2012年7月N1真题.含听力完整版
2012年日语 普通高等学校招生全国统一考试
2012年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试日语试题卷第一部分:听力(共两节,满分30分)第二部分:日语知识运用(共40小题:每小题1分,满分40分)16.この手紙を航空便( )お願いします。
A とB がC のD で17.全員が無事であること( )お祈りします。
A とB をC にD が18.王さん( )親切な人にあったことがありません。
A ばかりB までC ほどD ながら19.温度がマイナスになると、水が氷( )なります。
A でB にC をD へ20.ほら、見てごらん。
あそこに｢危険｣( )書いてありますよ。
A をB にC がD と21.わたしはこれ( )大丈夫だと思いますが、王さんはどう思いますか。
A にB でC とD へ22.最近、中国では小学生をピアノ教室に( )親が多くなっています。
A 通うB 通えるC 通われるD 通わせる23.交通ルールを守らない( )ことをしてはいけませんよ。
A ようにB ようなC ようだD ようで24.庭の花は気持ち( )太陽の光を浴びている。
A いいそうにB いさそうにC よいそうにD よさそうに25.色違いの靴下をはいてしまって、周りの人に( )、はずかしかった。
A 笑われてB 笑わせてC 笑ってD 笑えて26.もっと速く走れる( )なりたいです。
A みたいB そうにC らしくD ように27.わたしは昨日うちへ( )とき、会社で友達に傘を借りました。
A 帰ってB 帰ったC 帰るD 帰り28.これまで漫画をたくさん読んで( )が、こんなにおもしろいのは初めてだ。
A きたB くるC いったD いく29.｢日本語がお上手ですね。
｣｢いいえ、それほどでも( )。
｣A ありますB ありませんC ありましたD ありませんでした30.昨日の夜、傘をささずに雨の中を歩いていたので、風邪を引いて( )。
A みましたB おきましたC ありましたD しまいました31.私はもう30年もふるさとに帰って( )。
2012全国英语卷1(附答案)
2012全国英语卷1(附答案)2012年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（全国课标卷）第I卷第一部听力(共两节，满分30分)第一节(共5小题:每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）听下面5段对话。
每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。
听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题·每段对话仅读一遍。
1. Where does this conversation probably take place?A. In a bookstore.B. In a classroomC. In a library.2. At what time will the film begin?A. 7:20.B. 7:15.C. 7:00.3. What are the two speakers mainly talking about?A. Their friend Jane.B. A weekend trip.C. A radio programme.4. What will the woman probably do?A. Catch a train.B. See the man off.C. Go shopping.5. Why did the woman apologize?A. She made a late delivery.B. She went to the wrong place.C. She couldn't take the cake back.第二节(共15小题:每小题1.5分，满分22.5分)听下面5段对话。
每段对话后有几个小题，从题中所给的A. B. C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。
听每段对话前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟;听完后，各小题给出5秒钟的作答时间。
每段对话读两遍。
听第6段材料，回答第6. 7题。
2012年7月n1听力资料
テレビで男の人がロボットについて話しています。
今日は敬老の日ですね。
敬老の日にちなんで、おじいちゃん、おばあちゃんに贈りたい夢のロボットというテーマで、小学生に絵を描いてもらいました。
その中から4つご紹介したいと思います。
まず1番は猫型の掃除ロボットです。
優雅に部屋の中を歩き回ったり、階段を上ったり下りたりしながら、掃除してくれます。
2番は窓を拭くロボット。
こちらは魚の形をしています。
上下にゆっくり移動しながら、窓を拭いていきます。
水族館で魚を眺めているような気持ちになってもらいたいとのことです。
3番はズボン型、一見トレーニング用のズボンですが、中に仕掛けがしてあって、弱くなった足腰をサポートしてくれます。
雨に濡れても大丈夫です。
4番は鳥の形。
話し相手になってくれ、何か緊急な場合には、警察などに通報する機能がついています。
ええ、面白いね。
おじいちゃんにあげるんだった車の店で、店員と夫婦が話しています。
お客さま、気になるお車、おありでしょうか。
ええ、これ、スターテゖゕ、ただ、ちょっとドゕの数のことで悩んでるんです。
スターテゖゕにはドゕが2つのタプと4つのタプがございます。
ツードゕのほうが、フォードゕより少々お安くなっております。
中の広さは同じなんですがね。
うん、ドゕは4つあったほうが乗り降りが楽だよな。
皆が遊びに来た時とか。
でも、子どもたちも休みの日しか来ないし、普段乗るのは私たち2人だけでしょう。
少しでも安いほうがいいじゃない。
そうだね。
あっ、確かこちらでは新車と中古車両方扱ってるんですよね。
はい、どちらも販売しております。
平日はほとんど乗らないから、新車じゃなくてもいいかなっていう感じなんですけどね。
でも、やっぱり新車のほうが保証も性能も信頼できるんでしょう。
いや、うちで扱っている中古車は整備をしっかりしておりますので、その点は自信を持ってお勧めできますよ。
ほら、大丈夫だって。
ただ、今環境に配慮した新車は大幅な減税がありまして、スターテゖゕはその対象になっておりますので。
2012年考研英语真题及答案解析
2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot _1_ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_ justices behave like politicians. Y et, in several instances, justices acted in ways that _3_ the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial.Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be _4_ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself _6_to the code of conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions _11_they would be free to _12_ those in power and have no need to _13_ political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _14_.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social _15_ like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it _16_ is inescapably political-which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjust.The justices must _18_ doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves _19_ to the code of conduct. That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, _20_, convincing as law.1. [A]emphasize [B]maintain [C]modify [D] recognize2. [A]when [B]lest [C]before [D] unless3. [A]restored [B]weakened [C]established [D] eliminated4. [A]challenged [B]compromised [C]suspected [D] accepted5. [A]advanced [B]caught [C]bound [D]founded6. [A]resistant [B]subject [C]immune [D]prone7. [A]resorts [B]sticks [C]loads [D]applies8. [A]evade [B]raise [C]deny [D]settle9. [A]line [B]barrier [C]similarity [D]conflict10. [A]by [B]as [C]though [D]towards11. [A]so [B]since [C]provided [D]though12. [A]serve [B]satisfy [C]upset [D]replace13. [A]confirm [B]express [C]cultivate [D]offer14. [A]guarded [B]followed [C]studied [D]tied15. [A]concepts [B]theories [C]divisions [D]conceptions16. [A]excludes [B]questions [C]shapes [D]controls17. [A]dismissed [B]released [C]ranked [D]distorted18. [A]suppress [B]exploit [C]address [D]ignore19. [A]accessible [B]amiable [C]agreeable [D]accountable20. [A]by all mesns [B]atall costs [C]in a word [D]as a resultSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Come on –Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psyc hology.” Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!” pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It’s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that’s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as[A] a supplement to the social cure[B] a stimulus to group dynamics[C] an obstacle to school progress[D] a cause of undesirable behaviors22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates should[A] recruit professional advertisers[B] learn from advertisers’experience[C] stay away from commercial advertisers[D] recognize the limitations of advertisements23. In the author’s view, Rosenberg’s book fails to[A] adequately probe social and biological factors[B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure[C] illustrate the functions of state funding[D]produce a long-lasting social effect24. Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors[A] is harmful to our networks of friends[B] will mislead behavioral studies[C] occurs without our realizing it[D] can produce negative health habits25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is[A] harmful[B] desirable[C] profound[D] questionableText 2A deal is a deal-except, apparently ,when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in V ermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of V ermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its V ermont Y ankee nuclear power plant running. It’s a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought V ermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in V ernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to V ermont legislature’s approval. Then, too, the company went along.Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn’t foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both V ermont Y ankee’s safety and Entergy’s management–especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the V ermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do havesome regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that V ermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in V ermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) review s the company’s application, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.26. The phrase “reneging on”(Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning to[A] condemning.[B] reaffirming.[C] dishonoring.[D] securing.27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to[A] obtain protection from V ermont regulators.[B] seek favor from the federal legislature.[C] acquire an extension of its business license .[D] get permission to purchase a power plant.28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its[A] managerial practices.[B] technical innovativeness.[C] financial goals.[D] business vision29. In the author’s view, the V ermont case will test[A] Entergy’s capacity to fulfill all its promises.[B] the mature of states’patchwork regulations.[C] the federal authority over nuclear issues .[D] the limits of states’power over nuclear issues.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] Entergy’s business elsewhere might be affected.[B] the authority of the NRC will be defied.[C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.[D] V ermont’s reputation might be damaged.Text 3In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end, credibility “happens”to a discovery claim – a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s c onceptions of reason.”31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its[A] uncertainty and complexity.[B] misconception and deceptiveness.[C] logicality and objectivity.[D] systematicness and regularity.32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires[A] strict inspection.[B]shared efforts.[C] individual wisdom.[D]persistent innovation.33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it[A] has attracted the attention of the general public.[B]has been examined by the scientific community.[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers.[D]has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.34. Albert Szent-Györgyi would most likely agree that[A] scientific claims will survive challenges.[B]discoveries today inspire future research.[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified.[D]scientific work calls for a critical mind.35.Which of the following would be the best title of the test?[A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.