spoiled child stood in danger of having trouble later in life (when exposed to all the temptations of the world) and, more importantly, stood in danger of spiritual ruin.At first, the only approach these mothers knew was to “break the will” of the child. This approach, coming initially from the theology of Calvin, the FrenchProtestant reformer, was inherited from the stern outlook of the Puritans. As onemother wrote. “No child has ever been known, since the earliest period of the world, destitute of an evil disposition---however sweet it appears.” Infant depravity, bywhich was meant the child’s impulses, could be curbed only by breaking the will so that the child submitted completely to parental guidance.In 1834, a mother described this technique: Upon the father’s order, her 16-month-old daughter had refused to say “Dear Mama” so the toddler was left alone in a room where she screamed wildly for ten minutes. After the ten minutes, the child was commanded again, and again she refused, so she was whipped and ordered again.This continued for four hours until the child finally obeyed. Parents commonlyreported that after one such trial of “will”, the child became permanently submissive.In passing, we can note that knowledge about a child’s “No” period might havemoderated the disciplining of little children and the application of the saying “Spare the rod and spoil the child”.By freeing the child from its evil nature, parents believed they could then guide the child into acquiring the right character traits, such as honesty, industriousness, and sobriety. These moral principles, fixed in the child’s character, were to govern itthroughout life, in a society where free enterprise, individual effort, and competition were believed to be the ruling forces.36. When the author talks about ideas considered in “the spoiling of children”, hedoes not include the？？？？？.A.？？？？？nature of a childB.？？？？？reasons why spoiling occursC.？？？？？images of an ideal adult and childD.？？？？attitudes of spoiled children when they become adults37. “Spare the rod and spoil the child” means？？？？？.A.？？？？？spoiling children is not as evil as it seemsB.？？？？？eliminating physical punishment is a sound policyC.？？？？？if you do not inflict physical punishment, you will spoil your childD.？？？？“spoiling children” is a matter of definition38. The author suggests that nineteenth century parents were chiefly interested in achild’s？？？？？.A.？？？？？growing up to be industriousB.？？？？？acquiring good character traitsC.？？？？？learning to compete successfullyD.？？？？respecting his parents slavishly39. People in the 19th century be believed their society to be based on allbut？？？？？.A.？？？？？free enterpriseB.？？？？？competitive endeavorC.？？？？？individualismD.？？？？honesty40. The purpose of this passage is to？？？？？.A.？？？？？informB.？？？？？persuadeC.？？？？？inciteD.？？？？change an attitude5The American baby boom after the war made unconvincing U.S. advice to poor countries that they restrain their births. However, there has hardly been a year since 1957 in which birth rates have not fallen in the United States and other rich countries, and in 1976 the fall was especially sharp. Both East Germany and West Germany have fewer births than they have deaths, and the United States is only temporarily able to avoid this condition because the children of the baby boom are now anexceptionally large group of married couples.It is true that Americans do not typically plan their births to set an example for developing nations. We are more affected by women’s liberation: once women see interesting and well-paid jobs are careers available, they are less willing to provide free labor for child raising. From costing nothing, children suddenly to seemimpossibly expensive. And to the high cost of children are added the uncertainties, introduced by divorce; couples are increasingly unwilling to subject children to the terrible experience of marital breakdown and themselves to the difficulty of raising a child alone.These circumstances---women working outside the home and the instability of marriage--- tend to spread with industrial society and they will affect more and more countries in the near future. Along with them goes social mobility, ambition to rise in the urban world, a main factor in bringing down the births in Europe in the 19thcentury.Food shortage will happen again when the reserves resulting from the good harvests of 1998 and 1999 have been consumed Urbanization is likely to continue, with the cities of the developing nations struggling under the weight of twice their present populations by the year 2010. The presently rich countries are approaching a stable population largely because of the changed place of women, and theyincidentally are setting an example of restraint to the rest of the world. Industrialsociety will spread to the poor countries, and aspiration will exceed resources. All this will lead to a population in the new century that is smaller than was feared a few years ago. For those anxious to see world population brought under control, the news is encouraging.41. During the years from 1957 to 1976, the birth rate of the UnitedStates？？？？？？.A.？？？？？increasedB.？？？？？was reducedC.？？？？？experienced both falls and risesD.？？？？remained stable42. What influences the birth rate most in the United States is？？？？？.A.？？？？？highly paid jobsB.？？？？？women’s desire for independenceC.？？？？？expenses of child raisingD.？？？？high divorce rate43. The sentence “From costing nothing, children suddenly come to seem impossiblyexpensive” implies that？？？？？.A.？？？？？food and clothing for babies are becoming incredibly expensiveB.？？？？？prices are going up dramatically all the timeC.？？？？？to raise children women have to give up interesting and well-paid jobsD.？？？？social development has made child-raising inexpensive44. A chief factor in bringing down the births in Europe in the 19th centuryis？？？？？？.A.？？？？？birth controlB.？？？？？the desire to seek fortune in citiesC.？？？？？the instability of marriageD.？？？？the changed place of women45. The population in the new century, according to the writer.？？？？？.A.？？？？？will be smaller than a few years agoB.？？？？？will not be as small as people expectC.？？？？？will prove to be a threat to the worldD.？？？？will not continue as serious a problem as expectedⅢ. Translation and Writing (55 points)Part A TranslationTranslate the following into Chinese (25 points):？？？1. Natural disasters during the 1980s were 94% more frequent than in the 1970s. While it is possible that such a jump falls within normal climatic variation, insurance executives realize that it also conforms with patterns predicted for global warming.2. The history of New England is written imperishably on the face of a continent. In the Old World national pride feeds itself with the record of battles and conquests; ---battles which proved nothing and settled nothing; conquests which shifted a boundary on the map, and put one ugly head instead of another on the coin which the people paid to the tax-gatherer. But wherever the New-Englander travels among the sturdy commonwealths which have sprung from the seed of the Mayflower. Churches, schools, colleges, tell him where the men of his race have been, or their influence penetrated; and an intelligent freedom is the monument of conquests whose results are not to be measured in the square miles. Next to the fugitives whom Moses (摩西) led out of Egypt, the little ship-load of outcasts who landed at Plymouth two centuries and a half ago are destined to influence the future of the world.Translate the following into English (15 points):在学问上打下坚实的基础将使你终生受益。
