2012年四川大学英语翻译基础
2012年四川大学翻译硕士英语-推荐下载
A. creatingB. createsC. is creatingD. it creates14. Booker T. Washington, acclaimed as a leading educator at the turn of the century, _____ of a school that later became the Tuskegee Institute.A. took chargeB. taking chargeC. charge was takenD. taken charge15. True hibernation takes place only among _______ animals.A. whose blood is warmB. blood warmC. warm-bloodedD. they have warm blood16. In central Georgia, archaeological evidence indicates that Native Americans first inhabited the area________.A. since thirteen centuriesB. thirteen centuries agoC. the previous thirteen centuriesD. thirteen centuries were before17. In ________, the advent of the telephone, radio, and television has made rapid long-distance communication possible.A. one hundred years laterB. one hundred years agoC. the one hundred years sinceD. the last one hundred years18. ________, The Yearling, won a Pulitzer Prize.A. Marjorie Rawlings’ best work wasB. Marjorie Rawlings’ best workC. Her best work was Marjorie Rawlings’D. That Marjorie Rawlings’ best work19. Abstraction goes into the making of any work of art, ________ or not.A. whether the artist being aware of itB. the artist is being aware whetherC. whether the artist is aware of itD. the artist is aware whether20. Not until 1931 ________ the official anthem of the United StatesA. “The Star-spangled Banner” did becomeB. when “The Star-spangled Banner” becameC. did “The Star-Spangle Banner” becomeD. became “The Star-spangled Banner”II. Reading comprehension (40’)Section 1 Multiple choice (20’)Directions: In this section there are reading passages followed by multiple-choice questions. Read the passages and then mark your answers on your answer sheet.Passage AJustice and injustice in criminal adjudication are more than abstract concept; in modern America each term conjures up its own paradigm image. Justice occurs in a somber courtroom where a robber reaches a legal decision. Injustice is a bloodthirsty mob bearing lit torches, intimidating on the doors of the jail desperate to wreak revenge upon the suspected wrongdoer held within.This image of injustice provides many normative insights. One that courts have frequently drawn is that in criminal adjudication emotion is unalterably opposed to reason and thus to justice itself. Taking this principle a step farther, courts have urged that the more a legal issue might provoke popular rage, the harder courts must work to insulate the legal decision from emotive influence. The classic example is capital sentencing, an occasion which evokes strong emotions. Here the Supreme Court has worked to ensure that “any decision to impose the death sentence be, and appear to be, based on reason rather than caprice or emotion”. The Court has, over a period of years, undertaken an extensiveregulatory project aimed at suppressing emotive influence in capital cases by mandating rationalistic ruled to guide sentencing. This insistence upon the injustice of all emotion stems from a misconception of emotion and its influence upon criminal punishment. Although the mob at jail scene illustrates that anger can lead to injustice, it does not support the proposition that all decisions influenced by anger are morally tainted. Anger can be justified and have moral decision making is complex; untangling it involved a close examination of emotion than the law has generally undertaken.This has obvious significance for criminal law as a form of social concord. But it is also important or its alleged role as a restraint on power. Criminal law does little or nothing to restrict the efforts of the various professionals now responsible for preventing and reshaping deviant behavior. Rather it is them who have colonized its territory, as in the welfare of the professional authority that legitimates them and because they enter into the enabling role of the state as dispenser of benefits. This is to say nothing of other forms of market and bureaucratic power and social control exercised by groups other than government. Under these conditions the alleged protections of the criminal law seem premised on a nineteenth century view of the state and society; those interested in the law in the twentieth century must look to the potential of administrative law rather than to criminal law. Either way critical writers would be wasting their time here.Whilst there is a lot of truth in this picture of the declining importance of criminal law, it is sensible not to exaggerate its loss of functions. From a critical point of view it would seem to retain a crucial ideological significance as being the form of closet touch with public. It is hard to credit the idea that these central liberal (bourgeois) notions have been displaced by the newer disciplines and strategies.1.The reason for the insulation of emotions in criminal adjudication is due to_______.A. the severity of the possible punishmentB. the social concern for the adjudicationC. the Supreme Court decisionD. the ideal of keeping order2. According to the author’s opinion, the origination of the insistence upon the injustice of all emotion is __________.A. that emotion is inevitably against reason and justiceB. the misunderstanding of emotion and its influenceC. the courts’ hard work to prevent the legal decision from emotive influenceD. that the death sentence was based on reason through suppressing emotive influence3. Regards to the role of anger in adjudication, which statement is INCORRECT?A. Only part of the decisions is influenced by anger, though it can bring biases.B. Though moral decision-making is complex, anger can be justifiedC. Some decisions influenced by anger can be morally taintedD. Because of anger, moral decision-making is quite complicated4. The declining importance of criminal law is a consequence of ___________.A. the loss of importance of criminal law and increase of interest in government as a benefit dispenserB. the exaggeration of the importance of criminal law and decrease of interest in government affairsC. the new trend in legal studiesD. the new ideas pouring out in the administrative law field5. The review is primarily ___________.A. dubiousB. objectiveC. partialD. criticalPassage BThe Eskimos believe that a human being is made up of a body, a soul, and a name, and it not complete unless it has all three. This belief has a great effect on the Eskimo’s daily life and runs like a golden thread through the Eskimo culture.As for the soul of man, the Eskimos do not claim to know exactly what it is—but then, who does? They see it, however, as the beginning of life, the initiator of all activities within a being, and the energy without which life cannot continue.An Eskimo’s name is believed to have a life of its own. It combines all the good qualities and talents of all the persons who have been called by it. One may imagine it as a procession of ancestors stretching into the dim past and surrounding the present bearer of the name with a sort of magic protective aura.Many Eskimos believe that a newborn baby cries because it wants its name and will not be complete until it gets it. Immediately after a birth the angakok (medicine man) or some wise elders of the tribe gather to name the child. The name that is selected must be the name of someone who has died recently. The choice may in some cases call for much conjuring and soothsaying, and in other cases be self-evident. When my son was born, everyone realized that it was his great-grandfather, Mequsaq, who had died a few months before, who had been reborn in him. The newborn infant had a slight squint in the very same eye that old Mequsaq had lost to the cannibals in Baffin Land. This was taken as a sign from the name spirit that the baby should be called Mequsaq.When, in 1927, I returned to Thule for a visit, I found that no fewer than five little girls had been named Navarana after my dear late wife. So great was the confidence in Navarana’s ability and character that there was believed to be enough for all five children. It was thus a beautiful and touchingmemorial to her, though a slightly expensive one for me, since I had to give all the little girls presents.More often he newborn child was given several names, so as to have the highest possible protection, and certain names became great favorites. Calling so many by the same name was often very confusing. This custom was continued in Christianized Greenland. In the little settlement of Kook, in the Upernavik district, all five hunters were called Gaba (after the archangel Gabriel). I was told that some years before, a great man called Gaba had died, and after his death several unmistakable signs indicated that his spirit was still active. To please the spirit, many boy babies were named after it. In order to distinguish between them they called them “fat Gaba,”“Little Gaba,” etc.A Polar Eskimo would never mention himself by name. Doing so could break the name’s magic protection. And since the ever jealous spirits are always listening, it could cause great trouble. It seemed strange to me in the beginning, when I met somebody in the dark of winter, that I was never able to get any information other than “Oanga” (it is I). Finally I learned to know them all by their voices.The Eskimo people believe also in the magic protective power of amulets, However, it isn’t the amulet itself that protects from harm—it is the properties that the amulet possesses. It is almost always the boys and the men who are given amulets, for they are the ones who expose themselves to all the dangers of nature while the women stay at home. When a girl is given amulets, it is usually to insure that she have strong sons. Great care goes into the selection of amulets. My wife Navarana carried a little ball of polished wood with her always. Wood cannot feel pain, and possession of it means great wealth; thus it is thought that a wooden amulet can insure the owner a rich and painless life.One of the most popular amulets is the foot of a raven, which is put on a string around the necks of newborn babies. This is believed to be a very valuable charm because no bird can get alongunder as hard conditions as does the raven. The raven finds food where other animals starve to death—it can live on almost nothing.At the end of my first walrus hunt at Thule, Ayorsalik, one of the hunters, decided that raven meat was to be eaten in my honor. The purpose of the raven feast, he said, was to make sure that the good luck I had had that morning would continue indefinitely.Two of the younger men shot three ravens that had been hovering expectantly near our campfire. Ayorsalik out the pot on to boil, and the ravens were skinned and cooked.Their taste was revolting, and later I ate that bird only in times of great hunger. On this occasion Ayorsalik handed me all three hearts and livers with his fingers; they went down, but they almost came up again. I don’t know whether this ritual had any effect. But later on, whenever I had sizable game, Ayorsalik claimed I would lose the ravens’ power if I were not to share with him.Another interesting custom of the Eskimos is their ceremony of reverence for ancestors. On the rock of Agpat, near Thule, where the burial ground was, both men and women would sit for hour after hour in quiet meditation. Dressed in their finest clothing, they would stare out over the horizon without moving. They believed that during this stillness they received the wisdom of their ancestors. It is the nearest thing to religious devotion I have seen among them, and it is, I think, the most beautiful form of worship I have ever seen.To the Eskimo, nature is full of evil spirits ready to work ill if a sin or breach of taboo is committed. When a tribe is afflicted with sickness or bad weather or starvation, it is up to the angakok to find out how the people, knowingly or unknowingly, have offended the spirits. He can summon his helping spirits, he can travel to the underworld, under the sea, and through rocks, and thus find out where the trouble is.Essentially, angakoks are people who are experienced in the state of trance. I have often observed even the people serving in our house at Thule in a state of trance, sometimes for days on end. To understand the Eskimos, it is necessary to remember the long depressing winter with its black darkness and its aura of lurking evil, and the summer with its perpetual sunshine that wearies the mind and confuses the senses. Every fall we had a veritable epidemic of evil spirits along with the storms and the darkness of winter setting in. There was always panic at this time.The Eskimos know no benevolent god. They believe that the spirits of the angakoks and the protective spells of names and amulets are their only defense against a cold and hostile land.6. If asked “Who is it?” an Eskimo would answer only “It is I,” because______.