[B]Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.[D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.Text 4If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant. When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionist s in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’thriving. First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of America’s public-sector workers have a university degree. Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions. The teachers’unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded”public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’ unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the pre sident of the United States. Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members.[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.[C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.[D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists.37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?[A] Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.[B] Education is required for public-sector union membership.[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.[D]Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is[A] illegally secured.[B] indirectly augmented.[C] excessively increased.[D]fairly adjusted.39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions[A]often run against the current political system.[B]can change people’s political attitudes.[C]may be a barrier to public-sector reforms.[D]are dominant in the government.40. John Donahue’s attitude towards the public-sector system is one of[A]disapproval.[B]appreciation.[C]tolerance.[D]indifference.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10 points)Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. Y ou are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. (41)The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21st century's culture machine.But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also tread with caution.(42)I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of whatthey are doing.All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Y et for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods - paintings, sculpture and architecture - and superfluous experiences - music, literature, religion and philosophy. (43)For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume. (44)Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on.(45)What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of "stickiness" - creations and experiences to which others adhere.[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.[B] Applications like , which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading - between passive consumption and active creation - whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much of the world's media culture has been defined by a single medium - television - and television is defined by downloading.[G]The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Y our translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science. Newton’s laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory frame work.(46)In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we see.It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes that itmight entail, nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal.This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too.(47)Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification for it all humans share common origins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection, perhaps the world’s languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features. (48)To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language.The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans are born with an innate language—acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar.A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly.(49)The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraintsGray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages.(50)Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it. Whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations. Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lire age-specific and not governed by universalsSection III WritingPart A51. Directions:Some internationals students are coming to your university. Write them an email in the name of the Students’Union to1) extend your welcome and2) provide some suggestions for their campus life here.Y ou should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming”instead.Do not write the address(10 points)Part B52. Directions: write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsY ou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.(20 points)参考答案Section I: Use of English1.B2.A3.B4.D5.C6.B7.D8.B9.A10.B11.A12.C 13.C 14.D 15.A16.C 17.A18.C 19.D 20.DSection II: Reading ComprehensionPart A21.D 22.B 23.A24.C 25.D26.C 27.D 28.A29.D 30.A31.A 32.B 33.B 34.D 35.C36.C 37.D 38.B 39.C 40.APart B41. C 42.D 43. A 44.F 45.GPart C46. 物理学中的一个理论把这种归一的冲动发挥到了极致，它探寻一种万有理论——一个关于我们能看到的一切的生成方程式。