2005年南京师范大学英语语言学考研复试试题
一、单选。
1. All the following languages belong to the Indo-European family except ________.A). English B) Chinese C) German D) French2. From linguistics is formal in the sense that ________.A) it studies languages that existed a long time ago.B) it studies social formalities in language learning.C) it is a branch of science.D) it studies language chiefly by looking at its formal structure.3. The word “faction” is an example of ________ in word formation.A) acronym B) blending C) functional shift D) back formation4. The sentence “Hopefully, it will not rain tomorrow.” was criticized in _______.A) formal B) functional C) descriptive D) prescriptive5. Greetings such as “How are you” and “Good morning” are ________ in function.A) phatic B) informative C) expressive D) vocative6. _______ has become one of the main features of the interlanguage.A) Fossilization B) Utilization C) Assimilation D) Deletion7.Generally speaking, _______ is not the theories concerning how language is learned.A) behaviorist view of language acquisitionB) innatist view of language acquisitionC) interactionist view of language acquisitionD) psychological view of language acquisition8. When the notion of ______ was taken into consideration, semantics spilled over into pragmatics.A) text B) context C) texture D) intertextuality9. The term ________ refers to a sociolinguistic situation similar tobilingualism.A) diglossia B) langue C) parole D) multiculturalism10.“Received Pronunciation” (RP) exemplifies _______.A) sociolect B) regional dialect C) ethnic dialect D) idiolect二、定义1.allophone:2.polysemy:3.cultural diffusion:4.speech community:5. integrative motivation:6.speech act theory:7.context: 8.surface structure:9. presequence: 10.motherese:三、判断nguage itself is not sexist, just as it is not obscene; but it can connote sexist attitudes.2.Irony could be a means to solve the conflict between CP and PP.3.The principal features of audiolinguilism are an emphasis on structures in language which can be learned as regular patterns of verbal behavior and the belief that the learning is a process of habit formation.4.The direct method proposes that the teacher should be silent as much as possible and should encourage the learners to produce as much as possible.5.Meaning shift refers to a semantic change in which the meaning of a word changes in time.6.In most cases the illocutionary force of “It’s noisy outside!” is a warning.7. Performatives were the statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable.8.The function words of a language are sometimes called open class words.9.Cognitive linguistics is a new branch of linguistics within the framework of second generation cognitive science.10.Displacement means that language can be used to refer to contexts removed fro the immediate situations of the speaker.11.The famous type of question “Have you stopped beating your wife?” is disallowed in court, because accepting the validity of the question means accepting its presupposition.12.Idiolect is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variants.13.The basic principle of the IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet) is using one letter from American English to represent one speech sound.14.Whorf’s theory is a typical example of linguistic determinism.15 Approbation maxim is one maxim of the politeness principle.四、问答1.There are two groups of words below. Analyze the relationships between them.(a) sofa, chair, bed, furniture, table(b) happy/ sad; buy/ sell; awake/ asleep2.Draw two possible tree diagrams for the following sentence to show its syntactic structure. The boy saw the man with the telescope.3.Specify the two approaches to sociolinguistic studies.4 What are the differences between phonetics and phonology?5.Give a brief introduction to predication analysis.五、评论Language is not an abstract construction of the learned, pr of the dictionary-makers, but is something arising out of the work, needs, ties, joys, affections, tastes, of long generations of humanity, and has its bases broad and low, close to the ground. ----Walt Whiteman Do you share your opinions with Walt Whiteman or not? What’s your understanding of language。
南京师范大学2000_2005年招收博士生情况分析
表２２０００—２００５年南京师范大学博士研究生学历结构（人）年度录取人数已获硕士学位其中应届硕士生提前攻博同等学力同等学力所占比例／％２０００７０５９１２０１１１６２００１１００７７１９０２３２３２００２１３６１１１２２０２５１８２００３１８２１３９５０９３４１９２００４２１０１４８４８１９４３２０２００５２１２１８６６３８１８８表３２０００—２００５年南京师范大学博士研究生所在省份（人）年度录取人数江苏省外省市外省市比例／％２０００７０５６１４２０２００１１００６７３３３３２００２１３６８２５４３９２００３１８２１３５４７２６２００４２１０１４７６３３０２００５２１２１２５８７４１!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!科技情报开发与经济ＳＣＩ－ＴＥＣＨＩＮＦＯＲＭＡＴＩＯＮＤＥＶＥＬＯＰＭＥＮＴ＆ＥＣＯＮＯＭＹ２００６年第１６卷第４期ＣｏｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｉｏｎｉｓｔＬｅａｒｎｉｎｇＴｈｅｏｒｙ＆ＥｎｌｉｇｈｔｅｎｍｅｎｔｏｎｔｈｅＣｕｒｒｅｎｔＴｅａｃｈｉｎｇＲｅｆｏｒｍＺＨＡＮＧＹａｎＡＢＳＴＲＡＣＴ：Ｃｏｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｉｏｎｉｓｍｉｓａｂｒａｎｃｈｏｆｔｈｅｃｏｇｎｉｔｉｖｅｐｓｙｃｈｏｌｏｇｙ，ｗｈｉｃｈｇｅｎｅｒａｔｅｓｇｒｅａｔｉｍｐａｃｔｏｎｔｈｅｔｒａｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌｐａｔｔｅｒｎａｎｄｃｏｎｃｅｐｔｉｏｎｏｆｅｄｕｃａｔｉｏｎ，ａｎｄａｌｓｏｈａｓｅｎｌｉｇｈｔｅｎｉｎｇｖａｌｕｅ．Ｔｈｉｓｐａｐｅｒａｎａｌｙｚｅｓｏｎｔｈｒｅｅａｓｐｅｃｔｓｏｆｔｈｅｔｅａｃｈｉｎｇｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ，ｌｅａｒｎｉｎｇｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎａｎｄｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓｈｉｐｓｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｔｅａｃｈｅｒｓａｎｄｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ，ａｎｄｅｘｐｏｕｎｄｓｔｈｅｃｏｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｉｏｎｉｓｔｌｅａｒｎｉｎｇｔｈｅｏｒｙ，ｗｈｉｃｈｐｒｏｖｉｄｅｓｔｈｅｎｅｗｉｄｅａｓｆｏｒｔｈｅｃｕｒｒｅｎｔｔｅａｃｈｉｎｇｒｅｆｏｒｍ．ＫＥＹＷＯＲＤＳ：ｃｏｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｉｏｎｉｓｔｌｅａｒｎｉｎｇｔｈｅｏｒｙ；ｃｏｇｎｉｔｉｖｅｐｓｙｃｈｏｌｏｇｙ；ｔｅａｃｈｉｎｇｒｅｆｏｒｍ博士生教育是为国家培养高层次人才的重要途径。
南京师范大学考博真题
南京师范大学考博真题为方便广大考南京师范大学博士的朋友，我们特地整理了近年来南京师范大的博士试卷清单，供大家参考！希望能帮助到大家！南京师范大学考博英语 2002---2013南京师范大学考博日语（或者二外日语）2001，2003---2013南京师范大学考博法语（或者二外法语）2006---2012南京师范大学考博俄语（或者二外俄语）2003，2004，2006---2013南京师范大学考博德语（或者二外德语）2009---2011------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 001文学院， 021国际文化教育学院考博试卷050101文艺学（2001，2002，2004---2011）具体清单：科目一：文艺理论2001，2002，2004---2011科目二：文学评论2001，2002，2004---2011050102语言学及应用语言学（2002，2004---2011）具体清单：科目一：现代语言学2002，2004---2011科目二（01方向）：语音学理论与实验方法科目二（02方向）：神经语言学与认知神经科学基础2002，2004---2006，2008，2009，2011050125★对外汉语教学（国际文化教育学院）（2007---2012）具体清单：科目一：语言学理论2008---2010，2012（2007以及之前考现代语言学）现代语言学2002，2004---2011科目二（01方向）：现代语法理论2004，2007---2011科目二（02方向）：现代汉语语法与语言习得理论2007---2011050103 汉语言文字学（2001---2004，2006---2012）具体清单：科目一：汉语的理论与实践2002---2004，2006，2010---2012古代汉语与文献2007---2009汉语语言学综合基础（汉语言文字学）2001科目二（01，02方向）：汉语史2002---2004，2006---2012中古近代汉语2001传统语言学（古代汉语）2001科目二（03方向）：现代汉语2010，2012现代汉语与方言2001---2004，2006，2007050104 中国古典文献学（2004---2011）具体清单：科目一：中国古典文献学2005---2011科目二：古代汉语2004---2011050105 中国古代文学（2001，2004，2006---2012）具体清单：科目一：中国古代文史知识2001，2004，2006---2012科目二（01方向）：诗词学2001，2004，2006---2012科目二（02方向）：先秦两汉魏晋南北朝文学2004，2006，2012科目二（03方向）：唐宋文学2001，2004，2006---2012050106 