[A] he would not want anyone to know who he was[B] if he said his own name he would break its spell[C] he did not know his actual name[D] Both A and B.7. There is evidence in the passage that the author’s wife had______.[A] won the Eskimos’ approval during several visits[B] many names[C] been accepted by the Eskimos only because of their love for her husband.[D] been an Eskimo herself8. According to the passage, Eskimos depend most heavily on______.[A] evil spirits[B] charms and magic[C] a helpful god[D] nature9. The word “revolting” in paragraph 12 means______.[A] shocking[B] rebellious[C] nauseating[D] wicked10. The Eskimo believed that sitting quietly near their buried ancestors_______.[A] was the best way to express faith in God[B] helped the hunters to find food[C] gave them the wisdom of their ancestors[D] was the best way to pay tribute to the dead.Section 2 Answering questions (20’)Directions: Read the following passages and then answer IN COMPLETE SENTENCES the questions which follow each passage. Use only information from the passage you have just read and write your answer in the corresponding space in your answer sheet.Questions 1～3What do we mean by leisure, and why should we assume that it represents a problem to be solved by the arts? The great ages of art were not conspicuous for their leisure-at least, art was not an activity associated with leisure. It was a craft like any other, concerned with the making of necessary things. Leisure, in the present meaning of the word, did not exist. Leisure, before the Industrial Revolution meant no more than “time” or “opportunity”; “If your leisure serv'd, I would speak with you”,says one of Shakespeare's characters. Phrases which we still use, such as “at your leisure”, preserve this original meaning.But when we speak of leisure nowadays, we are not thinking of securing time or opportunity to do something; time is heavy on our hands, and the problem is how to fill it. Leisure no longer signifies a space with some difficulty secured against the pressure of events: rather it is a pervasive emptiness for which we must invent occupations-Leisure is a vacuum, a desperate state of vacancy--a vacancy of mind and body. It has been commandeered by the sociologists and the psychologists: it is a problem. Our diurnal existence is divided into two phases, as distinct as day and night. We call them work and play. We work so many hours a day, and, when we have allowed the necessary minimum for such activities as eating and shopping, the rest we spend in various activities which are known as recreations, an elegant word which disguises the fact that we usually do not even play in our hours of leisure, but spend them in various forms of passive entertainment or entertainment--not football but watching football matches; not acting, but theatre-going; not walking, but riding in a motor coach.We need to make, therefore, a hard-and-fast distinction not only between work and play but, equally, between active play and passive entertainment. It is, I suppose, the decline of active play—of amateur sport—and the enormous growth of purely receptive entertainment which has given rise to a sociological interest in the problem. If the greater part of the popu1ation, instead of indulging in sport, spend their hours of leisure ‘viewing' television programmes, there will inevitably be a decline in health and physique. And, in addition, there will be a psychological problem, for we have yet to trace the mental and moral consequences of a prolonged diet of sentimental or sensational spectacles on the screen. There is, if we are optimistic, the possibility that the diet is too thin and unnourishing to have much permanent effect on anybody. Nine films out of ten seem to leave absolutely no impression on the mindor imagination of those who see them: few people can give a coherent account of the film they saw the week before last, and at longer intervals they must rely on the management to see that they do not sit through the same film twice.We have to live art if we would be affected by art. We have to paint rather than look at paintings, to play instruments rather than go to concerts, to dance and sing and act ourselves, engaging all our senses in the ritual and discipline of the arts. Then something may begin to happen to us: to work upon our bodies and our souls.It is only when entertainment is active, participated in, practiced, that it can properly be called play, and as such it is a natural use of leisure. In that sense play stands in contrast to work, and is usually regarded as an activity that alternates with work. It is there that the most fundamental error enters conception of daily life.Work itself is not a single concept. We say quite generally that we work in order to make a living: to earn, that is to say, sufficient tokens which we can exchange for food and shelter and all the other needs of our existence. But some of us work physically, tilling the land, minding the machines, digging the coal; others work mentally, keeping accounts, inventing machines, teaching and preaching, managing and governing. There does not seem to be any factor common to all these diverse occupations, except that they consume our time, and leave us little leisure.We may next observe that one man's profession or work is often another man’s recreation or play. The merchant at the week-end becomes a hunter (he has not yet taken to mining); the clerk becomes a gardener; the machine-tender becomes a breeder of bull—terriers. There is, of course, a sound instinct behind such transformations. The body and mind are unconsciously seeking compensation--muscular coordination, mental integration. But in many cases a dissociation is set up and the individual leads adouble life--one half Jekyll, the other half Hyde. There is a profound moral behind that story of Stevenson's for the compensation which a disintegrated personality may seek will often be of an anti-social nature. The Nazi party, for example, in its early days was largely recruited from the bored--not much from the unemployed as from the street-corner society of listless hooligansScientific studies have been made of street-corner society, out of which crime, gangsterdom, and fascism inevitably develop. It is a society with leisure--that is to say, spare time--and without compensatory occupation. It does not need a Satan to find mischief for such idle hands to do. They will spontaneously itch to do something: muscles have a life of their own unless they are trained to purposeful actions. Actions, or rather activities, are the obvious reflex to leisure; they consume it, and leave the problem solved.But work is also activity, and if we reach the conclusion that all our time must be filled with one activity or another, the distinction between work and play becomes rather meaningless, and what we mean by play is merely a change of occupation. We pass from one form of activity to another; one we call work, and for that we receive pay; the other we call play, and for that we receive no pay--on the contrary, we probably pay a subscription.1. The author points out two kinds of danger that may arise from the misuse of leisure. One of them is the result of purely passive entertainment; the other results when work and play are not properly coordinated What are the two dangers? Which of them is particularly harmful to society?2. The author says that most films are not good enough to leave a permanent impression on our minds. Is this, in his opinion, a good thing or a bad thing? In what way?3. What, in the author’s opinion, is the real difference between work and play? Or is there no difference at all between them? .Questions 4～5History tells us that in ancient Babylon, the cradle of our civilization, the people tried to build a tower that would reach to heaven. But the tower became the tower of Babel, according to the Old Testament, when the people were suddenly caused to speak different languages. In modern New York City, a new tower, that of the United Nations Building, thrusts its shining mass skyward. But the realization of the UN’s aspirations—and with it the hopes of the peoples of the world—is threatened by our contemporary Babel: about three thousand different languages are spoken throughout the world today, without counting the various dialects that confound communication between peoples of the same land.In China, for example, hundreds of different dialects are spoken; people of some villages have trouble passing the time of day with the inhabitants of the next town. In the new African state of Ghana, five million people speak fifty different dialects. In India more than one hundred languages are spoken, of which only fourteen are recognized as official. To add to the confusion, as the old established empires are broken up and new states are formed, new official tongues spring up at an increasing rate.In a world made smaller by jet travel, man is still isolated from many of his neighbors by the Babel barrier of multiplying languages. Communication is blocked daily in scores of ways. Travelers find it difficult to know the peoples of other nations. Scientists are often unable to read and benefit from the work being carried on by men of science in other countries. The aims of international trade, of world accord, of meetings between nations, are blocked at every turn; the work of scholars, technologists, and humanists is handicapped. Even in the shining new tower of the United Nations in New York, speeches and discussions have to be translated and printed in the five official UN languages—English, French, Spanish, Russian and Chinese. Confusion, delay, suspicion, and hard feelings are the products of the diplomatic Babel.The chances for world unity are lessened if in the literal sense of the phrase, we do not speak the same language. We stand in dire need of a common tongue a language that would cross national barriers, one simple enough to be universally learned by travelers, businessmen, government representatives, scholars, and even by children in school.Of course, this isn’t a new idea. Just as everyone is against sin, so everyone is for a common language that would further communication between nations. What with one thing and another—our natural state of drift as human beings, our rivalries, resentments, and jealousies as nations—we have up until now failed to take any action. I propose that we stop just talking about it, as Mark Twain said of the weather, and do something about it. We must make the concerted, massive effort it takes to reach agreement on the adoption of a single, common auxiliary tongue.Let’s take a quick look at the realities of the problem. One of the main barriers to the adoption of the common language is the fact that there is Babel even among the possible languages we can choose. A number of different simplified languages vie for the spot of the language, and their respective advocates defend and attack with the fervor of political campaigners. Basic English, for example, with its vocabulary of only 850 words with which virtually anything can be expressed, has many advocates. But the Soviet Union and many nations of Asia and South America object to it. Why English? They ask. Why not Basic Russian, Basic Spanish, even Basic Latin?In addition to the “basics” of languages now in use, there is another type—the so-called “constructed languages,” of which some six hundred have made their appearance since the end of the nineteenth century, most of them almost immediate failures. The two best-known survivors among them are, of course, Esperanto and Interlingua.Esperanto was published in 1887 by a Russian-Polish physician names