自考本科_英美文选中英文对照
英语自考英美文学选读
英语自考英美文学选读The Winding Journey of English Literature: Exploring the Masterpieces of American and British AuthorsLiterature has long been a beacon of human expression, transcending borders and cultures to captivate readers across the world. As students of English, we are privileged to delve into the rich tapestry of literary works that have emerged from the United Kingdom and the United States. From the timeless classics of Shakespeare to the contemporary brilliance of modern American writers, the study of English and American literature offers a profound and enlightening exploration of the human experience.In the realm of British literature, we are drawn to the enduring works of renowned authors such as Jane Austen, Charles Dickens, and the Brontë sis ters. Austen's masterful novels, brimming with social commentary and intricately woven narratives, have captivated readers for generations. Her keen observation of human nature and the nuances of 19th-century English society have solidified her place as one of the most influential writers in the canon of English literature. Dickens, on the other hand, has left an indelible mark with his vivid depictions of Victorian-era London, giving voice to themarginalized and exposing the harsh realities of industrialization. His epic tales, such as "Great Expectations" and "A Tale of Two Cities," have not only entertained but also compelled readers to confront the social inequalities of his time.The Brontë sisters, Emily, Charlotte, and Anne, have also left an indelible legacy in the world of English literature. Their respective novels, "Wuthering Heights," "Jane Eyre," and "The Tenant of Wildfell Hall," have captivated readers with their intense emotional landscapes, complex character development, and exploration of themes such as love, societal constraints, and the human condition. The Brontës' works have stood the test of time, inspiring countless adaptations and inspiring generations of writers and readers alike.Across the Atlantic, the rich tapestry of American literature is equally captivating. The early days of American literature were marked by the transcendentalist movement, exemplified by the works of Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson. Their philosophical musings on the natural world, individual autonomy, and the pursuit of self-discovery have left an indelible impact on American thought and literature. Thoreau's seminal work, "Walden," stands as a testament to the power of simplicity, self-reliance, and the search for meaning in a rapidly industrializing world.As American literature evolved, the emergence of towering figuressuch as Mark Twain and Ernest Hemingway further cemented the nation's literary legacy. Twain's "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn" remains a seminal work, exploring the complexities of race, identity, and the American experience through the eyes of a young protagonist navigating the Mississippi River. Hemingway's minimalist prose and his distinctive style, characterized by sparse language and powerful imagery, have influenced countless writers and captivated readers worldwide. His novels, such as "The Sun Also Rises" and "The Old Man and the Sea," delve into the human condition, exploring themes of loss, resilience, and the search for meaning in a changing world.In the realm of contemporary American literature, the works of authors like Toni Morrison, Maya Angelou, and Cormac McCarthy have continued to push the boundaries of literary exploration. Morrison's novels, such as "Beloved" and "Song of Solomon," have earned her the Nobel Prize in Literature, recognizing her profound examination of the African American experience and the lasting impact of slavery. Angelou's autobiographical masterpiece, "I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings," has inspired generations with its poetic and resilient portrayal of the human spirit. McCarthy's bleak and haunting narratives, exemplified in works like "No Country for Old Men" and "The Road," have challenged readers to confront the harsh realities of the human condition and the fragility of civilization.As we delve into the rich tapestry of English and American literature, we are reminded of the power of the written word to transcend time and space, to captivate and transform, to enlighten and inspire. Through the masterful works of these and countless other authors, we gain a deeper understanding of the human experience, the complexities of the human condition, and the timeless truths that unite us across cultures and generations. The study of English and American literature is not merely an academic pursuit but a journey of self-discovery, a gateway to the expansive and diverse world of human expression.。
自考英语本科高级英语上下册课后短文翻译
1Rock music began in America in the late 1950’s . It was not only a new musical form , but a forum for the American youth to express their ideas of the world and life .In this forum , the stars sang out the attitudes of the youth towards civil rights , warand peace ,the disaffection of their society , and a range of emotions between love andhate . Allin all , in this forum , the American youth redefined the beliefs and feelingsof their society . The typical representatives of the early rock music were ElvisPresley , singer and poet Bob Dylan , the Bealtles , the rolling Stones and so on . Theywere the culture heroes whom the young people worshipped .2The American young people i n 1960’s were a generation of rebellion . They foundthat the affluent American society was filled with poverty , injustice and gypocrisy .They didn’t trust the adult world that didn’t belong to them and refused to take their beliefs and values . Many young people took active part in the struggle whichprotested against poverty , racial discrimination and Vietnam War . Some youngpeople even tried to overthrow this world by armed revolution. Many other youngtook passive ways to show their disaffections . They took drugs , refused to take any responsibilities and lived a parasitic way of life . Or they escaped to the frontiers andlived a primitive way of life .3Mathilda had been ill for three days . Her mother had given her some medicine,but it didn’t do any good . So they had to ask the doctor to come . There had been anumber of cases of diphtheria in Mathilda’s school and two of them had been dead . When the doctor arrived at Olson’s home , he wanted to examine Mthilda’s throat first . But no matter how he coaxed ,,She wouldn’t open her mouth . So the doctor hadto get the tongue depressor into her mouth . But Mathilda reduced it to splinters . Inorder to protect Mathilda herself and other children , the doctor had to make surewhether she had diphtheria or not , so that he could treat her in time . Letting Mathilda‘s father hold her wrists he tried his best to open her mouth and found she really haddiphtheria. This story made us can think such a question that something in life canonly depend on self willingness . Under some circumstances , certain force seemsnecessary .4The need for laws on euthanasia can’t be dodged for much longer . Euthanasia is a taboo inmost countries . In these countries doctors can only practise it secretly . But it is openly practicedin some countries , such as Holland . Right now more and more countries are going over thearguments about legalizing euthanasia .When a patient suffers from illness for a long time and there is no hope of curing it , why dowe let him polong the throes ?Why can’t we practise euthanasia to stop the throes ?But if we legalize euthanasia , there will be a danger Someone may use it for killing . All inall , euthanasia is question we can’t dodge .5The American women made great c o ntributions to the nation’s development , butthey received different forms of prejudices because of their sex . In politics , they didall the tedious details that made the differene between victory and defeat on electionday and seldom had the chance to reach a better position , while the men reaped therewards . In economy , most women did the lower-paying and dead –end jobs andthey were paid less than the men for the same job . Many American people didn’t admit it was prejudice against women . They said it was only a different division oflabour in society . Even many women were content with their roles as second-classcitizens . So the author said it was a long painful struggle for the women to get realequality .6When I knew Magpie got a scholarship of a California University and could go tothe Fine Arts School to study , I was very pleased for him . I knew he wanted tobecome a poet all the time. I also knew he had a good talent . It was a very goodchance for him . So I went back to Crow Creek to tell him about the good news andlet him fill out some papers . But I didn’t find him at his home . His wife said they had not been together for a while and only heard he was in Chamberlain . Then I went forSalina and asked her to help me find Magpie . Salina said Magpie had changed a lotsince he was taken into prison . She thought he was not interested in going to theuniversity of white people . But I said Magpie had a right to know this news and makethe decision whether to go or not by himself . She agreed and took me to his goodfriend , Elgie . But when I could really see Magpie at last , he had been shot by thepolice .7Miss Brill was an English who lived in a coastal city in France . She was old andpoor . She would go to the park on every Sunday afternoon . She always sat on thesame bench , listening people around her talk , or watching other people’s lives i front of her . She suddenly had a feeling on that Sunday afternoon . She felt the lifewas like a play and she was one part of the community . She had a part in theperformance . At this time , the feeling of loneliness began to escape her .But just at this time she heard a couple of young people talk about her withcontempt . Even the young man asked her to leave in a low voice . The short feelingof happiness disappeared . she went home with a broken heart .8Man created language . It was man’s way of communicating with his fellow man . Thedifference between oral and written language was that oral language could take the human voice toinfuse it with the shades of deeper meaning . Flowers was nearly singing when she read A Tale ofTwo Cities . It sounded beautiful . Her reading made me realize the wonder of language. Mrs.Flowers gave me novels and poems . I learned value of life from these books and realized howbeautiful the language of literature works was .Man created language . It was man’s way of communicating with his fellow man . Thedifference between oral and written language was that oral language could take the human voice toinfuse it with the shades of deeper meaning . Flowers was nearly singing when she read A Tale ofTwo Cities . It sounded beautiful . Her reading made me realize the wonder of language. Mrs.Flowers gave me novels and poems . I learned value of life from these books and realized howbeautiful the language of literature works was .9television People have a short attention span . So in order to capture the viewer’s attention , must provide constant stimulation through variety , novelty , action and movement . The result ofdoing so is that news is too brief and results in inefficient communication . Many news programsm achine –gunning w ith scraps “and figh t coherence of mind.The appeal to the shortare like “ attention span will decivilize as well. To avoid complexity means to give up thinking . The“ functionally illiterates “ among adult Americans are continually increasing . They even do not know how to answer the want ad. Or understand the instructions on a medicine bottle . At leasttelevision should be responsible for part of it .10One night , two German military officers were murdered by Frenchmen . The nextday , a German officer declared to thirty French prisoners , “ My order is that one manin every ten shall be selected and shot tomorrow . That is to say , three of you thirtypeople will die tomorrow . We are indifferent as to which three . You can choose for yourselves .”The prisoners had a heated discussion about who should die. Someone said the old people should go first . This was the way of nature . Some people said the unmarriedshould go first because they had no responsibilities . At last , all consented to drawinglots to decide which three went to die . A rich lawyer unfortunately got the deathdraw . He said , “ I ‘ll give a hundred thousand francs to anyone who will die for me . “11Some people will fall asleep as soon as their heads touch the pillows . Some people cansleep although they have been lying in bed several hours . The more he wants to go to sleep , themore wakeful he is . I belong to the latter . When I write an essay , I feel an overpowering desirefor sleep . But when I go to bed , I can do anything but sleep . I can compose grand symphonies ,paint magnificent pictures and write good essays . The artificial ways of inducing sleep are legion ,but they are of no avail . When I can’t go to sleep at night , I imagine a dialogue with a friend till I either laugh or fall asleep . I find this is a good way to go to sleep .12As a very small child , I made up my mind to become a writer in future . When Ibecome a writer , what I have most wanted to do is to make political writing into awork of art . The opinion that art should have nothing to do with politics is wrong .Writing is exposing lies , protecting truth and also an aesthetic experience . AnimalFarm was the book in which I tried to fuse political purpose and artistic purpose intoone whole . Writing should serve the society and the public . This is the principle Imust follow . I f a writer lacks political purpose , he will only write some purplepassages , even some humbug .13The first thing Russell thinks is the most ordinary function of work , namely the relief oftedium. He thinks even the dullest work is less painful than idleness to most people . Then hetalks about how the work can provide the people with opportunities for their ambitions. Man, as amember of the society , hopes that he can procure more and more social achievements . He pointsout that most women are so unfortunate that they can not work outside their homes . They are deprived of this chance .It seems that different kinds of work give people satisfaction to different degrees . Russellstudies the concerning two chief elements , that is the exercise of skill and construction .When heanalyzes the latter , Russell finds an opportunity to express his profound hatred to the war andsocial violence .14John F. Kerry was a discharged veteran from Vietnam War and took part in the investigation held in Detroit in December in 1970 . He thought the purpose for theveterans to attend the investigation was not only to confess their war crimes in orderto purge their souls . It was not the individual but the American government thatshould have been responsible for the war crimes . He hoped to arouse the sense of responsibility of American people by this text . He criticized that the mass of peoplein America lit erally didn’t give a damn and pointed out that the policy of theAmerican government was hypocritical. He revealed the veterans’ miserable conditions after they came back : racial discrimination ,drug taking , unemployment ,no good medical care , etc. In the end he told the readers that members of Vietnam Veterans Against the War would march on Washington to the Capitol . Their most important demand was that the government set a date for withdrawl of troops from Vietnam, otherwise , they would camp and sta y there and won’t move .15The author first pointed out that American and European women expended a largesum of money on cosmetics in order to make them look younger and more beautiful .women who were notUnlike the people of 19th century , they didn’t think that onlyvirtuous could use cosmetics . But the author worried that women only paid attentionto their appearances and ignored the necessity to overcome the ugliness of theirhearts . He thought the people would be really beautiful only when the human beings had an opportunity to live harmoniously . But the author did not think the objective could be realized .16The three interviewers hid the truth of the firm to McDeere and only told him that the firm mainly did tax work . The clients of the firm were all big corporations , banks and wealthy people . Although the firm was not large in size and only consisted of forty –one lawyers , the salaries an all other benefits of the members were incredibly high . For the first year , McDeere could receive a base salary of eighty thousand dollars , plus bonuses , a low –interest mortgage and a luxurious car . If he worked hard , he would become a partner in ten years . If he put in ten more years , he could be a millionaire .All these were very appealing to Mcdeere . He agreed to accept this job without hesitation . But he could not imagine that he mistakenly went into a lawyer firm which was controlled by a black organization and specialized in illegal activities .1It’s not easy to work in a big comp a ny . There is strict hierarchy in the company , and if you hope to be successful and get promotion , you have to obey directions and disciplines in additionto bear heavy pressure of work and work hard . Every day you are under rigid supervision and livein panic . If what you do is a job which will not provide you any chance to get promotion and forsome reasons you have no way to find another job , you will be bored with it and feel dull . Youwill be in despair , lose ambition and working motivation , and finally become a mediocre .2Eveline agreed to marry Frank –an Irish sailor who lived in Buenos Ayres . They got to know each other when Frank just came back Dublin to spend his holidays . They would go to Buenos Ayres by boat that night . The boat was going to leave in a few hours , but she was still in doubtwhether it was wise or not to go to such a distant country with Frank . Although she didn’amiliar with ,job in the store , and her father didn’t treat her well , it was the only life that she was fafter all . Besides , Eveline had promised to her mother that she would keep the home together aslong as she could before her mother died . But the vision of the miserable life of her mother madeher feel horrible . She would live a happy life with Frank .But she changed her mind before boarding the boat . The boat left with Frank . Everybodydreamed of happy life , but one must have courage to realize his dream .3Television has much more advantages than newspapers . When watching TV, we use our eyes aswell as ears ; we can see the words and picture on the screen , and listen to the language and musicas well . TV news broadcasting is quicker than that of newspapers . But television lives oncommercial advertising to an even greater extent than newspapers . Profits drive television to caterto the lowest instinct of man . There are violence and sex in entertainment programmes ofAmerican television . Very often , television coverage of news is superficial and inadequate .There are a lot of problems in American newspapers too . the most prominent problem is thatnewspapers distort fact , and attack the countries ,people and the social systems which Americansdo not like .4The life circle includes birth , being old , and death . Death is an unavoidable end for everybody .Aging is the neglected period of human life circle . Death happens within a few seconds whileaging is a long period which means illness , poverty , and loneliness advertisements and travelfolders show relaxed , happy , well-dressed older people enjoying recreation,travel and theirgrandchildren . But all these can not be enjoyed by the poor elder . They have to