中国现当代文学（2001---2003，2006---2012）具体清单：科目一：中国现当代文学思潮和流派研究2001，2002，2010---2012中国现当代文学理论批评史2003，2006---2009科目二：中国现当代文学作家作品研究2001，2002，2010----2012中国现当代文学史2003，2006---2009050108 比较文学与世界文学（2001---2003，2005---2011）具体清单：科目一：外国文学史2002---2003，2005---2011科目二：西方文学批评史2002---2003，2005---2011中外文学综合基础200120世纪中外文学关系史2001西方文论2001050124★应用文体学（2005，2007---2011）具体清单：科目一：古代文论与古代官制2005，2007---2011古代文论2001，2002，2004科目二：古代文牍学与当代实用文体学2005，2007---2011130300戏剧与影视学（02电影学，03电视艺术学）（2009---2011）具体清单：科目一：影视史论2009---2011科目二：影视理论与批评（文艺理论）2004---2011（2010年以及之前考文艺理论）130300戏剧与影视学（01中国戏剧学）（2001，2004，2007---2011）具体清单：科目一：中国戏曲史2001，2004，2007---2011科目二：戏剧戏曲理论2007---2011050122★中国文学与文化（2004---2010）（2014不招生）具体清单：科目一：中国文化史2004---2010科目二（01方向）：先秦诸子思想与文学2006---2010科目二（02方向）：先唐文化与文学2005---2010001文学院其它试卷：美学2010文学评论写作（写作学）2004，2005中国古代文论与马列文论2001，2002，2004文学原理与文艺美学2004---2006文学思想史暨学术思潮2001，2002，2004文艺学综合基础（文本解读、中外文论）2005语言学理论和应用（语义语法学，对外汉语教学与管理）2002，2004---2011（2011考对外汉语教学与管理，2010以及之前考语义语法学）（2006缺少第2页）中文信息处理2002，2004---2010（2006缺少第2页）应用语言学基础2004中外语言学史2004文字学基础2004音韵学基础2004古文献阅读基础知识2005元明清文学2001，2004---2012隋唐五代文学2001，2004，2006---2008古代文论2004古代汉语2004，2005文学理论基础2001，2002中国传统音乐文化2005---2009------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 南京师范大学 002新闻与传播学院考博试卷050301新闻学（2007---2010）具体清单：科目一：新闻学基础2008---2010新闻传播理论与历史2007新闻实务2007科目二（01方向）：发展新闻学2008---2010科目二（02方向）：新闻史论2008---2010科目二（03方向）：新闻法学2010科目二（04方向）：新闻摄影学（含广播电视学）2009，2010广播电视学2009大众传媒与大众文化2005，2006------------------------------------------------------------------------------------南京师范大学 003公共管理学院考博试卷010105伦理学（2007---2011）具体清单：科目一：中外伦理思想史2007---2011科目二：伦理学理论2007---2011030203科学社会主义与国际共产主义运动（2004，2006---2011）具体清单：科目一：中国社会主义政治发展2004，2006---2011科目二：科学社会主义经典著作2004，2006---2011030501马克思主义基本原理（2005---2011）具体清单：科目一：马克思主义基本原理2005---2011科目二：马克思主义经典著作2007---2011马克思主义哲学原著选读2005，2006科学社会主义原著选读2005，2006030503马克思主义中国化研究（2005---2011）具体清单：科目一：毛泽东思想与中国特色社会主义理论2011科目二（01方向）：社会主义经济理论2005---2008，2010，2011科目二（02方向）：中共党史2007---2011030505思想政治教育（2005---2011）具体清单：科目一：思想政治教育原理与方法2005---2011科目二：马克思主义思想政治教育经典著作2010，2011（2009年以及之前考马克思主义经典著作）马克思主义经典著作2007---2011马克思主义哲学原著选读2005，2006科学社会主义原著选读2005，2006030504国外马克思主义研究（2007---2010）（2014不招生）具体清单：科目一：马克思主义史2007---2010科目二：西方马克思主义概论2007---2010003公共管理学院其它试卷：马克思主义哲学2005世界社会主义（1848-1956）2004，2006---2011社会主义理论与实践2004中外近现代史2005------------------------------------------------------------------------------------南京师范大学 004法学院考博试卷030101法学理论（2003---2011）具体清单：科目一：法理学2003---2011科目二：法律思想史2003---2011030102法律史（2007---2011）（2014不招生）具体清单：科目一：中国法制史2007---2011科目二：中外法律思想史2007---2011030103宪法学与行政法学（2007---2011）科目一：宪法学科目二：行政法学宪法学与行政法学2007---2011030104刑法学（2003---2005，2008---2011）具体清单：科目一：刑法学2003---2005外国刑法学（德、日）2008---2011科目二：中国刑法与刑事政策（中国刑法学）2008---2011030105民商法学（2003---2005，2007---2011）具体清单：科目一：民商法学理论科目二：比较民商法学中国民法学2007---2011民法学2003---2005中国商法学2007---2011030106诉讼法学（2004，2006---2012）具体清单：科目一：诉讼法学（刑法原理与民法原理）2006---2012（2012年以及之前考刑法原理与民法原理）科目二（01方向）：民事证据制度（民事诉讼法学）2004，2006---2012（2012年以及之前叫民事诉讼法学）科目二（02方向）：民事证据制度（刑事诉讼法学）2004，2006---2012（2012年以及之前叫刑事诉讼法学）证据制度2004现代司法制度2004004法学院其它试卷：法学基本理论2004，2007---2011------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 南京师范大学 005商学院考博试卷120100管理科学与工程（2012新增）科目一：运筹学与管理统计学最优化理论与方法2003，2005，2009科目二（01方向）：管理经济学科目二（02方向）：管理行为研究070120★决策学（2008---2010）（2014不招生）具体清单：科目一：决策学原理2008---2010科目二：管理学综合2008---2010070524★空间经济学（2007---2011）（2014不招生）具体清单：科目一：空间经济学原理2007---2011科目二：经济学综合（西方经济学70%+国际经济学30%）2007---2011------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 南京师范大学 006教育科学学院考博试卷040101教育学原理（2004，2006---2013）具体清单：科目一：教育原理2004，2006---2013科目二：中外教育思想史2006---2013040102课程与教学论（2002，2004，2007---2013）具体清单：科目一：教学论2002，2004，2007---2010，2012，2013科目二（01，02方向）：教育心理学2002，2003，2004（1），2004（2），2005，2007---2010，2012，2013科目二（03方向）：数学教育学2002，2004，2009---2011科目二（04方向）：语文教育学040103教育史（2006---2012）具体清单：科目一：中外教育史：中国近现代教育史2009---2012中外近现代教育史2007外国教育史2009---2012科目二：史学理论与方法2009040104比较教育学（2007，2009---2011）具体清单：科目一：外国教育史2009---2012中外近现代教育史2007科目二：比较教育学2007，2009---2011040105学前教育学（2003---2011）具体清单：科目一：学前教育学2003---2011科目二：儿童心理学2004---2011040106高等教育学（2002---2011）具体清单：科目一：高等教育学原理2002---2011科目二：高等教育的历史与比较2002---2011040107成人教育学（2012新增）具体清单：科目一：成人教育原理科目二：家庭与社会教育040108职业技术教育学（2008---2011）具体清单：科目一：技术与职业教育原理2008---2011科目二：科学技术概论2008---2011040110教育技术学（2002，2003，2006---2011）具体清单：科目一：教育技术综合基础2002，2003，2006---2011科目二（01方向）：软件基础2002，2003，2006---2011 科目二（02方向）：视觉文化与媒介素养2007---2011040121★德育学（2007---2011）具体清单：科目一：德育学2007---2011科目二：教育学2010，2011教育原理2004，2006---2013040127★教育领导与管理（2004，2005，2008---2011）具体清单：科目一：教育管理学2004，2005，2008---2011科目二：中外教育管理史2009---2011040124★美育学（2003，2004，2006---2010）（2014不招生）具体清单：科目一：教育原理2004，2006---2013科目二：审美与文化（审美心理学）2003，2007---2010中西艺术史2003，2004006教育科学学院其它试卷：课程论2008化学教育学2002，2009，2010物理教育学2002中国哲学史2009学前教育史2005教育哲学2005---2008计算机与网络应用2002，2003，2006数据库原理与应用2003教育科学研究方法2003------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 南京师范大学 007 外国语学院考博试卷南京师范大学考博英语（或者二外英语）2002---2013南京师范大学考博日语（或者二外日语）2001，2003---2013南京师范大学考博法语（或者二外法语）2006---2012南京师范大学考博俄语（或者二外俄语）2003，2004，2006---2013南京师范大学考博德语（或者二外德语）2009---2011050201英语语言文学（2004，2005，2008---2013）具体清单：科目一：翻译与英文写作2004，2005，2008---2013翻译与外文写作（英语）2007---2011科目二（01方向）：英美文学2004，2005，2008---2013科目二（02方向）：理论语言学2005，2008---2012科目二（03方向）：神经认知语言学2008---2012050211外国语言学及应用语言学（2007---2013）具体清单：科目一：翻译与英文写作2004，2005，2008---2013翻译与外文写作（英语）2007---2011翻译与俄文写作（俄语）2007，2009---2011科目二（01方向）：应用语言学2008---2012科目二（02方向）：认知语言学2012，2013科目二（03方向）：诗学与文化符号学2007---2011050203法语语言文学具体清单：科目一：翻译与法文写作（法语）2010，2011科目二（01方向）：法国文学翻译研究科目二（02方向）：中法比较文学研究007外国语学院其它试卷：西方语言学理论2009---2011翻译与外文写作（意大利语）2010翻译与外文写作（日语）2007，2008英美文学作品阅读与评论2005西方文论2005普通语言学2005英语语言史2005翻译理论2004，2005，2007，2008------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 南京师范大学 008社会发展学院考博试卷060100考古学具体清单：科目一：中国考古科目二（01方向）：史前考古与研究2008，2009科目二（02方向）：历史时期考古科目二（02方向）：艺术考古研究060200中国史（2004，2006，2008---2013）具体清单：科目一：中国通史2004，2006，2008---2013中外通史2004科目二（01方向）：自古社会经济史2012中国经济史2010，2011近现代经济史2006，2008，2009中国古代经济史2004，2006，2008，2009中国农村经济史2008，2009科目二（02方向）：唐代历史及文献2012科目二（03方向）：秦汉史2012科目二（04方向）：中国近现代史2012，2013其它试卷：中国历史地理2004，2006，2008经济学理论与方法2004------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 南京师范大学 009数学科学学院考博试卷070101基础数学（2003，2005---2011）具体清单：科目一：综合考试（含数学分析，高等代数，实变函数或者近世代数）2003，2005---2011科目二（01方向）：同调代数科目二（02方向）：一般拓扑学2005，2007，2009动力系统2009科目二（03方向）：数论导引2003，2009070102计算数学（2003，2005---2011）具体清单：科目一：综合考试（含数学分析，高等代数，实变函数或者近世代数）2003，2005---2011科目二（01方向）：矩阵计算2009，2011科目二（02方向）：微分方程数值解2007，2009---2011科目二（03方向）：最优化方法2003，2005，2009070104应用数学（2003，2005---2011）具体清单：科目一：综合考试（含数学分析，高等代数，实变函数或者近世代数）2003，2005---2011科目二：偏微分方程2005---2011070105 运筹学与控制论（2003，2005---2011）具体清单：科目一：综合考试（含数学分析，高等代数，实变函数或者近世代数）2003，2005---2011科目二：图论2006，2007，2009，2011071400统计学具体清单：科目一：统计综合科目二：01方向:偏微分方程2005---2011科目二：02方向:经济学科目二：03方向:随机过程009数学科学学院其它试卷：现代分析2011组合数学2005基础代数2005泛函分析2006复分析2005，2006微分方程定性理论2006---2009密码学2009智能优化2009------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 南京师范大学 010物理科学与技术学院考博试卷070201理论物理（2004---2010）具体清单：科目一：高等量子力学2004---2010科目二（01方向）：粒子物理2004，2005，2007，2010科目二（02方向）：固体物理2004---2006，2008，2009科目二（03方向）：天体物理学计算天体物理2005080901物理电子学（2005---2010）具体清单：科目一：光电技术2005---2010量子物理2007，2008，2010科目二（01方向）：数字图象处理2005---2010科目二（02方向）：材料物理2008---2010科目二（03方向）：微波技术科目二（04方向）：数字信号处理010物理科学与技术学院其它试卷：天体辐射理论2005量子场论2004------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 