Zamenhof, who had worked onit for ten years. He gave it to the world not under his own name but under the pseudonym Doktoro Esperanto, meaning “Doctor Hopeful.” Esperanto is based on regularity and ease of grammar, with a vocabulary from Roman-Germanic roots. By the end of the century Esperanto had taken hold in western Europe.Interlingua made its appearance much later—in 1951. A group of linguists from many nations took nearly thirty years to perfect it. Essentially, Interlingua is Latin stripped of its difficulties. Its introducer, Dr. Alexander Gode, refers to it as “a kind of twentieth century kitchen Latin.” Indeed, Interlingua can be read by most college-trained people almost at sight.I do not by any means consider myself an authority on the relative merits of the various proposed common languages, but Dr. Mario Pei, of Columbia University in New York City, has written a fine book on the subject called One Language for the World. In this book Dr. Pei says he believes that it makes little difference which language or what kind of language becomes the international language, as long as agreement can be reached among the people of the world on any one.For my own part, it seems to me that the main requirement of an international language is that it be easily learned. Thus it should have the simplest possible spelling and grammar and pronunciation, and the smallest possible vocabulary. An adult should be able to master such a language within three months if he gives several hours a day to the study of it.What can be done concretely to achieve the goal of a working common language? I believe that the UNESCO arm of the United Nations should call a meeting of leading linguists from each of its member nations. (This would include most of the major populated areas of the world.) As Dr. Pei recommends, the purpose of the conference would be to select an already existing language agreeable to a preponderance of the nations represented. Such an agreement won’t come without determined effort:it may take more than one conference to reach agreement; it may take many more. The important thing is that some positive action be taken.Such a conference should be called without further delay; we are sorely in need of this first step. Only with an international language in use, with the proceedings of the UN published in it, with children in schools all over the world learning it as their second language, can we close the gap between the “one world” so recently established in terms of travel time and the one world we hope for in terms of human understanding and co-operations.Because I believe strongly that without the closing of this gap international accord is only a vain hope, I’ve taken it upon myself to try to implement this proposal. Since it is most unlikely that either UNESCO or the nations involved have funds to finance the linguists’ conference, I think that one of the great philanthropic foundations, such as the Ford, Carnegie, or Rockefeller Foundation, should undertake to make it possible.I have already approached one of these foundations for such a grant--and been turned down. I shall approach the others in turn, and if I am turned down by all, I shall look for other ways to make this conference possible.It is the responsibility of all Americans to do whatever they can in their own communities to make this goal of one language for one world a reality for our children.4. What is “Babel”? And what does “Babel” refer to respectively in the following few phrases: “the tower of Babel” (para.1), “our contemporary Babel” (para.1), “Babel barrier”(para.3), “diplomatic Babel” (para.3) “there is Babel” (para.6)?5. According to the author, what are the things that really matter for the success of an international。
四川大学外国语学院MTI翻译硕士357英语翻译基础448汉语写作与百科知识考
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4.“具时效性”：本资料会根据最新的招生简章和目录、最新的参考书目和考试大纲对资料进行及时调整、更新，让弘毅胜卷臻于完善！提醒：为保证产品质量，我们在反盗版技术上投入了很大人力物力，首先在阅读体验上远远超越盗版资料（加了水印和红白页，复印基本看不清楚），同时弘毅考研每年均根据当年最新考试要求进行改版升级并提供超值的售后服务，并将后续重要资料分期发送，盗版将丢失这些重要资料，请考生务必谨慎辨别，不要为了省一点小钱购买其他机构或个人销售的盗版材料而耽误备考，甚至影响前途的大事情。
2012年四川大学英语专业(英美文学)真题试卷.doc
2012年四川大学英语专业（英美文学）真题试卷(总分：34.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、名词解释(总题数：5，分数：10.00)1.Charles Lamb（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.Waiting for Godot（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.The theatre of the absurd（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.Tales of the Grotesque and the Arabesque（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.Carl Sandburg（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________二、单项选择题(总题数：10，分数：20.00)6.Most of Thomas Hardy"s novels are set in______, the fictional erode rural region which is really the home place he both loves and hates.（分数：2.00）A.SussexB.WessexC.CasterbridgeD.Dorsetshire7.Dickens takes the sinister aspect of the British legal system as the theme of his novel______（分数：2.00）A.Great ExpectationB.Bleak HouseC.Oliver TwistD.Hard times8.Beowulf, a typical example of______, is regarded today as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons.（分数：2.00）A.modern dramaB.medieval dramaC.modem poetryD.Old English poetry9.Peter is one of the major characters in______.（分数：2.00）A.Lord of the FliesB.Waiting for GodotC.LycidasD.The Pilgrim"s Progress10.The word which best describes the tone of the poem When We Two Parted is______.（分数：2.00）A.sentimentalB.ironicC.paradoxicalD.realistic11.Which one of the following is the author of The Hairy Ape?（分数：2.00）A.Tennessee WilliamsB.Arthur MillerC.Eugene O"NeillD.T. S. Eliot12.A Farewell to Arms is about the traumatic war experience in______.（分数：2.00）A.World War IIB.Spanish Civil WarC.World War ID.Vietnam War13.Which one of the following writers does not belong to the school of the Lost Generation?（分数：2.00）A.Ernest HemingwayB.Scott FitzgeraldC.John Dos PassosD.Joseph Heller14.Which one of the following works deals with the war experience in American Civil War?（分数：2.00）A.The Red Badge of CourageB.For Whom the Bell TollsC.The Last of the MohicansD.Light in August15.Moby-Dick is the name of______（分数：2.00）A.an octopusB.a whaleC.the captainD.the narrator三、问答题(总题数：2，分数：4.00)16.Make a comment on Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 17.Make a statement about the use of the techniques of stream of consciousness and interior monologue in modern American fiction.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________。
川大MTI样题 参考答案
国内近年出版的用英语编写的高级英语阅读、翻译、写作教材，以及任何大学语文教材和应用文写作类书籍（汉语）。
《汉语写作与百科知识》样题第一部分百科知识（50’）请简要解释以下段落中划线部分的知识点1.这次股市波动在全球都有一定的关联影响，这说明全球化在逐步进展。
过去中国认为自己的市场是一个相对比较小型的市场，也是一个正在建设中的、比较幼年的市场，或者说是在转轨经济中逐步发展的新兴市场。
由于全球经济一体化的进展，股市波动相互之间关联密切，这也说明中国的市场还需要加速发展，我们要进一步提高直接融资的比重，进一步把资本市场建设得更好、更快、更加国际化。
关于流动性过剩问题。
流动性偏多是全球的现象，中国也存在流动性偏多的问题。
美国财政赤字那么大，它那儿的流动性也很丰富，产油国资金也很丰富。
因此，资金面上的宽松是全球一体化之下相互影响的现象。
宏观调控当局都应该重视这个问题，做好自己的工作，对于过剩的流动性应该采取稳健的、适当收缩的政策。
2.端午原是个防病防灾的日子，却因大诗人屈原增添了纪念层面的意义，增添了爱国情怀和报国无门的悲情、齐心协力救助生命的悲壮；因了陶渊明酷爱重阳，因了他酷爱的菊的勾连，重阳节衍生了“颂陶”的文化意蕴，歌颂他“人淡如菊”的精神境界，“重阳无酒”也成了知识分子安贫乐道的形象写真。
3.1994年起，比尔·盖茨开始了他的收藏爱好。
作为拥有600亿美元财富的收藏者，盖茨想买什么就可以买什么，而他购买艺术品似乎也完全凭个人的兴趣，没有明确的学术或商业性目标。
还有很多不知名的微软富翁也有收藏艺术品的爱好，这些微软人囊中的巨额财富和近乎疯狂的收藏行为对美国艺术市场产生巨大的推动作用，证明了微软公司在文化市场中有多重要。
一个软件公司创造的巨额财富使大量重要艺术作品流向微软人手中，流向西雅图。
4.2009年3月的全国“两会”上，吴邦国提出，今年要着力加强社会领域立法，继续完善经济、政治、文化领域立法。
四川大学翻译硕士英语翻译基础真题2010年
四川大学翻译硕士英语翻译基础真题2010年(总分：150.00，做题时间：180分钟)一、I.Directions:Translatethefollowingwords,abbreviationsorterminologyintotheirtarg etlanguagerespectively.Therearealtogether30itemsinthispartofthetest,15inEnglish and15inChinese,withonepintforeach.(30’)(总题数：30，分数：30.00)1.OECD（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(经济合作与发展组织)解析：2.NASA（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(National Aeronautic and Space Administration 美国国家航空航天局)解析：3.IAEA（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(国际原子能机构)解析：4.ASEM（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(亚欧25国和欧盟委员会的政府间论坛)解析：5.UNICEF（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(联合国儿童基金会)解析：6.ASEAN（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(东南亚国家联盟 )解析：7.APEC（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(石油输出国组织)解析：8.IPR（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(知识产权)解析：9.CEPA（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(《更紧密经贸关系的安排》)解析：10.Special Safeguard Mechanism（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(特别安保机制)解析：11.Sub-prime Mortgage Crisis（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(次贷危机)解析：12.Free Trade Agreement（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(自由贸易协议)解析：13.bonded warehouse（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(保税工厂 )解析：14.Encyclopedia Britannica（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(大不列颠百科全书 )解析：15.binary opposition（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(二元对立)解析：16.《论语》（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(The Analects )解析：17.《红楼梦》（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(A Dream of Red Mansions )解析：18.扫黄打非（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(Crack Down the Pornography and Illegal Publications )解析：19.西部大开发（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(Development for Western Areas )解析：20.高度自治（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(High Degree of Autonomy )解析：21.发烧门诊（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(Fever Clinic )解析：22.转基因食品（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(GM food (genetically modified food) )解析：23.小排量汽车（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(Cars of Low Emission )解析：24.温室气体排放（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(Greenhouse Gases Emission)解析：25.创业板（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(GEM; Growth Enterprise Market )解析：26.中国特色的社会主义市场经济（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(Socialistic Market Economy with Chinese Characteristics )解析：27.选秀（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(Talent Show )解析：28.外交庇护（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(Diplomatic Asylum )解析：29.稳健的货币政策（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(Stable and Healthy Monetary Policy)解析：30.摸着石头过河（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(feel one's way along inch by inch)解析：二、II.Directions:Translatethefollowingsourcetextsintotheirtargetlanguagesrespectiv ely.IfthesourcetextisinEnglish,itstargetlanguageisChinese.IfthesourcetextisinCh inese,itstargetlanguageisEnglish.(120’)(总题数：4，分数：120.00)31.Source Text 1: For the Greeks, beauty was a virtue: a kind of excellence. Persons then were assumed to be what we now have to call--lamely, enviously-- wholepersons. If it did occur to the Greeks to distinguish between a person's "inside" and "outside," they still expected that inner beauty would be matched by beauty of the other kind. The well-born young Athenians who gathered around Socrates found it quite paradoxical that their hero was so intelligent, so brave, so honorable, so seductive-- and so ugly. One of Socrates' main pedagogical acts was to be ugly-- and to teach those innocent, no doubt splendid-looking disciples of his how full of paradoxes life really was. They may have resisted Socrates' lesson. We do not. Several thousand years later, we are more waryof the enchantments of beauty. We not only split off--with the greatest facility--the 'inside" (character, intellect) from the "outside" (looks); but we are actually surprised when someone who is beautiful is also intelligent, talented, good.（分数：30.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：( 在希腊人看来，美丽是一种品德，一种优点。
2010年四川大学翻译硕士MTI真题--英语翻译基础
考试科目： 351 英语翻译基础 适用专业： 英语口译（MTI） 、英语笔译（MTI） I.: (30’) 1. OECD 2. NASA 3. IAEA 4. ASEM
5.
UNICEF
6. ASEAN 7. APEC 8. IPR 9. CEPA 10. Special Safeguard Mechanism 11. Sub-prime Mortgage Crisis 12. Free Trade Agreement 13. bonded warehouse 14. Encyclopedia Britannica 15. binary opposition 16. 《论语》 17. 《红楼梦》 18. 扫黄打非 19. 西部大开发 20. 高度自治 21. 发烧门诊 22. 转基因食品 23. 小排量汽车 24. 温室气体排放 25. 创业板 26. 中国特色的社会主义市场经济 27. 选秀 28. 外交庇护 29. 稳健的货币政策 30. 摸着石头过河 II. (120’) Source Text 1: For the Greeks, beauty was a virtue: a kind of excellence. Persons then were assumed
大家网翻译硕士论坛 /forum-1336-1.html
大家网翻译硕士论坛 /forum-1336-1.html
大家网翻译硕士论坛 /forum-1336-1.html
