中英文翻译

英文原文：-------------------摘自22222222Bridge civil engineering specialty paper writing format, processes and writing skills, and whoever is for general discussion of the scientific and technological content, are called scientific works, such as original memoirs (paper), presentation, comprehensive report, progress report and literature review, commentary, monographs, assembly, textbooks and scientific literature, etc. But only the original works and presentation is original, major, first, involves the invention of intellectual property, etc. Other certainly also is very important, but are processing, development, application for specific purposes and object. Below is the only write papers about some experience. In the discussion paper writing isn't going to talk about the manuscript writing various regulations and rules. The writing is mainly about the problems occurred in writing and experience, is the content of moral and writing rules. According to the requirements of essay writing papers below the narrative structure sequence. (a) papers - subject, have scientific papers cannot "poems". Paper topic generally 20 words. Topic and content, size should as far as possible, do not set subtitle 1, 2 newspaper. With requiring dissertation5 topic, no doubt, also cannot mark or scientific papers written advertisement or news topic. (2) papers - signature scientific papers should name and real work (unit. Main responsibility, belonging to reflect and to facilitate follow-up study later. Strictly thesis refers to the subject, demonstration, literature, design, build, test methods, material, operation, summarizes the whole written, should be responsible for the relevant problems can answer papers. Now people tend to work on all, it should contribute to the order. Papers should get signed consent. According to the actual situation of academic guiding people can be classified as the authors, also can generally. Administrative leaders generally don't sign. (3) papers - introduction is fascinating, is very important to write well. A good paper quotes can often make readers understand your job development and research direction in this position. To write papers basis, foundation, background, research objective. To review the necessary documents, indicate the problem. Simple words. (4) papers - materials and methods according to the regulations, write experiment object facts, animal and reagents and specifications, experimental method, the index, criterion, etc, the design of experiments, grouping and statistics methods. According to these regulations for paper submitted to the journal. (5) papers - experimental results should be highly inductive logical analysis, and elaborate display. Should the true and false, discards the dross and selects the essential, but not because they do not meet their intentions and subjective choice, more can't cheat. Not only in technology or instrument data from the period of instability in technology, fault or error data and doesn't accord with the experimental data from the condition can be abandoned. But must problems have been found in the original records then indicate the reasons, not in the treatment of normal and any disagreement. These data should be abandoned in the same condition, the same period of experimental data, not only with abandoned their not abandoned. Experimental results on track4 arrangement should, graceful, some data not suitable for this paper, can save it, don't do a piece to hard in the papers. Papers should be adopted professional term style. Use the table with graph, can not do the best don't use charts and avoid many pages of charts, increase typesetting difficulties. tables, graphs mutually repetition. The experiment by accident and special cases such as changes necessary, don't throw them away. (6) is discussed in the paper, paper, and also more important part of writing is difficult. With everything taken into consideration, seize the major should be controversial issues, from perceptual knowledge to rational understanding. To make an analysis of the experimental results, the reasoning, and do notrepeat narrative experimental results. Should focus on the related literature at home and abroad to discuss with the result that his own opinions, especially should not avoid the opposite view. The paper discussed hypothesis can, in the development of ontology, but should be proper, can proper written "science" or "imagination". (7) papers, endnotes or conclusions should write clearly the conclusion of the paper reliable results, the conclusions. Write conclusive The paper should be concise, can literally text. Do not use "summary" ambiguous word. (8) papers - this is offering reference righteousness is an important papers, and existing problems of more. The paper lists reference purpose is to let the reader know the ins and outs of research propositions for search, also respect the previous work, for his work is accurate positioning. So here are both technical problems, and scientific moral problems. An essay in almost all necessary throughout the reference. This introduction should be led to ontology is the most important and directly relevant literature, In the method should be adopted in the owner or reference method, Sometimes in the literature of the owner to comparative data, In discussions with the relevant papers should be led all kinds of support or conflicting results or views. All carelessness, don't check literature, Intentionally don't lead, itself, innovation, To tease others over in flate, The trivial, posturings practices are wrong. This phenomenon is now in many papers or see somewhat, it should be considered as the big fear the research workers. Among them, don't find missing important documents and literature, intentionally don't lead others denouncing others work or documents such mistakes is more apparent, easy to find. Some methods are compared, such as the lead concealed in the introduction, it led to the discussion. It was originally you be the basis for an essay or put your papers, and the position of the second-best. And as research work is gradually deep development, your work is always in the previous work on the foundation of the development. The correct method, this should be made to the subject, what this person in this basis and made what results in them, now I completed this based on a research. This is the realistic manner, this statement harming your contribution. Some of the papers, authors did not say so, but this did not make someone this term, and done ontology is someone without, I now. It is not realistic manner. So sometimes can deceive some unknown, but just outside the truth is a paper tiger , professional, the reputation. Outsmart oneself, This kind of phenomenon in real life or not.(9) papers - thanks to the thesis guides, and provide special agents or equipment, sponsors and raised funds thanks all belong to an important proponent. Papers should be sincere thanks, true of, don't vulgar. Don't thank broadly, not only professor thank others don't. Thanks for essay before the agreed to be thanked . (10) -- the papers in 200 words or abstract: briefly summarized about full papers. Always put this paper. The paper should carefully compose and attractive. Let the reader looked like see the epitome of the paper, or see the paper will continue to see the relevant papers. In addition, still should give a few words, keywords should write the real key to academic vocabulary, don't receive general terms.中文翻译原文：-------------------摘自22222222土木工程路桥专业论文的写作格式、流程与写作技巧广义来说，凡属论述科学技术内容的作品，都称作科学著述，如原始论著（论文）、简报、综合报告、进展报告、文献综述、述评、专著、汇编、教科书和科普读物等。