南京师范大学 011 化学与环境科学学院考博试卷070300化学（2008---2010）具体清单：科目一：大学化学：物理化学2008---2010科目二：现代分析测试技术2008---2010------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 南京师范大学 012 生命科学学院考博试卷071001植物学（2007，2009---2011）具体清单：科目一：植物生理学2007，2009---2011科目二：植物分子生物学2007，2009---2011071002动物学（2002---2006，2008---2011）具体清单：科目一：高级生物化学2002，2003，2004（1），2004（2），2005---2011科目二（01，04方向）：动物学2003，2005，2005答案，2006，2008---2011分子遗传学2004，2005，2006（1），2006（2），2008---2011科目二（02，03方向）：分子遗传学2004，2005，2006（1），2006（2），2008---2011071004水生生物学（2007---2010）具体清单：科目一：水域生态学2007---2010科目二：高级水生生物学浮游生物学2008，2009水生动物疾病学2009071005微生物学（2004---2011）具体清单：科目一：生物化学实验方法与技术2004---2011科目二：高级微生物学2004---2011071009细胞生物学（2002---2006，2008---2011）具体清单：科目一：分子生物学2002---2004，2006，2008---2011科目二：细胞生物学2002，2003，2004（1），2004（2），2005---2011071010生物化学与分子生物学（2002---2011）具体清单：科目一：高级生物化学2002，2003，2004（1），2004（2），2005---2011科目二：细胞生物学2002，2003，2004（1），2004（2），2005---2011071020★生物技术（2003---2011）具体清单：科目一：生物化学实验方法与技术2004---2011科目二：高级微生物学2004---2011071300生态学（2008---2010）具体清单：科目一：基础生态学2008---2010科目二：遗传学2009，2010012 生命科学学院其它试卷：基因工程技术2003---2005，2008---2011细胞工程2003发酵工程2004------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 南京师范大学 013 地理科学学院考博试卷070501自然地理学（2002---2011）具体清单：科目一：自然地理学2002---2011科目二（01方向）：第四纪环境学2005---2007，2009，2011科目二（02方向）：生态学2005---2011科目二（03方向）：土壤学2006，2007，2009---2011070502人文地理学（2002，2003，2005---2011）具体清单：科目一：人文地理学原理2002，2003，2005---2011科目二（01方向）：城市地理学科目二（02方向）：区域分析与规划2008---2011城市与区域规划2002，2003，2005---2007区域经济学2002，2003，2005---2007科目二（03方向）：旅游地理与旅游规划2008---2011旅游地理学2005---2007旅游规划2006，2007，2011070503地图学与地理信息系统（2001---2012）具体清单：科目一：地理信息系统原理与方法2001---2012地理信息系统原理2006---2011科目二：地理数据获取与分析遥感原理2001---2012C语言程序设计（包括数据结构）2001---2012现代自然地理学2001---2011070521★环境地理学（2003，2005---2011）具体清单：科目一：环境科学2005---2011科目二（01方向）：生态学2005---2011科目二（02方向）：土壤学2006，2007，2009---2011070522★海洋地理学（2002，2003，2005---2011）具体清单：科目一：海洋学概论2002，2003，2005，2009科目二：海洋环境概论070523★遥感技术与应用（2006---2011）具体清单：科目一：遥感原理与方法2006---2011遥感原理2001---2012科目二：地理数据获取与分析地理信息系统原理2006---2011数字图像处理2006---2008，2010，2011数字摄影测量学2006---2008070905第四纪地质学（2002---2004，2009）具体清单：科目一：第四纪地质学2009地貌学与第四纪地质学2002---2004科目二：地球化学2009070525★资源科学（2005---2010）（2014不招生）具体清单：科目一：自然资源学原理2009科目二：经济地理学2005，2009旅游规划2006，2007，2011旅游地理与旅游规划2008---2011013 地理科学学院其它试卷：地貌学2005，2009自然地理学研究方法2003---2005非线性科学2003，2005---2009地理学基础理论2003---2005地图学2004，2005地球系统科学2002------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 南京师范大学 014 音乐学院考博试卷130200音乐与舞蹈学（2012新增）具体清单：科目一：音乐综合理论科目二：音乐专业方向理论与实践------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 南京师范大学 015 体育科学学院考博试卷040301体育人文社会学（2007---2011）具体清单：科目一：体育原理：体育社会学2007---2011科目二（01方向）：体育管理学2007---2011科目二（02方向）：学校体育学2002，2004，2008---2011科目二（03方向）：体育与法------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 南京师范大学 016 美术学院考博试卷130400美术学（2004，2006---2012）具体清单：科目一：美术学与设计学综合基础2004，2006---2012（2012年以及之前叫美术学综合基础）科目二：中外美术史2004，2006---2012中国美术史2004，2006---2009艺术概论2004中外美术理论2004130500设计学（2004，2006---2012）具体清单：科目一：美术学与设计学综合基础2004，2006---2012（2012年以及之前叫美术学综合基础）科目二：中外设计史------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 南京师范大学 021国际文化教育学院考博试卷050125★对外汉语教学（国际文化教育学院）（2007---2012）具体清单：科目一：语言学理论2008---2010，2012（2007以及之前考现代语言学）现代语言学2002，2004---2011科目二（01方向）：现代语法理论2004，2007---2011科目二（02方向）：现代汉语语法与语言习得理论2007---2011------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 南京师范大学心理学院考博试卷077101基础心理学（2003，2004，2007---2013）具体清单：科目一：心理学研究方法2006---2011，2013科目二（01方向）：心理学理论与流派2010---2012科目二（02方向）：认知神经科学2009---2011科目二（03方向）：中国文化心理学077102发展与教育心理学（2006---2013）具体清单：科目一：心理学研究方法2006---2011，2013科目二：教育心理研究2010---2013发展心理学与教育心理学2006---2009077102应用心理学（2006---2013）具体清单：科目一：心理学研究方法2006---2011，2013科目二（01方向）：儿童发展研究（发展心理学）2011，2012发展心理学与教育心理学2006---2009科目二（02方向）：社会心理学心理学院其它试卷：实验心理学2004，2007---2011心理学史2003，2004，2007---2011基础心理学原理2003普通心理学2004（1），2004（2）认知心理学2003000000高校思政教师专项计划具体清单：科目一：毛泽东思想与中国特色社会主义理论2011科目二（01，02方向）：中共党史2007---2011科目二（03方向）：思想政治教育原理思想政治教育原理与方法2005---2011马克思主义基本原理概论2011马克思主义基本原理2005---2011社会主义经济理论2005---2008，2010，2011中国社会主义政治发展2004，2006---2011社会主义理论与实践2004------------------------------------------------------------------------------------999999高校辅导员专项计划具体清单：科目一：思想政治教育原理与方法（辅导员专项）2010，2011思想政治教育原理与方法2005---2011科目二：科研与业绩马克思主义基本原理（含原著）2010，2011思想政治教育原理与方法2005---2011马克思主义基本原理2005---2011马克思主义经典著作2007---2011马克思主义哲学原著选读2005，2006科学社会主义原著选读2005，2006马克思主义思想政治教育经典著作2010，2011------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 045171学校课程与教学（教育博士）具体清单：科目一：教育学综合2010，2011科目二：课程与教学基本理论------------------------------------------------------------------------------------045100教育领导与管理（教育博士）具体清单：科目一：教育学综合2010，2011科目二：教育管理学概论（教育博士）（张新平出题）2010，2011教育管理学（教育领导与管理）（张新平出题）2004，2005，2008---2011陆续会更新试卷库请关注！。
南京师范大学考博英语真题常考疑难句及解析
南京师范大学考博英语真题常考疑难句及解析1.Most striking among the many asymmetries evident in an adult flatfish is eye placement：before maturity one eye migrates，so that in an adult flatfish both eyes are on the same side of the head.(3+)在一条成年比目鱼身上显著存在的诸多不对称(asymmetry)特征中，最为吸人注目的是眼睛的摆位：在成年之前，一只眼睛发生移动，因此在成年比目鱼身上，两只眼睛均位于头部的同一侧面。
需要各大院校历年考博英语真题及其解析请加扣扣七七二六七八五三七或二八九零零六四三五一，也可以拨打全国免费咨询电话四零零六六八六九七八享受考博辅导体验。
难句类型：倒装、省略解释：本句的倒装本质上与我们早就的一种倒装结构是一样的，即形容词放在句首时，主语和谓语倒装。
本句的主干的正常语序应该是：Eye placement is most striking;倒装后成了Most striking is eye placement。
但是这种倒装在GRE考试中出现，又有了新的特色，被提到句首的Most striking被长长的状语among the many asymmetries evident in an adult flatfish与后面的主语和表语分开，造成阅读困难。
意群训练：Most striking among the many asymmetries evident in an adult flatfish is eye placement：before maturity one eye migrates，so that in an adult flatfish both eyes are on the same side of the head.2.Its subject(to use Maynard Mack’s categories)is"life-as-spectacle，"for readers，diverted by its various incidents，observe its hero Odysseus primarily from without;the tragic Iliad，however，presents"life-as-experience"：readers are asked to identifywith the mind of Achilles，whose motivations render him a not particularly likable hero.(5)其主题〔若借鉴梅纳德。
2007年南京师范大学博士招生入学考试英语试卷
2007年南京师范大学博士招生入学考试英语试卷英语试题库2007年南京师范大学博士招生入学考试试卷Part I Reading ComprehensionSection A (50%)Directions: There are five passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked a),b),c) and d).You should decide on the best choice and circle the letter on the ANSWER SHEET. Passage One Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.growing industries over 31. Money-laundering (洗钱) has been one of the world’s fa stest-decade despite increasing efforts by the world’s financial authorities to stamp it out.Following is a simple guide to the world of money-laundering.Money-laundering is the process by which money obtained by illegal means is given the appearance of legitimate income and returned into circulation. The word and practice are widely believed to have been invented by the US Mafia (黑手党). As a means of mixing the dirty cash obtained from prostitution, gambling, gun-running, blackmail and its other wicked activities, so that it came out more or less clean, the Mafia bought up and operated large numbers ofLaundromats (自助洗衣点). As good cash businesses they were a good means ofproviding the appearance of honest cash flow.Various techniques can be employed and the means of money-laundering, but they essentially boil down to three stages. Step one: moving the