to be what we now have to call--lamely, enviously-- whole persons. If it did occur to the Greeks to distinguish between a person's "inside" and "outside," they still expected that inner beauty would be matched by beauty of the other kind. The well-born young Athenians who gathered around Socrates found it quite paradoxical that their hero was so intelligent, so brave, so honorable, so seductive-- and so ugly. One of Socrates' main pedagogical acts was to be ugly-- and to teach those innocent, no doubt splendid-looking disciples of his how full of paradoxes life really was. They may have resisted Socrates' lesson. We do not. Several thousand years later, we are more wary of the enchantments of beauty. We not only split off--with the greatest facility--the 'inside" (character, intellect) from the "outside" (looks); but we are actually surprised when someone who is beautiful is also intelligent, talented, good. Source Text 2: Frankly speaking, Adam, I created Eve to tame you. Indeed she is wiser than you because she knows less but understands more. Charm is her strength just as your strength is charm. Doubtless you are active, eager, passionate, variable, progressive and original but she is passive, stable, sympathetic and faithful. In other words you are like animals which use up energy, whereas she is like the plants which store up energy. Henceforth you have got to get along with her willy-nilly in sun and rain, joys and sorrows, peace and turbulence. For you the Rubicon has been crossed. It is up to you now to make the situation a blessing or a curse. I would refuse to entertain any more request from you to take her back. Source Text 3: 新疆维吾尔自治区地处中国西北边陲，亚欧大陆腹地，面积 166.49 万平方公里， 占中国国土面积六分之一，陆地边境线 5600 公里，周边与 8 个国家接壤，是古丝绸 之路的重要通道。据 2000 年统计，新疆人口为 1925 万人，其中汉族以外的其他民族 为 1096.96 万人。新疆自古以来就是一个多民族聚居和多种宗教并存的地区，从西汉 （公元前 206 年—公元 24 年）起成为中国统一的多民族国家不可分割的组成部分。 Source Text 4: 维持生命必须的食物有三类。一是碳水化合物。碳水化合物广泛存在于动、植物， 包括糖、淀粉及纤维分子（cellulose） ，为人类提供能量。碳水化合物还能合成生物过 程所必须的葡萄糖和酶（enzymes） 。二是脂肪。脂肪是比碳水化合物更为“浓缩”的 食物能量，但是，它只作为储存能量而不是立即可用的能量。三是蛋白质。蛋白质是 由含碳、氢、氧和氮元素的大分子组成的。蛋白质主要不是用于提供能量，而是组成 生命所必须的结构物质。
四川大学历年考博英语翻译题答案
2004 答案1.英译汉第一次世界大战和经济大萧条迫使人们不得不重新冷静地评价来势迅猛的技术大爆炸。
一种思想派别——技术确定主义认为，现代社会再也不是19世纪及20世纪初期的工业年头了。
他们说，后工业时代社会已经成为一种现实。
先进电子技术所带来的困难的社会技术网络已经使国家的政府机构，资本主义性质的公司和人口拥挤的城市失去原有的作用。
2.汉译英Moon gazing is an ancient art. To prehistoric hunters their understanding of the moon overhead was a unerring as heartbeat. They knew that every 29 days it became full-bellied and brilliant, then sickened and died, and then was the reborn. They knew that the waxing moon appeared larger and higher overhead after each succeeding sunset while the waning moon rose later each night until it vanished in the sunrise.2003 答案1.英译汉：如今，城市化比以前任何时候都更有影响。
它是世界性的，到处都可以感受到它的影响。
结合国的统计数字说明，在约30年的时间里，全世界过半的人口将住在城市里。
这是个具有深远意义的转变，或许是人类史的一个重要里程碑并将以如今无法想象的方式去影响着人类和大自然。
整个人类的定居史都与地形学和资源有着亲密的联络。
直到几个世纪之前，人类定居形式还是主要由农业、渔业、采矿业、水利和国防而定。
城镇和村落相继开展成了商业和市场中心，效劳于落后地区。
2020-2021四川大学英语翻译硕士考研择校、报录比、考研经验分享
2020-2021四川大学英语翻译硕士考研择校、报录比、考研经验分享MTI是每个学校自主命题，所以要考MTI，尽早决定自己要考哪所学校，到目标院校的官网去搜需要什么参考书，然后穷尽自己各种方式寻找信息。
因为考研不仅是学术能力的竞争过程，也是比拼搜商的过程。
辅导班也是一个省时省力的好方法。
2019年四川大学招生专业目录以及计划招生人数考试科目参考书目1、211翻译硕士英语《高级英语》(修订本)第1、2册(重排版)，王立礼、张汉熙，外语教学与研究出版社，2010年。
2、357英语翻译基础（1）《英汉翻译简明教程》，庄绎传，外语教学与研究出版社，2002年；（2）《英汉口译教程》，任文，外语教学与研究出版社，2011年；（3）《非文学翻译理论与实践》，李长栓，中国对外翻译出版公司，2012年；（4）《英语笔译实务》，卢敏，外文出版社，2017年；国内主要英文报刊。
3、448汉语写作与百科知识（1）《中国文化读本》(中文版) 叶朗，外语教学与研究出版社，2008年；（2）《中国文化概要》，陶嘉炜、何寅，北京大学出版社，2009年；（3）《英语国家社会与文化》，梅仁毅，外语教学与研究出版社，2008年；（4）《应用文写作》，王首程，高等教育出版社，2009年。
注：以上参考书目非学校指定，是根据以往经验给出的，仅供参考。
历年数据分析2018年川大英语翻译硕士初试经验分享英语翻译基础如何准备？背！单！词！！这是最基础也是最重要的。
背单词这个过程贯穿了我考研整个过程，当单词量真的上升到一定程度，你会发现自己英语像开挂了一样。
专八词汇，《李毅10000》，一定要一个一个，一遍又一遍好好背。
背了一遍记不住没关系，再来一遍，强烈推荐《英语文摘》这个杂志，它全是精选的外刊文章，翻译地道，而且有难点词语解释，是学习英语很好的材料。
这是新祥旭给我辅导的老师建议的。
建议每两天读一篇，一定要准备一个笔记本，把自己认为写得好的表达总结下来，不会的单词也摘抄下来，每天记，每天背单词。
2012年四川大学翻译硕士(MTI)汉语写作与百科知识真题试卷
2012年四川大学翻译硕士（MTI）汉语写作与百科知识真题试卷(总分：16.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、名词解释(总题数：1，分数：12.00)请简要解释以下段落中画线部分的知识点：（分数：12.00）(1).宋词是继唐诗后的又一种文学体裁，兼有文学与音乐两方面的特点，是中国古代文学皇冠上光辉夺目的一颗宝石，历来与唐诗并称双绝，代表一代文学之盛。
按照传统的风格进行划分，宋词可以划分为“ 豪放派”和“ 婉约派”，至苏轼时期达到其发展高峰。
后辑有《全宋词》荟萃宋代三百年间的词作。
（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：豪放派：豪放派是宋词的风格流派之一，与婉约派并称为宋词两大词派。
其特点是题材广泛，内容丰富，表现方法以铺叙直抒为主，风格恢弘沉雄，气势豪纵，成就颇高。
豪放派的代表人物有苏轼、辛弃疾等。
婉约派：婉约派为中国宋词的一个流派。
婉约派继承了晚唐五代花间派词风，主题多写风花雪月、男欢女爱和悲欢离愁，风格则清丽柔媚、委婉含蓄，结构深细缜密，音律谐婉，语言圆润，具有一种柔婉之美，但内容比较窄狭。
婉约派的代表人物有李清照、柳永、秦观、李煜等。
苏轼：字子瞻，号东坡居士，中国北宋文豪，“唐宋八大家”之一，在诗、词、赋、散文方面均有极高成就，且善书法和绘画，是中国文学艺术史上罕见的全才，也是中国数千年历史上被公认为文学艺术造诣最杰出的大家之一。
其散文与欧阳修并称“欧苏”；诗与黄庭坚并称“苏黄”，又与陆游并称“苏陆”；词与辛弃疾并称“苏辛”；其画则开创了湖州画派。
苏轼的代表作品有《水调歌头．中秋》、《念奴娇．赤壁怀古》、《赤壁赋》等。
唐宋八大家：是唐宋时期八大散文作家的合称，即唐代的韩愈、柳宗元和宋代的苏轼、苏洵，苏辙、欧阳修、王安石、曾巩。
四川大学2014翻译基础科目英汉互译真题
四川大学翻译基础科目英汉互译真题OECD 经济合作与发展组织NASA 美国国家航空航天局IAEA 国际原子能机构ASEM 亚欧会议UNICEF 联合国儿童基金会ASEAN 东南亚国家联盟APEC 亚太经合组织IPR 知识产权CEPA 《关于建立更紧密经贸关系的安排》Special Safeguard Mechanism 特殊保障机制Sub-prime Mortgage Crisis 次贷危机Free Trade Agreement 自由贸易协定Bonded warehouse 保税仓库Encyclopedia Britannica 大不列颠百科全书Binary opposition 二元对立《论语》The Analects《红楼梦》A Dream of Red Mansions扫黄打非eliminate pornography and illegal publications西部大开发large-scale development of western China高度自治high degree of autonomy发烧门诊fever clinic转基因食品genetically modified food小排量汽车small-displacement cars温室气体排放greenhouse gas emissions创业板ChiNext stock market中国特色的社会主义市场经济Socialist market economy with Chinese characteristics选秀talent show外交庇护diplomatic asylum稳健的货币政策prudent monetary policy摸着石头过河wade across the stream by feeling the wayIOC 国际奥林匹克委员会（International Olympic Committee）CAAC中国民航（Civil Aviation Administration of China）CPPCC中国人民政治协商会议（Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference）NBA 全美篮球协会（National Basketball Association）UNEP 联合国环境规划署（United Nations Environment Programme）FBI美国联邦调查局（Federal Bureau of Investigation）purchasing power parity 购买力平价"三农"工作"Three agriculture" work伪娘crossdresser大规模杀伤性武器WMD(weapons of mass destruction)易经The Book of Changes京都议定书Kyoto Protocol经济适用房affordable housing中国达人秀China's Got Talentprinciple of common but differentiated responsibilities “共同但有区别责任”原则Strategic & Economic Dialogue战略与经济对话Non-Performing Loans不良贷款、到期未能偿还贷款Merger & Acquisition兼并与收购多边贸易体系multilateral trading system依法治国manage/run state affairs according to law可再生能源renewable energy西气东输、西电东送transmit natural gas from western areas to East China; West-East natural gas transmission projecttransmit the electricity from western areas to East China; West-East power transmission project亚奥理事会Olympic Council of Asia,简称OCA社会消费品零售总额total volume/sum/amount of social retail goods积极的财政政策active fiscal policyAfrican Union非洲联盟Fannie Mae& Freddie Mac 房利美和房地美MDGs 千年发展目标亚运会the Asian Games可再生资源Renewable Resources第十一届全国人民代表大会第三次会议11 th National People's Congress third meeting凯程教育：凯程考研成立于2005年，国内首家全日制集训机构考研，一直从事高端全日制辅导，由李海洋教授、张鑫教授、卢营教授、王洋教授、杨武金教授、张释然教授、索玉柱教授、方浩教授等一批高级考研教研队伍组成，为学员全程高质量授课、答疑、测试、督导、报考指导、方法指导、联系导师、复试等全方位的考研服务。
四川大学翻译硕士英语考试样题
翻译硕士英语考试科目：211翻译硕士英语适用专业：英语口译（MTI）、英语笔译（MTI）（试题共14页）（注意：答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题上不给分）I. Vocabulary and grammar (30’)Multiple choiceDirections: Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the answer that best completes the sentence. Mark your answers on your answer sheet.1. The forests were very dry because of the dry spell.A. tree lineB. explorersC. draftD. drought2. Self-denial is one of their tenets.A. reasonsB. doctrinesC. rentersD. figures3. The Iranians did not see eye to eye with the Americans about releasing the hostages.A. viewB. scareC. agreeD. quarrel4. The most pressing problem any economic system faces is how to use its scarce resources.A. puzzlingB. difficultC. terrifyingD. urgent5. The firm of Bonnin and Morris in Philadelphia was probably the first American company to manufacture porcelain.A. silverwareB. crystalC. chinaD. linen6. Children who come from deprived families are frequently poor readers.A. without respectB. without experienceC. without fundsD. without legs7. They raised a hue and cry just outside the gate.A. surrenderedB. built a temporary shelterC. made a great deal of noiseD. flew the flag8. Carlo showed us his diagram if the machine.A. insidesB. screwsC. sketchD. masterpiece9. The beggar solicited passers-by for money.A. requestedB. scowled atC. bargained withD. chased10. He took on so much work, he had no time for pleasure.A. allowedB. increasedC. accomplishedD. assumed11. Essentially, a theory is an abstract, symbolic representation of _________realityA. what it is conceivedB. that is conceivedC. what is conceived to beD. that is being conceived of12. Using many symbols makes _______ to put a large amount of information on a single map.A. possibleB. it is possibleC. it possibleD. that possible13. A vacuum tube is a glass tube from which most of the air has been removed, _______ an almost complete vacuum.A. creatingB. createsC. is creatingD. it creates14. Booker T. Washington, acclaimed as a leading educator at the turn of the century, _____ of a school that later became the Tuskegee Institute.A. took chargeB. taking chargeC. charge was takenD. taken charge15. True hibernation takes place only among _______ animals.A. whose blood is warmB. blood warmC. warm-bloodedD. they have warm blood16. In central Georgia, archaeological evidence indicates that Native Americans first inhabited the area________.A. since thirteen centuriesB. thirteen centuries agoC. the previous thirteen centuriesD. thirteen centuries were before17. In ________, the advent of the telephone, radio, and television has made rapid long-distance communication possible.A. one hundred years laterB. one hundred years agoC. the one hundred years sinceD. the last one hundred years18. ________, The Yearling, won a Pulitzer Prize.A. Marjorie Rawlings’best work wasB. Marjorie Rawlings’best workC. Her best work was Marjorie Rawlings’D. That Marjorie Rawlings’best work19. Abstraction goes into the making of any work of art, ________ or not.A. whether the artist being aware of itB. the artist is being aware whetherC. whether the artist is aware of itD. the artist is aware whether20. Not until 1931 ________ the official anthem of the United StatesA. “The Star-spangled Banner”did becomeB. when “The Star-spangled Banner”becameC. did “The Star-Spangle Banner”becomeD. became “The Star-spangled Banner”II. Reading comprehension (40’)Section 1 Multiple choice (20’)Directions: In this section there are reading passages followed by multiple-choice questions. Read the passages and then mark your answers on your answer sheet.Passage AJustice and injustice in criminal adjudication are more than abstract concept; in modern America each term conjures up its own paradigm image. Justice occurs in a somber courtroom where a robber reaches a legal decision. Injustice is a bloodthirsty mob bearing lit torches, intimidating on the doors of the jail desperate to wreak revenge upon the suspected wrongdoer held within.This image of injustice provides many normative insights. One that courts have frequently drawn is that in criminal adjudication emotion is unalterably opposed to reason and thus to justice itself. Taking this principle a step farther, courts have urged that the more a legal issue might provoke popular rage, the harder courts must work to insulate the legal decision from emotive influence. The classic example is capital sentencing, an occasion which evokes strong emotions. Here the Supreme Court has worked to ensure that “any decision to impose the death sentence be, and appear to be, based on reason rather than caprice or emotion”. The Court has, over a period of years, undertaken an extensive regulatory project aimed at suppressing emotive influence in capital cases by mandating rationalistic ruled to guide sentencing. This insistence upon the injustice of all emotion stems from a misconception of emotion and its influence upon criminal punishment. Although the mob at jail scene illustrates that anger can lead to injustice, it does not support the proposition that all decisions influenced by anger are morally tainted. Anger can be justified and have moral decision making is complex; untangling it involved a close examination of emotion than the law has generally undertaken.This has obvious significance for criminal law as a form of social concord. But it is also important or its alleged role as a restraint on power. Criminal law does little or nothing to restrict the efforts of the various