struggle tosurvive in old age . Many old people struggle to exist in an inhospitable world . There are moreand more old people in the world now , and the government of every country is beginning to payattention to the problems of old people .5Mrs . Wright was a town girl before she married John Wright and lived in his farm . She used to bea lively girl who liked singing . But during the thirty years living together with Wright , she totallychanged . Wright was miserly and never paid attention to his wife’s needs . There was no joy in their house , and even the neighbours were reluctant to call at their house . One winter morning ,Mr. Hale , their neighbour , found that Wright was strangled on his bed .Mrs Wright said that shedidn’t know who killed her husband . Her behaviour was very queer . She didn’t call the police but just sat in the rocker rocking back and forth in the kitchen . The policemen arrested her . Nextmorning , county sheriff and county attorney took Hale back to the farm to investigate who hadkilled Wright .6The county sheriff and county attorney couldn’t find out any sign of anyone having come from theoutside , and they were sure that Wright had been killed by his wife . In order to make juriesbelieve the story , they had to find out Mrs . Wright’s motive for killing her husband , but they failed . While they were busy investigating ,the two women sitting in the kitchen found a deadcanary which was wrapped up in a piece of silk lying in a box . The canary had been wrung todeath . The two women could imagine what kind of life Mrs . Wright had spent while living withWright in this house . They didn’t want the box containing the dead canary to be seen by sheriffand county attorney . In order to protect Mrs . Wright , they hid the box .7Ace was in a plight . He lost the job and was afraid to see his wife .Evey had to work as asaleswoman because Ace could not earn enough money to support the family . She was alwaysvery tired after working a whole day . She always had no time to cook dinner . now he wassacked , so he was worried that Evey would be ma d . Ace ‘s mother took care of their daughterBonnie for them . Evey always took Bonnie back , but Ace went to take Bonnie that day . Acemother was glad that Ace lost the job , for she thought Ace should have a better job . Evey was notvery angry with Ace this time , but did Ace get rid of the plight ?8Why are so many people overweight in the United States ? Most people may say that there are tworeasons . One is that American food is tasty ; the other is that they take few exercises . But theauthor doesn’t think this way . He proposes such a hypothesis that people eat in order to satisfy thesense of taste . When food has the flavor of library paste , people need to eat more so as to satisfycauses the blandness of American food which is the realS cience “ the frustrated taste buds . “ reason why obesity has become a national curse . We should not be very serious about the authorstrange opinion which is merely a way that the author used to satirize the American food .9I was born , grew up and finished high school in Watts , so I have deep feelings to Watts . Idecided to make a career in Watts because it was supposed to be impossible . At that time , manyyoung blacks left Watts in droves . They thought they could make a career only outside the ghetto .I also left Watts and went to study in Oxford University and Yale University . The riots in ghetto in1960s showed the ever increasing militancy of the blacks . The riots were the most significanthistory . Themassive action taken by Northern Negroes . It was a watershed in the ghetto’sdeepest impact of the riots was on the people of Watts . I will never escape from the ghetto . I havestaked my all on its future . Watts is my home .10Customers have different values about products and services . Some customers demand low priceswith the least inconvenience . Some customers don’t care much about the prices , but they demand that the products should represent the hottest style and technology on the market . Other customersdemand that products and services should meet their specific needs . Thus , if a company hopes tobecome the market leader and keep its edge , it must focus on one dimension and create abreakthrough to reach new heights of performance according to its own situation . It can winthrough cost or with great products or through customer intimacy .11Human beings have four major desires ; acquisitiveness , rivalry , vanity and love of power .Acquisitiveness is the wish to possess as much as possible of goods . Satiety is a dream which willalways elude you . Acquisitiveness is the mainspring of the capitalist system , but rivalry is amuch stronger motive than acquisitiveness . Vanity is a motive of immense potency . It is scarcelypossible to exggerate the influence of vanity throughout the range of human life . But love ofpower is a motive which overweighs vanity . love of power is insatiable . Love of power is by farthe strongest motive in the lives of important men . love of power is greatly increased by theexperience of power .12Jerry ----Marian’s son -----had to join the army and was sent to Vietnam to fight a losing battleshortly after he spent twenty –year –old birthday . Later , he was captured in one battle and wassent to a prison –compound . Young Jerry couldn’t stand such a heavy blow and broke down . thehandsome young man changed into another person . He was expressionless with a dull look in hiseyes . His face muscles were jerking . He looked like an idiot . Marian’s heart broke when sh her idiot son in the newsreel . What made her relieved was the fact that her son was still alive andshe would wait for her son patiently .13Huxley states in the article that most people are snobs about something . He says that some peopleeven feel that they are important just because of having certain diseases . But so far I have nevermet any disease –snobs . In china , during the Culture Revolution , the snobbery of family and thesnobbery of ignorance and stupidity were most popular . Twenty years later , modernity –snobberyis making headway today . our media encourage modernity –snobbery desperately . TVadvertisements urge people to buy new goods . In addition , they make you feel that you areshameful if you don’t have the most fashionable goods . For u p-to-dateness means that you arewealthy , and wealth is a symbol of strong capability . Only a man knowing his own mind canresist the flood of propaganda .14work ,Arthur likes to go fishing along the canal on Sunday mornings . After six days’ tiring labor he wants to leave the factory , leave the city as soon as possible to go to the tranquil countrysideand sit by the canal , fishing . He thinks it is a best way to relax himself and a best way to forgetall the troubles . The factory is dirty stinking and ugly and people do not want to stay there for onemore minute . The countryside has a picturesque view : fresh air , enchanting spring scene , greengrass and trees , fragrant earth . The factory is hell while the countryside is heaven .15Most people believe that American education is of the highest quality in the world , but the authorhas his unique opinion . He thinks that there are serious problems in American education . The lowquality of American education can not be faulted on the low teaching level . Teachers are workinghard , but the problem is that they are teaching so rigidly that they work rigidly from the approvedrigidly programmed primers . They are afraid of losing the job . They can’t cultivate rare geniu this way . Another serious problem in american education is that children are not taught how torespect and inherit cultural heritage of human beings . What the author states here is the situationof primary education . Are the secondary education and higher education in the same situation .?16Jerry was tired of swimming and sunbathing . He wanted to swim down to the bottom of the sea tosee what it was like there and play with other boys . But he felt he should not leave his widowedmother alone . His mother was also considerate of him . she hoped Jerry to stay on the safe beachwith her care at his side . But she was afraid that her son felt that she tried to keep him close andshe was possessive . Her son was eleven years old . She should give him freedom , and let him gowherever he likes to go . He could take care of himself without her . When Jerry swam far , hekept looking back to see whether his mother was still on the beach .。
自考英美文学选读-(中英文对照)
Part one: English LiteratureChapter1 The Renaissance period（14世纪至十七世纪中叶）文艺复兴1. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。
2. the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心，人是万物之灵。
3. Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据，来赞美人性，并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命，人可以不断发展完善自己，而且世界是属于他们的，供他们怀疑，探索以及享受。
4. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.托马斯.摩尔，克利斯朵夫.马洛和威廉.莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。
自考本科00015英语(二)教材中英文对照(7-11课)
自考本科00015英语（二）教材中英文对照（7-11课）第7课第7课Text AYour Inner VoiceMy day started just like all the other days for the past 15 years where I get up, make some coffee, shower, get dressed and leave for the train station at precisely 7:35 A.M. to arrive at work by 8:30. While on the train I would always choose a seat away from the crowd so I can read the newspaper in peace and quiet. At work I am always being bombarded with questions（质问）from coworkers, suppliers, telephone and then those dreaded meetings, so the last thing I need is some stranger to sit beside me and make small talk.你内心的声音我的一天又开始了，就像过去15年中的每一天一样，起床，煮咖啡，沐浴，穿衣服，在7点35分准时赶到火车站搭乘火车以便在8点30分之前到达工作地点。
在火车上，我总是选择远离人群的座位以便我能平静地读报纸。
工作中，我要无休止地应对同事、供应商提出的各种问题，电话总是响个不停，还有那些令人恐惧的会议，所以我最不想做的事就是和坐在身边的陌生人闲聊。
I don't know why but for some reason when I got on the train today it was unusually full, something I don't recall ever happening in the past. With hesitation I sat down in the only seat available beside a middle-aged man that had his head down and seemed to be lost in his thoughts. I was glad that he didn't notice when I sat next to him as he just continued to look down towards the floor.那天我搭乘火车时，不知道出于什么原因火车上异常拥挤，这是过去不曾发生过的。
英语自考《英美文学选读》的资料
一莎士比亚In 1593 and 1594, he published two narrative poems(叙事诗), Venus and Adonis(维纳斯和安东尼斯) and The Rape of Lucrece(鲁克丽斯受辱记).Four period:First: The first period of Shakespeare's dramatic career was one of apprenticeship(学徒期). He wrote five history plays: Henry VI, Parts I, II, and III(亨利六世上，中，下),Richard III(理查三世), and Titus Andronicus(泰托斯.安东尼); and four comedies: The Comedy of Errors(错误的喜剧), The Two Gentlemen of Verona(维洛那二绅士), The Taming of the Shrew(训悍记), and Love's Labour's Lost(爱的徒劳).Second: In the second period, Shakespeare's style and approach became highly individualized. By constructing a complex pattern between different characters and between appearance and reality, Shakespeare made subtle comments on a variety of human foibles. In this period he wrote five histories: Richard II(理查二世), King John(约翰王), Henry IV, Parts I and II(亨利四世上部和下部), and Henry V(亨利五世); six comedies: A Midsummer Night's Dream(仲夏夜之梦), The Merchant of Venice(威尼斯商人),Much Ado About Nothing(无事生非), As You Like It(皆大欢喜), Twelfth Night(第十二夜), and The Merry Wives of Windsor(温莎的风流娘们儿); and two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet(罗密欧与朱丽叶) and Julis Caesar(裘里斯.凯撒).Third: Shakespeare's third period includes his greatest tragedies and his so-called dark comedies. The tragedies of this period are Hamlet(哈姆雷特), Othello(奥赛罗), King Lear(李尔王), Macbeth(麦克白), Angony and Cleopatra(安东尼与克利奥佩特拉), Troilus and Cressida(克利奥拉纳斯), and Coriolanus(). The two comedies are All's Well That Ends Wells(终成眷属)and Measure for Measure(一报还一报).Last: The last period of Shakespeare's work includes his principal romantic tragicomedies(浪漫悲喜剧): Pericles(伯利克里), Cymbeline(辛白林), The Winter's Tale(冬天的故事) and The Tempest(暴风雨); and his two final plays: Henry VIII(亨利八世) and The Two Noble Kinsmen(两位贵族亲戚).Shakespeare's authentic non-dramatic poetry consist of two long narrative poems: Venus and Adonis(维纳斯和安东尼斯) and The Rape of Lucrece(鲁克丽斯受辱记), and his sequence of 154 sonnets. Shakespeare's sonnets are the only direct expression of the poet's own feelings.With three exceptions (99,126,154) Shakespeare writes his sonnets in the popular English form, first fully developed by Surrey, of three quatrains and a couplet(三节四行诗加一节偶句).Shakespeare's history plays are mainly written under the principle that national unity under a mighty and just sovereign is a necessity(在一个强大英明的君主统治下的国家，统一是非常必要的).The three history plays on the reign of Henry VI are the beginning of Shakespeare's epic treatment.The first and second parts of Henry IV are undoubtedly the most widely read among his history plays. It reveals a troubled reign in the 15th century. Shakespeare presents the patriotic spirit when mourning over the loss of English territories in France. He also dramatizes the class struggle between the oppressors and the oppressored during Jack Cade's rising of 1450. Furthermore, he condemns the War of the Roses waged by the feudal barons in which innocent people were killed. Here Shakespeare has liberated himself from any imitations of the contempory example .In his romantic comedies, Shakespeare takes an optimistic attitude toward love and youth, and the romantic elements are brought into full play.(在他的浪漫喜剧中，莎士比亚以乐观的态度对待爱情与青春，并将流浪色彩渲染到极致。
自考英美文学选读课文翻译 莎士比亚
威廉-莎士比亚威廉-莎士比亚（1564-1616）是世界有史以来最著名的作剧家和诗人之一。
凭着38部作品，154首十四行诗和2首长诗，他建立了他在世界文学史中的赫赫威名。
他也被全世界各式各样的学者和评论家给予了最高的赞誉。
在过去4百年间，关于莎士比亚的书籍和文章还不断大量出版。
莎士比亚可能出生于1564年4月23日埃文河畔斯特拉特福城的一户商人家庭。
他的父亲的职业被传为是卖手套的、羊毛商人、农夫或者是屠夫，是一个镇上有点地位的人，并多次当选为镇委员会的成员。
莎士比亚在哪个美丽的贸易小镇度过了他的童年并上了斯特拉特福语文小学。
他真正的老师是大自然和周围的百姓。
1587年，莎士比亚娶了大他几岁的安妮-哈撒韦为妻。
妻子为他生了3个孩子，苏珊娜和双胞胎朱迪斯和哈姆尼特。
也许由于要养活不断壮大的家庭，莎士比亚在1586或1587年离开斯特拉特福去了伦敦。
莎士比亚去了伦敦一处为戏剧发展提供了优越环境的地方。
他既当演员又做作剧家，为张伯伦家族做事，张伯伦家族后来又成为了王族。
莎士比亚的事业发展得如此的好以致被誉为‘大学才子’之一的罗伯特-格林气极败坏地地称呼他是只‘向上扑腾的乌鸦’。
大约从1591到1611年间，莎士比亚到达了他戏剧生涯的顶峰，他的作品一部又一部地不断问世。
莎士比亚没有把他的天赋局限于戏院里，在1593和1954年，他发表了2篇叙事诗，《维纳斯与阿多尼斯》和《路易斯受辱记》，都是写给南安普顿伯爵的。
1609年他也写了短诗并出版了。
到1597年时莎士比亚已经很有钱了，他在斯特拉特福买套大宅子作为新居。
大约于1610年莎士比亚从伦敦退隐回了斯特拉特福，即便如此他还是坚持写作了一段时间。
他卒于1616年4月23日。
由于对莎士比亚的许多作品的创作准确时间仍然存有争议，评论家们对把莎士比亚戏生涯的戏剧作品划分阶段方面存有不同的观点。
但总体来说他的戏剧生涯可以分为4个时期。
莎士比亚戏剧创作生涯的第一个阶段是创作早期。
英美文学各章要点总结中英对照
Chapter1 The Renaissance period（14世纪至十七世纪中叶）文艺复兴1. 1.Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。
2. 2.the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心，人是万物之灵。
3. 3.Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see thathuman beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据，来赞美人性，并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命，人可以不断发展完善自己，而且世界是属于他们的，供他们怀疑，探索以及享受。
4. 4.Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the Englishhumanists.托马斯.摩尔，克利斯朵夫.马洛和威廉.莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。
5. 5.Wyatt introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England.怀亚特将彼特拉克的十四行诗引进英国。
自学考试英美文学选读要点中英文概要
1234代价,与敌人同归于尽。
51. In his life, Milton shows himself a real revolutionary, a master poet and a great prose writer. 弥尔顿毕生都展现了真正的革命精神和非凡的诗歌才华。
52. Paradise Lost:人类由于理性不强,意志薄弱,经不起考验,暗示英国自产主义革命失败的原因。
Chapter2 The Neoclassical Period(1660-1798新古典主义1. In short, it was an age full of conflicts and divergence of values. 总之, 这一时期是矛盾与价值观分歧的时期。
2. The eighteenth-century England is also known as the Age of Enlighte nment or the Age of Reason. 英国的十八世纪也同时是启蒙主义时代, 或曰理性时代。
3. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas. 运动的主旨便是用当代哲学与艺术思想的晨光启迪整个世界。
4. Enlighteners held that rationality or reason should be the only, the fin al cause of any human thought and activities. They called for a referenc e to order, reason and rules. 启蒙者主张理性是任何人思想与行动的唯一缘由。
他们大力提倡秩序,理性及法律。
5. As a matter of fact, literature at the time, heavily didactic and moralizi ng, becamea very popular means of public education. 其实, 当时的文学作品种充满了说教与道德理念,就已经成为大众教育的良好工具。
自考英语本科高级英语上下册课后短文翻译
1Rock music began in America in the late 1950‟s . It was not only a new musical form , but a forum for the American youth to express their ideas of the world and life . In this forum , the stars sang out the attitudes of the youth towards civil rights , war and peace ,the disaffection of their society , and a range of emotions between love and hate . Allin all , in this forum , the American youth redefined the beliefs and feelings of their society . The typical representatives of the early rock music were Elvis Presley , singer and poet Bob Dylan , the Bealtles , the rolling Stones and so on . They were the culture heroes whom the young people worshipped .2The American young people in 1960‟s were a generation of rebellion . They found that the affluent American society was filled with poverty , injustice and gypocrisy . They didn‟t trust the adult world that didn‟t belong to them and refused to take their beliefs and values . Many young people took active part in the struggle which protested against poverty , racial discrimination and Vietnam War . Some young people even tried to overthrow this world by armed revolution. Many other young took passive ways to show their disaffections . They took drugs , refused to take any responsibilities and lived a parasitic way of life . Or they escaped to the frontiers and lived a primitive way of life .3Mathilda had been ill for three days . Her mother had given her some medicine, but it did n‟t do any good . So they had to ask the doctor to come . There had been a number of cases of diphtheria in Mathilda‟s school and two of them had been dead . When the doctor arrived at Olson‟s home , he wanted to examine Mthilda‟s throat first . But no mat ter how he coaxed ,,She wouldn‟t open her mouth . So the doctor had to get the tongue depressor into her mouth . But Mathilda reduced it to splinters . In order to protect Mathilda herself and other children , the doctor had to make surewhether she had diphtheria or not , so that he could treat her in time . Letting Mathilda …s father hold her wrists he tried his best to open her mouth and found she really had diphtheria. This story made us can think such a question that something in life can‟t only depend on self willingness . Under some circumstances , certain force seems necessary .4The need for laws on euthanasia can‟t be dodged for much longer . Euthanasia is a taboo in most countries . In these countries doctors can only practise it secretly . But it is openly practiced in some countries , such as Holland . Right now more and more countries are going over the arguments about legalizing euthanasia .When a patient suffers from illness for a long time and there is no hope of curing it , why do we l et him polong the throes ?Why can‟t we practise euthanasia to stop the throes ?But if we legalize euthanasia , there will be a danger Someone may use it for killing . All in all , euthanasia is question we can‟t dodge .5The American women made great c ontributions to the nation‟s development , but they received different forms of prejudices because of their sex . In politics , they did all the tedious details that made the differene between victory and defeat on election day and seldom had the chance to reach a better position , while the men reaped the rewards . In economy , most women did the lower-paying and dead –end jobs and they were paid less than the men for the same job . Many American people didn‟t admit it was prejudice against women . They said it was only a different division of labour in society . Even many women were content with their roles as second-class citizens . So the author said it was a long painful struggle for the women to get real equality .6When I knew Magpie got a scholarship of a California University and could go to the Fine Arts School to study , I was very pleased for him . I knew he wanted to become a