N1能力考真题2012.12
N1能力考真题【2012.12】【真题】問題１_____の言葉の読み方として最もよいものを、１、２、３、４から一つ選びなさい。
1.従来の枠を超えて新しい分野に進出する企業が増えている。
1)かべ2) わく3) みぞ4) ふち２.この情報誌は国内の主な観光名所をほぼ網羅している1) ぼうろう2) もうろう3) もうら4) ぼうら3. このような賞を受けることは、私にとって大変名誉なことです1) めいゆう2) めいゆ3) めいよう4) めいよ4. 新商品の開発には多額の資金を費やした。
1) ひやした2) つやした3) ついやした4) ひいやした5. あそこに見えるのは、千年前に建てられた由緒あるお寺です。
1) ゆうしょ2) ゆいしょ3) ゆうしょう4) ゆいしょう6. 若いスタッフたちが手際よく作業を進めていた。
1) しゅざい2) てきわ3) しゅさい4) てぎわ問題２（）に入れるのに最もよいものを、１、２、３、４から一つ選びなさい。
7. 会議の直前に部長の都合が悪くなり、（）私が代理で出席することになった。
1) 瞬時に2) 迅速に3) 即刻4) 急遽8. あの人は｢申請書は締め切りまでに絶対に提出した｣と、まだ（）いる1) 言い残して2) 言い張って3) 言い渡して4) 言い放って9. このままでは交渉がまとまらないので、互いに（）せざるをえない。
1) 同調2) 妥協3) 和解4) 融合10. この論文が今後の医学の発展に（）するところは大きいだろう。
1) 寄与2) 普及3) 供与4) 波及11. 今年の花火大会は、30万人を超える（）が予想されている。
1) 人込み2) 人波3) 人通り4) 人出12.仕事の分担を決める前に、必要な作業をすべて（）した。
1) リストアップ2) エントリー3) ストック4) コーディネート13. 朝から頭痛がひどかったが、薬を飲んだら、だいぶ痛みが（）きた。
1) 弱って2) 和らいで3) 薄まって4) 安らいで問題３_____の言葉に意味が最も近いものを、１、２、３、４から一つ選びなさい。
2012年考研英语一真题(附答案)
2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently.The court cannot _1_ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_ justices behave like politicians.Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that _3_ the court’s reputation for being independentand impartial.Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes itless likely that the court’s decisi ons will be _4_ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is thatthe justices are not _5_by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself _6_to the codeof conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_between the court andpolitics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apart from politics. Theygave justices permanent positions _11_they would be free to _12_ those in power and have no needto _13_ political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics preciselybecause they are so closely _14_.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social _15_like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it _16_ isinescapably political-which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjust.The justices must _18_ doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves _19_ to thecode of conduct. That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, _20_,convincing as law.1. [A]emphasize [B]maintain [C]modify [D] recognize2. [A]when [B]lest [C]before [D] unless3. [A]restored [B]weakened [C]established [D] eliminated4. [A]challenged [B]compromised [C]suspected [D] accepted5. [A]advanced [B]caught [C]bound [D]founded6. [A]resistant [B]subject [C]immune [D]prone7. [A]resorts [B]sticks [C]loads [D]applies8. [A]evade [B]raise [C]deny [D]settle9. [A]line [B]barrier [C]similarity [D]conflict10. [A]by [B]as [C]though [D]towards11. [A]so [B]since [C]provided [D]though12. [A]serve [B]satisfy [C]upset [D]replace13. [A]confirm [B]express [C]cultivate [D]offer14. [A]guarded [B]followed [C]studied [D]tied15. [A]concepts [B]theories [C]divisions [D]conceptions16. [A]excludes [B]questions [C]shapes [D]controls17. [A]dismissed [B]released [C]ranked [D]distorted18. [A]suppress [B]exploit [C]address [D]ignore19. [A]accessible [B]amiable [C]agreeable [D]accountable20. [A]by all mesns [B]atall costs [C]in a word [D]as a resultSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Come on –Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is w hat most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthyhabits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.” Dare to be d ifferent, please don’t smoke!” pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pre ssure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day. Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It’s like the teacher w ho breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that’s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as[A] a supplement to the social cure[B] a stimulus to group dynamics[C] an obstacle to school progress[D] a cause of undesirable behaviors22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates should[A] recruit professional advertisers[B] learn from advertisers’ experience[C] stay away from commercial advertisers[D] recognize the limitations of advertisements23. In the author’s view, Rosenberg’s book fails to[A] adequately probe social and biological factors[B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure[C] illustrate the functions of state funding[D]produce a long-lasting social effect24. Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors[A] is harmful to our networks of friends[B] will mislead behavioral studies[C] occurs without our realizing it[D] can produce negative health habits25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is[A] harmful[B] desirable[C] profound[D] questionableText 2A deal is a deal-except, apparently ,when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear powe r plant running. It’s a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval. Then, too, the company went along.Either Entergy never real ly intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn’t foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management–especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company’s application, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.26. The phrase “reneging on”(Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning to[A] condemning.[B] reaffirming.[C] dishonoring.[D] securing.27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to[A] obtain protection from Vermont regulators.[B] seek favor from the federal legislature.[C] acquire an extension of its business license .[D] get permission to purchase a power plant.28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its[A] managerial practices.[B] technical innovativeness.[C] financial goals.[D] business vision29. In the author’s view, th e Vermont case will test[A] Entergy’s capacity to fulfill all its promises.[B] the mature of states’ patchwork regulations.[C] the federal authority over nuclear issues .[D] the limits of states’ power over nuclear issues.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] Entergy’s business elsewhere might be affected.[B] the authority of the NRC will be defied.[C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.[D] Vermont’s reputation might be damaged.Text 3In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about thescience and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal isnew-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end, credibility “happens” to a discovery claim –a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.”31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its[A] uncertainty and complexity.[B] misconception and deceptiveness.[C] logicality and objectivity.[D] systematicness and regularity.32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires[A] strict inspection.[B]shared efforts.[C] individual wisdom.[D]persistent innovation.33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it[A] has attracted the attention of the general public.[B]has been examined by the scientific community.[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers.[D]has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.34. Albert Szent-Györgyi would most likely agree that[A] scientific claims will survive challenges.[B]discoveries today inspire future research.[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified.[D]scientific work calls for a critical mind.35.Which of the following would be the best title of the test?[A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.[B]Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.[D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.Text 4If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant. When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’ thriving. First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright andwell-educated. A quarter of America’s public-sector workers have a university degree. Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions. The teachers’ unio ns keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians h ave repeatedly “backloaded”public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’ unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but apublic-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members.[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.[C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.[D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists.37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?[A] Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.[B] Education is required for public-sector union membership.[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.[D]Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is[A] illegally secured.[B] indirectly augmented.[C] excessively increased.[D]fairly adjusted.39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions[A]often run against the current political system.