professionals now responsible for preventing and reshaping deviant behavior. Rather it is them who have colonized its territory, as in the welfare of the professional authority that legitimates them and because they enter into the enabling role of the state as dispenser of benefits. This is to say nothing of other forms of market and bureaucratic power and social control exercised by groups other than government. Under these conditions the alleged protections of the criminal law seem premised on a nineteenth century view of the state and society; those interested in the law in the twentieth century must look to the potential of administrative law rather than to criminal law. Either way critical writers would be wasting their time here.Whilst there is a lot of truth in this picture of the declining importance of criminal law, it issensible not to exaggerate its loss of functions. From a critical point of view it would seem to retain a crucial ideological significance as being the form of closet touch with public. It is hard to credit the idea that these central liberal (bourgeois) notions have been displaced by the newer disciplines and strategies.1.The reason for the insulation of emotions in criminal adjudication is due to_______.A. the severity of the possible punishmentB. the social concern for the adjudicationC. the Supreme Court decisionD. the ideal of keeping order2. According to the author’s opinion, the origination of the insistence upon the injustice of all emotion is __________.A. that emotion is inevitably against reason and justiceB. the misunderstanding of emotion and its influenceC. the courts’hard work to prevent the legal decision from emotive influenceD. that the death sentence was based on reason through suppressing emotive influence3. Regards to the role of anger in adjudication, which statement is INCORRECT?A. Only part of the decisions is influenced by anger, though it can bring biases.B. Though moral decision-making is complex, anger can be justifiedC. Some decisions influenced by anger can be morally taintedD. Because of anger, moral decision-making is quite complicated4. The declining importance of criminal law is a consequence of ___________.A. the loss of importance of criminal law and increase of interest in government as a benefit dispenserB. the exaggeration of the importance of criminal law and decrease of interest in government affairsC. the new trend in legal studiesD. the new ideas pouring out in the administrative law field5. The review is primarily ___________.A. dubiousB. objectiveC. partialD. criticalPassage BThe Eskimos believe that a human being is made up of a body, a soul, and a name, and it not complete unless it has all three. This belief has a great effect on the Eskimo’s daily life and runs like a golden thread through the Eskimo culture.As for the soul of man, the Eskimos do not claim to know exactly what it is—but then, who does? They see it, however, as the beginning of life, the initiator of all activities within a being, and the energy without which life cannot continue.An Eskimo’s name is believed to have a life of its own. It combines all the good qualities and talents of all the persons who have been called by it. One may imagine it as a procession ofancestors stretching into the dim past and surrounding the present bearer of the name with a sort of magic protective aura.Many Eskimos believe that a newborn baby cries because it wants its name and will not be complete until it gets it. Immediately after a birth the angakok (medicine man) or some wise elders of the tribe gather to name the child. The name that is selected must be the name of someone who has died recently. The choice may in some cases call for much conjuring and soothsaying, and in other cases be self-evident. When my son was born, everyone realized that it was his great-grandfather, Mequsaq, who had died a few months before, who had been reborn in him. The newborn infant had a slight squint in the very same eye that old Mequsaq had lost to the cannibals in Baffin Land. This was taken as a sign from the name spirit that the baby should be called Mequsaq.When, in 1927, I returned to Thule for a visit, I found that no fewer than five little girls had been named Navarana after my dear late wife. So great was the confidence in Navarana’s ability and character that there was believed to be enough for all five children. It was thus a beautiful and touching memorial to her, though a slightly expensive one for me, since I had to give all the little girls presents.More often he newborn child was given several names, so as to have the highest possible protection, and certain names became great favorites. Calling so many by the same name was often very confusing. This custom was continued in Christianized Greenland. In the little settlement of Kook, in the Upernavik district, all five hunters were called Gaba (after the archangel Gabriel). I was told that some years before, a great man called Gaba had died, and after his death several unmistakable signs indicated that his spirit was still active. To please the spirit, many boy babies were named after it. In order to distinguish between them they called them “fat Gaba,”“Little Gaba,”etc.A Polar Eskimo would never mention himself by name. Doing so could break the name’s magic protection. And since the ever jealous spirits are always listening, it could cause great trouble. It seemed strange to me in the beginning, when I met somebody in the dark of winter, that I was never able to get any information other than “Oanga”(it is I). Finally I learned to know them all by their voices.The Eskimo people believe also in the magic protective power of amulets, However, it isn’t the amulet itself that protects from harm—it is the properties that the amulet possesses. It is almost always the boys and the men who are given amulets, for they are the ones who expose themselves to all the dangers of nature while the women stay at home. When a girl is given amulets, it is usually to insure that she have strong sons. Great care goes into the selection of amulets. My wife Navarana carried a little ball of polished wood with her always. Wood cannot feel pain, and possession of it means great wealth; thus it is thought that a wooden amulet can insure the owner a rich and painless life.One of the most popular amulets is the foot of a raven, which is put on a string around the necks of newborn babies. This is believed to be a very valuable charm because no bird can get along under as hard conditions as does the raven. The raven finds food where other animals starve to death—it can live on almost nothing.At the end of my first walrus hunt at Thule, Ayorsalik, one of the hunters, decided that raven meat was to be eaten in my honor. The purpose of the raven feast, he said, was to make sure that the good luck I had had that morning would continue indefinitely.Two of the younger men shot three ravens that had been hovering expectantly near our campfire. Ayorsalik out the pot on to boil, and the ravens were skinned and cooked.Their taste was revolting, and later I ate that bird only in times of great hunger. On this occasion Ayorsalik handed me all three hearts and livers with his fingers; they went down, but they almost came up again. I don’t know whether this ritual had any effect. But later on, whenever I had sizable game, Ayorsalik claimed I would lose the ravens’power if I were not to share with him.Another interesting custom of the Eskimos is their ceremony of reverence for ancestors. On the rock of Agpat, near Thule, where the burial ground was, both men and women would sit for hour after hour in quiet meditation. Dressed in their finest clothing, they would stare out over the horizon without moving. They believed that during this stillness they received the wisdomof their ancestors. It is the nearest thing to religious devotion I have seen among them, and it is, I think, the most beautiful form of worship I have ever seen.To the Eskimo, nature is full of evil spirits ready to work ill if a sin or breach of taboo is committed. When a tribe is afflicted with sickness or bad weather or starvation, it is up to the angakok to find out how the people, knowingly or unknowingly, have offended the spirits. He can summon his helping spirits, he can travel to the underworld, under the sea, and through rocks, and thus find out where the trouble is.Essentially, angakoks are people who are experienced in the state of trance. I have often observed even the people serving in our house at Thule in a state of trance, sometimes for days on end. To understand the Eskimos, it is necessary to remember the long depressing winter with its black darkness and its aura of lurking evil, and the summer with its perpetual sunshine that wearies the mind and confuses the senses. Every fall we had a veritable epidemic of evil spirits along with the storms and the darkness of winter setting in. There was always panic at this time.The Eskimos know no benevolent god. They believe that the spirits of the angakoks and the protective spells of names and amulets are their only defense against a cold and hostile land.6. If asked “Who is it?”an Eskimo would answer only “It is I,”because______.[A] he would not want anyone to know who he was[B] if he said his own name he would break its spell[C] he did not know his actual name[D] Both A and B.7. There is evidence in the passage that the author’s wife had______.[A] won the Eskimos’approval during several visits[B] many names[C] been accepted by the Eskimos only because of their love for her husband.[D] been an Eskimo herself8. According to the passage, Eskimos depend most heavily on______.[A] evil spirits[B] charms and magic[C] a helpful god[D] nature9. The word “revolting”in paragraph 12 means______.[A] shocking[B] rebellious[C] nauseating[D] wicked10. The Eskimo believed that sitting quietly near their buried ancestors_______.[A] was the best way to express faith in God[B] helped the hunters to find food[C] gave them the wisdom of their ancestors[D] was the best way to pay tribute to the dead.Section 2 Answering questions (20’)Directions: Read the following passages and then answer IN COMPLETE SENTENCES the questions which follow each passage. Use only information from the passage you have just read and write your answer in the corresponding space in your answer sheet.Questions 1～3What do we mean by leisure, and why should we assume that it represents a problem to be solved by the arts? The great ages of art were not conspicuous for their leisure-at least, art was not an activity associated with leisure. It was a craft like any other, concerned with the making of necessary things. Leisure, in the present meaning of the word, did not exist. Leisure, before the Industrial Revolution meant no more than “time”or “opportunity”; “If your leisure serv'd, I would speak with you”, says one of Shakespeare's characters. Phrases which we still use, such as “at your leisure”, preserve this original meaning.But when we speak of leisure nowadays, we are not thinking of securing time or opportunity to do something; time is heavy on our hands, and the problem is how to fill it. Leisure no longer signifies a space with some difficulty secured against the pressure of events: rather it is a pervasive emptiness for which we must invent occupations-Leisure is a vacuum, a desperate state of vacancy--a vacancy of mind and body. It has been commandeered by the sociologists and the psychologists: it is a problem.Our diurnal existence is divided into two phases, as distinct as day and night. We callthem work and play. We work so many hours a day, and, when we have allowed the necessary minimum for such activities as eating and shopping, the rest we spend in various activities which are known as recreations, an elegant word which disguises the fact that we usually do not even play in our hours of leisure, but spend them in various forms of passive entertainment or entertainment--not football but watching football matches; not acting, but theatre-going; not walking, but riding in a motor coach.We need to make, therefore, a hard-and-fast distinction not only between work and play but, equally, between active play and passive entertainment. It is, I suppose, the decline