poet all the time. I also knew he had a good talent . It was a very good chance for him . So I went back to Crow Creek to tell him about the good news and let him fill out some papers . But I didn‟t find him at his home . His wife said they had not been together for a while and only heard he was in Chamberlain . Then I went for Salina and asked her to help me find Magpie . Salina said Magpie had changed a lot since he was taken into prison . She thought he was not interested in going to the university of white people . But I said Magpie had a right to know this news and make the decision whether to go or not by himself . She agreed and took me to his good friend , Elgie . But when I could really see Magpie at last , he had been shot by the police .7Miss Brill was an English who lived in a coastal city in France . She was old and poor . She would go to the park on every Sunday afternoon . She always sat on the same bench , listening people around her talk , or watching other people‟s lives in front of her . She suddenly had a feeling on that Sunday afternoon . She felt the life was like a play and she was one part of the community . She had a part in the performance . At this time , the feeling of loneliness began to escape her .But just at this time she heard a couple of young people talk about her with contempt . Even the young man asked her to leave in a low voice . The short feeling of happiness disappeared . she went home with a broken heart .8Man created language . It was man‟s way of communicating with his fellow man . The difference between oral and written language was that oral language could take the human voice to infuse it with the shades of deeper meaning . Flowers was nearly singing when she read A Tale ofTwo Cities . It sounded beautiful . Her reading made me realize the wonder of language. Mrs. Flowers gave me novels and poems . I learned value of life from these books and realized how beautiful the language of literature works was .Man created language . It was man‟s way of communicating with his fellow man . The difference between oral and written language was that oral language could take the human voice to infuse it with the shades of deeper meaning . Flowers was nearly singing when she read A Tale of Two Cities . It sounded beautiful . Her reading made me realize the wonder of language. Mrs. Flowers gave me novels and poems . I learned value of life from these books and realized how beautiful the language of literature works was .9People have a short attention span . So in order to capture the viewer‟s attention , television must provide constant stimulation through variety , novelty , action and movement . The result of doing so is that news is too brief and results in inefficient communication . Many news programs are like “ machine –gunning with scraps “and figh t coherence of mind.The appeal to the short attention span will decivilize as well. To avoid complexity means to give up thinking . The “ functionally illiterates “ among adult Americans are continually increasing . They even do not know how to answer the want ad. Or understand the instructions on a medicine bottle . At least television should be responsible for part of it .10One night , two German military officers were murdered by Frenchmen . The next day , a German officer declared to thirty French prisoners , “ My order is that one man in every ten shall be selected and shot tomorrow . That is to say , three of you thirty people will die tomorrow . We are indifferent as to which three . You can choose for yourselves .”The prisoners had a heated discussion about who should die. Someone said the old people should go first . This was the way of nature . Some people said the unmarried should go first because they had no responsibilities . At last , all consented to drawinglots to decide which three went to die . A rich lawyer unfortunately got the death draw . He said , “ I …ll give a hundred thousand francs to anyone who will die for me . “11Some people will fall asleep as soon as their heads touch the pillows . Some people can‟t go to sleep although they have been lying in bed several hours . The more he wants to go to sleep , the more wakeful he is . I belong to the latter . When I write an essay , I feel an overpowering desire for sleep . But when I go to bed , I can do anything but sleep . I can compose grand symphonies , paint magnificent pictures and write good essays . The artificial ways of inducing sleep are legion , but they are of no avail . When I can‟t go to sleep at night , I imagine a dialogue with a friend till I either laugh or fall asleep . I find this is a good way to go to sleep .12As a very small child , I made up my mind to become a writer in future . When I become a writer , what I have most wanted to do is to make political writing into a work of art . The opinion that art should have nothing to do with politics is wrong . Writing is exposing lies , protecting truth and also an aesthetic experience . Animal Farm was the book in which I tried to fuse political purpose and artistic purpose into one whole . Writing should serve the society and the public . This is the principle I must follow . I f a writer lacks political purpose , he will only write some purple passages , even some humbug .13The first thing Russell thinks is the most ordinary function of work , namely the relief o ftedium. He thinks even the dullest work is less painful than idleness to most people . Then he talks about how the work can provide the people with opportunities for their ambitions. Man, as a member of the society , hopes that he can procure more and more social achievements . He pointsout that most women are so unfortunate that they can not work outside their homes . They are deprived of this chance .It seems that different kinds of work give people satisfaction to different degrees . Russell studies the concerning two chief elements , that is the exercise of skill and construction .When he analyzes the latter , Russell finds an opportunity to express his profound hatred to the war and social violence .14John F. Kerry was a discharged veteran from Vietnam War and took part in the investigation held in Detroit in December in 1970 . He thought the purpose for the veterans to attend the investigation was not only to confess their war crimes in order to purge their souls . It was not the individual but the American government that should have been responsible for the war crimes . He hoped to arouse the sense of responsibility of American people by this text . He criticized that the mass of people in America lit erally didn‟t give a damn and pointed out that the policy of the American government was hypocritical. He revealed the veterans‟ miserable conditions after they came back : racial discrimination ,drug taking , unemployment , no good medical care , etc. In the end he told the readers that members of Vietnam Veterans Against the War would march on Washington to the Capitol . Their most important demand was that the government set a date for withdrawl of troops from Vietnam, otherwise , they would camp and sta y there and won‟t move .15The author first pointed out that American and European women expended a large sum of money on cosmetics in order to make them look younger and more beautiful . Unlike the people of 19th century , they didn‟t think that only women who were not virtuous could use cosmetics . But the author worried that women only paid attention to their appearances and ignored the necessity to overcome the ugliness of theirhearts . He thought the people would be really beautiful only when the human beings had an opportunity to live harmoniously . But the author did not think the objective could be realized .16The three interviewers hid the truth of the firm to McDeere and only told him that the firm mainly did tax work . The clients of the firm were all big corporations , banks and wealthy people . Although the firm was not large in size and only consisted of forty –one lawyers , the salaries an all other benefits of the members were incredibly high . For the first year , McDeere could receive a base salary of eighty thousand dollars , plus bonuses , a low –interest mortgage and a luxurious car . If he worked hard , he would become a partner in ten years . If he put in ten more years , he could be a millionaire .All these were very appealing to Mcdeere . He agreed to accept this job without hesitation . But he could not imagine that he mistakenly went into a lawyer firm which was controlled by a black organization and specialized in illegal activities .1It‟s not easy to work in a big comp any . There is strict hierarchy in the company , and if you hope to be successful and get promotion , you have to obey directions and disciplines in addition to bear heavy pressure of work and work hard . Every day you are under rigid supervision and live in panic . If what you do is a job which will not provide you any chance to get promotion and for some reasons you have no way to find another job , you will be bored with it and feel dull . You will be in despair , lose ambition and working motivation , and finally become a mediocre .2Eveline agreed to marry Frank –an Irish sailor who lived in Buenos Ayres . They got to know each other when Frank just came back Dublin to spend his holidays . They would go to Buenos Ayres by boat that night . The boat was going to leave in a few hours , but she was still in doubtwhether it was wise or not to go to such a distant country with Frank . Although she didn‟t like the job in the store , and her father didn‟t treat her well , it was the only life that she was f amiliar with , after all . Besides , Eveline had promised to her mother that she would keep the home together as long as she could before her mother died . But the vision of the miserable life of her mother made her feel horrible . She would live a happy life with Frank .But she changed her mind before boarding the boat . The boat left with Frank . Everybody dreamed of happy life , but one must have courage to realize his dream .3Television has much more advantages than newspapers . When watching TV, we use our eyes as well as ears ; we can see the words and picture on the screen , and listen to the language and music as well . TV news broadcasting is quicker than that of newspapers . But television lives on commercial advertising to an even greater extent than newspapers . Profits drive television to cater to the lowest instinct of man . There are violence and sex in entertainment programmes of American television . Very often , television coverage of news is superficial and inadequate .There are a lot of problems in American newspapers too . the most prominent problem is that newspapers distort fact , and attack the countries ,people and the social systems which Americans do not like .4The life circle includes birth , being old , and death . Death is an unavoidable end for everybody . Aging is the neglected period of human life circle . Death happens within a few seconds while aging is a long period which means illness , poverty , and loneliness advertisements and travel folders show relaxed , happy , well-dressed older people enjoying recreation,travel and their grandchildren . But all these can not be enjoyed by the poor elder . They have to struggle to survive in old age . Many old people struggle to exist in an inhospitable world . There are more and more old people in the world now , and the government of every country is beginning to pay attention to the problems of old people .5Mrs . Wright was a town girl before she married John Wright and lived in his farm . She used to be a lively girl who liked singing . But during the thirty years living together with Wright , she totally changed . Wright was miserly and never paid attention to his wife‟s needs . There was no joy in their house , and even the neighbours were reluctant to call at their house . One winter morning , Mr. Hale , their neighbour , found that Wright was strangled on his bed .Mrs Wright said that shedidn‟t know who killed her husband . Her behaviour was very queer . She didn‟t call the police , but just sat in the rocker rocking back and forth in the kitchen . The policemen arrested her . Next morning , county sheriff and county attorney took Hale back to the farm to investigate who had killed Wright .6The county sheriff and county attorney couldn‟t find out any sign of anyone having come from the outside , and they were sure that Wright had been killed by his wife . In order to make juries believe the story , they had to find out Mrs . Wright‟s motive for killing her husband , but they failed . While they were busy investigating ,the two women sitting in the kitchen found a dead canary which was wrapped up in a piece of silk lying in a box . The canary had been wrung to death . The two women could imagine what kind of life Mrs . Wright had spent while living with Wright in this house . They didn‟t want the box containing the dead canary to be seen by sheriff and county attorney . In order to protect Mrs . Wright , they hid the box .7Ace was in a plight . He lost the job and was afraid to see his wife .Evey had to work as a saleswoman because Ace could not earn enough money to support the family . She was always very tired after working a whole day . She always had no time to cook dinner . now he was sacked , so he was worried that Evey would be ma d . Ace …s mother took care of their daughter Bonnie for them . Evey always took Bonnie back , but Ace went to take Bonnie that day . Ace‟s mother was glad that Ace lost the job , for she thought Ace should have a better job . Evey was not very angry with Ace this time , but did Ace get rid of the plight ?8Why are so many people overweight in the United States ? Most people may say that there are two reasons . One is that American food is tasty ; the other is that they take few exercises . But the author doesn‟t think this way . He proposes such a hypothesis that people eat in order to satisfy the sense of taste . When food has the flavor of library paste , people need to eat more so as to satisfy the frustrated taste buds . “ Science “ causes the blandne ss of American food which is the real reason why obesity has become a national curse . We should not be very serious about the author‟s strange opinion which is merely a way that the author used to satirize the American food .9I was born , grew up and finished high school in Watts , so I have deep feelings to Watts . I decided to make a career in Watts because it was supposed to be impossible . At that time , many young blacks left Watts in droves . They thought they could make a career only outside the ghetto .I also left Watts and went to study in Oxford University and Yale University . The riots in ghetto in 1960s showed the ever increasing militancy of the blacks . The riots were the most significant massive action taken by Northern Negroes . It was a watershed in the ghetto‟s history . The deepest impact of the riots was on the people of Watts . I will never escape from the ghetto . I have staked my all on its future . Watts is my home .10Customers have different values about products and services . Some customers demand low prices with the least inconvenience . Some customers don‟t care much about the prices , but they demand that the products should represent the hottest style and technology on the market . Other customers demand that products and services should meet their specific needs . Thus , if a company hopes to become the market leader and keep its edge , it must focus on one dimension and create a breakthrough to reach new heights of performance according to its own situation . It can win through cost or with great products or through customer intimacy .11Human beings have four major desires ; acquisitiveness , rivalry , vanity and love of power . Acquisitiveness is the wish to possess as much as possible of goods . Satiety is a dream which will always elude you . Acquisitiveness is the mainspring of the capitalist system , but rivalry is a much stronger motive than acquisitiveness . Vanity is a motive of immense potency . It is scarcely possible to exggerate the influence of vanity throughout the range of human life . But love of power is a motive which overweighs vanity . love of power is insatiable . Love of power is by far the strongest motive in the lives of important men . love of power is greatly increased by the experience of power .12Jerry ----Marian‟s son -----had to join the army and was sent to Vietnam to fight a losing battle shortly after he spent twenty –year –old birthday . Later , he was captured in one battle and was sent to a prison –compound . Young Jerry couldn‟t stand such a heavy blow and broke down . the handsome young man changed into another person . He was expressionless with a dull look in his eyes . His face muscles were jerking . He looked like an idiot . Marian‟s heart broke when she saw her idiot son in the newsreel . What made her relieved was the fact that her son was still alive and she would wait for her son patiently .13Huxley states in the article that most people are snobs about something . He says that some people even feel that they are important just because of having certain diseases . But so far I have never met any disease –snobs . In china , during the Culture Revolution , the snobbery of family and the snobbery of ignorance and stupidity were most popular . Twenty years later , modernity –snobbery is making headway today . our media encourage modernity –snobbery desperately . TV advertisements urge people to buy new goods . In addition , they make you feel that you are shameful if you don‟t have the most fashionable goods . For u p-to-dateness means that you are wealthy , and wealth is a symbol of strong capability . Only a man knowing his own mind can resist the flood of propaganda .14Arthur likes to go fishing along the canal on Sunday mornings . After six days‟ tiring labor work , he wants to leave the factory , leave the city as soon as possible to go to the tranquil countrysideand sit by the canal , fishing . He thinks it is a best way to relax himself and a best way to forget all the troubles . The factory is dirty stinking and ugly and people do not want to stay there for one more minute . The countryside has a picturesque view : fresh air , enchanting spring scene , green grass and trees , fragrant earth . The factory is hell while the countryside is heaven .15Most people believe that American education is of the highest quality in the world , but the author has his unique opinion . He thinks that there are serious problems in American education . The low quality of American education can not be faulted on the low teaching level . Teachers are working hard , but the problem is that they are teaching so rigidly that they work rigidly from the approved rigidly programmed primers . They are afraid of losing the job . They can‟t cultivate rare genius in this way . Another serious problem in american education is that children are not taught how to respect and inherit cultural heritage of human beings . What the author states here is the situation of primary education . Are the secondary education and higher education in the same situation .?16Jerry was tired of swimming and sunbathing . He wanted to swim down to the bottom of the sea to see what it was like there and play with other boys . But he felt he should not leave his widowed mother alone . His mother was also considerate of him . she hoped Jerry to stay on the safe beach with her care at his side . But she was afraid that her son felt that she tried to keep him close and she was possessive . Her son was eleven years old . She should give him freedom , and let him go wherever he likes to go . He could take care of himself without her . When Jerry swam far , he kept looking back to see whether his mother was still on the beach .。