[B]can change people’s political attitudes.[C]may be a barrier to public-sector reforms.[D]are dominant in the government.40. John Donahue’s attitude towards the public-sector system is one of[A]disapproval.[B]appreciation.[C]tolerance.[D]indifference.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.（10 points）Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. (41)The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21st century's culture machine.But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also tread with caution. (42)I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing.All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods - paintings, sculpture and architecture - and superfluous experiences - music, literature, religion and philosophy. (43) For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume. (44)Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on.(45)What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of "stickiness" - creations and experiences to which others adhere.[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.[B] Applications like , which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading - between passive consumption and active creation - whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much of the world's media culture has been defined by a single medium - television - and television is defined by downloading.[G]The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science. Newton’s laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory frame work.(46)In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory ofeverything—a single generative equation for all we see.It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes that it might entail, nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal.This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too. (47)Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification for it all humans share common origins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as thebewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection, perhaps the world’s languages, music, so cial and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features. (48)To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us tounderstand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language.The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans are born with an innate language—acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly.(49)The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universalityidentifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraintsGray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages.(50)Chomsky’s grammar should show p atterns oflanguage change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it. Whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations. Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lire age-specific and not governed by universalsSection III WritingPart A51. Directions:Some internationals students are coming to your university. Write them an email in the name of the Students’ Union to1)extend your welcome and2)provide some suggestions for their campus life here.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address(10 points)Part B52. Directions: write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.（20 points）1.【答案】B【解析】从空后信息可以看出，这句表达的是“_ _法官表现得像政治家”的情况下，法庭就不能保持其作为法律法规的合法卫士的形象，所以应该选C,maintain“维持，保持”，其他显然语义不通。
2012年7月N1真题听力原文解析
聴解問題１では、まず質問を聞いてください。
それから話を聞いて、問題用紙の１から４の中からもっともよいものを一つ選んでください。
例１番２番１事前に団体に登録する２川の生物について調べる３ぬれてもいい靴を用意する４ゴミ袋と手袋を用意する3 番４番１容器の色を変える２味付けに変化をもたせる３おかずの種類を減らす４容器の形状を変える５番１資料を作り直す２資料の訂正一覧表を作る３資料を処分する４資料を会場に運ぶ。
６番問題２では、増す質問を聞いてください。
その後。
問題用紙の選択を呼んでください。
読む時間があります。
それからはなしをきいて、問題用紙の一から四の中から、最もよいものを選んでください。
１番１ほかにしたい仕事があるから２働く時間が長いから３休日出勤が多いから４上司との関係がよくないから２番１院内学級２保育園３農家４高齢者福祉施設３番１改装工事を行ってから２掃除のサービスを導入したから３大幅に販売価格を下げたから４大々的に広告を打ったから４番１商品の名前を何度も言っているから２有名な芸能人が出ているから３お金をかけてつくているから４内容が面白いから５番１木材やガラスなどが落ちていたため２下り坂で前が見えにくかったため３信号を無視したため４運転を誤ったため６番１色のコントラストを生かす２ふラッシュではなく自然の光を使う３カメラの角度や対象との距離を変える４対象全体をフレームに入れる７番１円勝が設計した庭２建物に施された彫刻３円勝が彫った仏像４円勝がかいたびょうぶ絵問題 3 では、問題用紙に何も印刷されていません。
この問題は、全体としてどんな内容かを聞く問題です。
話の前に質問はありません。
まず話を聞いてください。
それから、質問と選択肢を聞いて、１から４の中から、最もよいものを一つ選んでください問題４では、問題用紙に何も印刷されていません。
まず文を聞いてください。
それから、それに対する返事を聞いて、１から３の中から、最もよいものを一つ選らんでください。
2012年7月N1听力原文
人数分コピーするじゃ、間に合わないかもしれないな。 女：そうですね。ちょっと厳しいかもしれません。 男：じゃ、訂正が必要な部分をリストにして一枚の紙にまとめて配ろうか。それならコピーも一枚ずつですむから、