of active play —of amateur sport—and the enormous growth of purely receptive entertainment which has given rise to a sociological interest in the problem. If the greater part of the popu1ation, instead of indulging in sport, spend their hours of leisure ‘viewing' television programmes, there will inevitably be a decline in health and physique. And, in addition, there will be a psychologicalproblem, for we have yet to trace the mental and moral consequences of a prolonged diet of sentimental or sensational spectacles on the screen. There is, if we are optimistic, the possibility that the diet is too thin and unnourishing to have much permanent effect on anybody. Nine films out of ten seem to leave absolutely no impression on the mind or imagination of those who see them: few people can give a coherent account of the film they saw the week before last, and at longer intervals they must rely on the management to see that they do not sit through the same film twice.We have to live art if we would be affected by art. We have to paint rather than look at paintings, to play instruments rather than go to concerts, to dance and sing and act ourselves, engaging all our senses in the ritual and discipline of the arts. Then something may begin to happen to us: to work upon our bodies and our souls.It is only when entertainment is active, participated in, practiced, that it can properly be called play, and as such it is a natural use of leisure. In that sense play stands in contrast to work, and is usually regarded as an activity that alternates with work. It is there that the most fundamental error enters conception of daily life.Work itself is not a single concept. We say quite generally that we work in order to make a living: to earn, that is to say, sufficient tokens which we can exchange for food and shelter and all the other needs of our existence. But some of us work physically, tilling the land, minding the machines, digging the coal; others work mentally, keeping accounts, inventing machines, teaching and preaching, managing and governing. There does not seem to be any factor common to all these diverse occupations, except that they consume our time, and leave us little leisure.We may next observe that one man's profession or work is often another man’s recreation or play. The merchant at the week-end becomes a hunter (he has not yet taken to mining); the clerk becomes a gardener; the machine-tender becomes a breeder of bull—terriers. There is, of course, a sound instinct behind such transformations. The body and mind are unconsciously seeking compensation--muscular coordination, mental integration. But in many cases a dissociation is set up and the individual leads a double life--one half Jekyll, the other half Hyde. There is a profound moral behind that story of Stevenson's for the compensation which a disintegrated personality may seek will often be of an anti-social nature. The Nazi party, for example, in its early days was largely recruited from the bored--not much from the unemployed as from the street-corner society of listless hooligansScientific studies have been made of street-corner society, out of which crime, gangsterdom, and fascism inevitably develop. It is a society with leisure--that is to say, spare time--and without compensatory occupation. It does not need a Satan to find mischief for such idle hands to do. They will spontaneously itch to do something: muscles have a life of their own unless they are trained to purposeful actions. Actions, or rather activities, are the obvious reflex to leisure; they consume it, and leave the problem solved.But work is also activity, and if we reach the conclusion that all our time must be filled with one activity or another, the distinction between work and play becomes rather meaningless, and what we mean by play is merely a change of occupation. We pass from one form of activity to another; one we call work, and for that we receive pay; the other we call play, and for that we receive no pay--on the contrary, we probably pay a subscription.1. The author points out two kinds of danger that may arise from the misuse of leisure. One of them is the result of purely passive entertainment; the other results when work and play are not properly coordinated What are the two dangers? Which of them is particularly harmful to society?2. The author says that most films are not good enough to leave a permanent impression on our minds. Is this, in his opinion, a good thing or a bad thing? In what way?3. What, in the author’s opinion, is the real difference between work and play? Or is there no difference at all between them? .Questions 4～5History tells us that in ancient Babylon, the cradle of our civilization, the people tried to build a tower that would reach to heaven. But the tower became the tower of Babel, according to the Old Testament, when the people were suddenly caused to speak different languages. In modern New York City, a new tower, that of the United Nations Building, thrusts its shining mass skyward. But the realization of the UN’s aspirations—and with it the hopes of the peoples of the world—is threatened by our contemporary Babel: about three thousand different languages are spoken throughout the world today, without counting the various dialects that confound communication between peoples of the same land.In China, for example, hundreds of different dialects are spoken; people of some villages have trouble passing the time of day with the inhabitants of the next town. In the new African state of Ghana, five million people speak fifty different dialects. In India more than one hundred languages are spoken, of which only fourteen are recognized as official. To add to the confusion, as the old established empires are broken up and new states are formed, new official tongues spring up at an increasing rate.In a world made smaller by jet travel, man is still isolated from many of his neighbors by the Babel barrier of multiplying languages. Communication is blocked daily in scores of ways. Travelers find it difficult to know the peoples of other nations. Scientists are often unable to read and benefit from the work being carried on by men of science in other countries. The aims of international trade, of world accord, of meetings between nations, are blocked at every turn; the work of scholars, technologists, and humanists is handicapped. Even in the shining new tower of the United Nations in New York, speeches and discussions have to be translated and printed in the five official UN languages—English, French, Spanish, Russian and Chinese. Confusion, delay, suspicion, and hard feelings are the products of the diplomatic Babel.The chances for world unity are lessened if in the literal sense of the phrase, we do not speak the same language. We stand in dire need of a common tongue a language that would cross national barriers, one simple enough to be universally learned by travelers, businessmen, government representatives, scholars, and even by children in school.Of course, this isn’t a new idea. Just as everyone is against sin, so everyone is for a common language that would further communication between nations. What with one thing and another —our natural state of drift as human beings, our rivalries, resentments, and jealousies as nations —we have up until now failed to take any action. I propose that we stop just talking about it, as Mark Twain said of the weather, and do something about it. We must make the concerted, massive effort it takes to reach agreement on the adoption of a single, common auxiliary tongue. Let’s take a quick look at the realities of the problem. One of the main barriers to the adoption of the common language is the fact that there is Babel even among the possible languages we canchoose. A number of different simplified languages vie for the spot of the language, and their respective advocates defend and attack with the fervor of political campaigners. Basic English, for example, with its vocabulary of only 850 words with which virtually anything can be expressed, has many advocates. But the Soviet Union and many nations of Asia and South America object to it. Why English? They ask. Why not Basic Russian, Basic Spanish, even Basic Latin?In addition to the “basics”of languages now in use, there is another type—the so-called “constructed languages,”of which some six hundred have made their appearance since the end of the nineteenth century, most of them almost immediate failures. The two best-known survivors among them are, of course, Esperanto and Interlingua.Esperanto was published in 1887 by a Russian-Polish physician names Zamenhof, who had worked on it for ten years. He gave it to the world not under his own name but under the pseudonym Doktoro Esperanto, meaning “Doctor Hopeful.”Esperanto is based on regularity and ease of grammar, with a vocabulary from Roman-Germanic roots. By the end of the century Esperanto had taken hold in western Europe.Interlingua made its appearance much later—in 1951. A group of linguists from many nations took nearly thirty years to perfect it. Essentially, Interlingua is Latin stripped of its difficulties. Its introducer, Dr. Alexander Gode, refers to it as “a kind of twentieth century kitchen Latin.”Indeed, Interlingua can be read by most college-trained people almost at sight.I do not by any means consider myself an authority on the relative merits of the various proposed common languages, but Dr. Mario Pei, of Columbia University in New York City, has written a fine book on the subject called One Language for the World. In this book Dr. Pei says he believes that it makes little difference which language or what kind of language becomes the international language, as long as agreement can be reached among the people of the world on any one.For my own part, it seems to me that the main requirement of an international language is that it be easily learned. Thus it should have the simplest possible spelling and grammar and pronunciation, and the smallest possible vocabulary. An adult should be able to master such a language within three months if he gives several hours a day to the study of it.What can be done concretely to achieve the goal of a working common language? I believe that the UNESCO arm of the United Nations should call a meeting of leading linguists from each of its member nations. (This would include most of the major populated areas of the world.) As Dr. Pei recommends, the purpose of the conference would be to select an already existing language agreeable to a preponderance of the nations represented. Such an agreement won’t come without determined effort: it may take more than one conference to reach agreement; it may take many more. The important thing is that some positive action be taken.Such a conference should be called without further delay; we are sorely in need of this first step. Only with an international language in use, with the proceedings of the UN published in it, with children in schools all over the world learning it as their second language, can we close the gap between the “one world”so recently established in terms of travel time and the one world we hope for in terms of human understanding and co-operations.Because I believe strongly that without the closing of this gap international accord is only a vain hope, I’ve taken it upon myself to try to implement this proposal. Since it is most unlikely that either UNESCO or the nations involved have funds to finance the linguists’conference, I think that one of the great philanthropic foundations, such as the Ford, Carnegie, or Rockefeller Foundation, should undertake to make it possible.。
2012年四川大学英语专业(语言学)真题试卷答案