英美文学选读完美中英对照版
英美文学选读复习要点中英文对照Part one: English Literature Chapter1 The Renaissance period（14世纪至十七世纪中叶）文艺复兴1. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。
2. the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心，人是万物之灵。
3. Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据，来赞美人性，并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命，人可以不断发展完善自己，而且世界是属于他们的，供他们怀疑，探索以及享受。
4. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.托马斯.摩尔，克利斯朵夫.马洛和威廉.莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。
自考英美文学选读_第一章_文艺复兴时期(英国)(课文翻译)
英美文学选读翻译（英语专业自考）第一部分：英国文学第一章文艺复兴时期文艺复兴标志着一个过渡时期,即中世纪的结束和现代社会的开始。
一般来说,文艺复兴时期是从十四世纪到十七世纪中叶。
它从意大利兴起,伴随着绘画、雕塑和文学领域的百花齐放,而后文艺复兴浪潮席卷了整个欧洲。
文艺复兴,顾名思义即重生、复苏,是由一系列历史事件激发推动的,其中包括对古希腊罗马文化的重新发现。
地理天文领域的新发现,宗教改革及经济发展。
因此,文艺复兴从本质上是欧洲人文主义者竭力摒弃中世纪欧洲的封建主义,推行代表新兴城市资产阶级利益的新思想,并恢复早期宗教的纯洁性,远离腐败的罗马天主教廷的一场运动。
文艺复兴浪潮影响到英国的速度比较慢,不仅因为英国远离欧洲大陆,而且还因为其国内的动荡不安。
乔叟去世后的一个半世纪是英国历史上最动荡不安的时期。
好战的贵族篡取了王位,使英国走上自我毁灭之路。
著名的玫瑰之战就是极好的例子。
后来理查三世的恐怖统治标志着内战的结束,在都铎王朝的统治下英国的民族情感又成长起来。
然而直到亨利八世统治期间(1509-1547),文艺复兴的春风才吹入英国。
在亨利八世的鼓励下,牛津的改革派学者和人文主义者们将古典文学引入英国。
基于古典文学作品及《圣经》的教育重获生机,而十五世纪就被广泛传阅的文学作品则更加流行了。
自此,英国的文艺复兴开始了。
英国,尤其是英国文学进入了黄金时代。
这个时期涌现出莎士比亚、斯宾塞、约翰逊、锡德尼、马洛、培根及邓恩等一大批文学巨匠。
但英国的文艺复兴并未使新文学与旧时代彻底决裂,带有十四、十五世纪特点的创作态度与情感依然贯穿在人文主义与改革时代。
人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。
它源于努力恢复中世纪产生的对古希腊罗马文化的尊崇。
人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以"人"为中心,人是万物之灵。
通过这些对古代文化崭新的研究,人文主义者不仅看到了光彩夺目的艺术启明星,还在那古典作品中寻求到了人的价值。
自考英语本科高级英语上下册课后短文翻译
1Rock music began in America in the late 1950’s . It was not only a new musical form , but a forum for the American youth to express their ideas of the world and life . In this forum , the stars sang out the attitudes of the youth towards civil rights , war and peace ,the disaffection of their society , and a range of emotions between love and hate . Allinall , in this forum , the American youth redefined the beliefs and feelings of their society . The typical representatives of the early rock music were Elvis Presley , singer and poet Bob Dylan , the Bealtles , the rolling Stones and so on . They were the culture heroes whom the young people worshipped .2The American young people in 1960’s were a generation of rebellion . They found that the affluent American society was filled with poverty , injustice and gypocrisy . They didn’t trust the adult world that didn’t belong to them and refused to take their beliefs and values . Many young people took active part in the struggle which protested against poverty , racial discrimination and Vietnam War . Some young people even tried to overthrow this world by armed revolution. Many other young took passive ways to show their disaffections . They took drugs , refused to take any responsibilities and lived a parasitic way of life . Or they escaped to the frontiers and lived a primitive way of life .3Mathilda had been ill for three days . Her mother had given her some medicine, but it didn’t do a ny good . So they had to ask the doctor to come . There had been a number of cases of diphtheria in Mathilda’s school and two of them had been dead . When the doctor arrived at Olson’s home , he wanted to examine Mthilda’s throat first . But no matter how he coaxed ,,She wouldn’t open her mouth . So the doctor had to get the tongue depressor into her mouth . But Mathilda reduced it to splinters . In order to protect Mathilda herself and other children , the doctor had to make sure whether she had diphtheria or not , so that he could treat her in time . Letting Mathilda ‘s father hold her wrists he tried his best to open her mouth and found she really had diphtheria. This story made us can think such a question that something in life can’tonly depend on self willingness . Under some circumstances , certain force seems necessary .4The need for laws on euthanasia can’t be dodged for much longer . Euthanasia is a taboo in most countries . In these countries doctors can only practise it secretly . But it is openly practiced in some countries , such as Holland . Right now more and more countries are going over the arguments about legalizing euthanasia .When a patient suffers from illness for a long time and there is no hope of curing it , why do we let him polo ng the throes ?Why can’t we practise euthanasia to stop the throes ?But if we legalize euthanasia , there will be a danger Someone may use it for killing . All in all , euthanasia is question we can’t dodge .5The American women made great contributions to the nation’s development , but they received different forms of prejudices because of their sex . In politics , they did all the tedious details that made the differene between victory and defeat on election day and seldom had the chance to reach a better position , while the men reaped the rewards . In economy , most women did the lower-paying and dead –end jobs and they were paid less than the men for the same job . Many American people didn’t admit it was prejudice against women . They said it was only a different division of labour in society . Even many women were content with their roles as second-class citizens . So the author said it was a long painful struggle for the women to get realequality .6When I knew Magpie got a scholarship of a CaliforniaUniversity and could go to the Fine Arts School to study , I was very pleased for him . I knew he wanted to become a poet all the time. I also knew he had a good talent . It was a very good chance for him . So I went back to Crow Creek to tell him about the good news and let him fill out some papers . But I didn’t find him at his home . His wife said they had not been together for a while and only heard he was in Chamberlain . Then I went for Salina and asked her to help me find Magpie .Salina said Magpie had changed a lotsince he was taken into prison . She thought he was not interested in going to the university of white people . But I said Magpie had a right to know this news and make the decision whether to go or not by himself . She agreed and took me to his good friend ,Elgie . But when I could really see Magpie at last , he had been shot by the police .7Miss Brill was an English who lived in a coastal city in France . She was old and poor . She would go to the park on every Sunday afternoon . She always sat on the same bench , listening people around her talk , or watching other people’s lives in front of her . She suddenly had a feeling on that Sunday afternoon . She felt the life was like a play and she was one part of the community . She had a part in the performance . At this time , the feeling of loneliness began to escape her .But just at this time she heard a couple of young people talk about her with contempt . Even the young man asked her to leave in a low voice . The short feeling of happiness disappeared .she went home with a broken heart .8Man created language . It was man’s way of communicating with his fellow man . The difference between oral and written language was that oral language could take the human voice to infuse it with the shades of deeper meaning . Flowers was nearly singing when she read A Tale of Two Cities . It sounded beautiful . Her reading made me realize the wonder of language. Mrs. Flowers gave me novels and poems . I learned value of life from these books and realized how beautiful the language of literature works was .Man created language . It was man’s way of communicating with his fellow man . The difference between oral and written language was that oral language could take the human voice to infuse it with the shades of deeper meaning . Flowers was nearly singing when she read A Tale of Two Cities . It sounded beautiful . Her reading made me realize the wonder of language. Mrs. Flowers gave me novels and poems . I learned value of life from these books and realized how beautiful the language of literature works was .9People have a short attention span . So in order to capture the viewer’s attention , televisionmust provide constant stimulation through variety , novelty , action and movement . The result of doing so is that news is too brief and results in inefficient communication . Many news programs are like “ machine –gunning with scraps “and fight coherence of mind.The appeal to the short attention span will decivilize as well. To avoid complexity means to give up thinking . The “ functionally illiterates “ among adult Americans are continually increasing . They even do not know how to answer the want ad. Or understand the instructions on a medicine bottle . At least television should be responsible for part of it .10One night , two German military officers were murdered by Frenchmen . The next day , a German officer declared to thirty French prisoners , “ My order is that one man in every ten shall be selected and shot tomorrow . That is to say , three of you thirty people will die tomorrow . We are indifferent as to which three . You can choose for yourselves .”The prisoners had a heated discussion about who should die. Someone said the old people should go first . This was the way of nature . Some people said the unmarried should go first because they had no responsibilities . At last , all consented to drawing lots to decide which three went to die . A rich lawyer unfortunately got the death draw . He said , “ I ‘ll give a hundred thousand fran cs to anyone who will die for me . “11Some people will fall asleep as soon as their heads touch the pillows . Some people can’t go to sleep although they have been lying in bed several hours . The more he wants to go to sleep , the more wakeful he is . I belong to the latter . When I write an essay , I feel an overpowering desire for sleep . But when I go to bed , I can do anything but sleep . I can compose grand symphonies , paint magnificent pictures and write good essays . The artificial ways of inducing sleep are legion , but they are of no avail . When I can’t go to sleep at night , I imagine a dialogue with a friend till I either laugh or fall asleep . I find this is a good way to go to sleep .12As a very small child , I made up my mind to become a writer in future . When I become a writer , what I have most wanted to do is to make political writing into awork of art . The opinion that art should have nothing to do with politics is wrong . Writing is exposing lies , protecting truth and also an aesthetic experience . Animal Farm was the book in which I tried to fuse political purpose and artistic purpose into one whole . Writing should serve the society and the public . This is the principle I must follow . I f a writer lacks political purpose , he will only write some purple passages , even some humbug .13The first thing Russell thinks is the most ordinary function of work , namely the relief o ftedium. He thinks even the dullest work is less painful than idleness to most people . Then he talks about how the work can provide the people with opportunities for their ambitions. Man, as a member of the society , hopes that he can procure more and more social achievements . He points out that most women are so unfortunate that they can not work outside their homes . They are deprived of this chance .It seems that different kinds of work give people satisfaction to different degrees . Russell studies the concerning two chief elements , that is the exercise of skill and construction .When he analyzes the latter , Russell finds an opportunity to express his profound hatred to the war and social violence .14John F. Kerry was a discharged veteran from Vietnam War and took part in the investigation held in Detroit in December in 1970 . He thought the purpose for the veterans to attend the investigation was not only to confess their war crimes in order to purge their souls . It was not the individual but the American government that should have been responsible for the war crimes . He hoped to arouse the sense of responsibility of American people by this text . He criticized that the mass of people in America literally didn’t give a damn and pointed out that the policy of the American government was hypocritical. He revealed the veterans’ miserable conditions after they came back : racial discrimination ,drug taking , unemployment , no good medical care , etc. In the end he told the readers that members of Vietnam Veterans Against the War would march on Washington to the Capitol . Their mostimportant demand was that the government set a date for withdrawl of troops from Vietnam, otherwise , they would camp and stay there and won’t move .15The author first pointed out that American and European women expended a large sum of money on cosmetics in order to make them look younger and more beautiful . Unlike the people of 19th century , they didn’t think that only women who were not virtuous could use cosmetics . But the author worried that women only paid attention to their appearances and ignored the necessity to overcome the ugliness of their hearts . He thought the people would be really beautiful only when the human beings had an opportunity to live harmoniously . But the author did not think the objective could be realized .16The three interviewers hid the truth of the firm to McDeere and only told him that the firm mainly did tax work . The clients of the firm were all big corporations , banks and wealthy people . Although the firm was not large in size and only consisted of forty –one lawyers , the salaries an all other benefits of the members were incredibly high . For the first year ,McDeere could receive a base salary of eighty thousand dollars , plus bonuses , a low –interest mortgage and a luxurious car . If he worked hard , he would become a partner in ten years . If he put in ten more years , he could be a millionaire .All these were very appealing to Mcdeere . He agreed to accept this job without hesitation . But he could not imagine that he mistakenly went into a lawyer firm which was controlled by a black organization and specialized in illegal activities .1It’s not easy to work in a big company . There is strict hierarchy in the company , and if you hope to be successful and get promotion , you have to obey directions and disciplines in addition to bear heavy pressure of work and work hard . Every day you are under rigid supervision and live in panic . If what you do is a job which will not provide you any chance to get promotion and for some reasons you have no way to find another job , you will be bored with it and feel dull . You will be in despair , lose ambition and working motivation , and finally become a mediocre .2Eveline agreed to marry Frank –an Irish sailor who lived in Buenos Ayres . They got to know each other when Frank just came back Dublin to spend his holidays . They would go to Buenos Ayres by boat that night . The boat was going to leave in a few hours , but she was still in doubt whether it was wise or not to go to such a distant country with Frank . Although she didn’t like the job in the store , and her father didn’t treat her well , it was the only life that she was familiar with , after all . Besides ,Eveline had promised to her mother that she would keep the home together as long as she could before her mother died . But the vision of the miserable life of her mother made her feel horrible . She would live a happy life with Frank .But she changed her mind before boarding the boat . The boat left with Frank . Everybody dreamed of happy life , but one must have courage to realize his dream .3Television has much more advantages than newspapers . When watching TV, we use our eyes as well as ears ; we can see the words and picture on the screen , and listen to the language and music as well . TV news broadcasting is quicker than that of newspapers . But television lives on commercial advertising to an even greater extent than newspapers . Profits drive television to cater to the lowest instinct of man . There are violence and sex in entertainment programmes of American television . Very often , television coverage of news is superficial and inadequate . There are a lot of problems in American newspapers too .the most prominent problem is that newspapers distort fact , and attack the countries ,people and the social systems which Americans do not like .4The life circle includes birth , being old , and death . Death is an unavoidable end for everybody . Aging is the neglected period of human life circle . Death happens within a few seconds while aging is a long period which means illness , poverty , and loneliness advertisements and travel folders show relaxed , happy , well-dressed older people enjoying recreation,travel and their grandchildren . But all these can not be enjoyed by the poor elder . They have to struggle to survive in old age . Many old people struggle to exist in an inhospitable world . There are more and more old people in the world now , and the government of every country is beginning to pay attention to the problems of old people .5Mrs . Wright was a town girl before she married John Wright and lived in his farm . She used to be a lively girl who liked singing . But during the thirty years living together with Wright , she totally changed . Wright was miserly and never paid attention to his wife’s needs . There was no joy in their house , and even the neighbours were reluctant to call at their house . One winter morning , Mr. Hale , their neighbour , found that Wright was strangled on his bed .Mrs Wright said that she didn’t know who killed her husband . Her behaviour was very queer . She didn’t call the police , but just sat in the rocker rocking back and forth in the kitchen . The policemen arrested her . Next morning , county sheriff and county attorney took Hale back to the farm to investigate who hadkilled Wright .6The county sheriff and county attorney couldn’t find out any sign of anyone having come from the outside , and they were sure that Wright had been killed by his wife . In order to make juries believe the story , they had to find out Mrs . Wright’s motive for killing her husband , but they failed . While they were busy investigating ,the two women sitting in the kitchen found a dead canary which was wrapped up in a piece of silk lying in a box . The canary had been wrung to death . The two women could imagine what kind of life Mrs . Wright had spent while living with Wright in this house . They didn’t want the box con taining the dead canary to be seen by sheriff and county attorney . In order to protect Mrs .Wright , they hid the box .7Ace was in a plight . He lost the job and was afraid to see his wife .Evey had to work as a saleswoman because Ace could not earn enough money to support the family . She was always very tired after working a whole day . She always had no time to cook dinner .now he was sacked , so he was worried that Evey would be mad . Ace ‘s mother took care of their daughter Bonnie for them . Evey always took Bonnie back , but Ace went to take Bonnie that day . Ace’s mother was glad that Ace lost the job , for she thought Ace should have a better job . Evey was not very angry with Ace this time , but did Ace get rid of the plight ?8Why are so many people overweight in the United States ? Most people may say that there are two reasons . One is that American food is tasty ; the other is that they take few exercises . But the author doesn’t think this way . He proposes such a hypothesis that people eat in order to satisfy the sense of taste . When food has the flavor of library paste , people need to eat more so as to satisfy the frustrated taste buds . “ Science “ causes the blandness of American food which is the real reason why obesit y has become a national curse . We should not be very serious about the author’s strange opinion which is merely a way that the author used to satirize the American food .9I