money from the scene of the crime A to a remote location B, ideally in another country, preferably a bank account, if possible one that is anonymous. Step two: disguising the trail leading from A to B. Step three: making the cash available to the criminals, along with aplausible explanation of how ti came legally into their possession.Apart from harming the economies that it feeds off, the money-laundering industry is essential to organized crime. As the head of the UN’s crime-fighting wing Pino Arlacchiremarked, organized crime “brutalizes society and diminishesrespect for the value like honesty and cooperation upon which successful societies are based”. Or as a senior USofficial said in 1999, “money-laundering may look like a politeform of white-collar crime, but it is the companion of brutality, deceit and corruption.”The liberalization of markets around the world and deregulation(解除管制) of exchangecontrols are regarded ad the chief causes of the rapid expansion of money-laundering over the past decade. Together they have opened up many more channels for laundering dirty money and provided more opportunitiesto hide its origins. UN officials believe the most important single measure in eliminating money-laundering is the ending of bank secrecy. 1. We know from the passage that money-laundering .a) has almost been stamped out by the world’s financial authorities.b) has greatly promoted the development of the world’s industries.c) only has a ten-year history but has grown rapidly.d) has expanded rapidly over the past decade.2. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the phrase“stamp it out” (para.1) in thefirst paragraph?a) To put an end to it completely.b) To mark a sign by pressing on it.c) To announce it illegal.1英语试题库d) To do harm to is.3. The reason why the Mafia bought up and ran substantial Laundromats is that .a) the Mafia can carry out large numbers of illegal transactions in them.b) the Mafia has many wicked activities like prostitution and gambling in them.c) the Laundromats can give the dirty cash the appearance oflegitimate income.d) the Laundromats is such a profit-making industry that it has attracted the Mafia. 4. In money-laundering, money would be moved fromthe scene of the crime to .a) the financial authoritiesb) the circulation fields.c) Laundromats operated by the Mafia.d) anonymous bank account in another country.5. With the worldwide liberalization of markets, money-launderinghas expanded rapidly by .a) deregulating the exchange controls.b) buying and operating more Laundromats.c) having more channels to launder dirty money.d) tightening the bank secrecy rules.Passage TwoQuestions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage.The media can impact current events. As a graduate student atBerkeley in the 1960s, I remember experiencing the events related to the People’s Park that wore occurring on campus.Some of these events were given national media coverage in the press and on TV. I found it interesting to compare my impressions of what was going on with perceptions obtained from the news media. I could begin to see events of that time feed on news coverage. This also provided mewith some healthy insights into the distinctions between these realities.Electronic media are having a greater impact on the people’s lives every day. Peoplegather more and more of their impressions from representations. Television and telephone communications are linking people to global village, or what one writer calls the electroniccity. Consider the information that television brings into your home every day. Consider also the contact you have with others simply by using telephone. These media extend your consciousness and your contact. For example, the video coverage of the 1989 San Francisco earthquake focused on “live action” such as the fires or the rescue efforts. This gave theviewer the impression of total disaster. Television coverage of the Iraqi War also developed an immediacy. CNN reported events as they happened. This coverage was distributed worldwide. Although most people were far away from these events, they developed some perception of these realities.In 1992, many people watched in horror as riots broke out on a sad Wednesday evening in Los Angeles, seemingly fed by video coverage from helicopters. This events was triggered by the verdict (裁定) in the Rodney King beating. 32. We are now in an age where the public can have access to information that enables it to make its own judgments, and most peoples, who had seen the video of this beating, could not understand how the jury was able to acquit (宣布无罪) the policemen involved . Media coverage of events as they occur also providespowerful feedback that influences events. This can have harmful results, as is seemed on that Wednesday night in Los Angeles. By Friday night the public got to see Rodney King on television pleading, “Can we all get along?” By Saturday, tel evision seemed to provide2英语试题库positive feedback as the Los Angeles riot turned out into a rallyfor peace. The television showed thousands of people marching with banners and cleaning tools. Because of that, many more people turned out to join the peaceful event they saw unfolding on television. The real healing, of course, will take much longer, but electronic media will continue to be a part of that process.6. Where is the passage most likely to be from?a) Textbook of Media.b) Thesis.c) Newspaper or Magazine.d) Speech.7. The 1989 San Francisco earthquake was mentioned to show .a) how damaging the earthquake was.b) how people carried out rescue workc) the electronic media extend your consciousness and your contact.d) the viewers’ i mpression of total disaster.8. The term “ electronic city”( para.2) refers to .a) Los Angelesb) San Franciscoc) Berkeleyd) Earth9. The 1992 Los Angeles riots broke out because .a) the jury acquitted the policemen who had beaten Rodney King.b) people can make their own judgments.c) video coverage from helicopters had made people angry.d) video coverage had provided powerful feedback.10. It can be inferred from the passage that .a) media coverage of events as they occur can have either good of bad results.b) most people who had seen the video of the Rodney King beating agree with theverdict of jury.c) the 1992 Los Angeles riots lasted a whole week.d) Rodney King seemed very angry when he appeared on television on Friday. Passage ThreeQuestions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage.Recent research has claimed that an excess of positive ions(离子) in the air can have anill effect on people’s physical or psychological health. What are positive ions? Well, the air is full of ions, electrically charged particle, and generally there is a rough balance between the positive and the negative charged. But sometimes this balance becomes disturbedand a large proportion of positive ions are found. This happensnaturally before thunderstorms, earthquakes of when winds such as the mistral(寒冷的西北风) are blowing in certaincountries. Or it can be caused by a build-up of staticelectricity(静电) indoors from carpets orclothing made of man-made fibers, or from TV sets, duplicators or computer display screens.When a large number