一、名词解释1 【正确答案】 The emotive function of language is one of the most powerful uses of language because it is crucial in changing the emotional status of an audience for or against someone or something.【试题解析】 (考查语言的感情功能)2 【正确答案】 Grammatical concord is the requirement that the forms of two or more words in a syntactic relationship should agree with each other in terms of some categories.【试题解析】 (考查语法一致性)3 【正确答案】 Coined by the linguistic anthropologist Kenneth Pike, "emic" and "etic" derive from an analogy with the terms "phonemic" and "phonetic". "Emic" focuses on the intrinsic cultural distinctions that are meaningful to the members of a given society, while " etic" constructs are accounts, descriptions, and analyses expressed in terms of the conceptual schemes and categories that are regarded as meaningful and appropriate by the community of scientific observers.【试题解析】 (考查位学的和非位)4 【正确答案】 Regional dialect is a linguistic variety used by people living in the same geographic region.【试题解析】 (考查地域方言)5 【正确答案】 It is a theory put forward by the American anthropological linguists Sapir and Whorf, which states that the way people view the world is determined by the structure of their native language.【试题解析】 (考查语言决定论)6 【正确答案】 Linguistic context can be subdivided into lexical context and grammatical context, and lexical context refers to the words that occur together with the word in question. For example, the noun "rain" occurs together with "heavy" , while the noun "wind" goes with "strong".【试题解析】 (考查词汇语境)7 【正确答案】 Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning. A total synonymy is rare and synonyms all differ from each other in one way or another. Relative synonyms are context dependent. For example, "purchase" and "buy" are synonyms, but the latter seems to be more appropriate in the sentence "A littleboy______a toy. " In the same way, "offspring" seems to be a better choice than "kids" when we mention "the children from a royal family".【试题解析】 (考查相对近义词)8 【正确答案】 According to G. Leech, affective meaning is concerned with the feelings and attitudes of the speaker/writer. For example, " politician" and " statesman" differ in affective meaning, and the formal is usually more approvingly, the same story goes with "cooperation" and "conspiracy".【试题解析】 (考查情感意义)9 【正确答案】 As a type of acronym, Initialism refers to the use of the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term or a phrase, and the new word is pronounced letter by letter. Such as BBC for British Broadcasting Corporation, and VOA for Voice of America.【试题解析】 (考查首字母缩略构词法)10 【正确答案】 Stem refers to any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added, such as "brother" in "brothers" , and "work" in "working".【试题解析】 (考查词干)二、填空题11 【正确答案】 in【试题解析】 (set in开始)12 【正确答案】 through【试题解析】 (look through看穿)13 【正确答案】 aside【试题解析】 (set aside将……搁置一旁) 14 【正确答案】 out【试题解析】 (run out流失)15 【正确答案】 off【试题解析】 (hold off推迟，拖延)16 【正确答案】 up【试题解析】 (hold up持续)17 【正确答案】 through【试题解析】 (fall through失败)18 【正确答案】 from【试题解析】 (run away from从……逃出) 19 【正确答案】 for【试题解析】 (put in for申请)20 【正确答案】 down【试题解析】 (pull down摧毁，推翻)三、简答题21 【正确答案】 Polysemy refers to the fact that one word has two or more senses or meanings, and the two processes leading up to polysemy are radiation and concatenation respectively.(1 point)Radiation refers to the process in which the primary or central meaning stands at the center while secondary meanings radiate from it in every direction like rays.(2 points)Concatenation(linking together)is a semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts, like the links of a chain, until there is no connection between the final meaning and the primary meaning.(2 points)【试题解析】考查一词多义现象的形成方式。
2015年四川大学英语翻译基础真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2015年四川大学英语翻译基础真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. 词语翻译 2. 英汉互译词语翻译英译汉1．the 100, 000 Strong Initiative正确答案：十万强计划，十万人留学中国计划2．UN-Habitat正确答案：联合国人类住区规划署，简称人居署(United Nations Human Settlements Programme)3．Occupy Central正确答案：占领中环(占中)4．Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership(TTIP)正确答案：跨大西洋贸易与投资伙伴关系协定5．chemical oxygen demand(COD)正确答案：化学需氧量6．coal equivalent正确答案：煤当量7．a lame duck正确答案：跛脚鸭(无用之人)8．CCPIT正确答案：中国国际贸易促进委员会(China Council for the Promotion of International Trade)9．Greater Mekong Subregion Economic Cooperation Program(GMS)正确答案：大湄公河次区域经济合作10．The House of Commons正确答案：(英国、加拿大)下议院11．Speaker of the House(U. S. Congress)正确答案：美国众议院议长12．devolution of power正确答案：权力下放13．UK Trade and Investment(UKTI)正确答案：英国贸易投资总署14．PM 2. 5正确答案：细颗粒物15．public private partnership(PPP)正确答案：公私合营；公私合作汉译英16．海上丝绸之路正确答案：the Maritime Silk Route17．新常态正确答案：New Normal18．自闭症正确答案：autism19．国际电信联盟正确答案：International Telecommunication Union20．可再生能源发电装机容量正确答案：installed renewable power generation capacity21．森林蓄积量正确答案：forest stock22．气候变化南南合作基金正确答案：South-South Climate Cooperation Fund23．技术转让正确答案：technology transfer24．“言必信、行必果”正确答案：Always be true in word and resolute in deed.25．亚太经合组织第二十二次领导人非正式会议正确答案：the 22nd Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation(APEC)Economic Leaders’ Meeting26．“南海行为准则”正确答案：The Code of Conduct in the South China Sea27．雾霾正确答案：smog28．“高大上”正确答案：high-end29．《泰晤士报》正确答案：The Times30．《尚书》正确答案：The Book of Documents英汉互译英译汉31．We usually classify literature—imaginative literature(excluding nonfiction prose)—into the following genres or classes:(1)prose fiction;(2)poetry, and(3)drama. These three genres have many common characteristics. All are art forms, each with its own requirements of structure and style. In varying degrees, all the genres are dramatic and imaginative; they have at least some degree of action, or are based in part on dramatic situations.Imaginative literature differs from textbooks, historical and biographical works, and news articles, all of which describe or interpret facts. While literature is related to the truths of human life, it may be based on situations that have never occurred, and which may never occur. This is not to say that imaginative literature is not truthful, but rather that its truth is to life and human nature, not necessarily to the detailed world of reportorial, scientific, and historical facts in which we all live.Although the three main genres have much in common, they also differ in many ways. Prose fiction, or narrative fiction, is in prose form and includes novels, short stories, myths, parables, romances, and epics. These works generally focus on one or a few major characters who undergo some kind of change as they meet other characters or deal with problems or difficulties in their lives. Poetry, in contrast to prose fiction, is much more economical in the use of words, and it relies heavily on imagery, figurative language, rhythm and sound. Drama(or plays)is the form of literature designed to be performed by actors. Like fiction, drama may focus on a single character or a small number of characters, and it presents fictional events as if they were happening in the present, to be witnessed by a group of people composing an audience. Some dramas employ much of the imagery, rhythm, and sound of poetry.正确答案：我们通常将文学——虚构文学(不包括纪实类散文)——分为以下几种体裁或类别：(1)散文体小说；(2)诗歌；(3)戏剧。
2012年四川外国语大学英语翻译基础真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2012年四川外国语大学英语翻译基础真题试卷(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. 词语翻译 2. 英汉互译词语翻译英译汉1．Yogi正确答案：瑜伽修行者2．SPCA正确答案：动物保护协会(Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals) 3．Geneva Convention正确答案：《日内瓦公约》4．House of Commons正确答案：下议院5．horoscope正确答案：占星术；星象6．sleep debt正确答案：睡眠不足7．AU正确答案：非盟(非洲联盟)(African Union)8．Kuala Lumpur正确答案：吉隆坡9．a potluck supper正确答案：一顿家常便饭10．IMF正确答案：国际货币基金组织(International Monetary Fund) 11．eye-service正确答案：当面勤快，背后偷懒12．A Clockwork Orange正确答案：《发条橙》13．All Souls’ Day正确答案：万灵节14．abusive translation正确答案：滥译15．speak in tongues正确答案：说方言汉译英16．双赢正确答案：win-win17．物流正确答案：logistics18．裸捐正确答案：all-out donation19．醉驾正确答案：drunk driving20．辛亥革命正确答案：the revolution of 191121．畅通重庆正确答案：Traffic-smooth Chongqing22．二线城市正确答案：second-tier city23．家电下乡正确答案：home appliances going to the countryside 24．医患纠纷正确答案：patient-doctor dispute25．面子工程正确答案：image projects26．人民币汇率正确答案：the RMB exchange rate27．占领华尔街正确答案：occupy Wall Street28．叙利亚危机正确答案：Syria’s crisis29．中国农村扶贫正确答案：China’s poverty alleviation in rural areas 30．保障性安居工程正确答案：affordable housing projects英汉互译英译汉31．Laurie lay luxuriously swinging to and fro in his hammock one warm September afternoon, wondering what his neighbors were about, but too lazy to go and find out. He was in one of his moods, for the day had been both unprofitable and unsatisfactory, and he was wishing he could live it over again. The hot weather made him indolent, and he had shirked his studies, tried Mr. Brooke’s patience to the utmost , displeased his grandfather by practicing half the afternoon, frightened the maidservants half out of their wits by mischievously hinting that one of his dogs was going mad, and, after high words with the stableman about some fancied neglect of his horse, he had flung himself into his hammock to fume over the stupidity of the world in .general, till the peace of the lovely day quieted him in spite of himself. Staring up into the green gloom of the horse-chestnut trees above him, he dreamed dreams of all sorts, and was just imagining himself tossing on the ocean, in a voyage round the world, when the sound of voices brought, him ashore in a flash. Peeping through the meshes of his hammock, he saw the Marches coming out, as if bound on some expedition. “What in the world are those girls about now?”thought Laurie, opening his sleepy eyes to take a good look, for there was something rather peculiar in the appearance of his neighbors.正确答案：九月的一个下午，天气暖洋洋的，劳里舒舒服服地躺在吊床上摇来晃去，揣摩着几个邻居在干什么，却又懒得起身去瞧个究竟。
[考研类试卷]2012年四川大学翻译硕士(MTI)汉语写作与百科知识真题试卷.doc
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[考研类试卷]2012年四川大学翻译硕士（MTI）汉语写作与百科知识真题试卷一、名词解释0 请简要解释以下段落中画线部分的知识点：1 宋词是继唐诗后的又一种文学体裁，兼有文学与音乐两方面的特点，是中国古代文学皇冠上光辉夺目的一颗宝石，历来与唐诗并称双绝，代表一代文学之盛。
按照传统的风格进行划分，宋词可以划分为“<u>豪放派</u>”和“<u>婉约派</u>”，至<u>苏轼</u>时期达到其发展高峰。
后辑有<u>《全宋词》</u>荟萃宋代三百年间的词作。
2 在公元1、2世纪，罗马统治者认为<u>基督教</u>无非是犹太人的教派，对基督教和犹太教一律迫害。
自君士坦丁大帝定基督教为国教后，特别是从6世纪起，基督教迫害犹太教，历次十字军东征把犹太人与穆斯林同样视为敌人。
2世纪以后，基督教又从希腊文化吸取营养。
<u>柏拉图</u>对现实世界的唯心主义解释，<u>亚里士多德</u>关于存在和知识的论述，都渗入基督教义。
3 美国是世界上<u>教育产业化</u>最发达的国家之一，是全球拥有外国留学生最多的国家。
在众多院校中，“<u>常春藤盟校</u>”最受学生青睐，为世界各地学生所追捧。
翻开美国历史，不难发现，这些名校都是盛产美国总统的摇篮：<u>西奥多．罗斯福</u>、比尔．克林顿、乔治．布什以及现任总统奥巴马等十几位总统。
除了培养总统之外，这些学校还培养了大量的诺贝尔奖、<u>普利策奖</u>得主，各政界要人、经济学家、商业领袖以及活跃在各个领域上的精英分子。
4 欧美地区是国际上主要的<u>离岸业务</u>发包市场，而语言能力目前是中国<u>服务外包</u>产业在国际市场竞争中处于劣势的主要因素之一，因此，提高语言能力是中国成为国际离岸外包交付地的必要手段。
2012年四川大学英语翻译基础真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2012年四川大学英语翻译基础真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. 词语翻译 2. 英汉互译词语翻译英译汉1．CPI正确答案：居民价格消费指数(Consumer Price Index)2．SME正确答案：中小型企业(Small and Mediam Enterprises)3．WWF正确答案：世界野生动物基金(World wildlife Fund)4．ISO正确答案：国际标准化组织(International Organization for Standardization)5．CIF正确答案：到岸价格(Cost Insurance and Freight)6．Foxconn正确答案：富士康科技集团7．MOFCOM正确答案：中华人民共和国商务部(the Military of Commerce of the People’s Republic of China)8．TPP正确答案：泛太平洋战略经济伙伴关系协定(Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement)9．IPCC(Intergovernment Panel on Climate Change)正确答案：政府间气候变化专门委员会10．Chemical Oxygen Demand正确答案：化学需氧量11．the “100,000” Strong Initiative by President Obama 正确答案：奥巴马总统十万强计划12．carbon foot print正确答案：碳足迹13．debt ceiling正确答案：债务上限14．solar photovoltaics正确答案：太阳能光伏发电15．Standard & Poor’s正确答案：标准普尔汉译英16．非关税壁垒正确答案：non-tariff barriers17．平板电视正确答案：flat television18．廉租房正确答案：low-rent housing19．经济二次触底正确答案：double-dip recession20．海选正确答案：open audition21．剩男剩女正确答案：leftover women and men22．地沟油正确答案：swill-cooked dirty oil23．潜规则正确答案：hidden rules24．中国载人航天计划正确答案：China’s manned space program25．紧缩性货币政策正确答案：tightened monetary policy26．云计算正确答案：cloud computing27．民心工程正确答案：morale project28．智能城市正确答案：smart city29．《海峡两岸经济合作框架协议》正确答案：the Cross-Strait Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement 30．《中庸》正确答案：the Doctrine of the Mean英汉互译英译汉31．High-speed ground transportation(HSGT)technologies with vehicle speeds exceeding 150 mph can be divided into two basic categories;High-speed rail(HSR)systems, with top speeds between 150 and 200 mph, use steel wheels on steel rails, as with traditional railroads, but can achieve higher speeds because of the design of both the rail bed and cars.High-speed magnetic levitation(MAGLEV)systems, with top speeds between 250 and 300 mph, use forces of attraction or repulsion from powerful magnets placed in either the vehicle or the guideway beneath it both to lift the vehicle above the guideway and to propel it forward. A MAGLEV vehicle can be likened to a flying train or a guided aircraft.If linked effectively with highways and air service, HSGT technologies—particularly MAGLEV—could have a significant impact on congestion in the future.When comparing HSR with MAGLEV technologies, MAGLEV appears to be the technology of choice. Though the new generation of HSR technology can reach commercial speeds of up to 186 mph, additional increases in speed pose great engineering problems, suggesting that rail transportation is a mature technology. MAGLEV technology, on the other hand, is in its infancy and will improve substantially with additional engineering.正确答案：车速超过每小时150英里的高速地面交通系统技术，基本上可以分为两类：一种是最高速度每小时150～200英里的高速铁路系统，与传统铁路一样，在钢轨上用钢轮。