was born , grew up and finished high school in Watts , so I have deep feelings to Watts . I decided to make a career in Watts because it was supposed to be impossible . At that time , many young blacks left Watts in droves . They thought they could make a career only outside the ghetto .I also left Watts and went to study in OxfordUniversity and YaleUniversity . The riots in ghetto in 1960s showed the ever increasing militancy of the blacks . The riots were the most significant massive action taken by Northern Negroes . It was a watershed in the ghetto’s history . The deepest impact of the riots was on the people of Watts . I will never escape from the ghetto . I have staked my all on its future .Watts is my home .10Customers have different values about products and services . Some customers demand low prices with the least inconveni ence . Some customers don’t care much about the prices , but they demand that the products should represent the hottest style and technology on the market . Other customers demand that products and services should meet their specific needs .Thus , if a company hopes to become the market leader and keep its edge , it must focus on one dimension and create a breakthrough to reach new heights of performance according to its own situation . It can win through cost or with great products or through customer intimacy .11Human beings have four major desires ; acquisitiveness , rivalry , vanity and love of power . Acquisitiveness is the wish to possess as much as possible of goods . Satiety is a dream which will always elude you . Acquisitiveness is the mainspring of the capitalist system , but rivalry is a much stronger motive than acquisitiveness . Vanity is a motive of immense potency . It is scarcely possible to exggerate the influence of vanity throughout the range of human life . But love of power is a motive which overweighs vanity .love of power is insatiable . Love of power is by far the strongest motive in the lives of important men .love of power is greatly increased by the experience of power .12Jerry ----Marian’s son -----had to join the army and was sent to Vietnam to fight a losing battle shortly after he spent twenty –year –old birthday .Later , he was captured in one battle and was sent to a prison –compound . Young Jerry couldn’t stand such a heavy blow and broke down .the handsome young man changed into another person . He was expressionless with a dull look in his eyes . His face muscles were jerking . He looked like an idiot . Marian’s heart broke when she saw her idiot son in the newsreel . What made her relieved was the fact that her son was still alive and she would wait for her son patiently .13Huxley states in the article that most people are snobs about something . He says that some people even feel that they are important just because of having certain diseases . But so far I have never met any disease –snobs . In china , during the Culture Revolution , the snobbery of family and the snobbery of ignorance and stupidity were most popular . Twenty years later , modernity –snobbery is making headway today . our media encourage modernity –snobbery desperately . TV advertisements urge people to buy new goods . In addition , they make you feel that you are shameful if you don’t have the most fashionable goods . For up-to-dateness means that you are wealthy , and wealth is a symbol of strong capability . Only a man knowing his own mind can resist the flood of propaganda .14Arthur likes to go fishing along the canal on Sunday mornings . After six days’ tiring labor work , he wants to leave the factory , leave the city as soon as possible to go to the tranquil countryside and sit by the canal , fishing . He thinks it is a best way to relax himself and a best way to forget all the troubles . The factory is dirty stinking and ugly and people do not want to stay there for one more minute . The countryside has a picturesque view : fresh air , enchanting spring scene , green grass and trees , fragrant earth . The factory is hell while the countryside is heaven .15Most people believe that American education is of the highest quality in the world , but the author has his unique opinion . He thinks that there are serious problems in American education . The low quality of American education can not be faulted on the low teaching level . Teachers are working hard , but the problem is that they are teaching so rigidly that they work rigidly from the approved rigidly programmed primers . They are afraid of losing the job . They can’t cultivate rare genius in this way . Another serious problem in american education is that children are not taught how to respect and inherit cultural heritage of human beings . What the author states here is the situation of primary education . Are the secondary education and higher education in the same situation .?16Jerry was tired of swimming and sunbathing . He wanted to swim down to the bottom of the sea tosee what it was like there and play with other boys . But he felt he should not leave his widowed mother alone . His mother was also considerate of him .she hoped Jerry to stay on the safe beach with her care at his side . But she was afraid that her son felt that she tried to keep him close and she was possessive . Her son was eleven years old . She should give him freedom , and let him go wherever he likes to go . He could take care of himself without her . When Jerry swam far , he kept looking back to see whether his mother was still on the beach .。
自考英语本科高级英语上下册课后短文翻译
自考英语本科高级英语上下册课后短文翻译-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1自考英语本科高级英语上下册课后短文翻译1Rock music began in America in the late 1950’s . It was not only a new musical form , but a forum for the American youth to express their ideas of the world and life . In this forum , the stars sang out the attitudes of the youth towards civil rights , war andpeace ,the disaffection of their society , and a range of emotions between love and hate . Allin all , in this forum , the American youth redefined the beliefs and feelings of their society . The typical representatives of the early rock music were Elvis Presley , singer and poet Bob Dylan , the Bealtles , the rolling Stones and so on . They were the culture heroes whom the young people worshipped .2The American young people in 1960’s were a generation ofrebellion . They found that the affluent American society was filled with poverty , injustice and gypocrisy . They didn’t trust the adult world that didn’t belong to them and refused to take their beliefs and values . Many young people took active part in the struggle which protested against poverty , racial discrimination and Vietnam War . Some young people even tried to overthrow this world by armed revolution. Many other young took passive ways to show their disaffections . They took drugs , refused to take anyresponsibilities and lived a parasitic way of life . Or they escaped to the frontiers and lived a primitive way of life .3Mathilda had been ill for three days . Her mother had given her some medicine, but it didn’t do any good . So they had to ask the doctor to come . There had been a number of cases of diphtheria inMathil da’s school and two of them had been dead . When the doctor arrived at Olson’s home , he wanted to examine Mthilda’s throatfirst . But no matter how he coaxed ,,She wouldn’t open her mouth . So the doctor had to get the tongue depressor into her mouth . But Mathilda reduced it to splinters . In order to protect Mathilda herself and other children , the doctor had to make sure whether she had diphtheria or not , so that he could treat her in time . Letting Mathilda ‘s father hold her wrists he tried his bes t to open her mouth and found she really had diphtheria. This story made us can think such a question that something in life can’t only depend on self willingness . Under some circumstances , certain force seems necessary .4The need for laws on euthan asia can’t be dodged for much longer . Euthanasia is a taboo in most countries . In these countries doctors can only practise it secretly . But it is openly practiced in some countries , such as Holland . Right now more and more countries are going over the arguments about legalizing euthanasia .When a patient suffers from illness for a long time and there is no hope of curing it , why do we let him polong the throes Why can’t we practise euthanasia to stop the throesBut if we legalize euthanasia , there will be a danger Someone may use it for killing . All in all , euthanasia is question we can’t dodge .5The American women made great contributions to the nation’s development , but they received different forms of prejudices because of their sex . In politics , they did all the tedious details that made the differene between victory and defeat on election day and seldom had the chance to reach a better position , while the men reaped the rewards . In economy , most women did the lower-paying and dead –end jobs and they were paid less than the men for the samejob . Many American people didn’t admit it was prejudice against women . They said it was only a different division of labour in society . Even many women were content with their roles as second-class citizens . So the author said it was a long painful strugglefor the women to get real equality .6When I knew Magpie got a scholarship of a California University and could go to the Fine Arts School to study , I was very pleasedfor him . I knew he wanted to become a poet all the time. I also knew he had a good talent . It was a very good chance for him . So I went back to Crow Creek to tell him about the good news and let him fill out some papers . But I didn’t find him at his home . His wife sai d they had not been together for a while and only heard he was in Chamberlain . Then I went for Salina and asked her to help me find Magpie . Salina said Magpie had changed a lot since he was taken into prison . She thought he was not interested in going to the university of white people . But I said Magpie had a right to know this news and make the decision whether to go or not by himself . She agreed and took me to his good friend , Elgie . But when I could really see Magpie at last , he had been shot by the police .7Miss Brill was an English who lived in a coastal city in France . She was old and poor . She would go to the park on every Sunday afternoon . She always sat on the same bench , listening people around her talk , or watching other people’s lives in front of her . She suddenly had a feeling on that Sunday afternoon . She felt the life was like a play and she was one part of the community . She had a part in the performance . At this time , the feeling of loneliness began to escape her .But just at this time she heard a couple of young people talk about her with contempt . Even the young man asked her to leave in a low voice . The short feeling of happiness disappeared . she went home with a broken heart .8Man created language . It was man’s way of communicating with his fellow man . The difference between oral and written language wasthat oral language could take the human voice to infuse it with the shades of deeper meaning . Flowers was nearly singing when she read A Tale of Two Cities . It sounded beautiful . Her reading made me realize the wonder of language. Mrs. Flowers gave me novels and poems . I learned value of life from these books and realized how beautiful the language of literature works was .Man created language . It was man’s way of communicating with his fellow man . The difference between oral and written language wasthat oral language could take the human voice to infuse it with the shades of deeper meaning . Flowers was nearly singing when she read A Tale of Two Cities . It sounded beautiful . Her reading made merealize the wonder of language. Mrs. Flowers gave me novels and poems . I learned value of life from these books and realized how beautiful the language of literature works was .9People have a short attention span . So in order to capture the viewer’s attention , television must provide constant stimulation through variety , novelty , action and movement . The result of doing so is that news is too brief and results in inefficient communication . Many news programs are like “ machine –gunning with scraps “and fight coherence of mind.The appeal to the shortattention span will decivilize as well. To avoid complexity means to give up thinking . The “ functionally illiterates “ among a dult Americans are continually increasing . They even do not know how to answer the want ad. Or understand the instructions on a medicine bottle . At least television should be responsible for part of it .10One night , two German military officers were murdered by Frenchmen . The next day , a German officer declared to thirty French prisoners , “ My order is that one man in every ten shall be selected and shot tomorrow . That is to say , three of you thirty people will die tomorrow . We are indifferent as to which three . You can choose for yourselves .”The prisoners had a heated discussion about who should die. Someone said the old people should go first . This was the way of nature . Some people said the unmarried should go first because they had no responsibilities . At last , all consented to drawing lots todecide which three went to die . A rich lawyer unfortunately got the death draw . He said , “ I ‘ll give a hundred thousand francs to anyone who will die for me . “11Some people will fall asleep as soon as their heads touch the pillows . Some people can’t go to sleep although they have beenlying in bed several hours . The more he wants to go to sleep , the more wakeful he is . I belong to the latter . When I write an essay , I feel an overpowering desire for sleep . But when I go to bed , I can do anything but sleep . I can compose grand symphonies , paint magnificent pictures and write good essays . The artificial ways of inducing sleep are legion , but they are of no avail . When I can’t go to sleep at night , I imagine a dialogue with a friend till I either laugh or fall asleep . I find this is a good way to go to sleep .12As a very small child , I made up my mind to become a writer in future . When I become a writer , what I have most wanted to do is to make political writing into a work of art . The opinion that art should have nothing to do with politics is wrong . Writing is exposing lies , protecting truth and also an aesthetic experience . Animal Farm was the book in which I tried to fuse political purpose and artistic purpose into one whole . Writing should serve the society and the public . This is the principle I must follow . I f a writer lacks political purpose , he will only write some purple passages , even some humbug .13The first thing Russell thinks is the most ordinary function of work , namely the relief o ftedium. He thinks even the dullest work is less painful than idleness to most people . Then he talks about how the work can provide the people with opportunities for their ambitions. Man, as a member of the society , hopes that he can procure more and more social achievements . He points out that most women are so unfortunate that they can not work outside their homes . They are deprived of this chance .It seems that different kinds of work give people satisfaction to different degrees . Russell studies the concerning two chief elements , that is the exercise of skill and construction .When he analyzes the latter , Russell finds an opportunity to express his profound hatred to the war and social violence .14John F. Kerry was a discharged veteran from Vietnam War and took part in the investigation held in Detroit in December in 1970 . He thought the purpose for the veterans to attend the investigation was not only to confess their war crimes in order to purge their souls . It was not the individual but the American government that should have been responsible for the war crimes . He hoped to arouse the sense of responsibility of American people by this text . Hecriticized that the mass of people in America literally didn’t give a damn and pointed out that the policy of the American government was hypocritical. He revealed the veterans’ miserable conditions after they came back : racial discrimination ,drug taking , unemployment ,no good medical care , etc. In the end he told the readers that members of Vietnam Veterans Against the War would march on Washington to the Capitol . Their most important demand was that the government set a date for withdrawl of troops from Vietnam, otherwise , they would camp and stay there and won’t move .15The author first pointed out that American and European women expended a large sum of money on cosmetics in order to make them look younger and more beautiful . Unlike the people of 19th century , they didn’t think that only women who were not virtuous could use cosmetics . But the author worried that women only paid attention to their appearances and ignored the necessity to overcome the ugliness of their hearts . He thought the people would be really beautiful only when the human beings had an opportunity to live harmoniously . But the author did not think the objective could be realized .16The three interviewers hid the truth of the firm to McDeere and only told him that the firm mainly did tax work . The clients of the firm were all big corporations , banks and wealthy people . Although the firm was not large in size and only consisted of forty –one lawyers , the salaries an all other benefits of the members were incredibly high . For the first year , McDeere could receive a base salary of eighty thousand dollars , plus bonuses , a low –interest mortgage and a luxurious car . If he worked hard , he would become a partner in ten years . If he put in ten more years , he could be a millionaire .All these were very appealing to Mcdeere . He agreed toaccept this job without hesitation . But he could not imagine that he mistakenly went into a lawyer firm which was controlled by a black organization and specialized in illegal activities .1It’s not easy to work in a big company . There is strict hierarchy in the company , and if you hope to be successful and get promotion , you have to obey directions and disciplines in addition to bear heavy pressure of work and work hard . Every day you are under rigid supervision and live in panic . If what you do is a job which will not provide you any chance to get promotion and for some reasons you have no way to find another job , you will be bored with it and feel dull . You will be in despair , lose ambition and working motivation , and finally become a mediocre .2Eveline agreed to marry Frank –an Irish sailor who lived in Buenos Ayres . They got to know each other when Frank just came back Dublin to spend his holidays . They would go to Buenos Ayres by boat that night . The boat was going to leave in a few hours , but she was still in doubt whether it was wise or not to go to such a distant country with Frank . Although she didn’t like the job in the store , and her father didn’t treat her well , it was the only life that she was familiar with , after all . Besides , Eveline had promised to her mother that she would keep the home together as long as she could before her mother died . But the vision of the miserable life of her mother made her feel horrible . She would live a happy life with Frank .But she changed her mind before boarding the boat . The boat left with Frank . Everybody dreamed of happy life , but one must have courage to realize his dream .3Television has much more advantages than newspapers . When watching TV, we use our eyes as well as ears ; we can see the words andpicture on the screen , and listen to the language and music as well . TV news broadcasting is quicker than that of newspapers . But television lives on commercial