of positive ions are present in the air many people experience unpleasant effects such as headaches, fatigue, irritability, and some particularly sensitive people suffer nausea(恶心) or even mental disturbance. Animals are also found to be affected, particularly before earthquakes. Snakes have been observed to come out of hibernation, rats to flee from their burrows, dogs howl and cats jump about unaccountably. This has led the US3英语试题库Geographical Survey to fund a network of volunteers to watch animals in an effort to foresee such disasters before they hit vulnerable areas such as California.Conversely, when large numbers of negative ions are present, then people have a feeling of well-being. Natural conditions that produce these are near the sea, close to waterfalls of fountains ,or in any place where water is sprayed, or forms a spray. This probably accountsfor the beneficial effort of a holiday by the sea, or in the mountains with tumbling streams or waterfalls.33. To increase the supply of negative irons indoors, somescientists recommend the use of ionizers: small portable machines which generate negative ions. They claim that ionizersnot only clean and refresh the air but also improve the health of people of people sensitive to excess positive ions. Of course, there are the detractors, other scientists, who dismiss such claims and are skeptical about negative/positive ion research. Therefore people can only make up their own minds observing the effects on themselves, or on others, of a negative rich or poor environment. After all, it is debatable whether depending on seismic(地震的) readings to anticipate earthquakes is more effective than watching the cat.11. What effect does excessive positive ionization have on some people?a) They think they are insane.b) They feel rather bad-tempered.c) They become violently sick.d) They are too tired to do anything.12. According to the passage, static electricity can be caused by .a) using home-made electrical goods.b) wearing clothes made of natural materials.c) waling on artificial floor coverings.d) copying TV programs on a computer.13. A high negative ion count is likely to be found .a) near a pond with a water pump.b) close to slow flowing riverc) in some barren mountains.d) by a rotating water sprinkler.14. What kind of machine can generate negative ions indoors?a) Ionizers.b) Air-conditioners.c) Exhaust-fansd) Vacuum-pump15. Some scientists believe that .a) watching animals to anticipate earthquakes is more effectiveb) the unusual behaviors of animals can not be trustedc ) neither watching nor using seismograph is reliabled) earthquakes cannot affect any animalsPassage FourQuestions 16to 20 are based on the following passage.Joseph Weizenbaum, professor of computer science at MIT, thinks that the sense of power over the machine ultimately corrupts the computer hacker and makes him into a not very desirable sort of programmer.34.The hackers are so involved with designing their4英语试题库program, making it more and more complex and bending it to their will, that they don’t bothertrying to make it understandable to other users. They rarely keep records of their programs forthe benefit of others, and they rarely take time to understand why a problem occurred.Computer science teachers say they can usually pick out the prospective hackers in their courses because these students make their homework assignments more complex than they need to be. Rather than using the simplest and most direct method, they take joy in adding extra steps just to prove their ingenuity.But perhaps those hackers know something that we don’t know about the shape ofthings to come. “That hacker who had to be literally dragged offhis cha ir at MIT is now a multimillionaire of the computer industry,” says MIT professor Michael Dertouzos. “And twoformer hackers became the founders of the highly successful Apple home computer company.”When seen in this light, the hacker phenomenon may not be so strange after all. If, as many psychiatrists say, play is really the basis for all human activity, then the hacker games are really the preparation for future developments. Sherry Turkle, a professor of sociology at MIT, has for years been studying the way computers fit into people’s lives. She points out thatthe computer, because it seems to us to be so “intelligent”, so “capable”, so “human”, affectsthe way we think about ourselves and our ideas about what we are. She says that computers and computer toys already play an important role in children’s efforts to develop an identityby allowing them to test ideas about what is alive and what is not.“The youngsters can form as many subtle nuances(细微差距) and texturedrelationships with the compute rs as they can with people.” Turkle points out.16. The passage tells about .a) the strange behavior of the computer hackersb) the ultimate importance of bringing up computer hackersc) different opinions concerning the hacker phenomenond) the emergence of computer hackers17. According to Prof.Weizenbaum, what led to the hackers’ strange behavior isa) their strong desire to control the computerb) their ignorance of the responsibility of a programmerc) their incompetence in making new computer programsd) their deliberate attempts to make their programs complex and impracticable 18. In Prof. Dertouzos’ opinion, we know that .a) computer industry will certainly make multimillionaires of the hackersb) the hackers are likely to be very successful businessmenc) the hackers probably have better insight into the future than other peopled) only a few hackers will be successful in their later life19. The phrase “to develop an identity”(Para.4) means .a) to become distinguishedb) to seek an answerc) to build up a creative abilityd) to form a habit20. The passage tries to convey to its readers the idea that .a) perhaps the hacker phenomenon is not bad at allb) though the hackers are in fact playing with the computer, there may be some benefitsc) the computer hackers are the hope of the computer industry of tomorrow5英语试题库d) the computer hackers could be useful if under proper guidancePassage FiveQuestions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.The value of a business increasingly lies not in physical and financial assets that are on the balance sheet, but in intangibles: brands, patents, franchises, software, research programs, ideas and expertise. Few firms try to measure returns on these assets, let alonepublish information on them. Yet they are often what underlies a firm’s success. “Our primaryassets, which are our software and our software-development skills,do not show up on the balance sheet at all,” says Microsoft’s boss,Bill Gates. “This is probably not veryenlightening from a purely accounting point of view.”A sign that companies do not measure their assets properly may bethe growing gap between their stock-market value and the book value of their assets. Between 1973 and 1993, the median ratio of market valuesto book values of American public companies doubles; the difference has grown with a boom in high-tech shares. The gap is biggest for companies that have most rapidly boosted spending on research and development(R&D). Even within industries, the divergence(分歧) between stock-marketreturns and reported earnings hasincreased.You might think this would present a problem for investors, who no linger have a good way of telling whether the market value of a company is soundly based. Yet investors seem to know instinctively that knowledge is valuable. 