2017年四川大学英语翻译基础真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2017年四川大学英语翻译基础真题试卷(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. 词语翻译 2. 英汉互译词语翻译英译汉1．Electoral College正确答案：总统选举团2．gene silencing正确答案：基因沉寂；基因沉默3．Pacific Alliance正确答案：拉美太平洋联盟4．Paraplymic Games正确答案：残疾人奥林匹克运动会5．tight gas正确答案：致密地层天然气6．South Asia Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)正确答案：南亚区域合作联盟(南盟)7．holographic imaging正确答案：全息成像8．Intercontinental Exchange正确答案：美国洲际交易所集团9．iambic pentameter正确答案：五步抑扬格10．20正确答案：线上到线下(Online to Offline)11．B2C正确答案：企业对消费者的电子商务模式(Business to Customer)12．B20 Summit正确答案：二十国集团工商峰会(Business 20 Summit，summit of business leaders from the G20 countries)13．KPMG正确答案：毕马威会计师事务所14．The Three-Body Problem正确答案：《三体》15．International Court of Justice正确答案：(联合国)国际法院(ICJ)汉译英16．英国脱欧正确答案：Brexit17．车联网正确答案：Internet of Vehicles18．城市内涝正确答案：urban waterlogging19．“一带一路”倡议正确答案：the Belt and Road Initiative20．“众创、众包、众扶、众筹”正确答案：crowd innovation, crowdsourcing, crowd support, and crowdfunding 21．南海仲裁案正确答案：South China Sea Arbitration22．分子生物学正确答案：molecular biology23．采购经理人指数正确答案：Purchase Managers’ Index (PMI)24．光合作用正确答案：photosynthesis25．“双11”正确答案：Double 11 (Singles Day)26．乳酸菌正确答案：lactic acid bacteria27．消费者信心指数正确答案：Consumer Confidence Index (CO)28．跨境电商正确答案：cross-border electronic commerce29．《本草纲目》正确答案：Compendium of Materia Medica30．《尚书》正确答案：Book of Documents英汉互译英译汉31．In other words, the Windows-enabled PC gave everyone in the office the ability to create and manipulate digital content—words, data, pictures—at their fingertips on their desktops, which was a great leap forward from paper and typewriters. And, if your whole office was using the same hardware, software, and e-mail system, you could be even more productive, by seamlessly shooting your digitized content around your company, from department to department. But more often than not, back in the 1980s and early 1990s, companies did not run all the same software and hardware. Companies installed systems piecemeal or found that one computer-software system was good for the accounting department and another system was best for inventory management and a third was best for e-mail. Therefore, a company’s sales department might be running Microsoft, while the inventory department was running Novell or IBM. As a result, they could not communicate or collaborate digitally with each other—couldn’t work together on each other’s digital content, or certainly not without difficulty. So while each individual department was more productive inside its own walls, because it had computers, software, and e-mail, when there was an issue between departments that needed to be resolved, someone from sales still had to walk around the wall, over to inventory, and speak to someone there. Work still did not flow digitally, and collaboration did not happen digitally, as easily as it might have. We often forget that the software industry started out like a bad fire department. Imagine a city where every neighborhood had a different interface for connecting the fire hose to the hydrant. Everything was fine as long as your neighborhood’s fire department could handle your fire. But when a fire became too big, and the fire engines from the next neighborhood had to be called in, they were useless because they could not connect their hoses to your hydrants.正确答案：换句话说，依靠Windows操作系统启动运行的个人电脑的出现令公室里的每个人都拥有了创造并处理文字、数据、图像等数字化内容的能力，而他们需要做的不过是在办公电脑上动一动手指。
2013年四川大学英语翻译基础真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2013年四川大学英语翻译基础真题试卷(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. 词语翻译 2. 英汉互译词语翻译英译汉1．SAARC正确答案：南亚区域合作联盟2．P5-plus-l正确答案：(联合国安全理事会的五个常任理事国+德国)P5+1集团3．QE 3正确答案：第三轮量化宽松政策4．CDM正确答案：清洁发展机制5．BRICS正确答案：金砖五国6．UNCTAD正确答案：联合国贸易发展会议7．SCO正确答案：上海合作组织8．Hamid Karzai正确答案：哈米德·卡尔扎伊9．Fiscal Cliff正确答案：财政悬崖10．mandatory evacuation正确答案：强制撤离11．Non Aligned Movement正确答案：不结盟运动12．CO2 equivalent正确答案：二氧化碳等价物13．social media正确答案：社交媒体14．UN General Assembly 67 th Session正确答案：第67届联合国大会15．hybrid cars正确答案：混合动力汽车汉译英16．亚欧首脑会议正确答案：Asia—Europe Summit Meeting17．中共十八大正确答案：the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China 18．移动媒体正确答案：mobile media19．光棍节正确答案：Singles’Day20．反倾销与反补贴正确答案：anti—dumping and anti-subsidy21．电视相亲正确答案：TV dating22．上海期货交易所正确答案：Shanghai Futures Exchange23．富二代正确答案：the affluent second generation24．海上风能正确答案：offshore wind energy25．早稻田大学正确答案：Waseda University26．车载信息系统正确答案：info-telematic system27．伦敦金融城正确答案：City of London28．资产负债表正确答案：balance sheet29．“被就业”正确答案：falsification of graduates employment status 30．《文心雕龙》正确答案：The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons 英汉互译英译汉31．The misfortunes of human beings may be divided into two classes: First, those inflicted by the non-human environment and, second, those inflicted by other people. As mankind has progressed in knowledge and technique, the second class has become a continually increasing percentage of the total. In old times, famine, for example, was due to natural causes, and although people did their best to combat it, large numbers of them died of starvation. At the present moment large parts of the world are faced with the threat of famine, but although natural causes have contributed to the situation, the principal causes are human. For six years the civilized nations of the world devoted all their best energies to killing each other, and they find it difficult suddenly to switch over to keeping each other alive. Having destroyed harvests, dismantled agricultural machinery, and disorganized shipping, they find it no easy matter to relieve the shortage of crops in one place by means of a superabundance in another, as would easily be done if the economic system were in normal working order. As this illustration shows, it is now man that is man’s worst enemy. Nature, it is true, still sees to it that we are mortal, but with the progress in medicine it will become more and more common for people to live until they have had their fill of life. We are supposed to wish to live forever and to look forward to the unending joys of heaven, of which, by miracle, the monotony will never grow stale. But in fact, if you question any candid person who is no longer young, he is very likely to tell you that, having tasted life in this world, he has no wish to begin again as a ‘new boy’in another. For the future, therefore, it may be taken that the most important evils that mankind have to consider are those which they inflict upon each other through stupidity or malevolence or both.正确答案：人类的不幸可以分为两种类型，第一种是非人类的环境因素强加的不幸，第二类是其他人造成的不幸。
2014年四川大学英语口译 考研笔记讲义、考研真题、考研经验(汇总贴)
2014年四川大学外国语学院MTI翻译硕士（357英语翻译基础、448汉语写作与百科知识）考研备考指南下载2014年四川大学MTI翻译硕士考研复习指南.pdf(下载次数: 19)各位2014年矢志考取四川大学MTI的同学们：你们好！2010年是川大MTI开设第一年，口笔译初试合卷考试（即考同样的卷子），这就意味着，MTI专业方向虽然不同，初试要准备的内容是一样的。
同时从自川大MTI专业开设以来，其培养的学生在全国各类大赛中屡获佳绩，成为国内MTI学生培养的一个现象级高校。
可以说，正是因为如此，川大MTI翻译硕士难度不断加大，报考人数也越来越多。
作为还算成功的过来人，我很乐意将自己的考研经验跟大家分享。
2011年4月发榜后，弘毅考研找到了我，鼓励我将自己的复习成果和经验编成参考书，以供大家备考之用。
从那时起，我便开始着手编辑复习资料。
对于我所编写的这份考研资料，我很有信心，在编资料的过程中，每一本参考书我都看了不止十遍，真题更是直接把卷子翻烂了。
令人惊喜的是，我在编资料的过程中找到了大部分真题的出处，发现川大的题目其实是相当有规律可循的。
因此这份资料，不仅仅包括我在复习阶段所搜集和整理的一切资料和信息，还包括了已在川大MTI就读的研究生师兄师姐提供给我的资料和相关信息，和出题规律我想这已经足以能够说明，我编写的这份资料的价值所在。
当然，再好的资料也需要使用者努力的吸收，如果使用资料的你能够消化好这套资料，我能保证，一定能在专业课上取得令自己满意的成绩。
考研之路艰辛而又漫长，大家备考期间，耳朵里会不断传来各类消息：A被某大公司录取，年薪待遇都不错；B考上了公务员端上了铁饭碗；C顺利申请到了心仪的外国大学，奖学金丰厚令人羡慕.....这一切的一切都有可能会动摇你原本坚定的考研信念，从而影响大家的复习状态和效率，作为过来人，我希望大家“两耳不闻窗外事，一心只读圣贤书。
”要习惯孤独，要耐得住寂寞，静心尽力，拒绝浮躁。
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2012年英语翻译基础考试科目：351英语翻译基础适用专业：英语口译（MTI）、英语笔译（MTI）（试题共 3 页）（注意：答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题上不给分）I. Directions:Translate the following words, abbreviationsor terminology into their target languages respectively. There are altogether 30 items in this part of the test, 15 in English and 15 in Chinese, with one pint for each. (30’)1CPI2SME3WWF4ISO5CIF6Foxconn7MOFCOM8TPP9IPCC（Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change）10Chemical Oxygen Demand11the “100,000” Strong Initiative by President Obama12carbon foot print13debt ceiling14solar photovoltaics15Standard & Poor’s16非关税壁垒17平板电视18廉租房19经济二次触底20海选21剩男剩女22地沟油23潜规则24中国载人航天计划25紧缩性货币政策26云计算27民心工程28智能城市29《海峡两岸经济合作框架协议》30《中庸》II.Directions:Translate the following source texts into their target languages respectively. If the source text is in English, its target language is Chinese. If the source text is in Chinese, its target language is English. (120’)Source Text 1:High-speed ground transportation (HSGT) technologies with vehicle speeds exceeding 150 mph can be divided into two basic categories:High-speed rail (HSR) systems, with top speeds between 150 and 200 mph, use steel wheels on steel rails, as with traditional railroads, but can achieve higher speeds because of the design of both the rail bed and cars.High-speed magnetic levitation (MAGLEV) systems, with top speeds between 250 and 300 mph, use forces of attraction or repulsion from powerful magnets placed in either the vehicle or the guideway beneath it both to lift the vehicle above the guideway and to propel it forward. A MAGLEV vehicle can belikened to a flying train or a guided aircraft.If linked effectively with highways and air service, HSGT technologies – particularly MAGLEV –could have a significant impact on congestion in the future.When comparing HSR with MAGLEV technologies, MAGLEV appears to be the technology of choice. Though the new generation of HSR technology can reach commercial speeds of up to 186 mph, additional increases in speed pose great engineering problems, suggesting that rail transportation is a mature technology. MAGLEV technology, on the other hand, is in its infancy and will improve substantially with additional engineering.Source Text 2:The fortunate people in the world—the only really fortunate people in the world, in my mind, — are those whose work is also their pleasure. The class is not a large one, not nearly so large as it is often represented to be; and authors are perhaps one of the most important elements in its composition. They enjoy in this respect at least a real harmony of life. To my mind, to be able to make your work your pleasure is the one class distinction in the world worth striving for; and I do not wonder that others are inclined to envy those happy human beings who find their livelihood in the gay effusions of their fancy, to whom every hour of labor is an hour of enjoyment, to whom repose however necessary—is a tiresome interlude, and even a holiday is almost deprivation. Whether a man writes well or ill, has much to say or little, if he cares about writing at all, he will appreciate the pleasures of composition. To sit at one’s table on a sunny morning, with four clear hours of uninterruptible security, plenty of nice white paper, and a Squeezer pen—that is true happiness. The complete absorption of the mind upon an agreeable occupation—what more is there than that to desire? What does it matter what happens outside? The House of Commons may do what it likes, and so may the House of Lords. The heathen may ragefuriously in every part of the globe. The bottom may be knocked clean out of the American market. Consols may fall and suffragettes may rise. Never mind, for four hours, at any rate, we will withdraw ourselves from a common, ill-governed, and disorderly world, and with the key of fancy unlock that cupboard where all the good things of the infinite are put away.Source Text 3:锦江在秦汉时代称为成都二江，包括郫江（内江）和检江（外江）。
自汉以后，二江开始有了一个诗意化的通称：锦江。
据史料记载，蜀地的织女们爱用二江的水洗濯织锦（brocade），洗后的锦缎纹理鲜明，颜色更加艳丽，因而此二江得名“锦江”。
锦江的得名还与都江堰有关。
在古蜀时代，岷江进入成都平原后的水流是散漫混浊的，平原一片沼泽，难以农耕。
由于有了都江堰，用二江引渠作灌溉，浊流变为清江，水害变为水利，这才有濯锦江波的条件，才有锦江的得名。
都江堰使成都平原成为沃野千里、水旱从人的天府，锦江使成都成为繁荣富庶的名都。
都江堰与锦江都是成都城市文明的摇篮。
锦江赋予成都天青水绿的自然环境。
成都的天生丽质离不开锦江“水绿天青不起尘，风光和暖胜三秦”的优良自然条件。
Source Text 4:多数科学家相信，石油是由数万亿年之前亿万个生活在海洋里的微小动植物遗体的分解物形成的。
在这些生物死亡之后，遗体即腐烂，经过数百万年之后，便在海洋底部形成了矿泥层；由于地壳运动的挤压和由此产生的热量的共同作用，这些矿泥层就变成了石油。
石油分馏物（组成称为石油的混合物的东西）及其副产品多得不可胜数：有小汽车用的汽油，火车、公共汽车和载重卡车的柴油，航空汽油，各种发动机用的润滑油，发电站和轮船用的重油，铺路的沥青，制造塑料、合成纤维乃至合成食品的石油化学产品，等等。