advertising to an even greater extent than newspapers . Profits drive television to cater to the lowest instinct of man . There are violence and sex in entertainment programmes of American television . Very often , television coverageof news is superficial and inadequate .There are a lot of problems in American newspapers too . the most prominent problem is that newspapers distort fact , and attack the countries ,people and the social systems which Americans do not like .4The life circle includes birth , being old , and death . Death is an unavoidable end for everybody . Aging is the neglected period of human life circle . Death happens within a few seconds while aging is a long period which means illness , poverty , and loneliness advertisements and travel folders show relaxed , happy , well-dressed older people enjoying recreation,travel and their grandchildren . But all these can not be enjoyed by the poor elder . They have tostruggle to survive in old age . Many old people struggle to exist in an inhospitable world . There are more and more old people in the world now , and the government of every country is beginning to pay attention to the problems of old people .5Mrs . Wright was a town girl before she married John Wright and lived in his farm . She used to be a lively girl who liked singing . But during the thirty years living together with Wright , she totally changed . Wright was miserly and never paid attention to h is wife’s needs . There was no joy in their house , and even the neighbourswere reluctant to call at their house . One winter morning , Mr.Hale , their neighbour , found that Wright was strangled on hisbed .Mrs Wright said that she didn’t know who kille d her husband . Her behaviour was very queer . She didn’t call the police , but just sat in the rocker rocking back and forth in the kitchen . The policemen arrested her . Next morning , county sheriff and county attorney took Hale back to the farm to investigate who had killed Wright .6The county sheriff and county attorney couldn’t find out any sign of anyone having come from the outside , and they were sure that Wright had been killed by his wife . In order to make juries believe the story , they had to find out Mrs . Wright’s motive for killing her husband , but they failed . While they were busy investigating ,the two women sitting in the kitchen found a dead canary which was wrapped up in a piece of silk lying in a box . The canary had been wrung to death . The two women could imagine what kind of life Mrs . Wright had spent while living with Wright in this house . Theydidn’t want the box containing the dead canary to be seen by sheriff and county attorney . In order to protect Mrs . Wright , they hid the box .7Ace was in a plight . He lost the job and was afraid to see hiswife .Evey had to work as a saleswoman because Ace could not earn enough money to support the family . She was always very tired after working a whole day . She always had no time to cook dinner . now he was sacked , so he was worried that Evey would be mad . Ace ‘s mother took care of their daughter Bonnie for them . Evey always took Bonnie back , but Ace went to take Bonnie that day . Ace’s mother was glad that Ace lost the job , for she thought Ace should have a better job . Evey was not very angry with Ace this time , but did Ace get rid of the plight8Why are so many people overweight in the United StatesMost people may say that there are two reasons . One is that American food is tasty ; the other is that they take few exercises . But the author doesn’t think this way . He proposes such a hypothesis that people eat in order to satisfy the sense of taste . When food has the flavor of library paste , people need to eat more so as to satisfy the frustrated taste buds . “ Science “ causes theblandness of American food which is the real reason why obesity has become a national curse . We should not be very serious about the author’s strange opinion which is merely a way that the author usedto satirize the American food .9I was born , grew up and finished high school in Watts , so I have deep feelings to Watts . I decided to make a career in Watts becauseit was supposed to be impossible . At that time , many young blacksleft Watts in droves . They thought they could make a career only outside the ghetto . I also left Watts and went to study in Oxford University and Yale University . The riots in ghetto in 1960s showed the ever increasing militancy of the blacks . The riots were the most significant massive action taken by Northern Negroes . It was a watershed in the ghetto’s history . The deepest impact of the riots was on the people of Watts . I will never escape from the ghetto . I have staked my all on its future . Watts is my home .10Customers have different values about products and services . Some customers demand low prices with the least inconvenience . Some customers don’t care much about the prices , but they demand thatthe products should represent the hottest style and technology on the market . Other customers demand that products and services shouldmeet their specific needs . Thus , if a company hopes to become the market leader and keep its edge , it must focus on one dimension and create a breakthrough to reach new heights of performance accordingto its own situation . It can win through cost or with great products or through customer intimacy .11Human beings have four major desires ; acquisitiveness , rivalry , vanity and love of power . Acquisitiveness is the wish to possess as much as possible of goods . Satiety is a dream which will alwayselude you . Acquisitiveness is the mainspring of the capitalist system , but rivalry is a much stronger motive than acquisitiveness . Vanity is a motive of immense potency . It is scarcely possible to exggerate the influence of vanity throughout the range of human life . But love of power is a motive which overweighs vanity . love of power is insatiable . Love of power is by far the strongest motive in the lives of important men . love of power is greatly increased by the experience of power .12Jerry ----Marian’s son -----had to join the army and was sent to Vietnam to fight a losing battle shortly after he spent twenty –year –old birthday . Later , he was captured in one battle and was sent to a prison –compound . Young Jerry couldn’t stand such a heavy blow and broke down . the handsome young man changed into another person . He was expressionless with a dull look in his eyes . His face muscles were jerking . He looked like an idiot . Marian’s heart broke when she saw her idiot son in the newsreel . What made her relieved was the fact that her son was still alive and she would wait for her son patiently .13Huxley states in the article that most people are snobs about something . He says that some people even feel that they are important just because of having certain diseases . But so far I have never met any disease –snobs . In china , during the Culture Revolution , the snobbery of family and the snobbery of ignorance and stupidity were most popular . Twenty years later , modernity –snobbery is making headway today . our media encourage modernity –snobbery desperately . TV advertisements urge people to buy new goods . In addition , they make you feel that you are shameful if you don’t have the most fashionable goods . For up-to-dateness meansthat you are wealthy , and wealth is a symbol of strong capability . Only a man knowing his own mind can resist the flood of propaganda .14Arthur likes to go fishing along the canal on Sunday mornings . After six days’ tiring labor work , he wants to leave the factory , leave the city as soon as possible to go to the tranquil countryside andsit by the canal , fishing . He thinks it is a best way to relax himself and a best way to forget all the troubles . The factory is dirty stinking and ugly and people do not want to stay there for one more minute . The countryside has a picturesque view : fresh air , enchanting spring scene , green grass and trees , fragrant earth . The factory is hell while the countryside is heaven .15Most people believe that American education is of the highest quality in the world , but the author has his unique opinion . He thinks that there are serious problems in American education . The low quality of American education can not be faulted on the low teaching level .Teachers are working hard , but the problem is that they are teaching so rigidly that they work rigidly from the approved rigidly programmed primers . They are afraid of losing the job . They can’t cultivate rare genius in this way . Another serious problem in american education is that children are not taught how to respect and inherit cultural heritage of human beings . What the author states here is the situation of primary education . Are the secondary education and higher education in the same situation .16Jerry was tired of swimming and sunbathing . He wanted to swim down to the bottom of the sea to see what it was like there and play with other boys . But he felt he should not leave his widowed motheralone . His mother was also considerate of him . she hoped Jerry to stay on the safe beach with her care at his side . But she was afraid that her son felt that she tried to keep him close and she was possessive . Her son was eleven years old . She should give him freedom , and let him go wherever he likes to go . He could take care of himself without her . When Jerry swam far , he kept looking back to see whether his mother was still on the beach .。
自考英语本科英美文学选读莎士比亚作品目录翻译
All's Well That Ends Well 《终成眷属》As You Like It 《皆大欢喜》The Comedy of Errors 《错误的喜剧》Cymbeline 《辛白林》Love's Labours Lost 《爱的徒劳》Measure for Measure 《一报还一报》The Merry Wives of Windsor《温莎的风流娘儿们》The Merchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人》A Midsummer Night's Dream 《仲夏夜之梦》Much Ado About Nothing 《无事生非》Pericles, Prince of Tyre 《泰尔亲王配力克里斯》Taming of the Shrew 《驯悍记》The Tempest 《暴风雨》Troilus and Cressida 《特洛伊罗斯与克瑞西达》Twelfth Night 《第十二夜》Two Gentlemen of Verona 《维洛那二绅士》Winter's Tale 《冬天的故事》HistoryHenry IV, part 1 《亨利四世上篇》Henry IV, part 2 《亨利四世下篇》Henry V 《亨利五世》Henry VI, part 1 《亨利六世上篇》Henry VI, part 2 《亨利六世中篇》Henry VI, part 3 《亨利六世下篇》Henry VIII 《亨利八世》King John 《约翰王》Richard II 《理查二世》Richard III《理查三世》TragedyAntony and Cleopatra 《安东尼与克莉奥佩特拉》Coriolanus 《科利奥兰纳斯》Hamlet 《哈姆雷特》Julius Caesar 《裘力斯•凯撒》King Lear 《李尔王》Macbeth 《麦克白》Othello 《奥瑟罗》Romeo and Juliet 《罗密欧与朱丽叶》Timon of Athens 《雅典的泰门》Titus Andronicus《泰特斯•安德洛尼克斯》PoetryThe Sonnets十四行诗A Lover's Complaint情女怨The Rape of Lucrece鲁克丽丝受辱记Venus and Adonis维纳斯与阿都尼自考《文学选读》上,关于莎士比亚一节中,详细介绍了以下三部作品分别是:1.喜剧The Merchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人》2.悲剧Hamlet 《哈姆雷特》3.传奇剧The Tempest 《暴风雨》The Merchant of VeniceSummaryThe Merchant of Venice is a comedy written by Shakespeare somewhere between 1596 and 1598 and printed in 1600, taken in the main from Fiorentino's Il Pecorone ('The Blockhead'), Day 4 Story 1.Its comic elements are now less easy to perceive(感觉) due to well-justified post-World War II distaste for anti-Semitism(反犹太主义). The key figure now rarely seen as purely comic is Shylock, a reprehensible Jewish usurer(高利贷者). In fact, Shakespeare is unlikely to have intended(有意的) him to be the central character of the play at all.The story revolves around two main events: the winning of the beautiful Portia by a test involving gold, silver and lead caskets(首饰盒) and the borrowing of 3000 ducats(硬币) by noble Bassanio from his merchant friend Antonio. Antonio in turn has to borrow this sum from Shylock and after a spell of ill fortune at sea he cannot pay the money back. As such, the evil Shylock demands a pound of flesh from the debtor. Portia, now wedded to Bassanio, dresses up as an advocate and defends Antonio in court by claiming that Shylock may have his pound of flesh but may not legally spill blood in doing so or he will forfeit(丧失) his life. The cunning of Portia and her servant Nerissa is consistently inspired and amusing, while the comeuppance(因果报应) of Shylock is undeniably(不可否认的) just and satisfying. These days Shylock can be played as a tragic character rather than a comical devil, but this does little for the play which is clearly designed to be amusing rather than harrowing. The matter continues to provoke debate.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CharacterAntonio: A Venetian merchant of considerable wealth, he makes his money from "ventures", or mercantile enterprises using his fleet of ships. Much liked by his friends, Salanio, Gratiano and Salarino, Antonio is owed money by his friend Bassanio. The title of this play is considered to be derived from this character as well as the character of Shylock.Bassanio: The romantic lead of this play. He aims to successfully court the fair Portia. Her marriage will give him the money he needs to pay off his large debts to friend Antonio and so his courtship of Portia is also an attempt to pay off his debts.Shylock: A successful Jewish moneylender who is much maligned over his religion and the practice of moneylenders such as himself of charging interest. He lends the 3000 ducats Bassanio needs to court Portia and hopefully, pay off his debts to Antonio. There is however a catch; if the debt is not repaid, Antonio as security will forfeit one pound of his flesh. It is Shylock who is responsible for the immortal lines, "If you prick us, do we not bleed? if you tickle us, do we not laugh? if you poison us, do we not die? and if you wrong us, shall we not revenge?" (Act III, Scene I, Lines 63-72).Portia: The heroine of this play, Portia is a wealthy and beautiful women who is desired by many, so much so that her father has devised an ingenious test all suitors must perform to win her hand in marriage. This consists of a suitor choosing one of three chests in which her portrait lies. Far from being merely beautiful, Portia also possesses a sharp mind, one, which saves Antonio from doom at the hands of Shylock.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------相关链接1. /0/6/3/1050/frameset.html2. /xShakeSph.html3. /wiki/Talk:The_Merchant_of_Venice (Jew)4. /shakespeare/merchant/summary.html (overview)5. /wgbh/masterpiece/othello/tg_merchant.html6. /guides/merchant_of_venice/characters/merchant_......cters_essay.htm (Character Analysis)--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------电影《威尼斯商人》电驴下载(2004年版)注:没有下载软件的,需下载电驴软件.安装之后即可下载电影.永久免费.地址: /download/HamletPlot OverviewOn a dark winter night, a ghost walks the ramparts of Elsinore Castle in Denmark. Discovered first by a pair of watchmen, then by the scholar Horatio, the ghost resembles the recently deceased King Hamlet, whose brother Claudius has inherited the throne and married the king’s widow, Queen Gertrude. When Hor atio and the watchmen bring Prince Hamlet, the son of Gertrude and the dead king, to see the ghost, it speaks to him, declaring ominously that it is indeed his father’s spirit, and that he was murdered by none other than Claudius. Ordering Hamlet to seek r evenge on the man who usurped his throne and married his wife, the ghost disappears with the dawn.Prince Hamlet devotes himself to avenging his father’s death, but, because he is contemplative and thoughtful by nature, he delays, entering into a deep melancholy and even apparent madness. Claudius and Gertrude worry about the prince’s erratic behavior and attempt to discover its cause. They employ a pair of Hamlet’s friends, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, to watch him. When Polonius, the pompous Lord Chamberlain, suggests that Hamlet may be mad with love for his daughter, Ophelia, Claudius agrees to spy on Hamlet in conversation with the girl. But though Hamlet certainly seems mad, he does not seem to love Ophelia: he orders her to enter a nunnery and declares that he wishes to ban marriages.A group of traveling actors comes to Elsinore, and Hamlet seizes upon an idea to test his uncle’s guilt. He will have the players perform a scene closely resembling the sequence by which Hamlet imagines his uncle to have murdered his father, so that if Claudius is guilty, he will surely react. When the moment of the murder arrives in the theater, Claudius leaps up and leaves the room. Hamlet and Horatio agree that this proves his guilt. Hamlet goes to kill Claudius but finds him praying. Since he believes that killing Claudius while in prayer would send Claudius’s soul to heaven, Hamlet considers that it would be an inadequate revenge and decides to wait. Claudius, now frightened of Hamlet’s madness and fearing for his own safety, orders that Hamlet be sent to England at once.Hamlet goes to confront his mother, in whose bedchamber Polonius has hidden behind a tapestry. Hearing a noise from behind the tapestry, Hamlet believes the king is hiding there. He draws his sword and stabs through the fabric, killing Polonius. For this crime, he is immediately dispatched to England with Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. However, Claudius’s plan for Hamlet includes more than banishment, as he has given Rosencrantz and Guildenstern se aled orders for the King of England demanding that Hamlet be put to death.In the aftermath of her father’s death, Ophelia goes mad with grief and drowns in the river. Polonius’s son, Laertes, who has been staying in France, returns to Denmark in a rage. Claudius convinces him that Hamlet is to blame for his father’s and sister’s deaths. When Horatio and the king receive letters from Hamlet indicating that the prince has returned to Denmark after pirates attacked his ship en route to England, Claudius con cocts a plan to use Laertes’ desire for revenge to secure Hamlet’s death. Laertes will fence with Hamlet in innocent sport, but Claudius will poison Laertes’blade so that if he draws blood, Hamlet will die. As a backup plan, the king decides to poison a goblet, which he will give Hamlet to drink should Hamlet score the first or second hits of the match. Hamlet returns to the vicinity of Elsinore just as Ophelia’s funeral is taking place. Stricken with grief, he attacks Laertes and declares that he had in f act always loved Ophelia. Back at the castle, he tells Horatio that he believes one must be prepared to die, since death can come at any moment. A foolish courtier named Osric arrives on Claudius’s orders to arrange the fencing match between Hamlet and Laertes.The sword-fighting begins. Hamlet scores the first hit, but declines to drink from the king’s proffered goblet. Instead, Gertrude takes a drink from it and is swiftly killed by the poison. Laertes succeeds in wounding Hamlet, though Hamlet does not die of the poison immediately. First, Laertes is cut by his own sword’s blade, and, after revealing to Hamlet that Claudius is responsible for the queen’s death, he dies from the blade’s poison. Hamlet then stabs Claudius through with the poisoned sword and forces him to drink down the rest of the poisoned wine. Claudius dies, and Hamlet dies immediately after achieving his revenge.At this moment, a Norwegian prince named Fortinbras, who has led an army to Denmark and attacked Poland earlier in the play, enters with ambassadors from England, who report that Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are dead. Fortinbras is stunned by the gruesome sight of the entire royal family lying sprawled on the floor dead. He moves to take power of the kingdom. Horatio, fulfilli ng Hamlet’s last request, tells him Hamlet’s tragic story. Fortinbras orders that Hamlet be carried away in a manner befitting a fallen soldier.。
自考英美文学选读_Percy Bysshe Shelly
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• During the remaining four years of his life ,Shelley traveled and lived in various Italian cities,peoducing all his major works , scores of magnificent lyrics ,and the major prose essay, A Defence of Poerty.