35. A study has found that the share price of American multinationals that spend heavily on R&D rises when they buy foreign subsidiaries, but it falls when a multinational with low R&D spending buys abroad. Presumably investorsunderstand that companies in knowledge-based businesses can exploit the magic of rising returns to scale. Once a pill or a software programis developed, each extra sale brings in more money at little extra cost: the bigger the market, the greater the profits.In fact, the absence of good measures may bother those who run firms more than those who invest in them. For managers, the big problem is how to judge rates of return. With building a factory, there are time-honored methods for calculating the payback. But what if you are investing in R&D or software, or deciding whether to buy better people or to train more? There aren’t tools for making such decisions.21. The intangibles of a company are reflected in .a) physical and financial assetsb) stock-market valuec) the balance sheetd) the difference between the stock-market value and the book value22. What can we infer about Microsoft?a) It has no book-value assets.b) Its stock-market value equals its book value.c) There’s a great gap between its stock-market value and book value.d) Its stock-market value does not reflect the company’s real value23. Why does the share price of American multinationals rise?a) Because they buy foreign subsidiariesb) Because they invest much in intangible assets.c) Because they have low R&D spendingd) Because the investors know the methods for calculating the payback of6英语试题库knowledge-based businesses24. An investor who buys stocks of a company in knowledge-based businesses bases hisdecision on .a) pure speculation(投机)b) the company’s book valuec) whether the company buys foreign subsidiariesd) the prospect that its research will translate into low cost products 25. The phrase “such decisions”(Para.4) refe rs to .a) running firms in knowledge-based businessesb) investing in firms in knowledge-based businessesc) judging rates of return on firms in knowledge-based businessesd) calculating returns on a newly-built factorySection BDirections: In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 26~30, choose the most suitable one from the list A~G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10%)Life is full of dangers and surprise. Your house may burn down. You may fall out of the window and break your neck. Mice and beetles ay eat your floor so that you drop in to the flat below for an uninvited cup of tea.26. .You cannot always prevent disasters, but you can insure against them. Most forms of insurance are voluntary-it is up to you whether you take out a policy or not. But some forms are compulsory. 27. .The “parties” to an agreement, or contract, are theindividuals or groups concerned. With third-party motor insurance,the three parties are (i) you yourself, (ii) your insurance company, and (iii) anybody else---for example, the man whose Jaguar has just smashed up your Mini. Third –party insurance does not cover fire, theft or anything else. It is intended only to protect road users fromeach other. 28. .Another form of compulsory insurance is National Insurance.Everybody over 16 earning money on a regular basis must pay a sum each week to the state. These weekly contributions cover part of the cost of the National Health Service and the other social service benefits, e.g. unemployment benefits, sickness benefits, old-age pensions, industrial injury benefits and so on. You must be able to prove you have paid your contributions, so you must have a card(kept by your employer unless you are self-employed) onto which stamps are stuck every week. Of course,you can take out private health insurance as well if you wish, but you must still pay your state contributions.There are, of course, many insurance companies in Britain, bothlarge and small. But there is also a rather special organization called Lloyd’s, which started as a coffee-house inth late 17century. Lloyd’s is a society of around six thousand members-all of themunderwriters-and is administered by a committee controlled by Act of Parliament.29. .You have to go to an insurance broker who will then contact a member of Lloyd’s for you. If you want to insure something expensive---like a fleet of Jumbo jets, for example-your broker will probably have to contact a syndicate of underwriters because the risks would be too high for one man to cover.Lloyd’s will probably insure you against any risk at all---provided you are prepared7英语试题库to pay the premiums.30. .Maybe clowns insure their noses. You never know-anything may happen.A. Professional pianists sometimes insure their hands.B. Insurance on the other hand eliminates risks already in existence and , by combining them,substitutes a small known loss(premium) contributed by each person insured. C. If you drive a car, for example, you must take out a third-party insurance policy. D. So it is not an insurance company in the normal sense, but an insurance market and youcannot do business with it directly.E. If you want to insure against all the other terrible things that might happen to you or yourcar, you can take out a comprehensive policy.F. This spreading of risk protects the individual against lossesthat may be disastrous if hehas to bear them alone.G. Anything may happen, you never know.Part II TranslationSection ADirections: Translate the following five sentences(all of which are underlined sentences in the five reading passages in Section A, Part I.) into Chinese. Remember to write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.31. Money-laundering (洗钱) has been one of the world’s fastest-growing industries overdecade despite increasing efforts by the world’s financial authorities to stamp it out.32. We are now in an age where the public can have access to information that enables it to make its own judgments, and most peoples, who had seen the video of this beating, could notunderstand how the jury was able to acquit (宣布无罪) the policemen involved .33. To increase the supply of negative irons indoors, somescientists recommend the use of ionizers: small portable machines which generate negative ions.34.The hackers are so involved with designing their program, making it more and more complex and bending it to their will, that they don’t bother trying to make it understandable toother users.35. A study has found that the share price of Americanmultinationals that spend heavily on R&D rises when they buy foreign subsidiaries, bu it falls when a multinational with low R&D spending buys abroad.Section BDirections: Translate the following passage into Chinese Remember to write your translation clear on the Answer SHEET.