がついに今月で完売しましたので、報告します。改装したほうが買い手がつきやすいという案もありました が、結局改装工事は行わずに、清掃サービスを取り入れることにしました。清掃会社と提携して希望 する入居者に定期的にトイレや台所などの水周りの掃除といったサービスを提供するようにしたんです が、これが当たりまして、で、育児や仕事に忙しい三、四十年代の夫婦の入居者を呼び込むこと ができました。おかげで、大幅な販売価格の値下げも回避できましたし、大々的な広告を打つことなく完 売に成功しました。 男の人はどうしてマンションの部屋が全部売れたと言っていますか。 4 番 正解：1 女の人と男の人がテレビコマーシャルを見ながら話しています。女の人はどうしてこのコマーシャルがいいと言っ ていますか。 女：ねえ。このコマーシャル、一度見たら忘れられないと思わない？私結構好き。 男：そう？僕はあまり好きじゃないな。商品名を何度も繰り返しているのがうっとうしくて。 女：でも、そこがこのコマーシャルのよさでしょう。有名な芸能人を起用するだけのコマーシャルが多いのに、 お金をかけずにアイディア勝負ってところがいいな。 男：まあ、それはそうだけど。でも、今一面白みに欠けるんだよな。 女：そう。でも、内容が面白くても、意外と肝心の商品名が記憶に残らないことも多いんじゃない？その点、 これはね…。 男：うん。確かに嫌いだけど、僕も覚えているな。 女の人はどうしてこのコマーシャルがいいと言っていますか。 5 番 正解：4 テレビでアナウンサーが車の衝突事故について話しています。警察は事故の原因は何だと考えていますか。 男：8 日、午後９時頃、トラックが信号待ちの車 10 台に次々に衝突した事故で、警察はこのトラックの運 転手を逮捕しました。調べによると、トラック運転手はカーブが回りきれなかったと述べており、警察はこ の運転手のハンドル操作のミスと見ています。現場は片側二車線の下り坂で、トラックに積んでいた木 材や車の窓ガラスなどが道路に散乱しています。 警察は事故の原因は何だと考えていますか。 6 番 正解：3 写真教室で女の人と先生が話しています。先生はどうすればもっといい写真になると言っていますか。 女：先生、課題の動物写真ですが、うちの猫の写真を撮ってみました。でも、なんかインパクトに欠ける写真 になっちゃって。見ていただけますか。 男：うーん。色合いは鮮やかですね。猫の毛の色と背景とのコントラストは効いています。背景に余計なものが 写ってないですし。 女：はい。そこは自分でも心がけてみました。 男：それに、フラッシュを使わずに、自然な光を使ったのもなかなかの判断でしたね。いい出来ですよ。 女：でも猫の表情が今ひとつで、どこにでもある写真というか…。 男：うーん、構図を工夫することによっても感じは違ってきますよ。例えば、今カメラは上から全体を見下ろす 角度で構えていますよね。これを、猫と同じ高さまで下げ、ぐっと顔に近づけるんです。 女：あ、そうすれば、表情が生き生きして見えますね。なるほど。今までは対象全体がフレームに入っているほ うが躍動感が出ると思っていました。
2012年7月N2阅读解析
2012年7月日语能力考试N2阅读部分解析----阅读部分解析----問題1055正解：2解析：题目问“现在的这个机器人和以往的机器人有何不同”。
要正确回答此题，关键是找到描述现在机器人功能的语句。
「人のことばや働きから、意味を理解して働くロボットというのは世界で初めてだそうだ」。
从该句子中的「世界で初めてだ」即可得知，“能够理解人类的言行举止”这个功能是世界首创，因此答案选2。
56正解：4解析：题目问“慈善会上接收的捐赠物是以下哪一个“。
这里关键的是「出せる」。
那么我们可以看到原句是这么说：「勝手ながら家具・電気製品・おもちゃは受け付けておりません」，我们可以得知：家具和电器以及玩具对方是不会接收的。
由此可知答案1是可以排除的。
另外文中对于衣物类，日用品，食品类，厨房用具，餐具，包等物品的接收条件是「未使用のものに限らせていただきます」。
同样可以排除2和3，那么答案就是4了。
57正解：3解析：本题的关键就在全文的最后一句。
「何気なく口にした言葉であっても、その言葉はその人のメッセージであり、正直に本心をつたえているのである。
」「何気なく口にした言葉」＝「無意識のうちに使われる言葉」，全句的意思是，即使是不经意之间说出的话，那么这句话也是说话者的一种信息，可以传达说话人的内心想法。
因此，答案选3。
58正解：2解析：本文一开头指出：自己引起父亲不满的地方在于作为父亲所收到的邮件却没有儿子多。
那么为什么比儿子的邮件少就会不满呢？答案在第二段。
「届く郵便物の量は、確かにその人の社会的な活動の広さと関係している……それが届くということは、その人が世の中に存在している証拠である。
」可以看到，邮件是证明这个人存在的一个证据。
我们可以知道，父亲之所以不满是因为感觉自己的存在感过弱。
因此答案选择2。
59正解：3解析：这篇阅读看上去好像比较难以理解。
其实问题的答案就在第三句里。
问的是“对于无法做到公平评价人才的组织的命运，作者是怎么说的”，而原文中明明白白地写到了“无法给予公正评价的组织，长远来看必将是衰退的”，显然答案应该选择3。
2012年7月N1真题(整理后)
2012年7月新日本語能力試験1級問題１＿＿＿＿の言葉の読み方として最もよいものを、１・２・３・４から一つ選びなさい。
文字・語彙１珍しいイベントがあると聞いて、広場に群衆が押し寄せた。
１かんしゅ２かんしゅう３ぐんしゅ４ぐんしゅう２これまでの学説を覆すような新事実が発見された。
１ひるがえす２くつがえす３まどわす４ゆるがす３この文書には、当時の生活の様子が克明に記録されている。
１きょくめい２きょうめい３こくめい４こうめい４窓を開けると、心地よい風が入ってきた。
１こころちよい２こころじよい３ここちよい４ここじよい５新社長は、これまでの経営方針を踏襲すると述べた。
１とうしょう２とうしゅう３としょう４としゅう６新しい政権には、医療制度の改革が期待されている。
１かいかく２かいこく３かいがく４かいごく問題２（）に入れるのに最もよいものを、１・２・３・４から一つ選びなさい。
７この本は内容が難しすぎて、初心者には（）が高いと思う。
１リミット２ブロック３ノルマ４ハードル８プランの（）はすでに固まっています。
１大筋２大幅３大口４大台９本書の改定（）は、９月上旬に発売の予定です。
１刷２刊３誌４版10 システムトラブルの原因を徹底的に（）し、再発防止に取り組みたい。
１究明２釈明３察知４探知11 カタカナの「ソ」と「リ」は（）ので、名前を書くときは気をつけてください。
１悩ましい２疑わしい３まぎらわしい４わずらわしい12 この業者は魚を缶詰に（）し、それを海外に輸出している。
１変換２転換３細工４加工13 市役所のロビーで、アマチュア写真家による写真展が（）います。
１施されて２催されて３設けられて４挙げられて問題３＿＿＿の言葉に意味が最も近いものを、１・２・３・４から一つ選びなさい。
14 やま山だ田先生に触発されて、画家の道を志しました。
１指導を受けて２刺激を受けて３援助を受けて４評価を受けて15 試合後のインタビューで、選手たちはすがすがしい表情で質問に答えていた。
2012年7月N1真题考点知识
2012年7月N1知识考点一、次の言葉の読み方を平仮名で書いてください。
（50点）1、逃れる：のがれる2、遮る：さえぎる3、妨げる：さまたげる4隔てる：へだてる5、根拠：こんきょ6、肝心：かんじん7、乏しい：とぼしい8人形：にんぎょう9、実情：じつじょう10、玄人：くろうと11、逸材：いつざい12、復興：ふっこう13、画期的：かっきてき14、柔軟：じゅうなん15、連携：れんけい16、不服：ふふく17、審判：しんぱん18、唱える：となえる19、為替：かわせ20、快晴：かいせい21、叶う：かなう22、人目：ひとめ23、鈍る：にぶる24、漠然：ばくぜん25、閲覧：えつらん26、釈明：しゃくめい27、弊社：へいしゃ28、合併：がっぺい29、兆し：きざし30、証し：あかし31、気心：きごころ32、真心：まごころ33、並行：へいこう34、抜粋：ばっすい35、注文：ちゅうもん36、軽装：けいそう37、極力：きょくりょく38、結末：けつまつ39、質素：しっそ40、見失う：みうしなう41、解剖：かいぼう42、河川：かせん43、緩和：かんわ44、犠牲：ぎせい45、虐待：ぎゃくたい46、享受：きょうじゅ47、競売：きょうばい48、吟味：ぎんみ49、刑罰：けいばつ50、血管：けっかん51、権限：けんげん52、控除：こうじょ53、厚生：こうせい54、荒廃：こうはい55、戸籍：こせき56、根性：こんじょう57、裁決：さいけつ58、詐欺：さぎ59、指図：さしず60、殺到：さっとう61、賛否：さんぴ62、示唆：しさ63、嫉妬：しっと64、執着：しゅうちゃく65、情緒：じょうちょ66、正体：しょうたい67、崇拝：すうはい68、節句：せっく69、損なう：そこなう70、滞納：たいのう71、着目：ちゃくもく72、墜落：ついらく73、償い：つぐない74、体裁：ていさい75、蕾：つぼみ76、手際：てぎわ77、添削：てんさく78、道場：どうじょう79、問屋：とんや80、内緒：ないしょ81、粘り：ねばり82、人質：ひとじち83、侮辱：ぶじょく84、物議：ぶつぎ85、平衡：へいこう86、憤慨：ふんがい87、返品：へんぴん88、崩壊：ほうかい89、滅ぼす：ほろぼす90、無言：むごん91、融通：ゆうずう92、余興：よきょう93老若男女：ろうにゃくなんにょ94賄賂：わいろ95、内気：うちき96、厳か：おごそか97、地道：じみち98、賜る：たまわる99、報いる：むくいる100、不摂生：ふせっせい二、次の言葉の意味を説明してください。
日语能力考（2012年7月N1真题阅读原文翻译）
日语能力考（2012年7月N1真题阅读原文翻译）（仅供参考）【问题7】在我们国家，大多数人都说日本人之所以无法说不好外语，是因为教育方式不好。
那究竟是不是这样呢。
诚然，在教育方面也存在问题。
但是，如果做不到以下四点，就算说得再好，在国际上也没人会注意听。
（1）无法逻辑地表达自己的想法。
（2）毫无顾忌地插话。
（3）跟他人发表稍有不同的看法。
（4）每五分钟让听众发笑一次。
这四点，根据个人想法不同，也可以说比说好外语更难。
为什么呢？因为我国，说话时考虑人情世故、一直谨慎保守、跟其他人发表同样的观点、认真严肃的态度，受到推崇，被奉为美德。
这样想的话，与其说日本人外语不好是因为教育方式的问题，不如说是因为深层次的文化的问题。
【问题8】（1）即使成年了，味觉也在不断变化。
在二十多岁血气方刚的时候，看到吃火锅光吃肉的我。
有位年长者半调侃我半告诫自己地说道“我们已经吃了很多了。
一上年纪，还是觉得菌类和蔬菜好吃“。
还真是如此，我最近觉得入了肉味的蔬菜和菌类好吃。
另一方面，我还是吃肉。
并非上了年纪就不吃肉了。
（2）为对方考虑，无疑也是问候的心意。
（问候包括了要为对方着想）那是在前几年去非洲的时候，在坦桑尼亚听到的。
当地的人在路上和熟人打招呼时，都会问彼此的家人是否平安，但就算是自己的家人欠安，也不会说出来。
这好像是一种默认的习俗。
因为有一颗不想让对方有心理负担的心。
(3)每年播花种、种球根的季节来临时，种植幼苗的农园都会寄来色彩缤纷的目录册。
我自己没有可以种花的土地，只能看着目录册凭空想象自己的花园了。
但是，看着他们一幅幅引以为傲的花的展示照片，总会察觉到这些花有同样化的趋势。