Percy Bysshe Shelly 珀·比·雪莱
Shellly(1792-1822) ，was born into a wealth family at Sussex, his father was a conservative man of the landed gentry, and
his mother was a beautiful woman.
• Shelley was drowed in 1822 in a storm near La Spezia , at the age of 30.
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• The Necessity of Atheism (1811) «无神论的必然性»
• Queen Mab (1813)
« 麦布女王»
• In 1814, Shelly fell in love with Godwin's daughter, Mary Wollstonecraft.
• In 1816, Harriet's drowning freed him to
英美文学-中英文对照
British Writers and WorksThe Anglo-Saxon Period●The Venerable Bede 比得673~735⏹Ecclesiastical History of the EnglishPeople 英吉利人教会史●Alfred the Great 阿尔弗雷得大帝849~899⏹The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 盎格鲁—萨克逊编年史The Late Medieval Ages●William Langland 威廉·兰格伦1332~1400⏹Piers the Plowman 农夫比埃斯的梦●Geoffery Chaucer 杰弗里·乔叟1340(?)~1400⏹The Books of the Duchess悼公爵夫人⏹Troilus and Criseyde特罗伊拉斯和克莱希德⏹The Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集⏹The House of Fame声誉之宫●Sir Thomas Malory托马斯·马洛里爵士1405~1471⏹Le Morte D’Arthur亚瑟王之死The Renaissance●Sir Philip Sydney菲利普·锡德尼爵士1554~1586⏹The School of Abuse诲淫的学校⏹Defense of Poesy诗辩●Edmund Spenser埃德蒙·斯宾塞1552~1599⏹The Shepherds Calendar牧人日历⏹Amoretti爱情小唱⏹Epithalamion婚后曲⏹Colin Clouts Come Home Againe柯林·克劳特回来了⏹Foure Hymnes四首赞美歌⏹The Faerie Queene仙后●Thomas More托马斯·莫尔1478~1535⏹Utopia乌托邦●Francis Bacon弗兰西斯·培根1561~1626⏹Advancement of Learning学术的推进⏹Novum Organum新工具⏹Essays随笔●Christopher Marlowe柯里斯托弗·马洛1564~1595⏹Tamburlaine帖木耳大帝⏹The Jew of Malta马耳他的犹太人⏹The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus浮士德博士的悲剧●William Shakespeare威廉·莎士比亚1564~1616⏹Romeo and Juliet罗密欧与朱利叶⏹Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人⏹Henry IV亨利四世⏹Julius Caesar尤利乌斯·凯撒⏹As You Like It皆大欢喜⏹Hamlet哈姆莱特⏹Othello奥赛罗⏹King Lear李尔王⏹Macbeth麦克白⏹Antony and Cleopatra安东尼与克里奥佩特拉⏹Tempest暴风雨⏹poetry: Venus and Adonis; The Rape ofLucrece (Venus and Lucrece); ThePassionate Pilgrim, the SonnetsThe 17th Century●John Milton约翰·弥尔顿1608~1674⏹L’Allegre 欢乐的人⏹IL Pens eroso 沉思的人⏹Comus柯玛斯⏹Lycidas利西达斯⏹Of Education论教育⏹Areopagitica论出版自由⏹The Defence of the English People为英国人民声辩⏹The Second Defence of the English People再为英国人民声辩⏹Paradise Lost失乐园⏹Paradise Regained复乐园⏹Samson Agonistes力士参孙●John Bunyan约翰·班扬1628~1688⏹Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners功德无量⏹The Pilgrim’s Progress 天路历程⏹The Life and Death of Mr Badman败德先生传⏹The Holy War圣战●John Dryden约翰·德莱顿1631~1700⏹All for Love一切为了爱情⏹Absalom and Achitophel押沙龙与阿齐托菲尔⏹The Hind and Panther牝鹿与豹⏹Annus Mirabilis神奇的年代⏹Alexander’s Feast亚历山大的宴会⏹An Essay of Dramatic Poesy 论戏剧诗The 18th Century●Alexander Pope亚历山大·蒲柏1688~1744⏹Essay on Criticism批评论⏹Moral Essays道德论⏹An Essay on Man人论⏹The Rape of the Rock卷发遇劫记⏹The Dunciad愚人记●Samuel Johnson塞缪尔·约翰逊1709~1784⏹The Dictionary of English Language英语辞典⏹The Vanity of Human Wishes人类欲望之虚幻⏹London伦敦⏹The Lives of Great Poets诗人传●Jonathan Swift乔纳森·斯威夫特1667~1745⏹The Battle of Books书战⏹ A Tale of a Tub木桶的故事⏹The Drapper’s Letters一个麻布商的书信⏹ A Modest Proposal一个小小的建议⏹Gulliver’s Travels格列佛游记●Daniel Defoe丹尼尔·笛福1660~1731⏹The Review (periodical founded by Defoe)评论报⏹Robinson Crusoe鲁宾逊漂流记●Henry Fielding亨利·菲尔丁1707~1754⏹The History of the Adventures of JosephAndrews约瑟夫·安德鲁⏹The Life of Mr Jonathan Wild, the Great大诗人江奈生·威尔德⏹Amelia爱米利亚⏹The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling汤姆·琼斯⏹The Historical Register for 1736一七三六年历史记事⏹Don Quixote in England堂吉柯德在英国●Samuel Richardson塞缪尔·理查逊1689~1761⏹Pamela (Virtue Rewarded)帕米拉●Oliver Goldsmith奥利弗·格尔德斯密斯1730~1774⏹The Traveller旅游人⏹The Deserted Village荒村⏹The Vicar of Wakefield威克菲尔德牧师传⏹The Good Natured Man好心人⏹She Stoops to Conquer屈身求爱⏹The Citizens of the World世界公民●Thomas Gray托马斯·格雷1716~1771⏹An Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard墓园挽诗⏹Ode on the Death of a Favourite Cat爱猫之死⏹The Bard游吟诗人●Richard Brinsley Sheridan理查德·布林斯利·施莱登1751~1816⏹The Rivals情敌⏹The School for Scandal造谣学校⏹St. Patrick’s Day (The SchemingLieutenant)圣·派特立克节⏹The Duenna伴娘⏹The Critic批评家The Romantic Age●Robert Burns罗伯特·彭斯1759~1796⏹Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect主要用苏格兰方言写的诗⏹John Anderson, My Jo约翰·安德生，我的爱人⏹ A Red, Red Rose一朵红红的玫瑰⏹Auld Long Syne往昔时光⏹ A Man’s a Man for A’That不管那一套⏹My Heart’s in the Highlands我的心在那高原上●William Blake威廉·布莱克1757~1827⏹Songs of Innocence天真之歌⏹Songs of Experience经验之歌⏹America亚美利加⏹Europe欧罗巴⏹Milton弥尔顿⏹Jerusalem耶路撒冷⏹The Marriage of Heaven and Hell天堂与地狱的婚姻●William Wordsworth威廉·华兹华斯1770~1850⏹We Are Seven我们是七个⏹The Solitary Reaper孤独的割麦女⏹Imitations of Immortality fromRecollections of Early Childhood不朽颂⏹The Prelude序曲⏹Lyrical Ballads抒情歌谣集●Samuel Taylor Coleridge塞缪尔·泰勒·科尔律治1772~1834⏹The Rime of the Ancient Mariner古舟子颂⏹Christabel柯里斯塔贝尔⏹Kubla Khan忽必烈汗⏹Frost at Night半夜冰霜⏹Dejection, an Ode忧郁颂⏹Biographia Literaria文学传记●George Gordon Byron乔治·戈登·拜伦1788~1824⏹Childe Ha rold’s Pilgrimage恰尔德·哈罗德尔游记⏹Manfred曼弗雷德⏹Cain该隐⏹Don Juan唐·璜⏹When We Two Parted当初我们俩分别●Persy Bysshe Shelley波西·比希·雪莱1792~1822⏹Queen Mab麦步女王⏹Revolt of Islam伊斯兰的反叛⏹The Cenci钦契一家⏹The Masque of Anarchy, Hellas专制者的假面游行⏹Prometheus Unbound解放了的普罗米修斯⏹Ode to the West Wind西风颂⏹To a Skylark致云雀●John Keats约翰·济慈1795~1821⏹On a Grecian Urn希腊古瓮颂⏹Ode to a Nightingale夜莺颂⏹Ode to Autumn秋颂⏹To Psyche普塞克颂⏹On First Looking in Chapman’s Homer初读查普曼翻译的荷马史诗有感●Sir Walter Scott沃尔特·斯科特爵士1771~1832⏹The Lady of the Lake湖上夫人⏹Waverley威弗利⏹Guy Mannering盖曼纳令⏹Rob Roy罗伯·罗伊⏹Ivanhoe艾凡赫⏹Kenilworth肯纳尔沃斯堡⏹Quentin Durward昆廷·达沃德⏹St. Ronan’s Wells圣罗南之泉●Jane Austen简·奥斯丁1775~1817⏹Sense and Sensibility理智与情感⏹Pride and Prejudice傲慢与偏见⏹Mansfield Park曼斯菲尔德庄园⏹Emma爱玛⏹Northanger Abbey诺桑觉寺⏹Persuasion劝导●Charles Lamb查尔斯·兰姆1775~1834⏹Tales from Shakespeare莎士比亚戏剧故事集⏹John Woodvil约翰·伍德维尔The Victorian Age●Charles Dickens查尔斯·狄更斯1812~1870⏹Sketches by Boz波兹特写⏹The Posthumous Papers of the PickwickClub匹克威克外传⏹Oliver Twist奥利弗·特维斯特（雾都孤儿）⏹The Old Curiosity Shop老古玩店⏹Barnaby Rudge巴纳比·拉奇⏹American Notes美国杂记⏹Martin Chuzzlewit马丁·朱淑尔维特⏹ A Christmas Carol圣诞颂歌⏹The Chimes教堂钟声⏹The Cricket on the Hearth灶上蟋蟀⏹Dombey and Son董贝父子⏹David Copperfield大卫·科波菲尔⏹Bleak House荒凉山庄⏹Hard Times艰难时世⏹Little Dorrit小杜丽⏹ A Tale of Two Cities双城记⏹Great Expectations远大前程⏹Our Mutual Friend我们共同的朋友⏹Edwin Drood艾德温·朱特●William Makepeace Thackeray威廉·麦克匹斯·萨克雷1811~1863⏹Vanity Fair名利场⏹Pendennis潘登尼斯⏹The Newcomers纽克姆一家⏹The History of Henry Esmond亨利·埃斯蒙德●Charlotte Bronte夏洛蒂·勃朗特1816~1855⏹Professor教师⏹Jane Eyre简·爱⏹Shirley雪莉⏹Villette维莱特●Emily Bronte艾米莉·勃朗特1818~1854⏹Wuthering Heights呼啸山庄●George Eliot乔治·艾略特1819~1880⏹Adam Bede亚当·比德⏹The Mill on the Floss弗洛斯河上的磨坊⏹Silas Marner织工马南⏹Romola罗慕拉⏹Felix Holt菲利克斯·霍尔特⏹Middlemarch米德尔马契⏹Daniel Deronda丹尼尔·德龙拉●Thomas Hardy托马斯·哈代1840~1928⏹ A Pair of Blue Eyes一双蓝眼睛⏹The Trumpet Major号兵长⏹Desperate Remedies非常手段⏹The Hand of Ethelberta艾塞尔伯塔的婚姻⏹Under the Greenwood Tree绿荫下⏹Far from the Madding Crowd远离尘嚣⏹The Mayor of Casterbridge卡斯特桥市长⏹Tess of the D’Urbervilles德伯家的苔丝⏹Jude the Obscure无名的裘德●Alfred Tennyson阿尔弗莱德·丁尼生1809~1892⏹In Memoriam悼念⏹Break, Break, Break冲击、冲击、冲击⏹Idylls of the King国王叙事诗●Robert Browning罗伯特·白朗宁1812~1889⏹Dramatic Lyrics戏剧抒情诗⏹Dramatic Romances and Lyrics戏剧故事及抒情诗⏹Men and Women男男女女⏹Dramatic Personae登场人物⏹The Ring and the Book环与书●Elizabeth Barrett Browning伊丽莎白·芭蕾特·白朗宁1806~1861⏹Sonnets from the Portuguese葡萄牙十四行诗⏹The Cry of the Children孩子们的哭声●John Ruskin约翰·罗斯金1819~1900⏹Modern Painters现代画家⏹The Seven Lamps of Architecture建筑的七盏明灯⏹The Stone of Venice威尼斯石头●Oscar Wilde奥斯卡·王尔德1856~1900⏹The Happy Prince and Other Tales快乐王子故事集⏹The Picture of Dorian Gray多利安·格雷的画像⏹Lady Windermere’s Fan温德米尔夫人的扇子⏹ A Woman of No Importance一个无足轻重的女人⏹An Ideal Husband理想的丈夫⏹The Importance of Being Earnest认真的重要1900~1950●William Butler Yeats威廉·勃特勒·叶茨1865~1939⏹The Responsibilities责任⏹The Wild Swans at Coole库尔的野天鹅⏹The Tower钟楼⏹The Winding Stair弯弯的楼梯●John Galsworthy约翰·高尔斯华绥1867~1933⏹Forsyte Saga福尔塞世家●The Man of Property有产业的人●In Chancery进退维谷●To Let招租出让⏹The End of the Chapter一章的结束●James Joyce詹姆斯·乔伊斯1882~1941⏹ A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man一个青年艺术家的肖像⏹Ulysses尤利西斯⏹Finnegans Wake芬尼根的苏醒⏹Dubliners都柏林人●Virginia Woolf弗吉尼娅·沃尔芙1882~1941⏹Mrs Dalloway达洛维夫人⏹To the Lighthouse到灯塔去⏹The Waves浪●David Herbert Lawrence戴维·赫伯特·劳伦斯1885~1930⏹Sons and Lovers儿子与情人⏹The Rainbow虹⏹Women in Love恋爱中的女人⏹Lady Chatterley’s Lo ver查特莱夫人的情人●George Bernard Shaw乔治·伯纳·萧1856~1950⏹Mrs Warren’s Profession华伦夫人的职业⏹Man and Superman人与超人⏹Major Barbara巴巴拉少校⏹Pygmalion匹格玛利翁⏹Heartbreak House伤心之家⏹The Apple Cart苹果车⏹Saint Joan圣女贞德American Writers and WorksColonial Period●Jonathan Edwards乔纳森·爱德华兹1703~1758⏹The Freedom of the Will意志的自由⏹The Great Doctrine of Original SinDefended原罪说辩●Benjamin Franklin本杰明·富兰克林1706~1790⏹Poor Richard’s Almanac格言历书⏹Autobiography自传Romantic Period ●Washington Irving华盛顿·欧文⏹ A History of New York from the Beginningof the World to the End of the DutchDynasty纽约外史⏹The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent.见闻札记⏹ A Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada征服格拉纳达⏹The Alhambra阿尔罕伯拉⏹Rip Van Winkle瑞普·凡·温克尔●James Fennimore Cooper詹姆斯·菲尼莫·库柏1789~1851⏹The Spy间谍⏹Leatherstocking Tales皮袜子五部曲◆The Deerslayer杀鹿者◆The Last of the Mohicans最后的莫西干人◆The Pathfinder探路者◆The Pioneer开拓者◆The Prairie草原●Ralph Waldo Emerson拉尔夫·瓦尔多·爱莫生1803~1882⏹Nature论自然●Henry David Thoreau亨利·大卫·梭罗1817~1862⏹ A Week on the Concord and Merrimack River康克德和美利马科河上的一周⏹Walden华尔腾⏹ A Plea for John Brown为约翰·布朗请命●Nathaniel Hawthorne纳萨尼尔·霍桑1804~1864⏹Twice-told Tales故事重述⏹Mosses from and Old Manse古宅青苔⏹The Scarlet Letter红字⏹The House of the Seven Gables有七个尖角阁楼的房子⏹The Marble Faun大理石雕像●Herman Melville赫尔曼·梅尔维尔1819~1891⏹Typee泰比⏹Omio欧穆⏹Mardi玛地⏹Redburn莱德伯恩⏹White Jacket白外套⏹Moby Dick白鲸（莫比·迪克）⏹Pierre皮埃尔⏹Billy Budd比利·巴德●Walt Whitman沃尔特·惠特曼1819~1892⏹Leaves of Grass草叶集●Emily Dickenson艾米莉·迪金森1830~1886⏹Because I Can’t Stop for Death因为我不能等待死神⏹I Heard a Fly Buzz – When I died我死时听到了苍蝇的嗡嗡声⏹Mine –by the Right of the WhiteElection我的丈夫——选择如意情人的权利⏹Wild Nights – Wild Nights暴风雨夜●Edgar Allen Poe埃德加·艾伦·坡1809~1849⏹Ms Found in a Bottle在瓶子里发现的手稿⏹The Murders in the Rue Morgue莫格路上的暗杀案⏹The Purloined Letter被盗的信⏹The Fall of the House of Usher厄舍古屋的倒塌⏹Ligeia丽姬娅⏹The Masque of the Red Death红色死亡的化妆舞会⏹The Philosophy of Composition创作哲学⏹The Poetic Principle诗歌原理⏹Review of Hawthorne’s Twice-told Tales评霍桑的《故事重述》The Age of Realism●William Dean Howells威廉·迪恩·豪威尔斯1837~1920⏹The Rise of Silas Lapham塞拉斯·拉帕姆的发迹⏹ A Modern Instance现代婚姻●Henry James亨利·詹姆斯1843~1916⏹The American美国人⏹Daisy Miller戴希·米勒⏹The Portrait of a Lady一个青年女人的画像⏹The Turn of the Screw拧螺丝⏹The Ambassadors使节⏹The Wings of the Dove鸽翼⏹The Golden Bowl金碗●Mark Twain马克·吐温1835~1910⏹The Gilded Age镀金时代⏹The Adventures of Tom Sawyer汤姆·索亚历险记⏹The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn哈克贝里·芬历险记⏹Life on the Mississippi在密西西比河上⏹ A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’sCourt在亚瑟王朝廷里的康涅狄格州的美国佬⏹The Man That Corrupted Hardleybug败坏了哈德莱堡的人American Naturalism●Theodore Dreiser西奥多·德莱塞1871~1945⏹Sister Carrie嘉丽妹妹⏹Financier金融家⏹The Titan巨头⏹The Stoic斯多噶⏹Jennie Gerhardt珍妮姑娘⏹American Tragedy美国的悲剧⏹The Genius天才●Stephen Crane斯蒂芬·克兰1871~1900⏹Maggie, a Girl of the Street街头女郎麦琪⏹The Red Badge of Courage红色英勇勋章⏹The Black Riders and Other Lines黑衣骑士及其他⏹War Is Kind战争是仁慈的The Modern Period●Ezra Pound埃兹拉·庞德1885~1972⏹Cantos诗章●Thomas Sterns Eliot托马斯·斯特恩斯·艾略特1888~1965⏹The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock杰·阿尔弗雷德·普鲁夫洛克的情歌⏹The Waste Land荒原⏹Hollow Man空心人⏹Ash Wednesday圣灰星期三⏹Four Quarters四个四重奏⏹Murder in the Cathedral大教堂谋杀案⏹The Cocktail Party鸡尾酒会⏹The Confidential Clerk机要秘书⏹The Sacred Wood圣林⏹Essays on Style and Order风格与秩序论文集⏹After Strange Gods拜异教神●Robert Frost罗伯特·弗洛斯特1874~1963⏹ A Boy’s Will一个男孩的意愿⏹Mountain Interval间歇泉⏹New Hampshire新罕布什尔● F. Scott Fitzgerald弗·斯科特·费兹杰拉德1896~1940⏹This Side of Paradise人间天堂⏹Flappers and Philosophers轻佻女郎与哲学家⏹The Beautiful and the Damned美丽的和该死的（漂亮冤家）⏹The Great Gatsby了不起的盖茨币（灯绿梦渺）⏹Tender is the Night夜色温柔⏹All the Sad Young Man一代悲哀的年轻人⏹The Last Tycoon最后的巨头●Ernest Hemingway厄内斯特·海明威1899~1961⏹In Our Time在我们的时代里⏹Winner Take Nothing胜者无所得⏹The Torrents of Spring春潮⏹The Sun Also Rises太阳照常升起⏹ A Farewell to Arms永别了，武器⏹Death in the Afternoon午后之死⏹To Have and Have Not富有与贫穷⏹Green Hills of Africa非洲青山⏹The Fifth Column第五纵队⏹For Whom the Bell Tolls丧钟为谁而鸣⏹The Old Man and the Sea老人与海●Sinclair Lewis辛克莱·刘易斯1885~1951⏹Main Street大街⏹Babbitt巴比特⏹Arrowsmith埃罗史密斯⏹Dodsworth陶兹华斯⏹Elmer Gantry埃尔莫·甘德里●Willa Cather薇拉·凯瑟1873~1947⏹Alexander’s Bridge亚历山大的桥⏹O Pioneers啊，拓荒者！⏹The Song of the Lark莺之歌⏹My Antonia我的安东尼娅●William Faulkner威廉·福克纳1897~1962⏹The Marble Faun玉石雕像⏹Soldier’s Pay兵饷⏹Mosquitoes蚊群⏹Sartoris家族小说⏹The Sound and the Fury喧嚣与骚动⏹As I Lay Dying在我弥留之际⏹Light in August八月之光⏹Absalom, Absalom押沙龙，押沙龙⏹Go Down, Moses去吧，莫西●John Steinbeck约翰·斯坦贝克1902~1968⏹Cup of Gold金杯⏹Tortilla Flat煎饼坪⏹In Dubious Battle胜负未决的战斗⏹Of Mice and Men人与鼠⏹The Grapes of Wrath愤怒的葡萄The Post-War Period ●Jerome David Salinger杰罗姆·大卫·赛林格1919~⏹Catcher in the Rye麦田里的守望者●Joseph Heller约瑟夫·海勒1923~1999⏹Catch-22第二十二条军规●Saul Bellow索尔·贝罗1915~⏹Dangling Man晃来晃去的人⏹The Adventures of Augie March奥吉·玛其历险记⏹Henderson the Rain King雨王汉德森⏹Herzog赫索格⏹Mr. Samm ler’s Planet塞姆勒先生的行星⏹H umboldt’s Gift洪堡的礼物⏹The Dean’s December院长的十二月American Drama●Eugene O’Neil尤金·奥尼尔1888~1953⏹Beyond the Horizon天边外⏹The Emperor Jones琼斯皇帝⏹The Hairy Ape毛猿⏹Desire under the Elms榆树下的欲望⏹The Iceman Cometh卖冰的人来了⏹Long Day’s Journey into Night长夜漫漫路迢迢●Tennessee Williams田纳西·威廉姆斯1911~1983⏹The Glass Menagerie玻璃动物园⏹ A Streetcar Named Desire欲望号街车⏹Summer and Smoke夏与烟⏹Cat on a Hot Tin Roof热铁皮屋顶上的猫●Arthur Milller亚瑟·米勒1915~⏹The Man Who Had All the Luck交好运的人⏹All My Sons都是我的儿子⏹Death of a Salesman推销员之死⏹The Crucible萨勒姆的女巫⏹ A View for the Bridge桥头眺望●Edward Albee爱德华·阿尔比1928~⏹Zoo Story动物园故事⏹Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?谁害怕弗吉尼娅·沃尔芙？Black American Literature●Richard Wright理查德·赖特1908~1960⏹Uncle Tom’s Children汤姆叔叔的孩子们⏹Native Son土生子⏹Black Boy黑孩子●Ralph Ellison拉尔芙·爱丽森1914~1994⏹Invisible Man看不见的人●James Baldwin詹姆斯·鲍德温1924~1987⏹Go Tell It on the Mountain向苍天呼吁⏹Notes of a Native Son土生子的札记⏹Nobody Knows My Name没有人知道我的名字⏹The Fire Next Time下一次将是烈火●Toni Morrison托妮·莫瑞森1931~⏹The Bluest Eye最蓝的眼睛⏹Song of Solomon所罗门之歌⏹Tar Baby柏油孩子⏹Beloved宠儿。
自考英美文学选读 教材翻译
自考《英美文学选读》教材的中文翻译第一部分：英国文学上古及中世纪英国文学简介自从有人类历史记载以来,英伦三岛遭遇过三次外族入侵。
岛上最早的居民是凯尔特人,此后古罗马人、盎格鲁一萨克森人及法国诺曼底公爵纷至沓来,在英伦三岛各领风骚若干年。
古罗马人的入侵没有在这片土地上留下深远的影响,而后两者则不同了。
盎格鲁一萨克森人将日尔曼族语言及文化根植在岛上,而诺曼底人则带来了地中海文明的清新浪潮,所谓地中海文明包括希腊文化,罗马的法律,以及基督教。
正是这两次外族入侵所附带的文化影响为日后英国文学的兴起与发展提供了富足的源泉。
英国文学史的上古时期起于大约公元450年,止于1066年,即诺曼征服的那一年。
这一时期定盎格鲁一萨克森文明兴盛的时期。
这些日尔曼族部落来自北欧,带来了盎格鲁一萨克森语言,也就是现代英语的原形基础,除此之外,还带来了特别的诗歌传统。
他们的诗歌神韵中集合了粗狂豪勇的气度及悲情哀挽的风格。
总体来讲,流传至今的英国上古诗歌可分为两大类:宗教诗和世俗诗。
宗教诗的主题大多以《圣经》为基础。
比如《创世纪甲本》与《创世纪乙本》以及《出埃及记》都源于《圣经》的《旧约全书》;而《十字架之梦》则以《新约全书》为典故。
在《十字架之梦》这首诗中,耶稣基督被刻画成一位青年战士,勇往直前,拥抱死亡与胜利,而那善良的十字架自身则承受起基督所有的苦难与重负。
除了这些宗教诗歌,上古的英格兰诗人还创作了伟大的民族史诗《贝尔武夫》以及其它众多的短篇抒情诗。
这些世俗诗歌中虽然没有基督教教义,但它们唤起了盎格鲁一萨克森人对环境的严酷及人类命运的不幸的感知。
其中《流浪者,狄奥尔》、《航海者》和《妻子的抱怨》是当时世俗诗中的佼佼者。
诗文中的语气和基调深受北海恶劣气候的影响,生活惨淡无望,诗人的口气中带出大量宿命论的成份,尽管同时也显得勇敢而坚定。
《贝尔武夫》,英国上古诗歌的典型,在今天被誉为盎格鲁一萨克森的民族史诗。
尽管如此,诗中主人公及背景都与英国无关,这首叙事诗讲述的故事发生在北欧斯堪狄那维亚半岛。
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Part one: English LiteratureChapter1 The Renaissance period（14世纪至十七世纪中叶）文艺复兴1. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。
2. the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心，人是万物之灵。
3. Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据，来赞美人性，并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命，人可以不断发展完善自己，而且世界是属于他们的，供他们怀疑，探索以及享受。
4. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.托马斯.摩尔，克利斯朵夫.马洛和威廉.莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。
5. Wyatt introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England.怀亚特将彼特拉克的十四行诗引进英国。
6. The first period of the English Renaissance was one of imitation and assimilation.英国文艺复兴初期只是一个学习模仿与同化的阶段。
7. The goals of humanistic poetry are: skillful handling of conventions, force of language, and, above all, the development of a rhetorical plan in which meter, rhyme, scheme, imagery and argument should all be combined to frame the emotional theme and throw it into high relief.人文主义诗歌的主要目标是对传统习俗的熟练运用，语言的力度与气概，而最重要的是发展了修辞模式，即将格律，韵脚（式），组织结构，意象（比喻，描述）与议论都结合起来勾画出情感主题，并将其极为鲜明生动的表现出来。
8. The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance England are Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare, and Ben Jonson.文艺复兴时期英国最著名的戏剧家有克利斯朵夫.马洛，威廉.莎士比亚与本.约翰逊。
9. Francis Bacon (1561-1626), the first important English essayist.费兰西斯.培根是英国历史上最重要的散文家。
(I)Edmund Spenser埃德蒙.斯宾塞10. the theme of Redcrosse is not “Arms and the man,” but something more romantic-“Fierce wars and faithful loves.”《仙后》的主题并非“男人与武器”，而是更富浪漫色彩的“残酷战争与忠贞爱情”。
11. It is Spenser‟s idealism, his love of beauty, and his exquisite melody that make him known as “the poets‟ poet.”正是斯宾塞的理想主义，对美的热爱以及精美优雅的诗文韵律是他成为“诗人中的诗人”。
(II)Christopher Marlowe克利斯朵夫.马洛12. As the most gifted of the “University Wits,” M arlowe composed six plays within his short lifetime. Among them the most important are: Tamburlaine, Parts I & II, Dr.Faustus, The Jew of Malta and Edward II.马洛是当时“大学才子”中最富才华的人，在他短暂的一生中，他完成了六部剧本的创作。
其中最负盛名的是：《帖木尔》，《浮士德博士的悲剧》，《马耳他岛的犹太人》以及《爱德华二世》。
13. Marlowe‟s greatest achievement lies in that he perfected the blank verse and made it the principal medium of English drama.马洛的艺术成就在于他完善了无韵体诗，并使之成为英国戏剧中最重要的文体形式。
14. Marlowe‟s second achievement is his creation of the Renaissance hero for English drama.马洛的第二项贡献是他创造了文艺复兴时期的英雄形象。
15. His brilliant achievement as a whole raised him to an eminence as the pioneer of English drama.他对戏剧发展的贡献是不可磨灭的，为此，它被后世尊为英国戏剧的先驱。
16. The passionate shepherd to his love激情的牧人致心爱的姑娘This short poem is considered to be one of the most beautiful lyrics in English literature.这首短诗是英国文学诗中最优美的抒情诗。
(III)William Shakespeare威廉.莎士比亚17. The first period of his dramatic career, he wrote five history plays: Henry VI, Parts I, II, and III, Richard III, and Titus Andronicus; and four comedies: The Comedy of Errors, The Two Gentlemen of Verona, The Taming of the Shrew, and Love‟sLabour‟s Lost.在他戏剧创作生涯的第一个阶段，他创作了五部历史剧：《亨利六世》，《理查三世》，《泰托斯.安东尼》以及四部喜剧：《错误的戏剧》，《维洛那二绅士》，《驯悍记》和《爱的徒劳》。
18. In the second period, he wrote five histories: Richard II, King John, Henry IV, Parts I and II, and Henry V; six comedies: A Midsummer Night‟s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, Much Ado About Nothing, As You Like It, Twelfth Night, and The Merry Wives of Windsor; and two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet and Julius Caesar.在第二阶段，他写了五部历史剧：《理查三世》，《约翰王》，《亨利四世》，《亨利五世》以及六部喜剧《仲夏夜之梦》，《威尼斯商人》，《无事生非》，《皆大欢喜》，《第十二夜》，《温莎的风流娘儿们》，还有两部悲剧：《罗密欧与朱丽叶》和《裘利斯.凯撒》。
19. Shakespeare‟s third period includes his greatest tragedies and his so-called dark comedies. The tragedies of this period are Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, Antony and Cleopatra, Troilus and Cressida, and Coriolanus. The two comedies are All‟s Well That Ends and Measure for Measure.第三阶段诞生了莎翁最伟大的悲剧和他自称的黑色喜剧（或悲喜剧），悲剧有：《哈姆雷特》，《奥赛罗》，《李尔王》《麦克白》《安东尼与克利奥佩特拉》《特罗伊勒斯与克利西达》及《克里奥拉那斯》。
两部喜剧是《终成眷属》和《一报还一报》。
20. The last period of Shakespeare‟s work includes his principle romantic tragicomedies: Pericles, Cymbeline, The Winter‟s Tale and The Tempest; and his two plays: Henry VIII and The Two Noble Kinsmen.最后一个时期的作品主要有浪漫悲喜剧：《伯里克利》《辛白林》《冬天的故事》与《暴风雨》。
他最后两部剧是《亨利八世》与《鲁克里斯受辱记》。
21. Shakespeare‟s sonnets are the only direct expression of the poet‟s own feelings.这些十四行诗都是莎翁直抒胸臆的成果。