(10%).The media help democracy when they provide more choices to more people, but they do no favors to democracy when they turn themselves from beacons(信号站) of light intoheat-seeking missiles. For example, the president’s 1995 State of the Union address took morethan an hour, which apparently was about a half hour more than the patience of most network commentators(commentator: person who comments) could tolerate. In their instant analysis after the speech, they all criticized its length and “ lack of focus”. Yet judging by polls andtalk shows the next day, most Americans appeared to appreciate the content of the presi dent’sspeech. Today the media investigate less and preach more.......8英语试题库Part III WritingSection ADirections: For this section, you are asked to read the following short passage first and then to write a composition entitled “Which one Do You Think Is More Important, PleasureOr Longevity?”. You should not copy any of the sentences in the following passage. You should write no less than 150 words. Remember to write clearly on the ANSWER SHEET.(15%)(Just for your reference)) about having fun, increasingly viewing themselves as People are almost phobic(恐惧症fragile, vulnerable, ready to develop cancer or heart disease at the slightest provocation(刺激).In the name of health, people give up many of their life enjoyments. We have no quarrel with the evidence that some pleasures, like cigarette smoking, high alcohol consumption, addictive drugs, driving much too fast, are unhealthy and should be knocked off. But worrying too much about anything including calories, salt, cancer, and cholesterol(胆固醇)---can robyour life of vitality. Living optimistically, with pleasure, zest, and commitment enriches if not lengthens life.Do you agree to the above point of view? Which one do you think is more important, pleasure or longevity(长寿)Give your own comments and write them down on the ANSWER SHEET.Section BDirections: Answer the following question with no less than 50 words. Remember to write your answer clearly on the ANSWER SHEET.(5%) Who is Confucius(孔子),(over)9。
南师大考博英语
南师大考博英语Here is an essay on the topic "Nanjing Normal University Entrance Exam for Postgraduate Studies in English" with over 1000 words, written entirely in English without any additional title or punctuation marks in the main body.Nanjing Normal University, a renowned institution of higher education in China, has long been recognized for its academic excellence and commitment to nurturing talented individuals. The university's postgraduate entrance exam, particularly in the field of English, has become a coveted milestone for aspiring scholars and researchers. This examination not only tests the depth of one's knowledge but also evaluates the breadth of their linguistic abilities, making it a true testament to the aspirant's academic prowess.The Nanjing Normal University postgraduate entrance exam in English is a comprehensive assessment that covers a wide range of topics ranging from literature and linguistics to translation and pedagogy. Candidates are required to demonstrate a thorough understanding of the English language, its historical development, and its diverse applications in various academic and professional domains. The exam typically consists of multiple-choice questions,essay writing, and a rigorous oral interview, all designed to gauge the applicant's critical thinking skills, research potential, and communication proficiency.One of the key aspects of the Nanjing Normal University postgraduate entrance exam in English is the emphasis on literary analysis and interpretation. Candidates are often presented with excerpts from classic English literature and are expected to dissect the nuances of the text, identify the underlying themes, and articulate their interpretations with clarity and coherence. This component not only assesses the applicant's familiarity with the literary canon but also their ability to engage in close reading and analytical reasoning.In addition to literary analysis, the exam also delves into the realm of linguistics, testing the candidate's understanding of the structural, phonological, and semantic aspects of the English language. This section may include questions on language acquisition, sociolinguistics, and the evolution of the English language, challenging the applicants to demonstrate their theoretical knowledge and its practical applications.Another crucial aspect of the Nanjing Normal University postgraduate entrance exam in English is the translation component. Candidates are often required to translate passages from Chinese toEnglish and vice versa, showcasing their mastery of both languages and their ability to convey meaning accurately and idiomatically. This task not only evaluates the applicant's linguistic proficiency but also their cultural awareness and sensitivity, as effective translation requires a deep understanding of the nuances and conventions of both languages.The oral interview component of the exam is designed to assess the candidate's communication skills, their ability to articulate their ideas, and their overall academic potential. Applicants are typically asked to engage in discussions on a wide range of topics, from their research interests and academic experiences to their future goals and aspirations. This interaction allows the examination panel to gauge the applicant's critical thinking abilities, their ability to think on their feet, and their potential to contribute to the academic community at Nanjing Normal University.Preparing for the Nanjing Normal University postgraduate entrance exam in English requires a comprehensive and multifaceted approach. Candidates must not only have a strong command of the English language but also a deep understanding of the academic and research landscape in their chosen field of study. This involves extensive reading, research, and practice in areas such as literary analysis, linguistic theory, translation techniques, and effective communication.Many aspiring scholars seek out specialized coaching and tutoring services to enhance their chances of success in this highly competitive examination. These support systems often provide targeted guidance on exam strategies, practice materials, and feedback on the candidate's performance, helping them to identify and address their weaknesses.Ultimately, the Nanjing Normal University postgraduate entrance exam in English is a testament to the university's commitment to excellence and its desire to attract the brightest minds to its academic community. For those who are successful in this rigorous examination, the rewards are manifold – the opportunity to pursue advanced studies at a prestigious institution, the chance to collaborate with renowned scholars and researchers, and the potential to make meaningful contributions to their respective fields of study.As the competition for postgraduate programs continues to intensify, the Nanjing Normal University entrance exam in English remains a coveted milestone for aspiring scholars and researchers. By demonstrating their mastery of the English language, their analytical prowess, and their research potential, candidates can unlock the doors to a world of academic and professional opportunities, pavingthe way for their future success and the advancement of knowledge in their chosen fields.。