也就是说，人类想通过改良品种，使所有花的花朵都变得更大，花瓣都变得更多；这样的审美、努力和用心都在那里反应出来了。
（4）生命体是通过遭遇危机后克服困境进化而来的。
人类社会也是一样的。
因为难以对应环境的变化带来的影响，我们的祖先开始了集体生活，开始构建人类文明。
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A2012G 言語知識（文字・語彙・文法）・読解（105 分）(维新日语友情提供 更多资料下载,学习交流群:44914683)問題１ ＿＿の言葉の読み方として最もよいものを、１・２・３・４から一つ選びなさい。
１ 珍しいイベントがあると聞いて、広場に群衆が押し寄せた。
１ かんしゅ ２ かんしゅう ３ ぐんしゅ ４ ぐんしゅう２ これまでの学説を覆すような新事実が発見された。
１ ひるがえす ２ くつがえす ３ まどわす ４ ゆるがす３ この文書には、当時の生活の様子が克明に記録されている。
１ きょくめい ２ きょうめい ３ こくめい ４ こうめい４ 窓を開けると、心地よい風が入ってきた。
１ こころちよい ２ こころじよい ３ ここちよい ４ ここじよい５ 新社長は、これまでの経営方針を踏襲すると述べた。
１ とうしょう ２ とうしゅう ３ としょう ４ としゅう６ 新しい政権には、医療制度の改革が期待されている。
１ かいかく ２ かいこく ３ かいがく ４ かいごく問題２ （ ）に入れるのに最もよいものを、１・２・３・４から一つ選びなさい。
７ この本は内容が難しすぎて、初心者には（ ）が高いと思う。
１ リミット ２ ブロック ３ ノルマ ４ ハードル８ プランの（ ）はすでに固まっています。
１ 大筋 ２ 大幅 ３ 大口 ４ 大台９ 本書の改定（ ）は、９月上旬に発売の予定です。
１ 刷 ２ 刊 ３ 誌 ４ 版10 システムトラブルの原因を徹底的に（ ）し、再発防止に取り組みたい。
１ 究明 ２ 釈明 ３ 察知 ４ 探知11 カタカナの「ソ」と「リ」は（ ）ので、名前を書くときは気をつけてください。
１ 悩ましい ２ 疑わしい ３ まぎらわしい ４ わずらわしい12 この業者は魚を缶詰に（ ）し、それを海外に輸出している。
１ 変換 ２ 転換 ３ 細工 ４ 加工13 市役所のロビーで、アマチュア写真家による写真展が（ ）います。
１ 施されて ２ 催されて ３ 設けられて ４ 挙げられて問題３ ＿＿＿の言葉に意味が最も近いものを、１・２・３・４から一つ選びなさい。
14 山(やま)田(だ)先生に触発されて、画家の道を志しました。
１ 指導を受けて ２ 刺激を受けて ３ 援助を受けて ４ 評価を受けて15 試合後のインタビューで、選手たちはすがすがしい表情で質問に答えていた。
１ ほっとした ２ 興奮した ３ さわやかな ４ 真剣な16 この部屋にある家具は、どれも簡素なデザインのものだった。
１ クールな ２ モダンな ３ ユニークな ４ シンプルな17 彼の誕生日パーティーの準備を、友人数人とひそかに進めている。
１ こっそり ２ 張り切って ３ のんびり ４ 急いで18 高橋(たかはし)選手は今年の大会への参加を断念したらしい。
１ きめた ２ あきらめた ３ ことわった ４ のぞんだ19 努力をすればおのずと結果に表れてくる。
１ だんだん ２ はっきり ３ 自然に ４ 絶対に問題４ 次の言葉の使い方として最もよいものを、１２３４から一つ選びなさい。
20 免除１ 会費を２年間滞納すると、自動的に会から免除されます。
２ ３年後にもう一度試験を受けないと、この資格は免除されます。
３ 入学試験の成績優秀者は、入学金が免除になります。
４ うがいをすれば、風邪の免除になります。
21 ブランク１ ２年のブランクがあり心配だったが、先月から職場に復帰した。
２ 15分ほどブランクにしませんか。
みんな疲れたようだし。
３ プレゼンの最中は緊張しちゃって、頭がブランクだったよ。
４ 大事なデータをブランクしてしまった。
22 怠(おこた)る１ 昨日、会社を怠(おこた)って映画を見に行ってしまった。
２ 忙しいときは料理を怠(おこた)って、買ってきた弁当で済ますこともある。
３ 彼はどんな苦労も怠(おこた)らずに、いつも積極的に仕事に取り組んでいる。
４ 成功を勝ち取るためには、日々の努力を怠(おこた)ってはいけない。
23 見込み１ 今日はこれから取引先に打ち合わせに行く見込みです。
２ 周囲の見込みに応えて、すばらしい仕事を成し遂げた。
３ 田(た)中(なか)さんは、来週には退院の見込みです。
４ 見込みもしないところで昔の友人に会った。
24 満たない１ 私が生まれたのは、人口500人に満たない小さな村です。
２ 会議資料が３人分満たないから、コピーしてきて。
３ どうがんばっても、英語力では田中さんに満たない。
４ 当店のサービスについて何か満たない点があればご記入ください。
25 有数１ この商品は有数ですので、売り切れの場合もあります。
２ この国は世界でも有数の小麦生産国だ。
３ 会議で反対意見を述べた人は有数のみだった。
４ いくつもの案の比較、検討し、その中から有数の案を選んだ。
問題５ 次の文の（ ）に入れるのに最もよいものを、１・２・３・４から一つ選びなさい。
26 40代（ ）後半となり、わたしもとうとう中高年の仲間入りだ。
１ を ２ へ ３ も ４ まで27 昔から「毒も（ ）薬になる」と言われている。
１使うとなると ２使おうものなら ３使わんばかりに ４使いようによっては28 映画『ブラック』は評判通りの面白さで、特に、主人公が（ ）ざる敵におびえる場面は圧巻だった。
１ 見て ２ 見え ３ 見る ４ 見える29 山(やま)田(だ)さんがこの絵をいくらで手に入れたのかはわからないが、有名画家の作品であることから考えても、安くない値段で買ったことは（ ）間違いない。
１ まず ２ よく ３ かりに ４ なかなか30 お客様、ご希望のホテルが満室でしたので、他のホテルにご変更（ ）のですが……。
よろしいでしょうか。
１ ねがいたい ２ なさりたい ３ くださりたい ４ になりたい31 この祭りは長い伝統があるので、皆さんにはぜひこれからも（ ）。
１ 続けていくものです ２ 続けていってほしいものです３ 続けていくことにしましょう ４ 続けていくことでしょう32 商品ご使用後の返品対応は（ ）ので、ご了承ください。
１ いたしかねます ２ いたしかねません３ さしあげかねます ４ さしあげかねません33 他人の口座から不正に現金を（ ）、35歳の男が逮捕された。
１ 引き出したとするとして ２ 引き出したとするのに対して３ 引き出そうとしたとして ４ 引き出そうとしたのに対して34 （本屋で）Ａ「あ、この本、面白いよ。
」Ｂ「どんな話？」Ａ「主人公と恋人が、親に無理やり（ ）話しなんだけど、すごくどきどきするんだ。
」１ 別れそうになる ２ 別れられそうになる３ 別れさせそうになる ４ 別れさせられそうになる35 川村(かわむら)「石(いし)田(だ)さん、ギターがほしいって言っていましたよね。
わたしの弟が使っていたギターがあるんですが、よければどうですか。
」 石(いし)田(だ)「いいんですか。
」川村(かわむら)「はい。
弟に聞いたら、弾いてくれる方がいるなら、ぜひと言っていましたので、どうぞもらって（ ）。
」１ やりませんか ２ やってください３ いただきませんか ４ いただいてください問題６ 次の文の＿★＿に入る最もよいものを、１・２・３・４から一つ選びなさい。
36 ＿＿＿ ＿★＿ ＿＿＿ ＿＿＿ 良心は残っているはずだ。
１ どこかに ２ 悪人で ３ あろうと ４ どんな37 インターネットの功罪といった議論があるが、インターネットはただの手段だ。
その価値は ＿＿＿ ＿＿＿ ＿★＿ ＿＿＿ ものだと思う。
１ 人の使い方 ２ 使う ３ 決まる ４ 次第で38 たばこの値段が ＿＿＿ ＿＿＿ ＿★＿ ＿＿＿ ことだ。
１ わたしにとっては ２ 上がろうと下がろうと３ どうでもいい ４ たばこを吸わない39 Ａ「見てみて。
レストラン『夢』の無料券もらっちゃった。
」Ｂ「いいなあ。
ちょっと見せて。
なんだ。
デザート ＿＿＿ ＿＿＿ ＿★＿＿＿＿ じゃないか。
」１ が ２ だけ ３ いう ４ ただって40 １日午後４時ごろ、システムトラブルの影響により、一時メールサービスに障害が発生しました。
お客様に ＿＿＿ ＿＿＿ ＿★＿ ＿＿＿ 願い申し上げます。
１ 今後は再発防止に努めて参りますので２ 深くおわび申し上げますとともに３ 多大なご不便をおかけしましたことを４ 引き続き本サービスをご利用くださいますよう問題7次の文章を読んで、文章全体の趣旨を踏まえて、41から45の中に 入る最もよいものを、1、2 、3、 4から一つ選びなさい。
わが国では一般に、日本人が外国語を話せないのは、教育の技術が悪いからだと信 じられている。
はたしてし（41）。
確かに教育にも問題があろう。
しかし、たとえば つぎの四点を実行（42）、どんなに「会話」がうまくても、国際的な場所では傾聴（注）されないだろう。
（１）自分の考えを論理的に表現するし（43）。
（２）遠慮せず議論に割りこむ（43）。
（３）他の人とひと味違った発言をするし（43）。
（４）五分に一度は聴衆を笑わす（43）。
この四点は、考えようによっては、外国語を話すよりも難しい。
（44）わが国では、 語るには情をもってし、つねに控え目で、皆と同じことを行い、まじめでふざけない ことが評価され、美徳とされているからだ。
こう考えてみると、日本人の外国語下手は、教育技術の問題というよりは、もっと 深い文化の問題（45）と思うのである。
(小林善彦「なぜ下手か日本人の外国語」1992年8月21日付朝日新聞夕刊による）(注）傾聴：真剣に聞くこと。
41 1そうであろう 2何であろう 3そうだろうか 4何だろうか42 1すれば 2しなければ 3しても ４しなくても43 １のだ ２点 ３こと ４ところ44 １それなら2したがって3このため4なぜならば45 １ではないか2であるべきか3ではない4であるべきだ問題8次の⑴から⑷の文章を読んで、後の問いに対する答えとして最もよいものを、1、2 、 3 、 4から一つ選びなさい。
（１）大人になっても、味覚は変わり続ける。
二十代の血気盛んな頃、すき焼き鍋などを囲む と、肉ばかり食べている私を見て、「私たちはもう沢山。
年をとると、キノコゃ野菜が一 番おいしい」などと半ば私を、半ば自分自身を論すかのように言う年長者がいた。
なるほ ど、私も、最近では肉の味のしみた野菜ゃキノコがおいしい。
一方で、肉も相変わらず食 ベる。
年長者だって、肉を食べなくなるわけではない。
(茂木健一郎『食のクオリア』による）46食べることに関して筆者はどのように感じているか。
1若い験肉が好きでよく食べた人も、年をとると食べ物の好みが変わる。